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KSZ8795 Evaluation Board 用户指南说明书
KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Board(KSZ8795CLX+KSZ9031RNX)Demo Evaluation Board User’s GuideKSZ8795 Family Integrated 5-port Managed Switch with 4 10/100 Copper Ports and Port 5 Gigabit port Rev 1.0 January 2015Table of contents1.0 Introduction (4)2.0 Features (4)3.0 Evaluation Kit Contents (4)4.0 Hardware Description (5)4.1 Strap in Mode (6)4.2 Feature Setting Jumpers (7)4.3 SPI Mode (8)4.4 10/100 Ethernet Ports (8)4.4 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ports (8)4.5 LED indicators (9)5.0 Software Tools Description (10)5.1 Introducing Application Software Tools (10)5.2 Window Driver Installation First (10)5.3 Installation Application Software Tools (13)5.4 DOS SPI Tool (15)5.5 Window SPI Software Tool (16)5.6 LinkMD Software Tool (17)6.0 Reference Documents (19)7.0 Bill of Material (19)8.0 Schematics (19)List of Figures and TablesFigure 1 KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Board (5)Figure 2 KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Board Block Diagram (6)Table 1 General Setting Jumpers (7)Table 2 Power Setting Jumpers (7)Table 3 LED Modes (9)Revision History1.0 IntroductionThe KSZ8795 family is Micrel Operations new generation integrated 5-port switch with Gigabit up-link. The KSZ8795CLX is one of KSZ8795 family. KSZ8795CLX contains four MAC/PHYs for four copper ports and one GMAC5 interface with configurable GMII/RGMII/MII/RMII interfaces. The device had been designed with cost sensitive systems in mind but still offers a multitude of new features such as port based security ACL filtering, 802.1az EEE, LinkMD and so on. Also support port and tag based VLAN; QoS priority; SPI and MDC/MDIO interfaces for the registers access. The KSZ8795 family is an excellent choice in broadband gateway applications, integrated broadband router applications, industrial automatic, automotive, etc. fields and as a standalone switch. The KSZ8795-POE-EVAL board is designed to allow the user to experience Gigabit up-link with KSZ9031 Gigabit PHY to Gigabit port of any processor board directly, and can provide PoE PSE power to other four ports. Other rich feature set can be evaluated on this board. The evaluation board is highly configurable and easy to use.2.0 Features∙Micrel KSZ8795 Integrated 5-port 10/100 Managed Ethernet Switch∙ 4 RJ-45 Jacks for 10/100Base-T/TX Ethernet LAN with Corresponding Isolation Magnetics. ∙Auto MDI/MDIX on All Ports.∙Port 5 SW5-RGMII hook-up with a KSZ9031RNX GPHY and provide a Gigabit port.∙Easily set to different VDDIO of 3.3V, 2.5V and 1.8V by jumpers.∙ 1 USB Port Interface Configurable to Emulate an SPI Interface for all registers access by using Window GUI and DOS based software tools.∙ 2 LEDs per Port with 5 LED sets to indicate the Status and Activity for 4 fast Ethernet ports and1 Gigabit port.∙The board powered can be used by a 12V DC power supply.3.0 Evaluation Kit ContentsThe KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Evaluation kit includes the following:∙KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Evaluation Board Rev. 1.x∙KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Ev aluation Board User’s Guide Rev 1.x∙Micrel SPI Configuration Software tools∙KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Evaluation Board Schematics and BOM∙KSZ8795-POE-EVAL PCB file, Gerber file and IBIS model∙The software, reference schematics and other design information will be found in the Design Kit (Design Package) of the KSZ8795 Ethernet switch products on Micrel website.(Contact your Micrel FAE for the latest schematic).∙One 12V DC power supply.∙The USB cable is not included.4.0 Hardware DescriptionThe KSZ8795-POE-EVAL evaluation board is in a compact form factor and can sit on a bench near a computer with USB connector. There are two options for configuration: strap in mode; SPI mode and Strap-in mode that is easily done with on board jumper options. SPI mode is accomplished through a built in USB port interface. You can configure the KSZ8795 device on board by the USB port. Using Micrel SPI software and your PC, you can access the KSZ8795’s full feature set registers by the USB to SPI interface. The board also features RGMII to hook up a KSZ9031RNX as a Gigabit uplink for Gigabit port 5.The KSZ8795-POE-EVAL evaluation board is easy to use. There are programmable LED indicators for link and activity on all ports and a power LED. A manual reset button allows the user to reset the board without removing the power plug. A standard 12VDC power supply can be used by the power jack so that the user can supply power from any 110-240 Volt AC wall or bench socket.Figure 1 KSZ8795-POE-EVAL BoardFigure 2 KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Board Block Diagram4.1 Strap in ModeStrap in configuration mode is the quickest and easiest way to get started. In the default mode, the KSZ8795 acts as a stand-alone 4 port switch and one RGMII up-link. The user has to simply set the board’s configuration jumpers to the desired settings and apply power to the board. The user can also change jumper settings while power is applied to the board and press the convenient manual reset button for the new settings to take effect. Note that even if there is no external strap in values are set, internal pull up and pull down resistors will set the KSZ8795 default configuration. Section 4.1.1 covers each jumper on the board and describes its function.The KSZ8795 will start automatically after power up or reset.4.2 Feature Setting JumpersThe evaluation board provides jumpers to allow the user to easily set strap in configurations for the KSZ8795. Tables below describe the jumpers and their functions in the open or closed state.Table 1 General Setting JumpersTable 2 Power Setting Jumpers4.3 SPI ModeFrom SPI interface to the KSZ8795, use a USB to SPI converter that allows accessing all of the KSZ8795 features and registers. The user can easily access the SPI interface using a computer connected to the evaluation board’s USB port interface. Micrel provides a Windows GUI based program for the user to evaluate the KSZ8795’s full feature set. KSZ8795’s SP I interface will be able to access all static MAC table, the VLAN table, dynamic MAC address table, the MIB counters and all enhanced features.To prepare the KSZ8795CLXD-EVAL board for SPI mode configuration follow these steps:1. Copy the Micrel provided SPI interface software on your computer.2. KSZ8795-POE-EVAL board is fixed at SPI slave mode.3.Connect the computer’s USB port to the KSZ8795CLXD-EVAL board with a USB port cable.4.Connect the 12V DC power supply to J7 of the KSZ8795-POE-EVAL board.5.Open the Windows and navigate to the directory where the Window SPI file is stored. Click itsicon to invoke the software.6.Program the desired settings using the Micrel SPI interface software. See the softwareoperation