RUNOFF
径流模数
径流模数
中文名称：径流模数
英文名称：runoff modulus;modulus of runoff
定义1：流域内单位面积单位时间产生的径流量。
应用学科：地理学（一级学科）；水文学（二级学科）
定义2：在某一给定时间内从单位集水面积上所产生的水量。
如年径流模数。
应用学科：水利科技（一级学科）；水文、水资源（二级学科）；应用水文
学（水利）（三级学科）
以上内容由全国科学技术名词审定委员会审定公布
径流模数是单位流域面积上单位时间所产生的径流量。
单位立方米/秒*平方千米。
在所有计算径流的常用量中，径流模数消除了流域面积大小的影响，最能说明与自然地理条件相联系的径流特征。
通常用径流模数对不同流域的径流进行比较。
计算公式为：M=Q×1000/F
式中，Q为流量（立方米/秒），可以是瞬时流量，也可以是某时段的平均流量；F为流域面积（平方公里）。
单位应是升/秒*平方千米
还可以按照降雨量与径流系数确定，计算公式为：M=1000000α×P
其中α为多年平均年径流系数，P为降雨量，（注意单位：P的单位为mm）。
给排水英文术语-排水工程-GB50014-2006
排水工程——wastewater engineering; sewage排水系统——waste water engineering system排水体制——sewerage system排水设施——sewerage facilities合流制——combined system合流制管道溢流——combined sewer overflow分流制——separate system城镇污水——urban wastewater, sewage城镇污水系统——urban wastewater system面源污染——diffuse pollution低影响开发——low impact development城镇污水污泥——urban wastewater sludge旱流污水——dry weather sludge生活污水——domestic wastewater/sewage综合生活污水——comprehensive sewage工业废水——industrial wastewater入渗地下水——infiltrated ground water总变化系数——peaking factor径流系数——runoff coefficient径流量——runoff暴雨强度——rainfall intensity重现期——recurrence interval雨水管渠设计重现期——recurrence interval for storm sewer design 降雨历时——duration of rainfall汇水面积——catchment area内涝——local flooding内涝防治系统——local flooding prevention and control system内涝防治设计重现期——recurrence interval for local flooding design 地面集水时间——time of concentration截流倍数——interception ratio排水泵站——drainage pumping station污水泵站——sewage pumping station雨水泵站——storm water pumping station合流污水泵站——combined sewage pumping station一级处理——primary treatment二级处理——secondary treatment活性污泥法——activated sludge process, suspended growth process 生物反应池——biological reaction tank活性污泥——activated sludge回流污泥——returned sludge格栅——bar screen格栅除污机——bar screen machine固定式格栅除污机——fixed raking machine移动式格栅除污机——mobile raking machine沉砂池——grit chamber平流沉砂池——horizontal flow grit chamber曝气沉砂池——aerated grit chamber旋流沉砂池——vortex-type grit chamber沉淀——sedimentation, settling初次沉淀池——primary settling tank二次沉淀池——secondary settling tank平流沉淀池——horizontal settling tank竖流沉淀池——vertical flow settling tank辐流沉淀池——radial flow settling tank斜管（板）沉淀池——incline tube (plate) sedimentation tank好氧——aerobic, oxic厌氧——anaerobic缺氧——anoxic生物硝化——bio-nitrification生物反硝化——bio-denitrification混合液回流——mixed liquor recycle生物除磷——biological phosphorus removal缺氧/好氧脱氮工艺——anoxic/oxic process厌氧/好氧除磷工艺——anaerobic/oxic process厌氧/缺氧/好氧脱氮除磷工艺——anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process 序批式活性污泥法——sequencing batch reactor充水比——fill ratio总凯式氮——total Kjeldahl nitrogen(有机氮和氨氮之和)总氮——total nitrogen总磷——total phosphorus好氧泥龄——oxic sludge age泥龄——sludge age, sludge retention time氧化沟——oxidation ditch好氧区——oxic zone缺氧区——anoxic zone厌氧区——anaerobic zone生物膜法——attached-growth process, biofilm process生物接触氧化——bio-contact oxidation曝气生物滤池——biological aerated filter生物转盘——rotating biological contactor塔式生物滤池——biotower低负荷生物滤池——low-rate trickling filters高负荷生物滤池——high-rate biological filters五日生化需氧量容积负荷——BOD-volumetric loading表面负荷——hydraulic loading rate固定布水器——fixed distributor旋转布水器——rotating distributor石料滤料——rock filtering media塑料滤料——plastic media污水自然处理——natural treatment of wastewater土地处理——land treatment稳定塘——stabilization pond, stabilization lagoon灌溉田——sewage farming人工湿地——artificial wetland, constructed wetland污水再生利用——wastewater reuse深度处理——advanced treatment再生水——reclaimed water, reuse water膜过滤——membrane filtration颗粒活性炭吸附池——granular activated carbon absorption tank 紫外线——ultraviolet紫外线剂量——ultraviolet dose污泥处理——sludge treatment污泥处置——sludge disposal污泥浓缩——sludge thickening污泥脱水——sludge dewatering污泥干化——sludge drying污泥消化——sludge digestion厌氧消化——anaerobic digestion好氧消化——aerobic digestion中温消化——mesophilic digestion高温消化——thermophilic digestion原污泥——raw sludge初沉污泥——primary sludge二沉污泥——secondary sludge剩余污泥——excess activated sludge消化污泥——digested sludge消化池——digester消化时间——digest time挥发性固体——volatile solids挥发性固体去除率——removal percentage of volatile solids挥发性固体容积负荷——cubage load of volatile solids污泥气——sludge gas, marsh gas污泥气燃烧器——sludge gas burner回火防止器——backfire preventer污泥热干化——sludge heat drying污泥焚烧——sludge incineration污泥综合利用——sludge integrated application污泥土地利用——sludge land application污泥农用——sludge farm application。
给排水专业英语词汇(上)
Trench n.沟，渠Cistern n.蓄水池，储水器Drainage n.排水，排水设备，排水的水Foul n.污浊的Siphon n.虹吸（管）；用虹吸管输送Settle n.澄清，（使）沉淀Hydraulic a.水力学的Distillation n.蒸馏（法）Still n.蒸馏器Filtration n.过滤Clarification n.澄清，净化Coagulation n.絮凝，混凝Sanitation n.（环境）卫生Sedimentation n.沉淀，沉积Grate v.装格栅于Basin n.水池，水槽Catch basin 集水池，沉水池Lagoon n.污水池Patent vt，n.为……取得专利，专利，专利品Anticipate vt.促进Turbidity n.浑浊性，浑浊度Coagulant n.混凝剂，凝结剂Modification n.改变，改进，改良Toxic a.有毒的，中毒的Pathogenic a.致病的，病原的Microorganism n.微生物Congregate v.聚集Contaminate v.污染，弄脏Precipitate v.降水，沉降Precipitation n.沉降物（如雨，雪等）Contaminant n.污染物质Hydrological a.水文学的Nutrient n.养分，养料Medium n.介质，培养基Microbial a.微生物的，细菌的Algae n.藻类，海藻Protozoa n.原生动物Inorganics n.无机物Seep vi.渗入Effluent n.污水，废水Epidemic n.流行病，时疫Trace n.痕量，微量，微量金属Monitor v.检验（放射性污染物）Bacteriology n.细菌学Discharge n.排泄（水汽），排泄物Annual a.一年一度的，每年的Typhoid n.伤寒Cholera n.霍乱Round n.循环，周期Eradicate vt.根除，杜绝Lay down 制定，提出Superimpose vt.添加，附加Distil v.蒸馏Distillation n.蒸馏法Electrodialysis n.电渗析Brackish a.稍咸的Estuary n.河口，海湾Osmosis n.渗透性Estuarine a,河口的，港湾的Barrage n.拦河坝Sterilize vt.消毒，杀菌Wholesome a.卫生的，有益于健康的Injurious a.有害的Conductive a.有助于……的，促进的Be conductive to 对……有益的Constituent n.组成物，构成物Turbid a.浑浊的，混乱的Pathogen n.病原体，病菌Sedimentation n.沉积法，沉积作用Flocculate v.絮凝，绒聚Flocculating agent 絮凝剂Settlting n.沉淀Settling out 沉淀出来Coarse a.粗粒的，大的Floc n.絮体，絮凝物体Filtration n.过滤，澄清Chlorinate vt.用氯消毒Sanitary properties 卫生系数（性能，特点等）Colloidal a.胶体（状，质）的Suspension n.悬浮（液），悬浮（体）Portability a.可饮用Detract v.降低，减损Rayon n.人造丝Cellulose n.纤维素Starch n.淀粉Odour n.气味，臭气Secretion n.分泌液Fungi n.真菌Phenol n.（苯）酚Chlorine n.氯气Malodorous a.恶臭的Chlorophenols n.氯酚Break-point chlorination 折点加氯Activated carbon 活性炭Chlorine dioxide 二氧化氯Ozone n.臭氧Silica n.二氧化硅Transparency n.透明（性，度）Mastic n.胶粘剂p.p.m=parts per million 百万分之（几）Coalesce vi.凝聚Decolorize vt.漂白Conductivity n.传导性Resistivity n.电阻性Bacteriological a.细菌学的Alkaline n./a.碱性，碱性的Acidity n.酸性（度）Alkalinity n.酸性（度）Alkalinity n.（强）碱性Corrosive a.腐蚀的Water-supply 给水的Storage reservoir 蓄水库（池）Pipeline n.管道（线）Distribution reservoir 配水库（池）Distribution pipe 配水管网High demands 高峰用水量Supply source 水源Air conditioning equipment 空调设备Water （supply）engineer 给水工程师The fire department 消防部门Catchment n.集水（量），汇水Catchment area 集水区Rainfall n.降雨量Refill v.再装满Runoff n.径流（量）Infiltration n.渗透（入）Infiltration water 渗透水Evaporation n.蒸发Evaporation water 蒸发水Impounding v.贮（水）备灌溉用Impounding reservoir 蓄水池Recharge v.再装，再补充Purify v.使纯净，使洁净Compressor n.压缩机Limestone n.石灰石Porous a.多孔的Formation n.地（岩）层Limestone formation 石灰岩层Porous formation 多空岩层Plumbing n.（自来水，卫生）管道（装置）室内给排水系统（管道，工程）System of plumbing 卫生工程系统（体系）Circulatory a.循环的，流通的Outbreak n.爆发，破裂Epidemic n.流行病，时疫Cross-connection 交叉传染Submerged a.水面下的Inlet n.进（气，水）口Submerged inlet 淹没式入口，进水口淹没Vent n.通风（排气）管（口）；排除，放气Deteriorate v.变质，损坏Appurtenance n.附属物，设备，附件，附属建筑（装置）Sanitary or storm drainage 生活用水或雨水的排放Distribution n.分布，配给Multitude n.许多，大批（量）A multitude of 许多的，众多的Uphill n.a.ad. 上坡，向上Valve n.阀门，开关Microbe n.微生物Lactic a.乳的Lactic acid 乳酸Breakdown n.分解，离解Fermentation n.发酵Equation n.反应式，公式Oxidize v.使氧化Acetic a.醋酸的，醋酸Oxidation n.氧化作用Atmospheric a.大气中的，空气的Butyric a.丁酸的，奶油的，丁酸Bacteria n.细菌Proliferate v.繁殖，繁衍Anaerobic a.厌氧的，厌气的Derivative a.转生的，派生的，衍生物Specialize v.使专门化，特殊化Attack vt.（化学）腐蚀，锈蚀Nutrition n.营养（学）Culture n.培养，养殖Media n.培养基Synthesize v.（人工）合成Preform vt.预先形成Biochemical a.生物化学的Municipal a.城市的Unsaturated a.未饱和的Suspended water 悬着水Intermolecular a.分子间的Aeration n.曝气，通气The zone of aeration 通气层Remainder n.剩余物Capillary a.n.毛细管的Fringe n.边缘，端Transpire v.蒸发，气化Compaction n.压实，压缩Pore n.小孔Intergranular a.颗粒间的Permeability n.渗透性，透气性Recharge well 回灌井Hydraulic a.水力学的Coefficient n.系数Substrate n.基质，底质Sediment n.沉积物Adjacent a.邻近的，相邻的Sodium n.钠Sodium chloride 氯化钠Ion n.离子Conduit n.导管，水管Sewerage n.下水道，污水（排水）工程（系统）Elevation n.高度，海拔Confines n.界限，范围，边界Rectangular a.矩（长方）形的Laminar a.层（式、状、流）的Turbulent a.湍流的Irrigation n.灌溉Nonuniform a.不均匀的，变化的Retard vt.延迟，减速流Retarded flow 滞流，减速流Component n.分（力，量，支）The component of the gravity 重力的分量Shear n.剪（切，力）切（变，力）Shear force 切力，剪力Spillway n.溢洪道Profile n.轮廓，断面（图）Resulting a.所引起（产生）的Resulting profile 所形成的剖面图Sanitary a.关于环境卫生的，卫生的Hydraulic a.水力的，水力学的，水压的Aqueduct n.沟渠，导水管，高架渠Reveal v.泄露，显示Archeological a.考古学的Pipeline n.管道线，输送管Cloaca n.暗渠，下水道，厕所Sewer n.污水池Cesspool n.阴沟，污水管，排水管，下水道Metropolis 首都，大城市，文化商业中心Tributary a.附属的，支流的Lawsuit n.诉讼Downstream a.ad.顺流的，在下游的Sewage n.污水，污物Range v.延伸，探寻，涉及Watershed n.流域，集水区Bedrock n.基岩Rainfall n.降雨，降水，降雨量Divert vt.转移，使转向Ecosystem n.生态系统Biosphere n.生物圈Biotope n.群落生境Inanimate a.非动物的Spatial a.空间的Biocoenosis n.生物群落Moor n.荒野，沼Savannah n.热带大草原Deciduous a.（在成熟期或一定季节）脱落的Flora n.植物群Fauna n.动物群Habitat n.栖息地Climatic a.气候的Terrestrial a.陆地的Aquatic a.水生的Abiotic a.非生物的Ecological a.生态的Autotrophic a.自养的Chloroplast a.叶绿体Herbaceous a.草本的Carbohydrate n.碳水化合物Assimilation n.吸收Heterotrophic a.异养的Herbivore a.食草的Decompose vt.分解Detritus n.腐质Invertebrate a.无脊椎的Carnivore n.食肉动物Arable a.适于耕作的Fluctuate v.波动，涨落Quantitative a.定量的Amplitude n.广大，充足Genetic a.遗传的Botanic a.植物的Compensate vt.补偿Integrated plant protection 综合植物保护Terminal community 最终群落Burgeon vt.发展，展开Deterioration n.恶化，变质Airborne a.空中的Adverse effect 反作用，不利影响Manifest a.明显的vt.表明，证明Catalytic a.催化的Copolymer n.共聚物Toxicity n.毒性，毒力Abatement n.减少，除去Emission n.散发，发射（物）Unrelenting a.不退让的，不松懈的Fusion n.合并，联合Megalopolis n.大城市（由几个城市及郊区连成者）Sparsely ad.稀疏地，稀少地Pollutant n.污染物Reside v.住（留），属于，与……靠得很近Juxtaposition n.并列，并置Severity n.严重性Intensification n.加强，强化Segment n.部分，分布Contaminant n.污染物质，杂质Internal combustion engine 内燃机Per capita 每人口Solid refuse 固体废物，固体垃圾Incinerator n.焚化炉，化灰炉Degradation n.退化，降低Originate vi.发起，发生Affluent a.富足的，丰富Dilution n.冲淡，稀释Dispersion n.分散（作用）弥散Irritation n.刺激，兴奋Hazardous a.有害的Handling characteristics 处理特性Garbage n.垃圾，废料Serve to 用于……Inoffensive a.无害的Inherent a.固有的，内在的Compost vt.把……做成堆肥Raw material 原材料Incineration n.焚化Supervision n.监督，管理Overweight vt.在重量上超过Densely ad.密集地，稠密地Landfill vi.土地掩埋Haul vt.用力拖（或拉）Option n.选择，选择权Municipal solid waste(MSW) 城市固体废物Ecological perspective 生态学观点Recoverable a.可重获的，可找到的Burial n.埋葬Pyrolysis n.热解作用Pyrolysis furnace 干馏炉，热解炉Destructive a.破坏性的Endothermic a.吸热的Exothermic a.放热的Oxygen-free environment 无氧环境Self-sustaining a.自给的Methane n.甲烷Methanol n.甲醇Tar n.焦油Combustible a.可燃的，易燃的Pose vt.造成，形成Aesthetic a.美学的Restrain…from(doing) 制止……（干）……Waste disposal 废物处理Feasibility n.可行性Enactment n.颁布Enforcement n.实施Combined sewer （system）合流制下水管（系统）Separated sewer (system) 分流制下水管（系统）Drain off 把……排除Bypass vt.越过，绕……走Minimize vt.使减少到最少Dilute vt.冲淡Settle out 沉淀出来Municipality n.市，市政府Undesirable a.讨厌的，令人不快的Inadequate a.不足的，不适当的Be acted on 受……作用Notably ad.显著地，著名地Tertiary a.第三极的Leach vt.滤去（物质）Leaching field 滤液场Septic a.引起腐烂的Septic tank 化粪池Detention n.滞留Interact vi.互相作用，互相影响Quest vi.追求，探索Biophysical a.生物物理学的Arithmetical a.算术的Coverage n.覆盖率Priority n.重点，优先Quantitative a.数量的，定量的Hygienic a.卫生的，卫生学的Indisputable a.无可争辩的，无可置疑的Programmer n.规划，订计划者Nationwide a.全国性的Criterion n.（批评，判断的）标准，准则Continuity n.连续性，持续性Forthcoming a.即将到来的，即将出现的Coherent a.一致的，粘附的Sustainable a.持续的，能忍受的Initiative n.倡议，首创精神Legislation n.立法，法规Implementation n.履行，实施Assessment n.评估，估价Underlying a.根本的，基础的Institutional a.制度上的，惯例的Undertaker n.承担者，承办人Water undertaker 自来水厂Privatization n.私有化Inspection n.检查，视察Entity n.实体，统一体。
水资源综合规划-4
2,灌溉设计保证率
目的:实现农业稳产高产. 目的:实现农业稳产高产. 因素:灌区土地和水资源情况,农作物 因素:灌区土地和水资源情况,农作物 种类,气象和水文条件,国家对当地农 业生产的要求,以及工程建设和经济条 件等.
表4-4 地区特点 缺水地区 水资源丰富地区 灌溉年设计保证率 农作物种类 旱作物为主 水稻为主 旱作物为主 水稻为主 年设计保证率(% 年设计保证率(%) 50~75 70~80 70~80 75~95
例题1 例题1
某水电站在10年运行中有一个月工作遭受破坏,则它 某水电站在10年运行中有一个月工作遭受破坏,则它 的年保证率和历时保证率是多少? P设=(1-1/10)×100%=90% 10) P设'=(1-1/(10×12))×100%=99.2% /(10 12))× 10× m=1/12 P设=1-(1-P设')/m=1-(1-99.2%)×12=90% =1-(1m=199.2%)
基本特征: 根据一年内河川 径流的变化,及 防洪和兴利的要 求,对天然径流 在一年内进行各 月重新分配.
完全年调节,不完全年调节 不完全年调节:仅能蓄存丰水期多余的水量; 不完全年调节:仅能蓄存丰水期多余的水量; 完全年调节:年内来水量完全按要求分配,且不发 完全年调节:年内来水量完全按要求分配,且不发 生弃水. 基本条件: 一般库容系数(β)=8~30%时,可以进行年调节, 一般库容系数(β)=8~30%时,可以进行年调节, 但天然径流年内分配较均匀时,β=2~8%时,也 但天然径流年内分配较均匀时,β=2~8%时,也 可以进行年调节. β=V兴/W年×100%
径流调节的基本规律 1,调节周期长的水库可同时进行短期的调解; 2,调节周期越长调节径流的能力越充分,所需 要的兴利库容越大,工程投资也越高; 3,选择何种调节类型,要根据兴利部门的要求, 河流天然径流情况和客观实际,进行全面的技 术,经济比较,然后确定.
水利水文术语表中英对照
-!水圈hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology水汽water vapour水文要素hydrologic elements积雪snow cover终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt冰雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow阴塞高压blocking high低空急流low－level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm气团air mass锋（锋面）front气象meteorology气候区划climatic regionalization气候带climatic zone 小气候microclimate副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone比湿specific humidity蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale霜点frost point霜冻frostbite无霜期frost－free period流域watershed (basin)闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）bling drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream界河boundary river废河道（古河道）dead river凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line堤防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率tortuosity航道navigable channel河段reach潜洲submerged bar水利学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non－uniform flow急流supercritical flow-!缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head低强水头（压能）pressure head流速水头（动能）velocity head雷诺数Reymold number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width－depth ratio落差fall驻波standing wave移动波translation wave河流动力学river dynamics山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体total dissolved solids离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinity碱度alkalinity酸度acidity电导率electric conductivity混浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non－carbonate hardness浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze－up period封冻（封河）freeze－up 平封flat freeze－up立封upright freeze－up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze－up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break－up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上有水accumulation of melt water 月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tide气象潮metorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴月lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tidal rise落潮历时duration of tidal fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current-!地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water－table contour map 含水层aquifer含水岩系water－content rock series含水岩组water－content rock formation含水岩性water－content rock property含水介质water－hearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界acquitted boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层acquitter水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度water－holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge 侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface 潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level 潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖泊波漾（假湖）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽）main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽）medium level mire 沼泽水量平衡water balance of mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moisture property of mire沼泽持水性water retention of mire-!沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier 谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier 冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier委托观测entrust gauging水文仪器hydrologic instrument直读仪器direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument 遥测仪器remote telemetry unit固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位equivalent stage水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station 基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station 水文气象站hydrometeorology station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout容许最稀站网minimum network 设站年限station required age基面datum临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross－section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section 比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section 辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道motorized cableway手动缆道hand－operating cableway循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪cableway measuring device水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass渠积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数-!reduction coefficient of evaporation遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation pan E－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遇测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺hook gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺断面basic gauge辅助水尺断面auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float－type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross－section 干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet line correction测点流速velocity measurement测速垂线surface velocity水面流速velocity at a point测点流速maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速point velocity coefficient中泓流速surface velocity coefficient流速分布velocity distribution 流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow－direction measurement体积法cubature流速仪current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪propeller－type current－meter 电波流速仪electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪Doppler current－meter参证流速仪reference current－meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current－meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage水面浮标surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float－rod堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half－submerged flow孔流sluice flow-!射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement照相法photographic method打印法stamp pad method床沙采样器bed material sampler悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler积时式采样器time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器bottled sampler皮囊式采样器collapsible sample泵式采样器pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter推移质采样器bed load sampler网式采样器basket－type sampler吸管pipet光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计）hydrometer泥沙沉降sediment settling沉降速度settling velocity平均沉速mean settling velocity絮凝flocculation反凝剂defloeculant粒径particle diameter 中数粒径median particle diameter平均粒径mean particle diameter等容粒径nominal diameter投影粒径projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter 几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径sieve diameter沉降粒径settling diameter粒径组fraction of particle size颗粒级配grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线grain－size distribution curve 单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in a vertical对照断面check cross－section控制断面control cross－section消减断面attenuation cross－section水样保存water－sample preservation检出率detected ratio超标率over－limit ratio痕迹量trace未检出nonreadout回收率recovery ratio溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler冰情观测ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号ice code冰情图ice－regime charta初冰日期first－ice date封冰日期freeze－up date解冻日期break－up date终冰日期end ice date封冻历时freeze－up duration水浸冰厚thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽open－water width冰流量ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method-!有效潮差significant tidal range负波高negative wave height水库水文测验hygrometry of reservoir入库水量reservoir inflow出库水量reservoir outflow水库供水reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir水库渗漏量reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change 坝上水位stage behind dam库区水位stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey 水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法method of topographic survey断面法method of cross－section survey淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition 淤积三角洲sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition 岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology代表流域representative basin实验流域experimental basin相似流域similar basin径流实验研究experimental research in runoff 径流场runoff plot人工降雨装置artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation蒸发池evaporation tank土壤蒸发器soil evaporator蒸散器evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪lysimeter地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot合理性检查rational examination电算整编processing by computer水文年鉴water year－book测站考证station examination 站年station year极值extreme value加权平均法weighted mean method断流水位stage of zero flow河干river of zero flow水文过程线hydrograph水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph等值线isopleth分布曲线distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value径流总量total runoff径流模数runoff modulus径流系数runoff coefficient洪峰flood peak洪水流量peak discharge洪水总量flood volume输沙模数modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系stage－discharge relation连时序法chronological method绳套曲线loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系single－valued processing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长extension of relation curve流率表rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration-!真值true value测量值（实测值）measured value最或然值most probable value绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error插机误差（偶然误差）random error允许误差permissible error伪误差（粗差）spurious方差variance标准差standard deviation相对标准差relative standard deviation离差（偏差）deviation闭合差closure error平差adjustment精密度precision准确度correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error分布式数据库distributed type data base集中式数据库concentrated type data base网络式数据库network type data base层次数据库laminarization data base层次数据模型laminarization data model网状数据模型network data model数据量data bulk结点node水文数据库hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报tidal prediction旱情预报soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期forecast lead time超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting作业预报operational forecasting预报方案forecast scheme评定标准accuracy standard方案合格率qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数deterministic coefficient汛seasonal flood 伏汛summer flood汛期flood season防汛flood defence报汛站flood－reporting station报汛站网flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network洪水警报flood warning点雨量point rainfall面雨量areal rainfall泰森多边形Thiessen polygon等雨量线法isohyetal method产流runoff yield蓄满产流runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration 产流面积area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）direct runoff地面流（坡面流）surface flow of mire壤中流prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve初损initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration地下汇流groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线basin flow concentration curve 坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间basin flow concentration time 洪峰滞时peak time lag流域滞时basin time lag-!等流滞时isochrone单位线unit hydrograph经验单位线empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph 坡地单位线slope unit hydrograph河网单位线river network unit hydrographS－曲线S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph 退水曲线recession curve水文模型hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型scale model比拟模型analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model 分散式模型distributed model集总式模型lumped model线性水温模型linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model 时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型time－variant hydrologic model 流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构model structure模型参数model parameter模型误差model error模型率定model calibration模型检验model verification水文模拟hydrologic simulation遥测终端机telemetry terminal meter中继机relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率probability of word error接受率receiving probability设计站design station设计流域design watershed代表站representative station参证站bench－mark station典型年（代表年）typicyear水文系列hydrologic series同步系列synchronous series系列代表性series representativeness柱状图histogram诺谟图monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood 感潮河段水力计算hydraulic calculation for tidal reach样本容量sample size随机变量random variable随机系列random series累计频率（频率）cumulative frequency经验频率empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布Pearson distribution对数正态分布log normal distribution频率分析frequency analysis随机模拟stochastic simulation时间序列time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项trend term周期项cycle term-!随机项stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析）harmonic analysis潜分析spectrum analysis回归分析（相关分析）regression analysis 相关系数correlation coefficient自回归分析autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水design flood溢洪道设计洪水spillway design flood分期设计洪水stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period校核洪水check flood实测洪水observed flood调查洪水investigated flood古洪水paleoflood坝址洪水dam－site flood入库洪水reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年内分配annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期high－water period平水期normal－water period枯水期（枯季）low－flow period丰水年wet year平水年（中水年）normal year枯水年dry year特枯水年extraordinary dry year连续丰水年continuous wet years连续枯水年continuous dry years水文年鉴water year设计雨型design storm pattern暴雨路径storm track暴雨时程分配time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线storm parametric isoline map 点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient定点定面关系fixed point－fixed area relationship 可能最大露点probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正watershed shape correction水汽改正moisture correction入流障碍改正inflow obstacle correction综合改正synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法isopercental method可能最大洪水probable maximum flood涝surface water logging渍subsurface waterlogging排涝surface waterlogging control排渍subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划waterlogging control planning排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control 设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage水荒water famine水资源评价water resources assessment水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价water quantity assessment水质评价water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount 地下水资源量groundwater resources amount 可利用量utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield 可供水量available water supply径流调节runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization-!