description section for details.4.4 10/100 Ethernet PortsThere are five 10/100 Ethernet ports on the KSZ8795-POE-EVAL board. The ports J1, J2, J3 and J4 are the standard RJ45 connectors and using CAT-5 cables. Each port can be used as either an uplink or downlink. All ports support Auto-MDI/MDIX, so there is no need for cross over cables. J1 = RJ45 connector for port 1J2 = RJ45 connector for port 2J3 = RJ45 connector for port 3J4 = RJ45 connector for port 4JM1, JM2, JM3, JM4 and JS1, JS2, JS3, JS4 special connectors for Automotive used only.4.4 10/100/1000 Gigabit PortsThere is one KSZ9031RNX with 10/100/1000 Ethernet ports on the KSZ8795-POE-EVAL board. The ports RJ1 is the standard RJ45 connectors for port 5 and can connect to one Gigabit port of a processor platform by using CAT-5 cables. The port supports Auto-MDI/MDIX, so there is no need for the cross over cables.RJ1 = RJ45 connector for port 54.5 LED indicatorsEthernet Port LEDsThere are four columns of LED indicators on the board, one column for each of the four ports. The LED indicators are programmable to two different modes. You can program the LED mode through Register 11 bits [5:4]. The mode definitions are shown in Table below. There are two LEDs per port. The naming convention is “LEDx_y”, where “x” is the port number, and “y” is the number of the LED for that port.Table 3 LED ModesLED1_y are assigned to port 1LED2_y are assigned to port 2LED3_y are assigned to port 3LED4_y are assigned to port 4Gigabit Port LEDThe board also has a Gigabit port LED D3 to indicate the link-up speed for port 5.Green Color: 1G LinkRed Color: 100M LinkOrange Color: 10M LinkPower LEDThe board also has a power LED D7 for the 3.3V power supply. D7 LED indicates Power on and off.5.0 Software Tools Description5.1 Introducing Application Software ToolsThe Design Kit provides some software tools to support SPI access for all registers andMDC/MDIO access for MIIM registers. The installation file is located folders in the software tool directory within subdirectory of Window SPI_MDIO_Tools, this file name is MicrelSwitchPhyTool_x.xx.msi.5.2 Window Driver Installation FirstBefore use the Window based application software tool, the support drivers need to be installed to PC/Laptop first and this installation is just one times only. When connect one standard USB cable with type A and type B connectors between the evaluation board and PC computer first time, the Found New Hardware Wizard window will pop-up and then follow the instructions step by step as below.. Choose ‘No, not this time’ radio button and click the ‘Next’ button.Choose the ‘Install from a list or specific location (Advanced)’ radio button and click the ‘Next’ button.Click the ‘Include this location in the search’ check box, and use ‘Browse’ button to select the‘C:\MicrelEthernetChipConfig\D2XXDriver\CDM 2.02.04 WHQL Certified’ directory and click the ‘Next’ button. The window will install the drivers from this location.Click ‘Finish’ button. The Window will install another driver called ‘USB Serial Converter B’. After the drivers installed, Window Device Manager will show ‘USB Serial Converter A’ and ‘USB Serial Converter B’ as below figure. That means the installation successful.5.3 Installation Application Software ToolsIn the Design Kit, the installation file is located folders in the software tool directory within subdirectory of Window SPI_MDIO_Tools, this file name is MicrelSwitchPhyTool_x.xx.msi. Double click this file name, an installation Window will pop-up and then follow the instructions step by step as below.In this pop-up Window, this application software tools can be assigned to default Micrel directory in above window shown or is assigned to a specified folder what you want. Click ‘Next’ button, next Window will pop-up as below.Click ‘Next’ button to start the installation.Click ‘Close’ button to finish the installation. All application software tools are installed into the default Micrel directory or assigned directory in installation as below.5.4 DOS SPI ToolThis is a simple and powerful tool to access all register. The tool located in the default or assigned folder in the installation. There is an USBSPI.exe file which can be executed directly by clicking its icon. Before run the software tool, the SPI jumper setting should follows Table 5 in 4.3 SPI mode section and USB cable is plugged in both KSZ8795-POE-EVAL board and PC/Laptop. After click its icon, a DOS Window will pop up as follow:T ype a ‘help’ and press Enter, all commands will display as follows,For Read or Write registers, reg is the offset address of the register, value is Hex number.The ‘run file’ command can execute multiple commands by a script file, the script file is a .txt file which can be created by any edit tools.run xxxx.txt //will run the .txt script file.5.5 Window SPI Software ToolThis is a powerful tool to access all register. The tool located in the default or assigned folder in the installation. There is a MicrelSwitchConfigApp.exe file which can be executed directly by clicking its icon.Before run the software tool, the SPI jumper setting should follows Table 5 in 4.3 SPI mode section and USB cable should be plugged in both KSZ8795CLXD-EVAL board and PC/Laptop. After click its icon, a GUI Window will pop up as follow:The default is SPI interface to do switch configuration. From the device selection window to select any devices then press ‘Continue’ button or click ‘Continue’ button directly, the software tool can detect devices automatically. A control Window will be pop up as follow.All register can be read/ written in the window.The control Window includes all application registers, static MAC table, VLAN table, dynamic table and MIB counters that are supported by SPI. The software can save and open the configuration file as a back-up.5.6 LinkMD Software ToolThis is a simple and powerful tool to test Micrel LinkMD feature. The tool is in the installation folder. There is a LinkMDUSB.exe file which can be executed directly by clicking its icon.After click the icon of this executed file, a GUI Window will pop up as follow:Select one part and clik ‘Next’ button, using SPI interface and clik ‘Next’ button again, pop up a test windown as below:An example for CAT-5 cable diagnostic with open on port 1, just clic k ‘TEST’ button, a test result shows as below.The test result shows both MDIX mode for pair 3-6 and MDI mode for 1-2 pair. The detail LinkMD diagnostic testing configuration is described in the datasheet.6.0 Reference DocumentsKSZ8795CLX Data Sheets (Contact Micrel for Latest Datasheet), KSZ8795 Design Package includes all design information as a Design kit. The Design Kit will be found on Micrel website (Contact Micrel for the updates).7.0 Bill of MaterialPlease see the detail BOMs in the BOM folder of the hardware design package for theKSZ8795-POE-EVAL Boards.8.0 SchematicsPlease see the schematics of the evaluation board and reference design in the schematicsfolder of the hardware design package (Design kit) for the KSZ8795-POE-EVAL Board. Magnetics Vendors:See the datasheets for the recommendation.MICREL, INC. 1849 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA TEL +1 (408) 944-0800 FAX +1 (408) 474-1000 WEB http:/ The information furnished by Micrel in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry and specifications at any time without notification to thecustomer.Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a signi ficant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damagesresulting from such use or sale.© 2015 Micrel, Incorporated.。