水库调洪reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节reregulating reservoir水库群调节multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法）chronological series method概率法（数理统计法）probability method随机模拟法stochastic simulation method调节周期regulating period目标函数objective function约束方程constraint equation状态变量state variable决策变量decision variable数学规划mathematic programming线性规划linear programming非线性规划nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling 水库群调度multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统aquatic ecosystem化学径流chemical runoff环境用水environmental water环境水文学environmental hydrology环境水力学environmental hydraulics环境水化学environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌）artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗groundwater depression cone 化学水污染chemical water pollution 无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染thermal pollution生物水污染water pollution by organism富营养化eutrophication次生水污染secondary water pollution地下水污染groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution 污染物pollutant污染物迁移transport of pollutant机械迁移physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源artificial pollution source天然污染源natural pollution source污染源调查investigation of pollution sources 污染源控制pollution source control水质参数water quality parameters水质模型water quality model水温模型water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益water environmental effect水污染环境效应environmental effect of water pollution水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning 水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区protection zone of water source蒸发evaporation水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration-!输沙率sediment discharge水温模型water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环）hydrologic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux 降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯）ice flood冰雪洪水ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam－break flood大气环流atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风槽westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone季风monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains阵雨showery rain地形雨aerographic rain 热带气旋雨rainfall in tropic cyclone卫星云图satellite cloud picture气压（大气压强）atmospheric pressure海平面气压sea－level pressure湿球温度wet－bulb temperature水汽压vapour pressure饱和水汽压saturation vapour pressure绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity饱和差saturation deficit流域长度basin length流域平均高程basin elevation mean流域平均宽度basin width mean流域平均坡度basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率growth ratio of drainage area 流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin水系（河系）hydrographic net人工河网artificial drainage network河网密度drainage density明渠open channel河源headwaters冲沟gully溪流brook分支fork串沟bifurcation channel外流河exoreic river内陆河endothecia river减河relief channel控制河段control reach顺流河段straight reach弯曲河段bent reach扩散河段expanding reach收缩河段converging reach游荡河段wandering reach感潮河段tidal reach裁弯河段channel cutoff稳定河槽stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽）unstable channel 主槽main channel单式河槽single channel复式河槽compound channel-!河道横断面river cross－section河道纵断面river longitudinal profile断面特性cross－section characteristics河床形态channel morphology浅滩thoal急潭cataract河漫滩flood plain江心湖channel island有效水头effective head水头损失head loss沿程水头损失frictional head loss局部水头损失local head loss能面比降energy slope水面比降surface slope摩阻比降friction slope附加比降（加速比降）add slope河道比降（河床比降）channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface 倒比降inverse slope总水头线total head line水面线water surface profile糙率roughness谢才系数Chezy coefficient谢才公式Chezy formula曼宁公式Manning formula输水因数（输水率）conveyance factor水跃hydraulic jump水舌nappe回水曲线（壅水曲线）hackwater curve弗汝德数Froude number悬移质suspended load推移质bed load床沙bed material床沙质bed material load冲泻质wash load河流泥沙运动sediment transport in river泥沙起动incipient motion of sediment起动流速competent velocity造床流址dominant discharge泥沙密度density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hypereoncentration of sediment泥石流debris flow水流挟沙能力sediment transport capacity of flow河床演变fluvial process冲刷scar淤积sedimentation沙量平衡sediment balance泥沙输移sediment transport泥沙输移比sediment delivery ratio浆河现象clogging of river sediment flow揭河底现象tearing of river bed天然水质natural water quality水化学hydrochemistry冰清ice regime结冰河流ice－frozen stream封冻河流freeze－up stream稳定封冻河流stable freeze－up stream非稳定封冻河流unstable freeze－up stream 结冰期ice－frozen period初生冰initial ice冰针ice specula冰凇rime ice圆扁冰pan－cake ice冰花frazil slush岸冰border ice初生岸冰initial border ice固定岸冰fixed border ice冲击岸冰agglomerated border ice再生岸冰regenerative border ice残余岸冰residual border ice雪冰slush ice水内冰underwater ice冰屑shuga冰底边ice base boundary冰礁ice reef冰桥ice bridge流冰花slush ice run冰上流水water flow over ice层冰层水ice cover with intercalated water layers融冰thawing冰层塌陷ice sheet depression冰层浮起floating ice cover冰滑动dislodging of ice cover解冻（开河）break－up文开河tranquil break－up。
环境工程专业英语复习总结
汉译英&英译汉（Note Book）Unit1life expectancy(预期寿命) poverty-stricken(极其贫困，贫困不堪的) smog-laden air(充满烟雾的空气) 补：panic-stricken（极其恐慌的）global conditions(全球状况) haves and have-nots(富人和穷人) underprivileged（贫困的，社会地位低下的）savanna（热带草原，热带的稀树大草原）predator（捕食者，食肉动物）environmental disruptions（环境破坏）Unit5primary pollutant 一次污染物secondary pollutant 二次污染物air stagnation 空气停滞nitrous oxide 氧化亚氮nitric oxide 一氧化氮nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮soot 烟尘dust 粉尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 除虫剂Unit10treatment facilities: 处理设备，净化结构municipality: 市政当局，自治市population equivalent: 人口当量basement flooding: 地下室浸水per capital per day: 每人每天runoff: 排水，径流，溢出domestic sewage: 生活污水the type of terrain: 地形种类Unit12land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 类大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 现实出路aquatic life 水生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源生长期Unit13flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线监测Unit14biological degradation 生物降解equalization basin（pond）均质池（塘）aeration basin（tank）曝气池（槽）sludge flocs 污泥絮凝体settling tank 沉降槽dissolved oxygen 溶解氧biofilm 生物膜suspended-growth 悬浮生长Unit21well-compacted landfill 夯实良好的填埋场pulverized refuse 磨（研）碎的垃圾fluidized bed incineration 流化床焚烧wet oxidation 湿式氧化anaerobic digestion 厌氧硝化/过程nutrient source 营养源soil conditioners 土壤改良剂mass-burning 大量燃烧municipal waste 城市垃圾Unit26action 行为biogeophysical environment 地球环境surperficial analyses 肤浅（表面）分析an identification of human concerns 个人的担忧remedial action 补救行动，纠正措施relevant physical and biological factors 有关物质因素和生物因素 a spatial 无空间的frame of reference 参照系（标准）Unit 1农药（pesticide）化肥（chemical fertilizer）有机废物（organic wastes）微生物（organism）衰减（reduction）阻滞的（retardant）稀释（dilute）添加剂（additives）合成塑料（synthetic plastic）再生（regeneration/recovery）Unit 5正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的heavily polluted决定因素determing factors 光化学氧化物photochemical oxide 液体微滴liquid droplet 放射性物质radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidation 含硫的sulfuric（sulfur content）风化weathering 汽车尾气automobile exhaustUnit 7出口outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone合成纤维synthetic fibre 捕集效率collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing（washing）压力降pressure drop焚化炉inciner furnace 气体离子gas ions捕集板collection board 炭黑carbon-blackUnit 9肺囊lung pocket （lung-sac）氟中毒fluorosis 煤烟soot呼吸系统respiratory system 过滤filter 吸附adsorb浓度concentration 硫化氢hydrogen sulfide 硫化铅lead sulfide Unit 13手动控制operator control/ manual control 最优化the most optimization微处理器microprocessor 统计分析statistical analysis质量衡算mass balance 动力学dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox 停留时间residence time模拟simulation 参数parameter水解hydrolysis 积分integralUnit 25温度每升高10℃every rise in temperature of 10℃内部调节机制internal regulatory mechanisms一百万千瓦one-million-kilowatt 热血动物warm-blooded animals 神经系统nervous system 食物链food chain非哺乳动物non-mammalian 冷却系统cooling system热力学第二定律the Second Law of ThermodynamicsUnit 26地理环境geographic environment影响评价方法methodologies for impact assessment替代方案的研究study of alternatives有关环境质量的各组分相对值the relative worth of various components of environmental quality 环境质量标准criteria for environmental quality模型技术modeling techniques基础数据the data baseUnit71.The spiral motion produces the centrifugal forces that cause the particulate matter to move toward the periphery of the vessel and collect on the walls and fall to the bottom of the vessel.旋转运动产生的离心力使颗粒物移向锥体的外围然后沿外壁落入容器的底部（灰斗）。
给排水专业英语词汇汇总
unit oneDistribution system分配系统Grid system 环状管网ring system环状管网loop feeder 环状管网branching system 枝状管网combination system 联合管网（combined system）Topography地形学，地形，地貌，地势dead end死水点feeder 给水管，进料器Elevation地面标高valve 阀门，真空管water supply 给水，自来水，供水系统service reservoir 配水池（调节水池）pump 泵storage element （储水）构筑物70m head 70米水柱leakage rate 泄漏量（泄漏率）hydraulic 水力的，水压的hydraulic analysis 水力分析field measurement 现场测量（实测）field date 实测数据key point管网节点pipe junctions 管网节点node （key point, junction）节点sign convention符号规约positive clockwise 取顺时针方向为正head loss 水头损失iterative solution 迭代解loop method 环路法flow, runoff, discharge 流量Sanitary 环境卫生的（尤指清除废物）Sewer 下水道，污水管Sanitary sewer 生活污水管道Connection连接管，排出管Cast-iron pipe 铸铁管（补充内容）PVC 聚氯乙烯Grade line 坡度线slope 倾斜度，坡度collecting sewer 污水支管Interceptor 截流污水管（intercepting sewer）Domestic民用的，生活的Manhole 人孔，检查井drainage 排污系统，排水装置，下水道sewerage system 污水工程系统invert 管道内底Pump station 泵站unit twoContaminant 污染物ground water 地下水surface water 地表水wastewater 污废水Floating materials漂浮物suspended materials悬浮物Colloidal materials 胶体物质colloidal particles 胶体微粒Dissolved materials 溶解物质Dissolved gases 溶解气体Microorganisms微生物（microbe）organic and inorganic constituents 有机和无机成分hardness-ion 硬度离子hardness 硬度carbon dioxide二氧化碳hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢Alga(algae) 水藻，藻类Clay 粘土silt泥沙，淤泥pathogenic病原体，致病菌，病原菌Bacteria 细菌Ammonia 氨，氨水Methane gas甲烷，沼气turbidity 浊度taste 味odor 臭drinking water 饮用水water sample 水样suspension 悬浮液turbidity unit (TU) 浊度单位turbidimeter 浊度表，浊度仪Solubility 溶度，溶解性Metabolism 新陈代谢standard color solution 标准比色液threshold odor number 臭阈值boiler feed water 锅炉给水boiler water supply锅炉给水demineralize 去除矿物质scale deposit 水垢，积垢Outfall 出水口，排水口chemical clarification 化学（法）澄清coagulation 混凝coagulant 混凝剂sedimentation 沉淀filtration 过滤disinfection 消毒synthetic polymer 合成聚合物Activated carbon 活性炭Chlorine 氯sedimentation basin 沉淀池oxidize 使氧化，使生锈soften 软化settle-able 会沉淀的Aeration曝气通风unit threeplain settling 自由沉淀detention time 滞留时间Flocculation 絮凝Flocs 絮凝体coagulant aid 助凝剂(flocculation aid) natural alkalinity 自然碱度high-molecular compound 高分子化合物jar test 烧杯实验Centrifugal 离心的low-lift pump 低扬程水泵suction line 吸入管线索impeller 叶轮pump casing 泵壳Paddle-type flocculator 桨板式絮凝器（池）Clarifier 澄清池up flow clarifier 升流式澄清池contact tank 接触反应池Sedimentation basins 沉淀池inlet baffle 进水挡板effluent weir 出水堰tube settler 管式沉淀池influent flow 入流reaction jet structure 喷流结构finger launder 指形槽结构effluent launder 出流槽cross baffle 横向挡板settling tank 沉淀池（settler）aqueous suspension 水悬浮液shallower basin 浅池parallel-plate settler 斜板沉淀池tube settler 斜管沉淀池feed rate 这里指水流速度laminar flow 层流filter medium 过滤介质（滤料）anthracite 无烟煤mixed-media 复合滤料back-wash 反冲洗hydraulic grading水力分级High-Rate Sedimentation Basins 高效澄清池Slow and Rapid Sand Filter慢砂滤池和快砂滤池Mixed-media Filter 复合滤料滤池specific gravity 比重filter cycle 过滤周期oxidation potential 氧化电势，氧化性reduction potential 还原电势，还原性ozone 臭氧Oxidant 氧化剂Reducer 还原剂germicidal property杀菌能力（germicide杀菌剂）molecular weight 分子量Halogen 卤素pilot 试验性的Chlorination 氯化，用氯处理water-borne disease 水传播病THM S三卤甲烷breakpoint chlorination 折点加氯breakpoint dosage折点剂量free (available) chlorine 自由性氯chlorine demand 需氯量combined chlorine 化合性氯unit fourWater Pollution水污染Organic wastes有机废物municipal waste 市政污水Dissolved oxygen 溶解氧（DO）slightly soluble 微溶于水的Saturation 饱和状态saturation concentration 饱和浓度biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)生化需氧量pollutant 污染物Biodegradable 可生物降解的chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量oxidizing agent 氧化剂wastewater treatment plant 污水处理厂total suspended solids （TSS）总悬浮固体mixed liquor suspended-solids(MLSS) 混合液悬浮固体浓度volatile suspended solids (VSS) 挥发性固体wastewater analysis 污水水质分析water pollution control水污染控制Anaerobic 厌氧菌的，厌氧引起的Aerobic 需氧的，好氧的unit fivePrimary treatment 一级处理screen 格栅grit chamber 沉砂池settler 沉淀池V-notch weir三角堰primary clarifier 初沉池turbulence 紊流primary effluent 一级出水secondary treatment 二级处理biological treatment system 生物处理系统activated-sludge system 活性污泥系统aeration basin 曝气池return activated sludge （RAS）回流污泥air diffuser 空气扩散器step aeration activated-sludge process 阶段曝气活性污泥法BOD-SS loading BOD污泥负荷mixed liquor suspended-solids(MLSS) 混合液悬浮固体浓度sequential batch reactor (SBR) 序批式（间歇式）活性污泥法primary clarifier 初沉池secondary clarifier 二沉池Sludge treatment 污泥处理volume reduction 减量化Sludge thickening 污泥浓缩gravity thickener重力浓缩池sludge scraper 刮泥器Sludge digestion 污泥消化methane-forming bacteria产甲烷菌。
水利水文术语表 中英对照
水圈 hydrosphere水体 water body水科学 water science水文学 hydrology陆地水文学 land hydrology应用水文学 applied hydrology工程水文学 engineering hydrology水汽 water vapour水文要素 hydrologic elements积雪 snow cover终雪 latest snow融雪 snowmelt冰雹 hail截留 interception填洼 depression detention地面滞留 surface detention陆面蒸发 evaporation of land水面蒸发 evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发 evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾） transpiration蒸发能力 evaporation capability下渗（入渗） infiltration 稳渗 steady infiltration下渗能力 infiltration capability 河川径流 river runoff降雨径流 rainfall runoff暴雨径流 storm runoff融雪径流 snowmelt runoff枯季径流 dry season runoff基流 base flow阴塞高压 blocking high低空急流 low－level jet低涡 vortex反气旋（高压） anticyclone气旋（低压） cyclone热带气旋 tropic cyclone热带低压 tropic depression热带风暴 tropic storm强热带风暴 severe tropic storm气团 air mass锋（锋面） front气象 meteorology气候区划 climatic regionalization 气候带 climatic zone小气候 microclimate副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone比湿 specific humidity蒲福风级 Beaufort wind scale霜点 frost point霜冻 frostbite无霜期 frost－free period流域 watershed (basin)闭合流域 enclosed basin不闭合流域 non－enclosed basin闭流区（流区） bling drainage area分水线（分水岭） divide流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics河道复流（河道再生） resurgence常年河 perennial stream间歇河 intermittent stream悬河（地上河） elevated stream夺流河（断头河） captured river盈水河 gaining stream亏水河 losing stream暴洪河流 flashy stream 界河 boundary river废河道（古河道） dead river凹岸 concave bank凸岸 convex bank岸壁 land wall水边线（岸线） water line堤防 levee河长 river length河弯 river bend弯曲率 tortuosity航道 navigable channel河段 reach潜洲 submerged bar水利学 hydraulics明渠水力学 open channel hydraulics 水静力学 hydrostatics水动力学 hydrodynamics明渠水流 open channel flow恒定流 steady flow非恒定流 unsteady flow均匀流（等速流） uniform flow非均匀流（变速流） non－uniform flow急流 supercritical flow缓流 subcritical flow异重流 density current临界流 critical flow临界水深 critical depth临界流速 critical velocity临界流量 critical discharge水头 head位置水头（位能） elevation head 低强水头（压能） pressure head 流速水头（动能） velocity head 雷诺数 Reymold number韦伯数 Weber number水力因素 hydraulic factor湿周 wetted perimeter水力半径 hydraulic radius宽深比 width－depth ratio落差 fall驻波 standing wave移动波 translation wave河流动力学 river dynamics山洪侵蚀 torrential erosion 流域产沙量 watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体 total dissolved solids离子含量 ion concentration离子总量 total ion concentration离子流量 ion discharge矿化度 mineral content盐度 salinity碱度 alkalinity酸度 acidity电导率 electric conductivity混浊度（浊度） turbidity总需氧量 total oxygen demand溶解氧 dissolved oxygen需氧量 oxygen demand生化需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量 chemical oxygen demand硬度 hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度） non－carbonate hardness浮冰 floating ice锚冰 anchor ice封冻期 freeze－up period封冻（封河） freeze－up平封 flat freeze－up立封 upright freeze－up冰盖 ice cover连底冻 grounded ice cover冰丘 ice mound封冻冰缘 ice edge of freeze－up清沟 lead初生清沟 primary lead再生清沟 secondary lead冰花路毡 sludge road felt冰上覆雪 snow cover over ice冰脊 ice ridge冰缝 crack悬冰 suspended ice cover冰堆 ice pack冰塞 ice jam冰上结冰 aufeis解冻期 break－up period冰变色 color change of ice cover冰上有水 accumulation of melt water 月中天 lunar transit 引潮力 tidal generation force天文潮 astronomic tide气象潮 metorologic tide潮汐周期 tidal cycle半日潮 semidiurnal tide全日潮 diurnal tide混合潮 mixed tide大潮 spring tide小潮 neap tide中潮 moderate tide太阴月 lunar day潮期 duration of tide涨潮历时 duration of tidal rise 落潮历时 duration of tidal fall 潮流 tidal current涨潮流 flood tidal current落潮流 ebb tidal current憩流 slack tide潮流速 tidal velocity往复流 reversing current旋转流 rotary current潮流期 duration of tidal current涨潮流历时 duration of flood current地下水流速 velocity of groundwater flow 地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图 water－table contour map含水层 aquifer含水岩系 water－content rock series含水岩组 water－content rock formation 含水岩性 water－content rock property 含水介质 water－hearing medium均匀介质 homogeneous medium非均匀介质 inhomogeneous medium含水层边界 aquifer boundary透水边界 permeable boundary隔水边界 confining boundary弱透水边界 acquitted boundary透水层 permeable bed隔水层 confining bed弱透水层 acquitter水文地质参数 hydrogeological parameters 渗透系数 permeability coefficient 导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数 storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity 压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度 water－holding capacity土壤水分常数 soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数 absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数 wilting coefficient田间持水量 field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture 最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法 zero flux plane method潜水 phreatic water降水入渗补给 precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给 surface water recharge凝结水补给 condensation recharge侧向补给 lateral recharge越流补给 leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发 phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量 phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位 phreatic water level潜水埋深 buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer流湖 endorheic lake淡水湖 fresh lake咸水湖 salt lake盐湖 saline lake季节性湖泊 seasonal lake富营养湖泊 eutrophic lake 贫营养湖泊 poornutrient lake湖流 lake current梯度流 gradient current漂流 current of friction湖泊波漾（假湖） lake seiche湖泊增减水 lake wind denivellation湖泊率 lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期 lake residence period湖盆 lake basin湖面高程 elevation of water level in lake 岛屿率 insulosity湖泊分层 lake layering正温层 direct thermal stratification逆温层 inverse thermal stratification 湖泊形态参数 morphometric parameter of lake高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽） main level mire 中位沼泽（中营养沼泽） medium level mire 沼泽水量平衡 water balance of mire沼泽水 mire water沼泽蒸发 mire evaporation沼泽径流 mire runoff沼泽表面流 surface flow of mire沼泽表层流 surface layer flow of mire 沼泽含水性 moisture property of mire沼泽持水性 water retention of mire沼泽透水性 perviousness of mire沼泽率 mire ratio冰川 glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川） mountain glacier 谷冰川 valley glacier宽尾冰川 broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川 cirque glacier悬冰川 hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川） penetrating glacier 冰原 ice field冰川平衡线 equilibrium line of glacier 委托观测 entrust gauging水文仪器 hydrologic instrument直读仪器 direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument 遥测仪器 remote telemetry unit固态存贮器 solid storage计数器 counter记录器 recorder显示器 display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位 equivalent stage水文测站 hydrometric station基本站 basic station辅助站 auxiliary station专用站 special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station基准水文站 bench mark hydrologic station 水文气象站 hydrometeorology station巡测站 tour gauging station水文站 gauging station雨量站网 rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网 stage gauging network泥沙站网 sediment gauging network水质站网 water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network站网规划 hydrologic network planning水文分区 hydrologic regionalization站网布设 network layout容许最稀站网 minimum network设站年限 station required age基面 datum临时水准点 temporary benchmark测验断面 measuring cross－section基本水尺断面 basic gauge cross－section 流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道 hydrometric cableway悬索缆道 suspended cableway悬杆缆道 suspended rod cableway机动缆道 motorized cableway手动缆道 hand－operating cableway循环索 loop cable起重索 suspension cable水文缆车 hydrometric cable car吊船过河索 cableway for anchoring boat 缆道测验仪 cableway measuring device 水文测船 hydrometric boat水文测桥 hydrometric bridge桥测车 gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器 raingauge承水器 raingauge receiver量杯 measuring glass渠积雨量器 accumulative raingauge雨量计 rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计 siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计 long－term rainfall recorder 遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线 snow gauge雨雪量计 rain and snow recorder蒸发量 evaporation蒸发量观测 evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation遮挡率 screen ratio蒸发器 evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿） small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器 floating evaporation pan蒸发计 evaporimeter遇测蒸发计 telemetering evaporimeter 钩形水尺 hook gauge最高水位水尺 crest stage gauge校核水尺 check gauge基本水尺断面 basic gauge辅助水尺断面 auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面 slope gauge临时水尺 temporary gauge水位计 stage gauge自记水位计 stage recorder浮子式水位计 float－type stage recorder 压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计 ultrasonic stage recorder 遥测水位计 telemetering stage recorder 接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计 telecontrol stage recorder 自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井 stilling well测得水深 measured depth有效水深 effective depth相对水深 relative depth断面平均水深 mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正 air line correction湿绳改正 wet line correction测点流速 velocity measurement测速垂线 surface velocity水面流速 velocity at a point测点流速 maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速 mean velocity at a vertical 部分平均流速 mean velocity at a segment 断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速 point velocity coefficient中泓流速 surface velocity coefficient流速分布 velocity distribution流速梯度 velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流 downstream flow逆流 upstream flow流速脉动 velocity pulsation中泓流速 midstream流向测量 flow－direction measurement体积法 cubature流速仪 current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪 cup－type current－meter 旋桨式流速仪 propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪 electric wave current－meter 超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪 Doppler current－meter参证流速仪 reference current－meter流量计 flow meter文杜里水流计 Venturi flow meter毕托管 Pitot tube流速仪检定 current－meter calibration 检定槽 calibration tank检定车 calibration carriage水面浮标 surface float小浮标 small float双浮标 double float浮杆 float－rod堰顶高程 elevation of weir crest堰顶水头 weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度 gate opening行近河槽 approach channel行近流速 approach velocity堰流 weir flow流态 flow regime自由流 free flow淹没流 submerged flow半淹没流 half－submerged flow孔流 sluice flow射流 jet flow 淹没比 submergence ratio淹没系数 submergence coefficient流速系数 velocity coefficient流量系数 discharge coefficient稀释法测流 dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂 tracer标准溶液 standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比 dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法 sampling method坑测法 pit method沙波法 dune tracking method床沙测验 bed material measurement照相法 photographic method打印法 stamp pad method床沙采样器 bed material sampler悬移质采样器 suspended sediment sampler 瞬时式采样器 instantaneous sampler积时式采样器 time－integrating sampler 瓶式采样器 bottled sampler皮囊式采样器 collapsible sample泵式采样器 pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器 bed load sampler网式采样器 basket－type sampler吸管 pipet光电颗分仪 photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计） hydrometer泥沙沉降 sediment settling沉降速度 settling velocity 平均沉速 mean settling velocity絮凝 flocculation反凝剂 defloeculant粒径 particle diameter中数粒径 median particle diameter平均粒径 mean particle diameter等容粒径 nominal diameter投影粒径 projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径 sieve diameter沉降粒径 settling diameter粒径组 fraction of particle size颗粒级配 grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线 grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution 垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in avertical对照断面 check cross－section控制断面 control cross－section消减断面 attenuation cross－section水样保存 water－sample preservation检出率 detected ratio超标率 over－limit ratio痕迹量 trace未检出 nonreadout回收率 recovery ratio溶解气体采样器 dissolved gases sampler 冰情观测 ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号 ice code冰情图 ice－regime charta初冰日期 first－ice date封冰日期 freeze－up date解冻日期 break－up date终冰日期 end ice date 封冻历时 freeze－up duration水浸冰厚 thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽 open－water width冰流量 ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method有效潮差 significant tidal range负波高 negative wave height水库水文测验 hygrometry of reservoir入库水量 reservoir inflow出库水量 reservoir outflow水库供水 reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir 水库渗漏量 reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率 rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位 stage behind dam库区水位 stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法 method of topographic survey断面法 method of cross－section survey 淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲 sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology代表流域 representative basin实验流域 experimental basin相似流域 similar basin径流实验研究 experimental research in runoff径流场 runoff plot人工降雨装置 artificial rainfall device 蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation蒸发池 evaporation tank土壤蒸发器 soil evaporator蒸散器 evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器 evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪 lysimeter地下水均衡场 groundwater balance plot 合理性检查 rational examination电算整编 processing by computer水文年鉴 water year－book测站考证 station examination站年 station year极值 extreme value加权平均法 weighted mean method断流水位 stage of zero flow河干 river of zero flow水文过程线 hydrograph水文综合过程线 synthetic hydrograph等值线 isopleth分布曲线 distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value径流总量 total runoff径流模数 runoff modulus径流系数 runoff coefficient洪峰 flood peak洪水流量 peak discharge洪水总量 flood volume输沙模数 modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系 stage－discharge relation 连时序法 chronological method绳套曲线 loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法 tidal factor relation method 定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method 合轴相关法 coaxial correlation method 一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系 single－valued processing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长 extension of relation curve 流率表 rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation 单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法 hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法 hydrograph method of index sediment concentration真值 true value测量值（实测值） measured value最或然值 most probable value绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error插机误差（偶然误差） random error允许误差 permissible error伪误差（粗差） spurious方差 variance标准差 standard deviation相对标准差 relative standard deviation 离差（偏差） deviation闭合差 closure error平差 adjustment精密度 precision准确度 correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error分布式数据库 distributed type data base 集中式数据库 concentrated type data base 网络式数据库 network type data base层次数据库 laminarization data base层次数据模型 laminarization data model 网状数据模型 network data model数据量 data bulk 结点 node水文数据库 hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报 hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报 tidal prediction旱情预报 soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期 forecast lead time超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting作业预报 operational forecasting预报方案 forecast scheme评定标准 accuracy standard方案合格率 qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数 deterministic coefficient汛 seasonal flood伏汛 summer flood汛期 flood season防汛 flood defence报汛站 flood－reporting station报汛站网 flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station 汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network 洪水警报 flood warning点雨量 point rainfall面雨量 areal rainfall泰森多边形 Thiessen polygon等雨量线法 isohyetal method产流 runoff yield蓄满产流 runoff yield at natural storage 超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration 产流面积 area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流） direct runoff地面流（坡面流） surface flow of mire 壤中流 prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量 antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量 soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve初损 initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流 overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration地下汇流 groundwater flow concentration 汇流曲线 flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线 basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve 地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间 basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时 peak time lag流域滞时 basin time lag等流滞时 isochrone单位线 unit hydrograph经验单位线 empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线 synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线 slope unit hydrograph河网单位线 river network unit hydrograph