NPort 6150 6250 Series Quick Installation Guide
P/N: 1802061500016 *1802061500016*NPort 6150/6250 Series Quick Installation GuideEdition 9.0, November 2016Technical Support Contact Information/supportMoxa Americas:Toll-free: 1-888-669-2872 Tel: 1-714-528-6777 Fax: 1-714-528-6778 Moxa China (Shanghai office): Toll-free: 800-820-5036 Tel: +86-21-5258-9955 Fax: +86-21-5258-5505 Moxa Europe:Tel: +49-89-3 70 03 99-0 Fax: +49-89-3 70 03 99-99 Moxa Asia-Pacific:Tel: +886-2-8919-1230 Fax: +886-2-8919-1231 Moxa India:Tel: +91-80-4172-9088 Fax: +91-80-4132-10452016 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved.OverviewThe NPort 6150/6250 series secure serial device servers provide reliable serial-to-Ethernet connectivity for a wide range of serial devices. The NPort 6150/6250 support TCP Server, TCP Client, UDP, andPair-Connection operation modes to ensure the compatibility of network software. In addition, the NPort 6150/6250 also support Secure TCP Server, Secure TCP Client, Secure Pair-Connection, and Secure Real COM modes for security critical applications such as banking, telecom, access control, and remote site management.Package ChecklistBefore installing a NPort 6150/6250 secure device server, verify that the package contains the following items:• 1 NPort 6150 or NPort 6250•Power adapter (does not apply to -T models)• 2 wallmount ears•Documentation and software CD•Quick installation guide (this guide)•Warranty cardOptional Accessories•DK-35A: DIN-rail mounting kit (35 mm)•DIN-rail power supply•CBL-RJ45M9-150: 8-pin RJ45 to male DB9 cable•CBL-RJ45M25-150: 8-pin RJ45 to male DB25 cableNOTE: Please notify your sales representative if any of the above items are missing or damaged.Hardware IntroductionNPort 6150NPort 6250Reset Button—Press the Reset Button continuously for 5 sec to load factory defaults. Use a pointed object, such as a straightened paper clip or toothpick, to press the reset button. This will cause the Ready LED to blink on and off. The factory defaults will be loaded once the Ready LED stops blinking (after about 5 seconds). At this point, you should release the reset button.LED IndicatorsAdjustable pull high/low resistor for RS-422/485 (150 K Ω or 1 K Ω)Jumpers are used to set the pull high/low resistors. The default is 150 kΩ. Short the jumpers to set this value to 1 kΩ. Do not use the 1 kΩ setting with RS -232 mode, since doing so will degrade the RS-232 signals and shorten the communication distance.Hardware Installation ProcedureSTEP 1: Connect the 12-48 VDC power adaptor to the NPort 6150 andthen plug the power adaptor into a DC outlet.STEP 2: For first-time configuration, use a cross-over Ethernet cable toconnect the NPort 6150 directly to your computer’s Ethernet cable. For connecting to a network, use a standardstraight-through Ethernet cable to connect to a hub or switch.STEP 3: Connect the NPort 6150’s serial port to a serial device.Placement OptionsThe NPort 6150/6250 can be placed flat on a desktop or other horizontal surface. In addition, you may use the DIN-rail or wallmount options, as illustrated below.WallmountDin RailSoftware Installation InformationThe Documentation and software CD contains the user’s manual, NPort Search Utility, and the PComm Lite Suite. Insert the CD into yourcomputer’s CD-ROM drive and follow the on-screen instructions. Please refer to the user’s manual for additional details on using the NPort Search Utility and PComm Lite.Pin Assignments and Cable WiringTwo serial cables for connecting the NPort 6150 to a serial device can be purchased separately. The wiring diagrams for the two cables are shown below.。
联发科刷机错误代码对照表概要
联发科刷机错误代码对照表【1003 错误】平台不对【解决办法】:换平台,建议换6752最新平台刷!【1011 错误】平台错误【解决办法】:换对应mtk刷机平台!【1012 错误】尾插问题【解决办法】:换个尾插即可完美解决!【1013 错误】打开端口失败或者电池问题【解决办法】:1.驱动有问题2.重启电脑3.主板问题,红色进度条后不走,等几秒钟后报错10134.先拔掉电池,然后按住音量+键不放,再装回电池,最后再插入电脑,如果还不行换个USB口即可!【1014 错误】刷机包不对【解决办法】:资料cpu不对,例如6575刷成了6577,换资料解决问题,这个问题跟8200错误一样!【1018 错误】基带被加密【解决办法】:换原厂加密刷机工具!【1022 错误】刷机软件版本和手机不匹配、或者 USB 接口不好用,刷机平台不行!【解决办法】:先换个 USB 端口刷,不行的话建议去载个最新刷机软件试试去!或者换刷机工具!【1036 错误】原因是手机内存己经损坏【解决办法】:请更换硬件或直接去售后维修【1037 错误】你的刷机包版本不对或者是操作方式不对【解决办法】:请更换刷机包如果你确定你的刷机包是正确的请把DA DL All... 这个勾选取消掉,然后点击Download进行刷机,如果你的平台是中文版的点击“下载”这个按钮进行刷机,英文版本的是“Download”按钮!【1040 错误】S_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION 刷机引导文件 Scatter.txt 不匹配【解决办法】:下载适合你的机器的线刷 ROM,很明显这个山寨机会遇到!比如机器是双核6577,但是下载的刷机 ROM 是单核 6575 的所以会报错【2004 错误】数据线连接电脑时出现的问题【解决办法】:建议更换其他的usb接口,如果还是不像请更换数据线或者电脑再刷,或者可能是基带被加密,常见于6571,换原厂加密平台刷机!【2005 错误】S_BROM_CMD_STARTCMD_FAIL【解决办法】:1.联机手法不对,重新联机。
TL2575_0701中文资料
FEATURESAPPLICATIONSNCNCOUTPUTNCGNDNCFEEDBACKNCN (PDIP) PACKAGE(TOP VIEW)KTT (TO-263) PACKAGE(TOP VIEW)12345GNDON/OFFFEEDBACKGNDOUTPUTV INFEEDBACKKV (TO-220 STAGGERED LEADS) PACKAGE(TOP VIEW)(SIDE VIEW)Pins 1, 3, 5Pins 2, 4 DESCRIPTION/ORDERING INFORMATION1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY2006–REVISED JANUARY2007•Fixed3.3-V,5-V,12-V,and15-V Options With±5%Regulation(Max)Over Line,Load,andTemperature Conditions•Adjustable Option With a Range of1.23V to37V(57V for HV Version)and±4%Regulation(Max)Over Line,Load,andTemperature Conditions•Specified1-A Output Current•Wide Input Voltage Range…4.75V to40V(60V for HV Version)•Require Only Four External Components(Fixed Versions)and Use Readily AvailableStandard Inductors•52-kHz(Typ)Fixed-Frequency InternalOscillator•TTL Shutdown Capability With50-µA(Typ)Standby Current•High Efficiency…as High as88%(Typ)•Thermal Shutdown and Current-LimitProtection With Cycle-by-Cycle CurrentLimiting•Simple High-Efficiency Step-Down(Buck)Regulators•Pre-Regulators for Linear Regulators•On-Card Switching Regulators•Positive-to-Negative Converters(Buck-Boost)The TL2575and TL2575HV greatly simplify the design of switching power supplies by conveniently providing all the active functions needed for a step-down(buck)switching regulator in an integrated circuit.Accepting a wide input voltage range of up to60V(HV version)and available in fixed output voltages of3.3V,5V,12V,15V,or an adjustable-output version,the TL2575and TL2575HV have an integrated switch capable of delivering1A of load current,with excellent line and load regulation.The device also offers internal frequency compensation,a fixed-frequency oscillator,cycle-by-cycle current limiting,and thermal shutdown.In addition,a manual shutdown is available via an external ON/OFF pin.The TL2575and TL2575HV represent superior alternatives to popular three-terminal linear regulators.Due to their high efficiency,the devices significantly reduce the size of the heatsink and,in many cases,no heatsink is required.Optimized for use with standard series of inductors available from several different manufacturers,the TL2575and TL2575HV greatly simplify the design of switch-mode power supplies by requiring a minimal addition of only four to six external components for operation.The TL2575and TL2575HV are characterized for operation over the virtual junction temperature range of–40°C to125°C.Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability,standard warranty,and use in critical applications of TexasInstruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.PowerPAD,PowerFLEX are trademarks of Texas Instruments.PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.Copyright©2006–2007,Texas Instruments Incorporated Products conform to specifications per the terms of the TexasInstruments standard warranty.Production processing does notnecessarily include testing of all parameters.1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007ORDERING INFORMATION (1)TL2575(V IN(MAX)=40V)V O T JPACKAGE (2)ORDERABLE PART NUMBER TOP-SIDE MARKING (NOM)PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575-33IN TL2575-33IN 3.3VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575-33IKTTR TL2575-33I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575-33IKV TL2575-33I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575-05IN TL2575-05IN 5VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575-05IKTTR TL2575-05I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575-05IKV TL2575-05I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575-12IN TL2575-12IN –40°C to 125°C12VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575-12IKTTR TL2575-12I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575-12IKV TL2575-12I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575-15IN TL2575-15IN 15VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575-15IKTTR TL2575-15I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575-15IKV TL2575-15I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575-ADJIN TL2575-ADJIN ADJTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575-ADJIKTTR TL2575ADJI TO-220–KVTube of 50TL2575-ADJIKVTL2575ADJI(1)For the most current package and ordering information,see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this document,or see the TI web site at .(2)Package drawings,standard packing quantities,thermal data,symbolization,and PCB design guidelines are available at /sc/package.ORDERING INFORMATION (1)TL2575HV (V IN(MAX)=60V)V O T JPACKAGE (2)ORDERABLE PART NUMBER TOP-SIDE MARKING (NOM)PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575HV-33IN TL2575HV-33IN 3.3VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575HV-33IKTTR 2BHV-33I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575HV-33IKV TL2575HV-33I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575HV-05IN TL2575HV-05IN 5VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575HV-05IKTTR 2BHV-05I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575HV-05IKV TL2575HV-05I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575HV-12IN TL2575HV-12IN –40°C to 125°C12VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575HV-12IKTTR 2BHV-12I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575HV-12IKV TL2575HV-12I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575HV-15IN TL2575HV-15IN 15VTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575HV-15IKTTR 2BHV-15I TO-220–KV Tube of 50TL2575HV-15IKV TL2575HV-15I PDIP –NTube of 25TL2575HV-ADJIN TL2575HV-ADJIN ADJTO-263–KTT Reel of 500TL2575HV-ADJIKTTR 2BHV-ADJI TO-220–KVTube of 50TL2575HV-ADJIKVTL2575HVADJI(1)For the most current package and ordering information,see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this document,or see the TI web site at .(2)Package drawings,standard packing quantities,thermal data,symbolization,and PCB design guidelines are available at /sc/package.2Submit Documentation FeedbackUnregulatedDC Input5 V: R2 = 3.1 k W 12 V: R2 = 8.84 k W 15 V: R2 = 11.3 k WADJ: R1 = Open, R2 = 0 Ω7-V to 40-V UnregulatedDC Input5-VRegulated Output 1-A Load1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAMA.Pin numbers are for the KTT (TO-263)package.A.Pin numbers are for the KTT (TO-263)package.Figure 1.Typical Application Circuit (Fixed Version)3Submit Documentation FeedbackAbsolute Maximum Ratings (1)Package Thermal Data (1)Recommended Operating Conditions1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)MINMAX UNIT TL2575HV 60V INSupply voltageV TL257542ON/OFF input voltage range –0.3V IN V Output voltage to GND (steady state)–1V T J Maximum junction temperature 150°C T stg Storage temperature range–65150°C(1)Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device.These are stress ratings only,and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not implied.Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.PACKAGE BOARD θJA θJC θJP (2)PDIP (N)High K,JESD 51-767°C/W 57°C/W TO-263(KTT)High K,JESD 51-526.5°C/W 31.8°C/W 0.38°C/W TO-220(KV)High K,JESD 51-526.5°C/W31.8°C/W0.38°C/W (1)Maximum power dissipation is a function of T J (max),θJA ,and T A .The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient temperature is P D =(T J (max)–T A )/θJA .Operating at the absolute maximum T J of 150°C can affect reliability.(2)For packages with exposed thermal pads,such as QFN,PowerPAD™,or PowerFLEX™,θJP is defined as the thermal resistance between the die junction and the bottom of the exposed pad.MINMAX UNIT TL2575HV 4.7560V IN Supply voltageV TL25754.7540T JOperating virtual junction temperature–40125°C4Submit Documentation FeedbackTL2575Electrical Characteristics1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007I LOAD =200mA,V IN =12V for 3.3-V,5-V,and adjustable versions,V IN =25V for 12-V version,V IN =30V for 15-V version (unless otherwise noted)(see Figure 2)TL2575PARAMETERTEST CONDITIONST J UNITMIN TYP MAX V IN =12V,I LOAD =0.2A25°C 3.234 3.3 3.366TL2575-3325°C 3.168 3.33.4324.75V ≤V IN ≤40V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 3.135 3.465V IN =12V,I LOAD =0.2A25°C 4.95 5.1TL2575-0525°C 4.85 5.28V ≤V IN ≤40V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 4.75 5.25V OUTOutput voltageV V IN =25V,I LOAD =0.2A 25°C 11.761212.24TL2575-1225°C 11.521212.4815V ≤V IN ≤40V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 11.412.6V IN =30V,I LOAD =0.2A25°C 14.71515.3TL2575-1525°C 14.41515.618V ≤V IN ≤40V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 14.251515.75V IN =12V,V OUT =5V,25°C 1.217 1.23 1.243I LOAD =0.2AFeedback voltage TL2575-ADJV 25°C 1.193 1.23 1.2678V ≤V IN ≤40V,V OUT =5V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range1.181.28TL2575-33V IN =12V,I LOAD =1A 75TL2575-05V IN =12V,I LOAD =1A 77TL2575-12V IN =15V,I LOAD =1A 88ηEfficiency25°C %TL2575-15V IN =18V,I LOAD =1A 88V IN =12V,V OUT =5V,TL2575-ADJ77I LOAD =1A25°C 50100I IB Feedback bias current V OUT =5V (ADJ version only)nA Full range 50025°C 475258f o Oscillator frequency (1)kHz Full range426325°C 0.9 1.2V SATSaturation voltage I OUT =1A (2)V Full range 1.4Maximum duty cycle (3)25°C 9398%25°C 1.7 2.83.6I CL Switch peak current (1)(2)A Full range1.34V IN =40(4),Output =0V 2I L Output leakage current 25°C mA V IN =40(4),Output =–1V 7.530I Q Quiescent current (4)25°C 510mA I STBY Standby quiescent currentOFF (ON/OFF =5V)25°C50200µA (1)In the event of an output short or an overload condition,self-protection features lower the oscillator frequency to ∼18kHz and the minimum duty cycle from 5%to ∼2%.The resulting output voltage drops to ∼40%of its nominal value,causing the average power dissipated by the IC to lower.