S－曲线 S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线 recession curve水文模型 hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型 scale model比拟模型 analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型 distributed model集总式模型 lumped model线性水温模型 linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型 time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构 model structure模型参数 model parameter模型误差 model error模型率定 model calibration模型检验 model verification水文模拟 hydrologic simulation遥测终端机 telemetry terminal meter中继机 relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统 self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统 mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率 probability of word error接受率 receiving probability设计站 design station设计流域 design watershed 代表站 representative station参证站 bench－mark station典型年（代表年） typicyear水文系列 hydrologic series同步系列 synchronous series系列代表性 series representativeness柱状图 histogram诺谟图 monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation 水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算 hydraulic calculation for tidal reach样本容量 sample size随机变量 random variable随机系列 random series累计频率（频率） cumulative frequency 经验频率 empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve 皮尔逊分布 Pearson distribution对数正态分布 log normal distribution频率分析 frequency analysis随机模拟 stochastic simulation时间序列 time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项 trend term周期项 cycle term随机项 stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析） harmonic analysis 潜分析 spectrum analysis回归分析（相关分析） regression analysis 相关系数 correlation coefficient自回归分析 autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水 design flood溢洪道设计洪水 spillway design flood分期设计洪水 stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period校核洪水 check flood实测洪水 observed flood调查洪水 investigated flood古洪水 paleoflood坝址洪水 dam－site flood入库洪水 reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年分配 annual distribution of runoff 径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期 high－water period平水期 normal－water period枯水期（枯季） low－flow period丰水年 wet year平水年（中水年） normal year枯水年 dry year特枯水年 extraordinary dry year连续丰水年 continuous wet years连续枯水年 continuous dry years水文年鉴 water year设计雨型 design storm pattern暴雨路径 storm track暴雨时程分配 time distribution of storm 暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线 storm parametric isoline map点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient定点定面关系fixed point－fixed area relationship可能最大露点 probable maximum dew point 暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正 watershed shape correction 水汽改正 moisture correction入流障碍改正 inflow obstacle correction 综合改正 synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法 isopercental method可能最大洪水 probable maximum flood涝 surface water logging渍 subsurface waterlogging排涝 surface waterlogging control排渍 subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划 waterlogging control planning 排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量 design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage 水荒 water famine水资源评价 water resources assessment 水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价 water quantity assessment水质评价 water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment 水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount地下水资源量groundwater resources amount可利用量 utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield可供水量 available water supply径流调节 runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪 reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply 水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节 reregulating reservoir水库群调节 multi－reservoir regulation 径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法） chronological series method概率法（数理统计法） probability method 随机模拟法 stochastic simulation method 调节周期 regulating period目标函数 objective function约束方程 constraint equation状态变量 state variable决策变量 decision variable数学规划 mathematic programming线性规划 linear programming非线性规划 nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir 水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度 multi－reservoir scheduling 水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast 抽水蓄能 pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境 water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统 aquatic ecosystem 化学径流 chemical runoff环境用水 environmental water环境水文学 environmental hydrology环境水力学 environmental hydraulics环境水化学 environmental hydrochemistry 地下水超量开采 groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌） artificial recharge 地下水降落漏斗 groundwater depression cone化学水污染 chemical water pollution无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances 有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances 有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染 thermal pollution生物水污染 water pollution by organism 富营养化 eutrophication次生水污染 secondary water pollution地下水污染 groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物 pollutant污染物迁移 transport of pollutant机械迁移 physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源 artificial pollution source 天然污染源 natural pollution source污染源调查 investigation of pollution sources污染源控制 pollution source control水质参数 water quality parameters水质模型 water quality model水温模型 water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality 水环境效益 water environmental effect 水污染环境效应 environmental effect of water pollution水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划 water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control 水源保护区protection zone of water source蒸发 evaporation水位 stage流速 velocity流量 discharge含沙量 sediment concentration输沙率 sediment discharge水温模型 water temperature冰凌 ice run水质 water quality下垫面 underlying surface水文情势 hydrologic regime水文效应 hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环） hydrologic cycle水量平衡 water balance热量平衡 heat balance盐量平衡 salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport水汽输送通量 atmospheric water vapour flux降雨面积 rainfall area降雨分布 rainfall distribution暴雨洪水 storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯） ice flood冰雪洪水 ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水 rain and snowmelt flood山洪 flash flood溃坝洪水 dam－break flood 大气环流 atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather风暴潮 storm surge风暴中心 storm center西风槽 westerly trough东风波 easterly wave低压槽 trough高压脊 ridge副热带高压 subtropic high温带 extratropic zone寒带 frigid zone季风 monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains阵雨 showery rain地形雨 aerographic rain热带气旋雨 rainfall in tropic cyclone 卫星云图 satellite cloud picture气压（大气压强） atmospheric pressure 海平面气压 sea－level pressure湿球温度 wet－bulb temperature水汽压 vapour pressure饱和水汽压 saturation vapour pressure 绝对湿度 absolute humidity相对湿度 relative humidity饱和差 saturation deficit流域长度 basin length流域平均高程 basin elevation mean流域平均宽度 basin width mean流域平均坡度 basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率 growth ratio of drainage area流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin 水系（河系） hydrographic net人工河网 artificial drainage network河网密度 drainage density明渠 open channel headwaters冲沟 gully溪流 brook分支 fork串沟 bifurcation channel外流河 exoreic river陆河 endothecia river减河 relief channel控制河段 control reach顺流河段 straight reach弯曲河段 bent reach扩散河段 expanding reach收缩河段 converging reach游荡河段 wandering reach感潮河段 tidal reach裁弯河段 channel cutoff稳定河槽 stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽） unstable channel 主槽 main channel单式河槽 single channel复式河槽 compound channel河道横断面 river cross－section河道纵断面 river longitudinal profile 断面特性 cross－section characteristics 河床形态 channel morphology浅滩 thoal急潭 cataract河漫滩 flood plain江心湖 channel island有效水头 effective head水头损失 head loss沿程水头损失 frictional head loss局部水头损失 local head loss能面比降 energy slope水面比降 surface slope摩阻比降 friction slope附加比降（加速比降） add slope河道比降（河床比降） channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface倒比降 inverse slope总水头线 total head line水面线 water surface profile糙率 roughness 才系数 Chezy coefficient才公式 Chezy formula曼宁公式 Manning formula输水因数（输水率） conveyance factor水跃 hydraulic jump水舌 nappe回水曲线（壅水曲线） hackwater curve弗汝德数 Froude number悬移质 suspended load推移质 bed load床沙 bed material床沙质 bed material load冲泻质 wash load河流泥沙运动 sediment transport in river 泥沙起动 incipient motion of sediment 起动流速 competent velocity造床流址 dominant discharge泥沙密度 density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hypereoncentration of sediment 泥石流 debris flow水流挟沙能力。
径流量与径流系数
径流量与径流系数径流系数径流系数，一定地区任意时段内径流量（或得流总量）与同时段内相应的降水量之比值。
以小数或百分数计。
径流系数（runoff coefficient），一定地区任意时段内径流量（或径流总量）与同时段内相应的降水量之比值。
以小数或百分数计。
即：径流系数=径流量／降水量在干旱地区，径流系数小，甚至趋近于零；在湿润地区较大，径流系数同所取时段不同分别称为次径流系数、洪峰径流系数、月径流系数、年径流系数和多年平均径流系数。
径流系数（runoff coefficient）是一定汇水面积地面径流量（毫米）与降雨量（毫米）的比值，是任意时段内的径流深度y（或径流总量W）与同时段内的降水深度x（或降水总量）的比值。
径流系数说明在降水量中有多少水变成了径流，它综合反映了流域内自然地理要素对径流的影响。
其计算公式为a=y/x。
同一流域面积、同一时段内径流深度（R）与降水量（P）的比值称为径流系数，以小数或百分数计，表示降水量中形成径流的比例，其余部分水量则损耗于植物截留、填洼、入渗和蒸发。
径流系数同一流域面积、同一时段内径流量与降水量的比值，以小数或百分数表示。
计算式为：α＝R/P，式中α为径流系数，R为径流深度，P为降水深度。
α值变化于0～1之间，湿润地区α值大，干旱地区α值小。
我国台湾地区河流年平均径流系数＞0.7，表明径流十分丰富；径流贫乏的海滦河平原，年平均径流系数仅有0.1。
根据计算时段的不同，可分为多年平均径流系数、年平均径流系数和洪水径流系数等。
径流系数综合反映流域内自然地理要素对降水─径流关系的影响。
径流量中文名称：径流量英文名称：runoff定义：为时段流量，可分地面径流、地下径流两种。
表示径流大小的方式有流量、径流总量、径流深、径流模数等。
应用学科：地理学（一级学科）；水文学（二级学科）径流量在水文上有时指流量，有时指径流总量。
即一定时段内通过河流某一断面的水量。
计算公式为：径流量=降水量-蒸发量单位为：立方米／秒将瞬时流量按时间平均，可求得某时段（如一日、一月、一年等）的平均流量，如日平均流量、月平均流量、年平均流量等。
英语专业名词(水利方面)
岸 bank
左岸 left bank
右岸 right bank
凹岸 concave bank
凸岸 convex bank
岸壁 land wall
水边线（岸线） water line
堤防 levee
河长 river length
河弯 river bend
气旋（低压） cyclone
热带气旋 tropic cyclone
热带低压 tropic depression
热带风暴 tropic storm
强热带风暴 severe tropic storm
台风 typhoon
气团 air mass
锋（锋面） front
天气 weather
气象 meteorology
弯曲率 tortuosity
航道 navigable channel
河段 reach
上游 upstream
潜洲 submerged bar
深潭 deep pool
水利学 hydraulics
明渠水力学 open channel hydraulics
水静力学 hydrostatics
散发（植物蒸腾） transpiration
蒸发能力 evaporation capability
下渗（入渗） infiltration
稳渗 steady infiltration
下渗能力 infiltration capability
河川径流 river runoff
降雨径流 rainfall runoff
浮冰 floating ice
飞机专业英语
飞机专业英语119.flaps (inboard flap,outboard flap,leading edge flaps) 襟翼（内侧，外侧襟翼，前缘缝翼）120.spoiler (inboard,outboard)( down,up) 阻力板，扰流板（内、外侧）（放下、打开）121.elevators (elevator control tab) 升降舵（升降舵操纵片）122.rudder (rudder control tab) 方向舵（方向舵操纵片）123.to extend the flaps (to retract the flaps) 放下襟翼（收上襟翼）124.gear extention (gear retraction) 起落架放下（起落架收上）125.the emergency extention system 应急放下系统126.The brakes are unreliable 刹车不可靠。
[ˈʌnriˈlaiəbəl]127.the partitions 隔墙partition [pɑ:ˈtiʃən] n.分开，隔墙vt.分开，隔开128.the interior fittings 机上用具interior [inˈtiəriə] n.内部，内地adj.内部的，内地的，国内的129.the LP and HP compressor 低压和高压压缩机.[kəmˈpresə]130.to give full throttle (or power) to the engine 全油门131.the RPM (revolution per minute) 转速（转每分）132.engine feather 顺桨[ˈfeðə]羽毛v顺桨，调整攻角133.Ground speed and drift indicator 地速和偏流显示器134.transponder receiver 应答机接收机，decoder译码器，encoder编码器135.transponder transmitter [trænzˈmitə]应答机发射机，modulator[ˈmɔdjuleitə]调制器136.Altitude interrogation mode C [inˈ te rəˈgeiʃən]高度询问方式C。
(6)第六节 径流(2)(9~10)
6.2.2 径流的表示方法和度量单位
1、流量 Q
单位时间内通过某过水断面的水量
以 (m3／s) 表示
2、径流总量 W
在一定时段内通过某断面的水量
以 m3 或 亿m3 表示
3、径流模数 M 单位流域面积上的平均流量 M = 1000Q / A
以 m3／s .km2 表示
4、流量变率 K
某一年的年平均流量 Qi 和正常年径流量 Q0 之比
年径流变差系数--Cv
Ki--年径流变率，n--为观测年数 Cv
2020/6/9
4
第六节 径流 Runoff
6.1 径流形成过程
6.1
径流形成 过程 6.1.5 影响径流形成的因素
综合以上所述，径流形成过程和河流的流量
6.1.1 流域蓄渗过程 过程线的形状决定于两组影响因素
6.1.2 坡地汇流过程 1) 流域的自然特征
6.1.3 河网汇流过程 流域面积大小、形状
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第六节 径流 Runoff
6.2 径流情势--表征方式
6.2.1 河流的水情与水源补给 1、河流的水文情况（水情）
包括：水源的补给 径流在空间和时程上的变化 洪水的形成和运动 枯水特性 河流的冻结情况 河流泥沙运动情况
2、河流的水源补给
（1）雨水补给 （2）冰雪融水补给 （3）地下水补给
第六节 径流 Runoff
6.1.4 几个概念
1、等流时线与等流时面积、净雨 2、流量过程线
(2)流量过程线组成：①直接地面径流，②壤中流，③ 地下水或基流，④河槽水面降水
i--降雨强度，fp--下渗能力，F--下渗量，SD--土壤缺水量
(1)当 i< fp ，F<SD 时：水面降水略涨，过程线为基流
水利水文术语表-中英对照
水圈hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology水汽water vapour水文要素hydrologic elements积雪snow cover终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt冰雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff 降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow阴塞高压blocking high低空急流low－level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm 气团air mass锋（锋面）front气象meteorology气候区划climatic regionalization 气候带climatic zone小气候microclimate副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone 比湿specific humidity蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale霜点frost point霜冻frostbite无霜期frost－free period流域watershed (basin)闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）bling drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream界河boundary river废河道（古河道）dead river凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line堤防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率tortuosity 航道navigable channel河段reach潜洲submerged bar水利学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non－uniform flow 急流supercritical flow缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head低强水头（压能）pressure head流速水头（动能）velocity head雷诺数Reymold number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width－depth ratio落差fall驻波standing wave移动波translation wave河流动力学river dynamics山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体total dissolved solids离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinity碱度alkalinity酸度acidity电导率electric conductivity混浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand 滑雪需氧量chemical oxygen demand 硬度hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non－carbonate hardness浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze－up period封冻（封河）freeze－up平封flat freeze－up立封upright freeze－up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze－up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break－up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上有水accumulation of melt water 月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tide气象潮metorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴月lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tidal rise落潮历时duration of tidal fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current 涨潮流历时duration of flood current地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water－table contour map 含水层aquifer含水岩系water－content rock series含水岩组water－content rock formation含水岩性water－content rock property含水介质water－hearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界acquitted boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层acquitter水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度water－holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface 潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖泊波漾（假湖）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽）main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽）medium level mire 沼泽水量平衡water balance of mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moisture property of mire沼泽持水性water retention of mire沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier委托观测entrust gauging 水文仪器hydrologic instrument直读仪器direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument 遥测仪器remote telemetry unit固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位equivalent stage水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station 基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station 水文气象站hydrometeorology station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout容许最稀站网minimum network设站年限station required age基面datum临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross－section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section 比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section 辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道motorized cableway手动缆道hand－operating cableway 循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat 缆道测验仪cableway measuring device 水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass渠积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long－term rainfall recorder 遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder 测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar 雪量线snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation pan E－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遇测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺hook gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺断面basic gauge辅助水尺断面auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float－type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder 超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder 自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet line correction测点流速velocity measurement测速垂线surface velocity水面流速velocity at a point测点流速maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速point velocity coefficient中泓流速surface velocity coefficient流速分布velocity distribution流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow－direction measurement体积法cubature流速仪current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪propeller－type current－meter 电波流速仪electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic pro－meter多普勒流速仪Doppler current－meter参证流速仪reference current－meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current－meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage水面浮标surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float－rod 堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half－submerged flow孔流sluice flow射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement照相法photographic method打印法stamp pad method床沙采样器bed material sampler悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler 瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler积时式采样器time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器bottled sampler皮囊式采样器collapsible sample泵式采样器pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler 同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter 振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter推移质采样器bed load sampler网式采样器basket－type sampler吸管pipet光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter 比重计（密度计）hydrometer 泥沙沉降sediment settling沉降速度settling velocity平均沉速mean settling velocity絮凝flocculation反凝剂defloeculant粒径particle diameter中数粒径median particle diameter平均粒径mean particle diameter等容粒径nominal diameter投影粒径projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter 几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径sieve diameter沉降粒径settling diameter粒径组fraction of particle size颗粒级配grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线grain－size distribution curve 单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in a vertical对照断面check cross－section控制断面control cross－section消减断面attenuation cross－section水样保存water－sample preservation检出率detected ratio超标率over－limit ratio痕迹量trace未检出nonreadout回收率recovery ratio溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler 冰情观测ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement冰情目测visual observation of ice regime 冰情符号ice code冰情图ice－regime charta初冰日期first－ice date封冰日期freeze－up date解冻日期break－up date终冰日期end ice date封冻历时freeze－up duration水浸冰厚thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽open－water width冰流量ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method 有效潮差significant tidal range负波高negative wave height水库水文测验hygrometry of reservoir入库水量reservoir inflow出库水量reservoir outflow水库供水reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir水库渗漏量reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change 坝上水位stage behind dam库区水位stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey 水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法method of topographic survey断面法method of cross－section survey淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition 淤积三角洲sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology代表流域representative basin实验流域experimental basin相似流域similar basin径流实验研究experimental research in runoff 径流场runoff plot人工降雨装置artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation蒸发池evaporation tank土壤蒸发器soil evaporator蒸散器evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land 蒸渗仪lysimeter地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot合理性检查rational examination电算整编processing by computer水文年鉴water year－book测站考证station examination站年station year极值extreme value加权平均法weighted mean method断流水位stage of zero flow河干river of zero flow水文过程线hydrograph水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph 等值线isopleth分布曲线distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value径流总量total runoff径流模数runoff modulus径流系数runoff coefficient洪峰flood peak洪水流量peak discharge洪水总量flood volume输沙模数modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系stage－discharge relation连时序法chronological method绳套曲线loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系single－valued processing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长extension of relation curve流率表rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration真值true value测量值（实测值）measured value最或然值most probable value绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error插机误差（偶然误差）random error允许误差permissible error伪误差（粗差）spurious方差variance标准差standard deviation相对标准差relative standard deviation离差（偏差）deviation闭合差closure error平差adjustment精密度precision准确度correctness 垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error分布式数据库distributed type data base集中式数据库concentrated type data base网络式数据库network type data base层次数据库laminarization data base层次数据模型laminarization data model网状数据模型network data model数据量data bulk结点node水文数据库hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报tidal prediction旱情预报soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期forecast lead time超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting作业预报operational forecasting预报方案forecast scheme评定标准accuracy standard方案合格率qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数deterministic coefficient汛seasonal flood伏汛summer flood汛期flood season防汛flood defence报汛站flood－reporting station报汛站网flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network洪水警报flood warning点雨量point rainfall面雨量areal rainfall泰森多边形Thiessen polygon等雨量线法isohyetal method产流runoff yield蓄满产流runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration 产流面积area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）direct runoff地面流（坡面流）surface flow of mire 壤中流prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve初损initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration地下汇流groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线basin flow concentration curve 坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间basin flow concentration time 洪峰滞时peak time lag流域滞时basin time lag等流滞时isochrone单位线unit hydrograph经验单位线empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线slope unit hydrograph河网单位线river network unit hydrographS－曲线S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线recession curve水文模型hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型scale model比拟模型analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型distributed model集总式模型lumped model线性水温模型linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构model structure模型参数model parameter模型误差model error模型率定model calibration模型检验model verification水文模拟hydrologic simulation遥测终端机telemetry terminal meter中继机relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率probability of word error接受率receiving probability设计站design station设计流域design watershed代表站representative station参证站bench－mark station典型年（代表年）typicyear水文系列hydrologic series同步系列synchronous series系列代表性series representativeness柱状图histogram诺谟图monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算hydraulic calculation for tidal reach样本容量sample size随机变量random variable随机系列random series累计频率（频率）cumulative frequency经验频率empirical frequency 水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布Pearson distribution对数正态分布log normal distribution频率分析frequency analysis随机模拟stochastic simulation时间序列time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项trend term周期项cycle term随机项stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析）harmonic analysis潜分析spectrum analysis回归分析（相关分析）regression analysis相关系数correlation coefficient自回归分析autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水design flood溢洪道设计洪水spillway design flood分期设计洪水stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period校核洪水check flood实测洪水observed flood调查洪水investigated flood古洪水paleoflood坝址洪水dam－site flood入库洪水reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年内分配annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期high－water period平水期normal－water period枯水期（枯季）low－flow period丰水年wet year平水年（中水年）normal year枯水年dry year特枯水年extraordinary dry year连续丰水年continuous wet years连续枯水年continuous dry years水文年鉴water year设计雨型design storm pattern暴雨路径storm track暴雨时程分配time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线storm parametric isoline map 点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient定点定面关系fixed point－fixed area relationship可能最大露点probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正watershed shape correction水汽改正moisture correction入流障碍改正inflow obstacle correction综合改正synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法isopercental method可能最大洪水probable maximum flood涝surface water logging渍subsurface waterlogging排涝surface waterlogging control排渍subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划waterlogging control planning排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control 设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge ofsubsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage水荒water famine水资源评价water resources assessment水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价water quantity assessment水质评价water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount地下水资源量groundwater resources amount可利用量utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield可供水量available water supply径流调节runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply 水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节reregulating reservoir水库群调节multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法）chronological series method概率法（数理统计法）probability method随机模拟法stochastic simulation method调节周期regulating period目标函数objective function约束方程constraint equation状态变量state variable决策变量decision variable数学规划mathematic programming线性规划linear programming非线性规划nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统aquatic ecosystem化学径流chemical runoff环境用水environmental water环境水文学environmental hydrology环境水力学environmental hydraulics环境水化学environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌）artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗groundwater depression cone 化学水污染chemical water pollution无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染thermal pollution生物水污染water pollution by organism 富营养化eutrophication次生水污染secondary water pollution地下水污染groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物pollutant污染物迁移transport of pollutant机械迁移physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源artificial pollution source天然污染源natural pollution source污染源调查investigation of pollution sources污染源控制pollution source control水质参数water quality parameters水质模型water quality model水温模型water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益water environmental effect水污染环境效应environmental effect of water pollution水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区protection zone of water source蒸发evaporation水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration输沙率sediment discharge水温模型water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环）hydrologic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport 水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux 降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯）ice flood冰雪洪水ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam－break flood大气环流atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风槽westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone季风monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains阵雨showery rain地形雨aerographic rain热带气旋雨rainfall in tropic cyclone卫星云图satellite cloud picture气压（大气压强）atmospheric pressure海平面气压sea－level pressure湿球温度wet－bulb temperature水汽压vapour pressure饱和水汽压saturation vapour pressure绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity饱和差saturation deficit流域长度basin length流域平均高程basin elevation mean流域平均宽度basin width mean流域平均坡度basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率growth ratio of drainage area 流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin水系（河系）hydrographic net人工河网artificial drainage network 河网密度drainage density明渠open channel河源headwaters冲沟gully溪流brook分支fork串沟bifurcation channel外流河exoreic river内陆河endothecia river减河relief channel控制河段control reach顺流河段straight reach弯曲河段bent reach扩散河段expanding reach收缩河段converging reach游荡河段wandering reach感潮河段tidal reach裁弯河段channel cutoff稳定河槽stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽）unstable channel 主槽main channel单式河槽single channel复式河槽compound channel河道横断面river cross－section河道纵断面river longitudinal profile断面特性cross－section characteristics河床形态channel morphology浅滩thoal急潭cataract河漫滩flood plain江心湖channel island有效水头effective head水头损失head loss沿程水头损失frictional head loss局部水头损失local head loss能面比降energy slope水面比降surface slope摩阻比降friction slope附加比降（加速比降）add slope河道比降（河床比降）channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface 倒比降inverse slope总水头线total head line水面线water surface profile糙率roughness谢才系数Chezy coefficient谢才公式Chezy formula曼宁公式Manning formula输水因数（输水率）conveyance factor水跃hydraulic jump 水舌nappe回水曲线（壅水曲线）hackwater curve 弗汝德数Froude number悬移质suspended load推移质bed load床沙bed material床沙质bed material load冲泻质wash load河流泥沙运动sediment transport in river 泥沙起动incipient motion of sediment起动流速competent velocity造床流址dominant discharge泥沙密度density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hypereoncentration of sediment 泥石流debris flow水流挟沙能力sediment transport capacity of flow河床演变fluvial process冲刷scar淤积sedimentation沙量平衡sediment balance泥沙输移sediment transport泥沙输移比sediment delivery ratio浆河现象clogging of river sediment flow。
飞机专业术语英语
飞机专业术语(英汉对照)1、the airframe机身,结构2、The front (fore) part前部3、The rear (aft) part后部4、port左旋(舵)5、starboard右旋(舵)6、the inboard engine or inboards 内侧发动机7、the outboard engine or outboards 外侧发动机8、the nose机头9、the belly腹部10、the skin蒙皮11、the windscreen or windshield风挡12、the wing机翼13、the trailing edge机翼后缘14、the leading edge机翼前缘15、the wing tip翼尖16、the control surface操纵面17、ailerons副翼18、flaps (inboard flap, outboard flap, leading edge flaps)襟翼（内侧襟翼，外侧襟翼，前缘缝翼）19、spoilers (inboard/outboard spoiler)(spoiler down/up)阻力板，扰流板（内、外侧扰流板）（扰流板放下、打开）20、slats 缝翼21、elevators (elevator control tab) 升降舵（升降舵操纵片）22、rudder (rudder control tab)方向舵（方向舵操纵片）23、flap angle襟翼角24、flap setting襟翼调整25、the full flap position全襟翼位置26、a flapless landing无襟翼着陆27、the landing gear起落架28、stabilizer 安定面29、the nose wheel前轮30、gear locked起落架锁定31、the wheel well起落架舱32、the wheel door起落架舱门33、a tyre轮胎34、to burst爆破35、a deflated tyre放了气的轮胎36、a flat tyre走了气的轮胎37、a puncture轮胎被扎破38、to extend the flaps (to retract the flaps) 放下襟翼（收上襟翼）39、gear extension (gear retraction)起落架放下（起落架收上）40、The gear is jammed.起落架被卡死41、The flaps are jammed.襟翼被卡死42、the emergency extension system应急放下系统43、to crank the gear down摆动放下起落架44、the brakes 刹车45、disc brakes刹车片46、an anti-skid device防泄装置47、an arresting gear制动装置48、thrust reversers推力换向器49、The brakes are unreliable刹车不可靠50、Braking action is poor刹车状况不好51、brake wear 刹车磨损52、to overheat超温（过热）53、to bring the plane to a stop使飞机停下54、the passenger cabin客舱55、the floor地板56、the ceiling顶棚57、the galley机上厨房58、the toilets厕所59、the lounge休息室60、the partitions 隔墙61、the interior fittings 机上用具62、oxygen mask氧气面罩63、the cargo-hold货舱64、a nacelle引擎机舱65、a pod发动机吊舱66、the air inlet or intake进气道67、water ingestion 注水68、the fan blades风扇叶片69、the LP and HP compressors低压和高压压缩机70、the compressor blades压缩机叶片71、the nozzles喷管（嘴），排气管72、the exhaust section排气部分73、thrust reversers反推器74、the RPM (revolution per minute)转速（转每分）75、to set the engine to idle慢车76、to give full throttle (or power) to the engine 全油门（风门）77、to throttle up the engine加油门78、throttle down (or back) the engine收油门79、vibration振动80、to overheat超温81、The engine is low on power马力小82、engine surge发动机喘振83、engine shutdown 停车84、engine flame out发动机熄火85、engine feathered 顺桨86、fuel system燃油系统87、fuel tanks油箱88、fuel lines油路（管）89、fuel pump油泵90、oil pressure indicators 滑油压力表91、oil temperature indicator滑油温度表92、hydraulic system液压系统93、air-conditioning system空调系统94、cooling冷却95、heating 加热96、the fans吹风器97、pressurization增压泵98、electrical system电器系统99、a DC generator直流发电机100、a AC generator交流发电机101、flight control system飞行操纵系统102、to dire俯冲103、to level off拉平104、to stall失速105、a slipping turn; a skidding turn打地转106、belly landing迫降107、force landing强迫降落108、vortex generators涡流产生器109、balance tab平衡片110、control column驾驶杆111、low range radio altimeter system低高度无线电高度表系统112、altitude alerting system高度警戒系统113、height indicator高度表114、radio altimeter无线电高度表115、receiver transmitter No1发动机一号116、Doppler navigation system 多卜勒导航系统117、Ground speed and drift indicator地速和偏流显示器118、transponder receiver应答机接收机119、transponder decoder应答机译码器120、transponder encoder应答机编码器121、transponder transmitter应答机发射机122、transponder modulator应答机调制器123、Reply mode A or B.回答方式A或B 124、Altitude interrogation modeC高度询问方式C125、Identity interrogation modeB识别询问方式B126、code indicator代码显示器127、transponder selector switch应答机显示电门128、code selector switches代码选择电门129、altitude reporting switch高度报告电门130、mode switch方式电门131、Identification button识别按钮132、weather radar气象雷达133、DME indicator测距机指示机134、Loran receiver罗兰接受机135、interphone system内话系统136、passenger address system广播系统137、HF communication systems高频电讯系统138、VHF communication systems甚高频通讯系统139、voice recorder system录音机系统140、navigation system导航系统141、Pilot’s Mach Airspeed Indicators驾驶员的马赫空速表142、Vertical speed indicators垂直空速表143、Flight director indicator飞行指示仪144、Course deviation indicator航道罗盘145、air speed indicator空速表146、Automatic pilot自动驾驶147、Anti-icing system防冰系统148、throttle system油门系统149、tachometer indicator转速表150、Engine vibration indicator发动机震动指示表151、Forward thrust reverser controls前反推装置操纵152、Aft thrust reverser controls后反推装置操纵153、engine oil system发动机滑油系统154、Oil temperature indicator system滑油温度指示系统155、Oil quantity indicating system滑油油量指示系统156、oil pressure indicator滑油压力表157、starting system启动系统158、Emergency exit hatch紧急出口窗159、Outward opening emergency exit hatch外开式紧急出口门160、Door warning system门警系统161、Landing gear control handle起落架操纵手柄162、Control handle up, gear retracting door open.操纵手柄向上，起落架收上时舱门打开163、Control handle up, gear up and locked, door closed操纵手柄向上起落架收上并锁住舱门关闭164、Landing gear warning horn起落架警告喇叭165、Main (Nose) gear emergency extension system主（前）起落架紧急放下系统166、nose wheel steering control前轮转弯操纵167、Nose wheel steering hydraulic system前轮转弯液压系统168、Brake hydraulic system液压刹车169、Pneumatic brake system空气刹车系统170、Parking brake停留刹车171、fuel receptacle加油接头172、Pressure fueling station压力加油仓口173、usable fuel可用燃油174、main tank主油箱175、reserve tank 副油箱176、fuel tank arrangement燃油箱分布177、fuel boost pump增压泵178、fuel quantity indicator油量指示泵179、fuel tank filler cap assemblies燃油箱加油口盖180、filler cap adapter加油口盖接口181、drip stick量油尺182、hydraulic system 液力系统183、Auxiliary hydraulic pump副液力泵184、air condition system空调系统185、main cabin air condition主舱空调186、engine fire extinguishing system发动机灭火系统187、fire extinguisher bottle灭火机188、fire detection system火警探测系统189、pilot tube anti-icing空速管防冰190、control cabin window anti-icing system驾驶舱风挡防冰系统191、De-icing system (De-icier)除冰系统（除冰器）192、window panes pilot’s (captain’s)正驾驶风挡玻璃193、window heat control unit风挡加温控制器194、wind-shied wiper system风挡括水系统195、captain’s windshield wiper正驾驶风挡括水196、wing anti-icing机翼防冰197、autopilot自动驾驶198、external power receptacle外部电源插座199、forward toilet drain (Aft toilet drain)前厕所泄放口（后厕所泄放口）200、Pneumatic ground service air connection地面空气充气接头201、Water system filler加水口202、Conditioned air ground system connection 空调系统地面接头203、control system操纵系统204、elevator shaking 升降舵松动205、Aileron response sluggish副翼反应迟钝206、Aircraft rolling right and left飞机左右摇摆207、Cockpit wind shield broken驾驶舱挡风玻璃破裂208、rate of climb indicator升降速率表209、elevator trim indicator升降舵调整片指示表210、gyro horizon 陀螺地平仪211、Hydraulic pump failure液压泵失效212、electric pump电动泵213、turbo pump涡轮泵214、auxiliary pump辅助泵215、nose taxi lamp 前滑行灯216、right navigation lamp右航行灯217、Anti-collision lights (flashing beacon)防撞灯（闪光灯）218、weather radar scanner antenna雷达扫描天线219、antenna tilt control天线俯仰控制220、May we go on board to see your cockpit?我们上飞机看看驾驶舱好吗？221、May we go on board to visit your aircraft?我们上飞机参观一下好吗？222、We want to know some data (performance) of this kind of aircraft, such as: 我们相了解这种飞机的一些数据，比如：223、wing span翼展224、length overall全长225、height overall全高226、wheel track (undercarriage track) 主轮距227、wheel base前后轮距228、the minimum of the steering (turning) radius (minimum ground turning radius) 最小转弯半径（地面最小转弯半径）229、the height of the cabin door (passenger door’s height to sill)客舱门离地高度230、the size of the cabin door (passenger door’s height and width)客舱门尺寸231、maximum ramp weight最大滑行重量232、basic operating weight基本重量233、maximum take-off weight最大起飞重量234、maximum landing weight最大着陆重量235、maximum zero-fuel weight empty最大无油重量236、maximum payload 最大业载237、fuel load (reserve fuel residual fuel)载油量（备份油量、剩余油量）238、the total weight of fuel, fuel consumption and endurance总燃油量耗油量与续航时间239、maximum level speed最大平飞速度240、maximum cruising speed最大巡航速度241、economical cruising speed经济巡航速度242、long-range cruising speed远程巡航速度243、stalling speed (flaps down/up at maximum landing weight at sea level)失速速度（襟翼放下或收上，以最大着陆重量，在海平面）244、never-exceed speed extreme speed极限速度245、service ceiling (practical ceiling/operating ceiling)实用升限（使用升限）246、take-off run起飞滑跑长度247、landing run着陆滑跑长度248、take-off distance起飞距离（使用场地长度）249、landing distance着陆距离（使用场地长度）250、the maximum and normal rate of climb and descending最大与正常上升、下降率251、the maximum routing (range)最大航程252、the number of passenger seats旅客座位数目253、the maximum take-off power最大起飞功率（推力）254、the maximum except take-off power额定功率255、surplus power剩余功率256、take-off characteristics起飞性能257、radius of action活动半径258、aerodrome practice (test flight/trial race)本场飞行训练（试飞、试航）259、ground loop打地转260、nose over拿大顶261、crash onto runway摔毁在跑道上262、drift off the R/W (running off the edge of the R/W)侧风影响偏离跑道（飞机偏出轨道）263、short of R/W (undershoot run)场外接地（提前接地）264、over run the R/W (run off out of the R/W) 冲出跑道（滑跑冲出跑道）265、sideslip landing带侧滑着陆266、single engine landing (two-engine landing) 单发着陆（双发着陆）267、belly landing (All-gear-up landing)机腹着陆268、crash landing摔机着陆（尤指机腹着陆）269、emergency landing紧急着陆270、forced landing (distress landing)强迫着陆271、abnormal landing不正常着陆272、cross wind landing侧风着陆273、down-wind landing (upwind landing)顺风着陆（顶风着陆）274、tail-wind landing (head-wind landing)顺风着陆（顶风着陆）275、heavy-weight landing大载重着陆276、high-speed landing大速度着陆277、short landing短距滑跑着陆或是目测低的着陆278、short-field landing (short approach)短跑道着陆（小航线进场着陆）279、one-wheel landing单轮着陆280、off-field landing (outside landing)场外着陆281、touch and go landing (follow through take-off)连续起飞282、full-stop landing全跑道着陆（滑跑到全停的着陆）283、taxi-back landing滑回的着陆（着陆后滑回起飞线，区别于连续起飞着陆）284、abandon the take-off (abort the take-off)中断起飞285、abandoned (aborted effused ejected) take-off中断的起飞286、reject the take-off停止起飞287、all-engine (power units) operating take-off全发起飞288、engine cut out take-off单发停车起飞289、cross wind take-off侧风起飞290、downwind take-off顶风起飞291、up wind take-off逆风起飞292、full-flap take-off (flapless take-off)全襟翼起飞（不放襟翼起飞）293、full throttle take-off全油门起飞294、full power take-off全推力（最大功率）起飞295、rolling (running) take-off 直接起飞（不在跑道头停留的起飞）296、spot take-off定点起飞297、minimum interval take-off保持最小间隙起飞298、maximum-performance take-off (short field take-off)最大性能起飞（指滑跑距离最短的起飞、短距起飞）299、marginal take-off安全边缘起飞（没有足够安全保证的起飞）300、full-gross-weight take-off最大起飞重量起飞301、full-loaded take-off满载起飞302、heavy weight take-off重载起飞303、high gross weight take-off重载起飞，大起飞重量起飞304、overload take-off超载起飞305、flight (flying) trim飞行配平306、A/C trim飞机配平307、automatic trim自动配平308、level flight (horizontal flight)平飞309、level turning平飞转弯310、shallow (smooth wide gentle) turn bank小坡度转弯（坡度小于25度）311、medium turn bank中坡度转弯（坡度25-45度）312、steep (sharp) turn back大坡度转弯（坡度45-70度）313、normal turn标准转弯，正常转弯（转弯角速度为3度/秒，坡度约为15度）314、turning point (bank time)转弯点（坡度、时间）315、pivoting turn原地转弯（指飞机在地面上）316、taxiing turn 滑行转弯317、cross wind turn一转弯318、downwind turn二转弯319、turn to base (turning base)三转弯320、turn to final (turning final/final turn)四转弯321、base turn三四转弯（连续做三四转弯）322、approach end of the runway跑道进入着陆端323、downwind end of the runway跑道顺风端324、departure end of the runway跑道起飞离地端325、upwind end of the runway跑道逆风端326、take-off end of the runway跑道起飞端327、touchdown end of the runway 跑道着陆接地端328、rollout (stop) end of the runway着陆跑道停止端329、accident事故330、grade of accident事故等级331、serious accident catastrophe fatal accident disastrous accident一等事故；机毁人亡事故332、accident二等事故333、break down minor accident三等事故；一般事故334、accident report 事故报告335、air accident investigation飞行事故调查336、field investigation野外调查、事故现场调查337、on-the-spot investigation事故现场调查338、accident data recorder飞行事故记录器339、crash recorder事故记录器340、accident data recorder (tape)飞行事故记录器（记录带）341、crash-protected recorder 能防毁的飞行记录器342、stainless steel tape flight recorder不锈钢带飞行记录器343、cockpit recorder驾驶舱内记录器344、cockpit voice recorder驾驶舱内录音机345、tower tape塔台录音磁带346、transfer recording复制录音347、TV recording电视录象348、video tape recorder 磁带录象机349、video recording录象350、video tape recording 磁带录象351、air (aviation) accident flight (flying) accident飞行事故、空中失事352、avoidable accident (preventable accident) 可避免的事故（可防止的事故）353 collision accident (mid-air collision accident air-to-air collision)空中相撞事故354、near-miss (near collision)危险接近355、potential accident（飞行）事故征候356、human error accident操作错误事故（人为事故）Pilot-caused accident (pilot factor accident pilot error accident)飞行员责任事故（驾驶错误事故）358、domestic operation accident international operation accident国内航线飞行事故（国际航线飞行事故）359、gear accident (gear-up landing accident)起落架故障飞行事故（未放起落架着陆事故）360、gear retraction accident地面）收起落架事故361、gross overload accident超载事故362、high-ground-hitting accident (collide with high ground crash into high ground) 与高地相撞事故（撞在高地上毁坏）363、aircraft-mountain collision飞机撞山364、ground accident地面事故365、taxi accident (taxi collision accident)滑行事故（滑行相撞事故）366、head-on collision accident（空中）对头相撞367、take-off accident起飞事故368、turbulence accident尾流事故369、landing accident着陆事故370、stalling (stall out) accident失速事故371、survival (survivable) accident人员幸存事故372、unexplained accident原因不明的飞行事故373、accident-free无事故的374、explosive accident（空中）爆炸事故375、material failure accident设备故障飞行事故376、man-made accident人为的事故hatch 舱口aero-engine, air engine 航空发动机navigation light 航行灯fuselage, body 机身nose 机头wing 机翼aileron 副翼wing flap 襟翼tail plane 水平尾翼starboard wing 右翼port wing 左翼pilot's cockpit 驾驶舱parachute 降落伞passenger cabin 客舱propeller 螺旋桨pressurized cabin 密封舱undercarriage 起落架undercarriage wheel 起落架轮elevator 升降舵radio navigation device 无线电导航设备radio directive device 无线电定向设备luggage compartment 行李舱(fuel) tank 油箱auxiliary (fuel) tank 副油箱main (fuel) tank 主油箱autopilot 自动驾驶仪。
run的名词形式
run的名词形式在英语中，动词run是一个非常常见的词汇。
它可以表示奔跑、跑步、运行等含义，而它的名词形式则有着更加广泛的应用。
在本文中，我们将探讨run的名词形式及其在生活中的应用。
一、Run的名词形式Run的名词形式有以下几种：1. Runway：指飞机起降的跑道，也可以指时装秀的T型台或者舞台。
2. Runoff：指水流或者雨水的流失或者排放，也可以指竞选中的投票结果，或者指某个地方的人口流失。
3. Runner：指长跑者或者短跑者，也可以指搬运工，或者是种植物的横向茎。
4. Run-in：指新机器的试运行阶段，也可以指两个人之间的争吵或者矛盾。
5. Run-up：指事情的紧张和紧迫感，也可以指某个物品的价格上涨或者某个事件的前奏。
二、Run的名词形式在生活中的应用1. RunwayRunway指飞机起降的跑道，是航空运输领域中非常重要的一个概念。
在现代化的机场中，跑道的设计和规划非常严格，需要考虑到飞机的起降速度、风向、风速、天气等因素。
在跑道上，飞机需要按照特定的速度和角度起飞或者降落，因此跑道的长度和宽度也需要根据飞机的尺寸和类型来确定。
跑道的运营和维护需要高度的技术水平和安全意识，因为任何小的差错都可能导致严重的事故。
除了航空运输领域，runway还可以指时装秀的T型台或者舞台。
在时装秀中，runway是模特展示服装的核心区域。
它的设计和布置需要考虑到服装和模特的风格和特点，以及观众的视线和视觉效果。
在舞台上，runway可以用来展示舞蹈或者音乐表演，也可以用来进行演讲或者宣传活动。
2. RunoffRunoff指水流或者雨水的流失或者排放。