(2)Output is not connected to diode,inductor,or capacitor.Output is sourcing current.(3)FEEDBACK is disconnected from output and connected to 0V.(4)To force the output transistor off,FEEDBACK is disconnected from output and connected to 12V for the adjustable,3.3-V,and 5-V versions and to 25V for the 12-V and 15-V versions.5Submit Documentation Feedback1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007TL2575Electrical Characteristics (continued)I LOAD =200mA,V IN =12V for 3.3-V,5-V,and adjustable versions,V IN =25V for 12-V version,V IN =30V for 15-V version (unless otherwise noted)(see Figure 2)TL2575PARAMETERTEST CONDITIONST J UNIT MIN TYP MAX25°C 2.2 1.4ON/OFF high-level logic V IH OFF (V OUT =0V)V input voltageFull range 2.425°C 1.21ON/OFF low-level logic V IL ON (V OUT =nominal voltage)V input voltageFull range 0.8I IH ON/OFF high-level input current OFF (ON/OFF =5V)25°C 1230µA I ILON/OFF low-level input currentON (ON/OFF =0V)25°C10µA6Submit Documentation FeedbackTL2575HV Electrical Characteristics1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007I LOAD =200mA,V IN =12V for 3.3-V,5-V,and adjustable versions,V IN =25V for 12-V version,V IN =30V for 15-V version (unless otherwise noted)(see Figure 2)TL2575HV PARAMETERTEST CONDITIONS T J UNITMIN TYP MAX V IN =12V,I LOAD =0.2A25°C 3.234 3.3 3.366TL2575HV-3325°C 3.168 3.33.4504.75V ≤V IN ≤60V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 3.135 3.482V IN =12V,I LOAD =0.2A25°C 4.95 5.1TL2575HV-0525°C 4.85 5.2258V ≤V IN ≤60V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 4.75 5.275V OUTOutput voltageV V IN =25V,I LOAD =0.2A 25°C 11.761212.24TL2575HV-1225°C 11.521212.5415V ≤V IN ≤60V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 11.412.66V IN =30V,I LOAD =0.2A25°C 14.71515.3TL2575HV-1525°C 14.41515.6818V ≤V IN ≤60V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range 14.251515.83V IN =12V,V OUT =5V,25°C 1.217 1.23 1.243I LOAD =0.2AFeedback voltage TL2575HV-ADJV 25°C 1.193 1.23 1.2738V ≤V IN ≤60V,V OUT =5V,0.2A ≤I LOAD ≤1A Full range1.1801.286TL2575HV-33V IN =12V,I LOAD =1A 75TL2575HV-05V IN =12V,I LOAD =1A 77TL2575HV-12V IN =15V,I LOAD =1A 88ηEfficiency25°C %TL2575HV-15V IN =18V,I LOAD =1A 88V IN =12V,V OUT =5V,TL2575HV-ADJ77I LOAD =1A25°C 50100I IB Feedback bias current V OUT =5V (ADJ version only)nA Full range 50025°C 475258f o Oscillator frequency (1)kHz Full range426325°C 0.9 1.2V SATSaturation voltage I OUT =1A (2)V Full range 1.4Maximum duty cycle (3)25°C 9398%25°C 1.7 2.83.6I CL Switch peak current (1)(2)A Full range1.34V IN =60(4),Output =0V 2I L Output leakage current 25°C mA V IN =60(4),Output =–1V 7.530I Q Quiescent current (4)25°C 510mA I STBY Standby quiescent currentOFF (ON/OFF =5V)25°C50200µA (1)In the event of an output short or an overload condition,self-protection features lower the oscillator frequency to ∼18kHz and the minimum duty cycle from 5%to ∼2%.The resulting output voltage drops to ∼40%of its nominal value,causing the average power dissipated by the IC to lower.(2)Output is not connected to diode,inductor,or capacitor.Output is sourcing current.(3)FEEDBACK is disconnected from output and connected to 0V.(4)To force the output transistor off,FEEDBACK is disconnected from output and connected to 12V for the adjustable,3.3-V,and 5-V versions and to 25V for the 12-V and 15-V versions.7Submit Documentation Feedback1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007TL2575HV Electrical Characteristics (continued)I LOAD =200mA,V IN =12V for 3.3-V,5-V,and adjustable versions,V IN =25V for 12-V version,V IN =30V for 15-V version (unless otherwise noted)(see Figure 2)TL2575HV PARAMETERTEST CONDITIONS T J UNIT MIN TYP MAX25°C 2.2 1.4ON/OFF high-level logic V IH OFF (V OUT =0V)V input voltageFull range 2.425°C 1.21V IL ON/OFF low-level logic input voltage ON (V OUT =nominal voltage)V Full range 0.8I IH ON/OFF high-level input current OFF (ON/OFF =5V)1230µA 25°CI ILON/OFF low-level input currentON (ON/OFF =0V)10µA8Submit Documentation FeedbackTEST CIRCUITSC IN = 100 µF , Aluminum Electrolytic C OUT = 330 µF , Aluminum Electrolytic D1 = SchottkyL1 = 330 µH (for 5-V V IN with 3.3-V V OUT , use 100 m H)Fixed-Output VoltageAdjustable-Output VoltageV OUT = V REF (1 + R2/R1) = 5 V V REF = 1.23 V R1 = 2 k W R2 = 6.12 k W1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007A.Pin numbers are for the KTT (TO-263)package.Figure 2.Test Circuits and Layout Guidelines9Submit Documentation FeedbackTYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS-0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.40102030405060V IN –Input Voltage –VO u t p u t V o l t a g e C h a n g e –%-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.81-50-250255075100125150T A –Temperature –°CO u t p u t V o l t a g e C h a n g e –%0.250.50.7511.251.51.752-40-25-105203550658095110125T J –Junction Temperature –°CI n p u t -O u t p u t D i f f e r e n t i a l –V00.511.522.53-50-250255075100125150T J –Junction Temperature –°CI O –O u t p u t C u r r e n t –A1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007Figure 3.Normalized Output Voltage Figure 4.Line RegulationFigure 5.Dropout Voltage Figure 6.Current Limit10Submit Documentation Feedback02468101214161820102030405060V IN –Input Voltage –VI Q –Q u i e s c e n t C u r r e n t –m A050100150200250300350400450500-50-250255075100125150T J –Junction Temperature –°CI S T B Y –S t a n d b y Q u i e s c e n t C u r r e n t–µA-10-8-6-4-20246810-50-250255075100125150T J –Junction Temperature –°Cf N O R M –N o r m a l i z e d F r eq u e n c y –%0.40.50.60.70.80.911.11.200.20.40.60.81I SW –Switch Current –AV S A T –S a t u r a t i on V o l t a g e –VTL2575,TL2575HV1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)Figure 7.Quiescent Current Figure 8.Standby Quiescent CurrentFigure 9.Oscillator Frequency Figure 10.Switch Saturation Voltage元器件交易网-50-250255075100125150T J –Junction Temperature –°C -50-25255075100125150T J –Junction Temperature –°CDB{0 AC0 A{A0V{V = 5VOUT 4 µs/DivFigure 11.Minimum Operating VoltageFigure 12.FEEDBACK CurrentA.Output pin voltage,10V/DivB.Output pin current,1A/DivC.Inductor current,0.5A/DivD.Ouput ripple voltage,20mV/DivFigure 13.Switching Waveforms00.20.40.60.811.21.41.6-0.100.