在生活中，runoff经常出现在自然灾害和环境污染中。
例如，在暴雨和洪水中，地面的积水会形成水流，流向低洼地区或者河流湖泊，造成水灾和洪涝灾害。
在城市中，雨水和污水的排放也需要考虑到runoff的问题。
如果排放不当，会导致水污染和环境破坏。
除了环境和自然灾害领域，runoff还可以指竞选中的投票结果。
runoff的用法
runoff的用法一、Runoff的概述在环境科学领域，"runoff"（径流）是指降雨或融化后，未能被土壤吸收，并以水流的形式从地表流进河流、湖泊或海洋的过程。
这个词汇可以用来描述大型水系中的水流，也可以用于表示局部范围内的小溪或湖泊的水流情况。
二、Runoff对生态环境的影响1. 对地表土壤的侵蚀影响当径流发生时，会带走着地表上的土壤颗粒。
这种侵蚀作用对于多年生植物和农作物来说有害。
有机质和养分随着侵蚀物质一同被带走，导致土地质量下降并减少农田产量。
2. 污染物传输径流可以将土地上堆积的污染物如杀虫剂残留、硝酸盐等带入河流和湖泊。
这些污染物会威胁到生态系统健康，并对人类饮用水供应造成风险。
3. 形成洪水当降雨远远超过土壤的吸水能力时，径流量会急剧增加，从而导致洪水的出现。
洪水对于生态系统和人类社会都造成了巨大的威胁。
它们可以摧毁建筑物、冲走农作物、畜牧场和渔场，并导致生命和财产损失。
三、Runoff的管理和控制方法1. 林地保护森林被认为是最有效防止径流的植被类型之一。
树木能够截获部分降雨，减缓降雨到达地表的速度，并通过树冠与枝干上繁密的细小泥土颗粒来沉淀水分。
2. 水土保持措施种植覆盖植被，如牧草、农作物或其他植物，可以减少径流并增强土壤保持水分能力。
在坡地上建立阶梯化农田可以减少侵蚀并增加降雨入渗。
3. 建设湿地湿地有助于缓解陆地径流对周围生态系统和水资源造成的压力。
湿地中丰富多样的植物能够吸收过量的水分，并在处理污染物方面起到重要作用。
4. 河道管理和人工水体调控通过改善河道的生态系统，修复河床中的植被和防护网，可以减少径流对土壤侵蚀的影响。
在城市环境中，人工湖泊和河渠可用于缓解排水系统负荷，控制洪水和减少径流。
四、Runoff在农业中的应用1. 有效灌溉系统灌溉是农业领域使用runoff最常见的方式之一。
从雨水收集到堆肥池再利用至温室或田地，能够减少农业用水成本并提高效率。
径流侵蚀力因子
径流侵蚀力因子
径流侵蚀力因子（Runoff Erosion Factor）是描述降雨径流对土壤侵蚀的一种指标。
它是土壤侵蚀模型中的一个参数，用来量化降雨径流对土壤侵蚀的影响程度。
径流侵蚀力因子主要取决于以下几个因素：
1. 降雨的强度和频率：降雨强度越大、频率越高，径流侵蚀力越大。
2. 土壤的类型和质地：粘土质地的土壤比砂土更容易受到径流侵蚀。
3. 土地利用方式：裸露的土地比植被覆盖的土地更容易发生径流侵蚀。
4. 坡度和坡长：较陡的坡度和较长的坡长有利于降雨径流的形成和流动，增加径流侵蚀力。
5. 土壤覆盖：植被覆盖可以减缓降雨的冲击力，减少土壤侵蚀。
径流侵蚀力因子通常通过研究各种因素的定量关系，并结合降雨综合评估来确定。
对于不同的地理环境和土地利用类型，径流侵蚀力因子的值也会有所差异。
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FEBRUARY 99RUN-OFF152.0-99RECOMMENDED TEST METHOD: NONWOVENS RUN-OFF1SCOPEThis test method is to measure the amount of test liquid (simulated urine) which runs down a nonwoven test piece when a specified mass of test liquid is poured on the nonwoven test piece superimposed on a standard absorbent medium and placed on an inclined plane.This test method is designed to compare run-off of nonwovens. It is not intended to simulate in use conditions for finished products.2DEFINITIONFor the purpose of this ERT, the following definitions apply:-the run-off is the amount of excess liquid in g that runs from the test piece,-the percent run-off is the percent of the original mass of liquid which runs from the test piece.3TESTING CONDITIONSCondition the samples of nonwoven and the filter papers to be used as the standard absorbent pad for 24 h and test at 23ºC and 50 % relative humidity or, if not, at 20ºC and 65% relative humidity; test conditions are to be mentioned in the report (see ERT 60 for tolerances and choice of conditions).4 RECOMMENDED METHODNote: for testing conditions specified in ISO 9073 - 11 (draft), refer to ERT 60.The present ERT includes 3 alternative methods:-The basic method for testing hydrophilic nonwovens (5)-The repeated test , with the same test parameters as in 5-The modified method for testing hydrophobic nonwovens specifying another tableinclination than in 5.This is based on methods largely used by the industry.152.0-99FEBRUARY 99 5BASIC METHOD FOR TESTING HYDROPHILIC NONWOVENS5.1PRINCIPLEA specified quantity of simulated urine is discharged at a prescribed rate under specifiedconditions onto a test piece of nonwoven which is superimposed on a standard absorbent medium and placed on an inclined table. Any excess liquid that runs down the test piece is collected by a standard receiver pad placed below the lower end of the nonwoven test piece.The run-off measures the mass of liquid collected by the standard receiver pad.5.2 MATERIAL AND REAGENTS5.2.1 Standard absorbent medium, consisting of 2 layers of reference filter paper, (140 ± 1)mm x (275 ±1) mm, with the longer side in the MD.Filter paper characteristics:-Mass per unit area = (124 ± 6) g/m² ;-LAC = ( 480 ± 30) %;-STT = (3 ± 0.5) s, e.g. ERT FF3 filter paper supplied byHollingsworth & Vose Company Ltd.LAC is the liquid absorptive capacity measured according to ERT 10 ;STT is the strike-through time measured without the nonwoven test piece accordingto ERT 150.The filter papers are placed smooth/test sides up. (The smooth/test side isdetermined and indicated by the producer label, it is generally the side in contact withthe conveyor wire during the production process, where the wire mark may be visible).5.2.2Standard receiver pad: absorbing paper (same dimensions as the absorbent medium)to collect excess test liquid that runs down the test piece, e.g. 2 layers of filter papersor similar.Note: the receiver pad can be replaced by a receiver trough (see 7.3)5.2.3Simulated urine, consisting of a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride in distilled water witha surface tension of (70 ± 2) mN/m.This surface tension should be checked before each series of tests, as surface canalter tension during storage.5.3APPARATUS5.3.1. Run-off table of acrylic glass or similar as shown in figure 1:1)Table marked with two reference black lines at (250 ± 0,2) mm distance (see figure2):-the lower line, (3 ± 0,2) mm from the lower end of the table, defines the position of the lower end of the absorbent medium;-the upper line defines the position of the discharge tube axis (approximately25 mm from the upper end of the test piece).2)Table inclination 25º.3)Clip or similar with symmetrical reference marks at (140 ± 0,2) mm (to adjust theaxial position of the test piece).4)Spirit level (to ensure axial discharge of the tube).5)Support for placing the standard receiver pad below the lower end of the test piece.FEBRUARY 99152.0-995.3.2Glass tube, internal diameter 5 mm.5.3.3Ring stand.5.3.4Dosing equipment capable of delivering (25 ± 0,5) g mass of test liquid in a continuousstream via the glass tube within (4 ± 0,1) s, e.g. either a funnel, or a syringe with amotorized syringe drive unit, or a hydraulic pump or an other pressurized system, leakfree attached to the tube.Note: If dosing device graduation is expressed in volume (ml), calculate the liquiddensity for converting g to ml.5.3.5Timer, capable of measuring 60 s to an accuracy of 0,1 s.5.3.6Analytical balance, capable of determining a mass of 30 g to an accuracy of 0,01g.5.3.7Rigid 25º angle template.5.4PROCEDURE5.4.1Cut a minimum of 5 test pieces of the nonwoven, (140 ± 2) mm x (280 ± 2) mm, withthe longest side in machine direction (MD), according to ERT 130.5.4.2Adjust the angle of the table inclination to 25º ± 10'.5.4.3Use the spirit level to ensure the top edge of the table is horizontal.5.4.4 Set the dosing equipment for a discharge of (25 ± 0,5) g in (4 ± 0,1) s.Note: Verify regularly that the specified mass of liquid is being delivered by performing the following test:Hold under the glass tube a clean dry pre-weighed cylinder capable ofcontaining (25 ± 0,5) g of liquid, activate the timer, collect and weigh the testliquid dispensed. If the mass dispensed is outside the limits (25 ± 0,5) g,adjust the flow, e.g. by modifying the speed of the motor using the pumpcontrol box, and repeat the test. Continue testing and adjusting until at leastthree successive collections are within the specified limits.5.4.5Position the ring stand and the glass tube vertically with the outlet about 27 mm abovethe table, at the center of the upper reference line.5.4.6Place the standard absorbent medium on the table with the filter papers' smooth/testsides up, just covering the lower reference line and adjust its axial position.5.4.7Pick up the test piece from the corners in order to avoid the contamination of the testarea.5.4.8Place the nonwoven test piece, test side up, on the absorbent medium so that thenonwoven is (5 ±1) mm longer than the filter paper at the lower end.5.4.9Fix the absorbent medium and nonwoven with the clip centered between axial positionmarks.5.4.10 Adjust the vertical distance between the glass tube and the test piece to (25 ± 1) mm.152.0-99FEBRUARY 995.4.11Weigh the standard receiver pad with an accuracy of 0,01 g and record the mass(W1).5.4.12Place the receiver pad on its support.5.4.13Start the discharge of test liquid.5.4.14Wait for 5 s after the discharge is completed.5.4.15Weigh the standard receiver pad with the collected run-off liquid and record the mass(W2) to an accuracy of 0,01 g.5.4.16Make sure the run-off table is completely dry before placing the next test piece andnew absorbent medium on it.5.4.17Repeat the run-off test steps 5.4.4 to 5.4.16 for the remaining test pieces.5.5EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTSFor each of the test pieces, calculate the run-off:RO = W 2 - W 1(in g)__Average the run-off:RO (to the nearest 0,01 g) and calculate the standard deviation.If requested, using this average, calculate the percent run-off:10025RO %RO ×= (to the nearest 0,1%)5.6REPORTThe test report shall include the following information:a) Type of material tested.b) Individual run-off in g.c) Average run-off and standard deviation in g.d) Percent run-off in %, if requested.e) Any deviation from the standard procedure.5.7ANNEXFor R&D purposes, other characteristics could be measured, or some parameters could be modified e.g.:-When zero run-off is observed, the length of the wetted surface ("spread length") couldbe measured.The spread length is the distance measured from the upper reference line to the point where the last drop enters the test piece.FEBRUARY 99152.0-99 -Time to penetrate could also be recorded.For comparison purpose, the starting and end points of the time measurement arespecified:Start the timer at the first contact of the liquid with the test piece, stop when the last dropenters the test piece.-Various table inclinations or discharge tube angles could be used.6REPEATED TEST6.1PRINCIPLEThe principle is the same as described in the basic method (5) but the same test piece is consecutively submitted 3 times to the same test with the same amount of test solution at each discharge.The run-off is measured after each test in order to evaluate the performance consistency of the nonwoven after repeated tests.6.2MATERIAL AND REAGENTSMaterial and reagents are identical to 5.2 except that 3 sets of standard absorbent medium and 3 sets of standard receiver pad instead of 1 set are necessary.6.3APPARATUSIdentical to 5.36.4PROCEDURE6.4.1Cut a minimum of 5 test pieces of the nonwoven, (140 ± 2) mm x (280 ± 2) mm, withthe longer side in machine direction (MD), according to ERT 130.6.4.2Adjust the angle of the table inclination to 25º ± 10'.6.4.3Use the spirit level to ensure the top edge of the table is horizontal.6.4.4Set the dosing equipment for a discharge of (25 ± 0,5) g in (4 ± 0,1) s (see note 5.4.4).6.4.5Position the ring stand and the glass tube vertically with the outlet about 27 mm abovethe table, at the center of the upper reference line.6.4.6Prepare the 3 sets of standard absorbent medium on a desk besides the table.6.4.7Place the standard absorbent medium on the table with the filter papers smooth/testsides up, just covering the lower reference line and adjust its axial position.6.4.8Pick up the test piece from the corners in order to avoid the contamination of the testarea.6.4.9 Place the nonwoven test piece, test side up, on the absorbent medium so that thenonwoven is (5 ± 1) mm longer than the filter paper in the lower end.152.0-99FEBRUARY 996.4.10Fix the absorbent medium and nonwoven with the clip centered between axial positionmarks.6.4.11Adjust the vertical distance between the glass tube and the test piece to (25 ± 1) mm.6.4.12Weigh the standard receiver pad with an accuracy of 0,01 g and record the mass (W 1).6.4.13Place the receiver pad on its support.6.4.14Start the discharge of test liquid.6.4.15 Wait for 5 s after the discharge is completed.6.4.16Weigh the standard receiver pad with the collected run-off liquid and record the mass(W 2) to an accuracy of 0,01 g.6.4.17Wait for 4 minutes between the step 6.4.14 and the step 6.4.18.6.4.18Remove the nonwoven test piece and place it on a fresh absorbent medium alreadyprepared.6.4.19Remove the wet standard absorbent medium.6.4.20Make sure the run-off table is completely dry before each test.6.4.21Repeat the run-off test two more times with 25 g test liquid at each discharge on thesame nonwoven test piece, each time with a fresh absorbent medium.i.e.-for the 2nd test repeat steps 6.4.4 and 6.4.7 to 6.4.20-for the 3rd test repeat steps 6.4.4 and 6.4.7 to 6.4.166.4.22Repeat the steps 6.4.3 to 6.4.21 for the remaining test pieces.6.5EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTSFor each of the test pieces, calculate the run-off (in g):- 1st testRO 1 = W 21 - W 11- 2nd testRO 2 = W 22 - W 12- 3rd test RO 3 = W 23 - W 13Average the run-off for the 5 test pieces:(to the nearest 0,01 g)and calculate the standard deviation.If requested, using these averages, calculate the following percent run-off:___ ___ ___%RO 1, %RO 2, %RO 3(to the nearest 0,1 %)with 10025RO RO %i i ×=321RO ,RO ,ROFEBRUARY 99152.0-99 6.6REPORTThe test report shall include the following information:a) Type of material tested.b) For each test piece, individual run-off measured in tests nº 1, 2, 3 in g.c) Average run-off for tests nº 1, 2, 3 (in g) or percent run-off for tests nº 1, 2, 3 (in %) andstandard deviation.d) Any deviation from the standard procedure.7MODIFIED METHOD FOR TESTING HYDROPHOBIC NONWOVENS7.1PRINCIPLEThe principle is the same as described in the basic method. The only modified parameter is the inclination of the table.The test method is designed to measure the repellency of hydrophobic nonwovens.7.2MATERIAL AND REAGENTSIdentical to 5.27.3APPARATUSIdentical to 5.3 except the inclination of the table: 10º ±10' instead of 25º ± 10'.Note:Instead of a standard receiver pad to collect liquid that runs down (as specified in5.2.2), a collecting trough can be used for testing highly hydrophobic nonwovens. Thetrough can be placed on the balance to allow direct measurement.The collecting trough length should be 20 mm longer than the width (180 mm) of thetable.7.4PROCEDUREIdentical to 5.47.5EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTSIdentical to 5.5Note:(1) When using a collecting trough, instead of 5.4.11 and 5.4.15, read:7.4.11 Weigh the collecting trough, record the mass (W1) and place it on itssupport.7.4.15 Weigh the collecting trough containing the run off liquid and record themass (W2).(2)As an alternative or for checking the results from the above-mentioned procedure,collect and weigh the absorbent medium before and after the test.7.6REPORTIdentical to 5.6152.0-99FEBRUARY 99Fig u re1-Ru n-o ffAp p ara tusFEBRUARY 99152.0-99Fig ure2-Run -o f ft able。