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9t –Time –msI L O A D –L o a d C u r r e n t –ATL2575,TL2575HV1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)Figure 14.Load Transient ResponseAPPLICATION INFORMATIONInput Capacitor (C IN )Output Capacitor (C OUT )Catch DiodeTL2575,TL2575HV1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007For stability concerns,an input bypass capacitor (electrolytic,C IN ≥47µF)needs to be located as close as possible to the regulator.For operating temperatures below –25°C,C IN may need to be larger in value.In addition,since most electrolytic capacitors have decreasing capacitances and increasing ESR as temperature drops,adding a ceramic or solid tantalum capacitor in parallel increases the stability in cold temperatures.To extend the capacitor operating lifetime,the capacitor RMS ripple current rating should be:I C,RMS > 1.2(t on /T)I LOAD wheret on /T =V OUT /V IN {buck regulator}andt on /T =|V OUT |/(|V OUT |+V IN ){buck-boost regulator}For both loop stability and filtering of ripple voltage,an output capacitor also is required,again in close proximity to the regulator.For best performance,low-ESR aluminum electrolytics are recommended,although standard aluminum electrolytics may be adequate for some applications.Based on the following equation:Output ripple voltage =(ESR of C OUT )×(inductor ripple current)Output ripple of 50mV to 150mV typically can be achieved with capacitor values of 220µF to 680µrger C OUT can reduce the ripple 20mV to 50mV peak to peak.To improve further on output ripple,paralleling of standard electrolytic capacitors may be used.Alternatively,higher-grade capacitors such as high frequency,low inductance,or low ESR can be used.The following should be taken into account when selecting C OUT :•At cold temperatures,the ESR of the electrolytic capacitors can rise dramatically (typically 3×nominal value at –25°C).Because solid tantalum capacitors have significantly better ESR specifications at cold temperatures,they should be used at operating temperature lower than –25°C.As an alternative,tantalums also can be paralleled to aluminum electrolytics and should contribute 10%to 20%to the total capacitance.•Low ESR for C OUT is desirable for low output ripple.However,the ESR should be greater than 0.05Ωto avoid the possibility of regulator instability.Hence,a sole tantalum capacitor used for C OUT is most susceptible to this occurrence.•The capacitor’s ripple current rating of 52kHz should be at least 50%higher than the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current.As with other external components,the catch diode should be placed close to the output to minimize unwanted noise.Schottky diodes have fast switching speeds and low forward voltage drops and,thus,offer the best performance,especially for switching regulators with low output voltages (V OUT <5V).If a high-efficiency,fast-recovery,or ultra-fast-recovery diode is used in place of a Schottky,it should have a soft recovery (versus abrupt turn-off characteristics)to avoid the chance of causing instability and EMI.Standard 50-/60-Hz diodes,such as the 1N4001or 1N5400series,are not suitable.InductorOutput Voltage Ripple and TransientsFeedback ConnectionON/OFF Input TL2575,TL2575HV1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY2006–REVISED JANUARY2007APPLICATION INFORMATION(continued)Proper inductor selection is key to the performance-switching power-supply designs.One important factor to consider is whether the regulator is used in continuous mode(inductor current flows continuously and never drops to zero)or in discontinuous mode(inductor current goes to zero during the normal switching cycle).Each mode has distinctively different operating characteristics and,therefore,can affect the regulator performance and requirements.In many applications,the continuous mode is the preferred mode of operation,since it offers greater output power with lower peak currents,and also can result in lower output ripple voltage.The advantages of continuous mode of operation come at the expense of a larger inductor required to keep inductor current continuous,especially at low output currents and/or high input voltages.The TL2575and TL2575HV can operate in either continuous or discontinuous mode.With heavy load currents, the inductor current flows continuously and the regulator operates in continuous mode.Under light load,the inductor fully discharges and the regulator is forced into the discontinuous mode of operation.For light loads (approximately200mA or less),this discontinuous mode of operation is perfectly acceptable and may be desirable solely to keep the inductor value and size small.Any buck regulator eventually operates in discontinuous mode when the load current is light enough.The type of inductor chosen can have advantages and disadvantages.If high performance/quality is a concern, then more-expensive toroid core inductors are the best choice,as the magnetic flux is contained completely within the core,resulting in less EMI and noise in nearby sensitive circuits.Inexpensive bobbin core inductors, however,generate more EMI as the open core does not confine the flux within the core.Multiple switching regulators located in proximity to each other are particularly susceptible to mutual coupling of magnetic fluxes from each other’s open cores.In these situations,closed magnetic structures(such as a toroid,pot core,or E-core)are more appropriate.Regardless of the type and value of inductor used,the inductor never should carry more than its rated current. Doing so may cause the inductor to saturate,in which case the inductance quickly drops,and the inductor looks like a low-value resistor(from the dc resistance of the windings).As a result,switching current rises dramatically (until limited by the current-by-current limiting feature of the TL2575and TL2575HV)and can result in overheating of the inductor and the IC itself.Note that different types of inductors have different saturation characteristics.As with any switching power supply,the output of the TL2575and TL2575HV have a sawtooth ripple voltage at the switching frequency.Typically about1%of the output voltage,this ripple is due mainly to the inductor sawtooth ripple current and the ESR of the output capacitor(see note on C OUT).Furthermore,the output also may contain small voltage spikes at the peaks of the sawtooth waveform.This is due to the fast switching of the output switch and the parasitic inductance of C OUT.These voltage spikes can be minimized through the use of low-inductance capacitors.There are several ways to reduce the output ripple voltage:a larger inductor,a larger C OUT,or both.Another method is to use a small LC filter(20µH and100µF)at the output.This filter can reduce the output ripple voltage by a factor of10(see Figure2).For fixed-voltage options,FEEDBACK must be wired to V OUT.For the adjustable version,FEEDBACK must be connected between the two programming resistors.Again,both of these resistors should be in close proximity to the regulator,and each should be less than100kΩto minimize noise pickup.ON/OFF should be grounded or be a low-level TTL voltage(typically<1.6V)for normal operation.To shut down the TL2575or TL2575HV and put it in standby mode,a high-level TTL or CMOS voltage should be supplied to this pin.ON/OFF should not be left open and safely can be pulled up to V IN with or without a pullup resistor.GroundingLayout GuidelinesTL2575,TL2575HV1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY 2006–REVISED JANUARY 2007APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued)The power and ground connections of the TL2575and TL2575HV must be low impedance to help maintain output stability.For the 5-pin packages,both pin 3and tab are ground,and either connection can be used as they are both part of the same lead frame.With the 16-pin package,all the ground pins (including signal and power grounds)should be soldered directly to wide PCB copper traces to ensure low-inductance connections and good thermal dissipation.With any switching regulator,circuit layout plays an important role in circuit performance.Wiring and parasitic inductances,as well as stray capacitances,are subjected to rapidly switching currents,which can result in unwanted voltage transients.To minimize inductance and ground loops,the length of the leads indicated by heavy lines should be minimized.Optimal results can be achieved by single-point grounding (see Figure 2)or by ground-plane construction.For the same reasons,the two programming resistors used in the adjustable version should be located as close as possible to the regulator to keep the sensitive feedback wiring short.BUCK REGULATOR DESIGN PROCEDURE TL2575,TL2575HV1-A SIMPLE STEP-DOWN SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATORSSLVS638B–MAY2006–REVISED JANUARY2007PROCEDURE(Fixed Output)EXAMPLE(Fixed Output)Known:Known:V OUT=3.3V,5V,12V,or15V V OUT=5VV IN(Max)=Maximum input voltage V IN(Max)=20VI LOAD(Max)=Maximum load current I LOAD(Max)=1A1.Inductor Selection(L1) 1.Inductor Selection(L1)A.From Figure15through Figure18,select the appropriate inductor A.From Figure16(TL2575-05),the intersection of20-V line and code based on the intersection of V IN(Max)and I LOAD(Max).1-A line gives an inductor code of L330.B.From Table2,choose the appropriate inductor based on the B.L330→L1=330µHinductor code.Parts from three well-known inductor manufacturers Choose from:are given.The inductor chosen should be rated for operation at34042(Schott)52-kHz and have a current rating of at least1.15×I LOAD(Max)toPE-52627(Pulse Engineering)allow for the ripple current.The actual peak current in L1(in normaloperation)can be calculated as follows:RL1952(Renco)I L1(pk)=I LOAD(Max)+(V IN–V OUT)×t on/2L1Where t on=V OUT/V IN×(1/f osc)2.Output Capacitor Selection(C OUT) 2.Output Capacitor Selection(C OUT)A.The TL2575control loop has a two-pole two-zero frequency A.C OUT=100-µF to470-µF,standard aluminum electrolytic response.The dominant pole-zero pair is established by C OUT andL1.To meet stability requirements while maintaining an acceptableoutput ripple voltage(V ripple≈0.01×V OUT),the recommended rangefor a standard aluminum electrolytic C OUT is between100µF and470µF.B.C OUT should have a voltage rating of at least1.5×V OUT.But if a B.Although a C OUT rated at8V is sufficient for V OUT=5V,alow output ripple voltage is desired,choose capacitors with a higher-voltage capacitor is chosen for its typically lower ESR(and higher-voltage ratings than the minimum required,due to their hence lower output ripple voltage)→Capacitor voltagetypically lower ESRs.rating=20V.3.Catch Diode Selection(D1)(see Table1) 3.Catch Diode Selection(D1)(see Table1)A.In normal operation,the catch diode requires a current rating of A.Pick a diode with3-A rating.at least1.2×I LOAD(Max).For the most robust design,D1should berated to handle a current equal to the TL2575maximum switch peakcurrent;this represents the worst-case scenario of a continuousshort at V OUT.B.The diode requires a reverse voltage rating of at least B.Pick30-V rated Schottky diode(1N5821,MBR330,31QD03,or1.25×V IN(Max).SR303)or100-V rated Fast Recovery diode(31DF1,MURD310,orHER302).4.Input Capacitor(C IN) 4.Input Capacitor(C IN)An aluminum electrolytic or tantalum capacitor is needed for input C IN=100µF,25V,aluminum electrolyticbypassing.Locate C IN as close to the V IN and GND pins aspossible.。
ProductTypeList-optiMOS(20-250V)
N-Channel MOSFETs: OptiMOS™ (20V…250V) Product TypeProduct TypeBSN045NE2LSBSN011NE2LSBSN011NE2LSIBSN012N03LSBSN012N03LSIBSN048N03LSBSB012NE2LXBSB014N04LX3 GBSB015N04NX3 GBSB017N03LX3 GBSB012N03LX3 GBSB028N06NN3 GBSB044N08NN3 GBSB056N10NN3 GBSB013NE2LXIBSB008NE2LXBSB280N15NZ3 G BSB165N15NZ3 G BSB012NE2LXI BSF024N03LT3 G BSF050N03LQ3 G BSF030NE2LQ BSF134N10NJ3 G BSF110N06NT3 G BSF450NE7NH3 G BSF035NE2LQ IPB015N04L G IPB027N10N3 G IPB035N08N3 G IPB015N04N G IPB019N06L3 G IPB083N10N3 G IPB042N10N3 G IPB054N06N3 GIPB037N06N3 G IPB097N08N3 G IPB055N03L G IPB054N08N3 G IPB042N03L G IPB022N04L G IPB065N03L G IPB072N15N3 G IPB025N08N3 G IPB080N03L G IPB081N06L3 G IPB147N03L G IPB096N03L G IPB136N08N3 GIPB090N06N3 G IPB029N06N3 G IPB049NE7N3 G IPB031NE7N3 G IPB020NE7N3 G IPB123N10N3 G IPB038N12N3 G IPB144N12N3 G IPB320N20N3 G IPB107N20N3 G IPB200N25N3 G IPB600N25N3 G BUZ32 H3045A BUZ31 H3045A IPB108N15N3 G BUZ30A H3045AIPB107N20NA IPB057N06N IPB026N06N IPB230N06L3 G IPB067N08N3 G IPB034N03L G IPB009N03L G IPB011N04L G IPB011N04N G IPB016N06L3 G IPB017N06N3 G IPB019N08N3 G IPB020N04N G IPB025N10N3 G IPB030N08N3 GIPB036N12N3 G IPB065N15N3 G IPB010N06NIPB014N06NSPD07N20 GIPD031N06L3 G IPD034N06N3 G IPD035N06L3 G IPD036N04L GIPD038N06N3 G IPD048N06L3 G IPD053N08N3 G SPD50N03S2L-06 G SPD30N03S2L-07 G IPD068N10N3 G SPD50N03S2-07 GIPD082N10N3 G IPD088N06N3 G IPD096N08N3 G SPD30N03S2L-10 G IPD127N06L GIPD135N08N3 G IPD160N04L GIPD170N04N GIPD200N15N3 G SPD30N03S2L-20 G IPD220N06L3 G IPD25CN10N GIPD250N06N3 G IPD33CN10N GIPD350N06L GIPD640N06L G IPD78CN10N G IPD800N06N G IPD122N10N3 G IPD180N10N3 G IPD110N12N3 G IPD031N03L G IPD040N03L G IPD050N03L G IPD060N03L G IPD075N03L G IPD090N03L G IPD320N20N3 G IPD600N25N3 G IPD530N15N3 G IPD105N03L G IPD135N03L GIPD025N06N IPD053N06N IPI023NE7N3 G IPI034NE7N3 G IPI052NE7N3 G IPI126N10N3 G IPI180N10N3 G IPI041N12N3 G IPI076N12N3 G IPI147N12N3 G IPI045N10N3 G IPI086N10N3 G IPI030N10N3 G IPI04CN10N G IPI072N10N3 G IPI26CN10N G IPI35CN10N 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lderId=db3a304313b8b5a60113cee8763b02d7&fileId=db3a30432313ff5e012393a80d1d03d8/dgdl/IPP072N10N3+G_Rev2%5BI2PAK (TO-262)in production1%5D.1.pdf?folderId=db3a304313b8b5a60113cee8763b02d7&fileId=db3a30432313ff5e012393bed2d20405/dgdl/IPP26CN10N_Rev1.08.pdf?fI2PAK (TO-262)discontinued olderId=db3a304313b8b5a60113cee8763b02d7&fileId=db3a30432313ff5e012393d285660441I2PAK (TO-262)discontinued /dgdl/IPP35CN10N_Rev1.09.pdf?folderId=db3a304313b8b5a60113cee8763b02d7&fileId=db3a304317a748360117cf1876cc1d1a。
Moxa CP-104UL 104JU Series PComm Lite Release Note
Utility for CP-104UL/104JU Series (PComm Lite) Release Notes Supported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs Fixed• Different versions of PComm Lite 2000 can be installed on the same PC.• Performance Analyzer can store previous configurations of the COM port list.• PComm Terminal users can set history depth in ANSI and VT100 mode.• PComm Terminal could not locate system file ws2_32.dll in Windows 2000 and Windows XP.• In the Send Pattern function, an individual port cannot be stopped but all ports can be stopped simultaneously.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2,Windows Vista, Windows XPUSB-to-Serial Converters, Multiport Serial Boards, Serial Device Servers• Added byte transmit/receive counter in PComm Terminal.• PComm Terminal supports pasting clipboard content to terminal.New FeaturesN/A• Terminal Emulator: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.• Diagnostic Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Monitor Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Performance Analyzer: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards, UPort Series, and NPort Series.• PComm Library: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.Supported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs Fixed• ncludes VC project example code for PComm library • Read method using RX_CHAR event.• Supports opening multiple COM ports.• Log files can be stored in a specified path/link.N/AEnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2,Windows Vista, Windows XPUSB-to-Serial Converters, Multiport Serial Boards, Serial Device Servers• Supports Windows 2008/2008 R2 (x86/x64).• Supports HEX code display for dumb mode.• Supports linear baud rate configuration.• Supports send pattern for multiple COM ports.• Supports data file pattern.• Supports interval time between sending two patterns.• Supports network communication: TCP Server/Client, UDP.• Supports auto line wrap.• Supports customizing terminal size.• Supports DTR/DSR flow control configuration.• Supports Performance Analyzer.New FeaturesN/A• Terminal Emulator: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.• Diagnostic Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Monitor Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Performance Analyzer: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards, UPort Series, and NPort Series.• PComm Library: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.Supported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs Fixed• VT100 added "DEL" key support.• Modified all online help to HTML format.• PComm Lite supports up to COM1024.• Updated PComm.dll to fix ASCII tx causing VB program to hang if tx is held by CTS flow control.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows XPUSB-to-Serial Converters, Multiport Serial Boards, Serial Device Servers• Supports Windows Vista/7.New FeaturesN/A• Terminal Emulator: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.• Diagnostic Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Monitor Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Performance Analyzer: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards, UPort Series, and NPort Series.• PComm Library: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.Supported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs Fixed• PComm Terminal display performance.• PComm Terminal status bar display problem.• PComm Terminal display problem with Moxa UC Series/EtherDevice/W2004 console.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows Server 2003, Windows XPUSB-to-Serial Converters, Multiport Serial Boards, Serial Device Servers• Utilities support Moxa MSB x64 driver.• PComm Library supports Windows x64 Edition (AMD64, EM64T). For cross development, x86 & x64library will both be installed.New FeaturesN/A• Terminal Emulator: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.• Diagnostic Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Monitor Utility: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards.• Performance Analyzer: Supports Moxa Multiport Serial Boards, UPort Series, and NPort Series.• PComm Library: Supports all serial products, including non-Moxa products.。
西门子技术问题总汇
文档标题
如何设置模拟量输入模板 SM 431-7KF00的温度补偿? 如何解决 SIMATIC BATCH 的 IL43基本设备上 hotfix 安装的问题? 如果通过 PCS7 V6.1 SP1 DVD 单独安装 SIMATIC BATCH Report 需要注意哪些设置? 为什么冗余模拟量输出模块的每个通道只有一半电流输出? 使用WinCC/Web Navigator V6.1 SP1需要什么样的操作系统和软件? 是否 COM PROFIBUS 可以使用所有版本的 GSD 文件? 如何在 WinCC flexible 中组态与S7 控制器的 Profinet 连接? 如何在操作面板上设定定时器时间, 同时如何输出定时器的剩余时间? 数据块初始值与实际值的含义 如何通过窗口对象滚动条步进调节过程值参数? 使用 SINAUT ST7 向电子邮箱接受方发送文本信息 SMS 需要做何设置? 可以使用CPU317-2PN/DP替代在iMap中组态的CPU315-2PN/DP吗? 什么情况下插入C-PLUG卡或者C-PLUG有什么作用? 通过一台PC,可以使用哪种方式访问与IWLAN/PB link PNIO或IE/PB link PNIO连接的PROFIBUS设备? 当在SINAUT网络中使用4线变压器应该注意哪些设置? 在 SINAUT 网络中,使用MD3拨号调制解调器作为专线调制解调器时,要进行哪些设置? 如何安装 DCF77 天线, 当选择 DCF77 天线时需要注意什么? 使用SINAUT ST7向传真机发送文本信息时,需要进行哪些设置? 在 SINAUT 项目中发送短消息必须进行哪些特殊服务的设置? 如何在S7-300 PN CPU和CP343-1之间建立一个open TCP 通讯连接,以及如何进行数据交换? 如何在两个S7-300 PN CPU之间建立一个open TCP 通讯连接,以及如何进行数据交换? 哪些控制系统可以成功与SINAUT ST7一起使用? 使用“零-Modem”电缆连接 TIM 模块应该注意什么? 当用 SINAUT 诊断工具的ST1协议进行诊断时,为什么TIM的状态不能显示? TIM 3V-IE 和 TIM 3V-IE Advanced 模块在以太网上通信时使用哪个端口号? 如何对没有接入网络的S7-200CPU编程? 掉电后,LOGO!的程序会丢失吗? 从 PCS7 V6.1 起,为什么没有分配任何 hierarchy (PH) 的 测量点(变量)通过编译不能在OS中自动创建相应的变量? 在SFC中,如何实现从一个 Sequencer 跳出后回到另一个 Sequencer 的某个固定位置并继续执行? 如何实现过程变量的平均值归档? 存储文件的目标路径和备份可选路径有何作用? WinCC变量归档中如何实现采集周期小于500ms的变量归档? 为什么在 OS 上会显示如下信息“时间跳变通知-永久切换为从站模式”? 在西门子A&D产品支持网站是否可以下载关于ET200M的手册? 在S7-400上怎样安装冗余电源? UDT改变后怎样更新使用UDT产生的数据块。 为什么在FB块中使用OUT变量赋值被调用FB块的IN变量时出现错误信息34:4469? 如何查看4-mation导入-导出错误 不能正确引导8212-1QU IBM/Lenovo M52 ThinkCentre 实时趋势更新缓慢的原因 如何保存变量名字典CSV文件的格式
TMS28F200AXY资料
PIN NOMENCLATURE A0 – A16 A17 BYTE DQ0 – DQ14 DQ15/A –1 E G NC RP VCC VPP VSS W DU/WP Address Inputs Address Input (40-Pin Package Only) Byte-Enable Data In / Out Data In / Out (Word-Wide Mode), Low-Order Address (Byte-Wide Mode) Chip-Enable Output-Enable No Internal Connection Reset / Deep Power-Down Power Supply Power Supply for Program / Erase Ground Write-Enable Do Not Use for AMy or AZy/Write-Protect
44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
RP W A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 BYTE VSS DQ15/A –1 DQ7 DQ14 DQ6 DQ13 DQ5 DQ12 DQ4 VCC
PQ错误代码大全
Partition Magic错误信息与解决方法(PQ错误代码大全)一、其他错误(3-38)(1)#3 内存不足当你调整大小、移动或复制非常大的分区(60 GB),或在加载EMM386的DOS中处理较小的分区时,便可能会发生这个错误。
EMM386会限制程序所能够存取的内存数量。
若要解决这个问题,请修改CONFIG.SYS 文件,将EMM386 这行加上批注。
小知识:DOS版的PartitionMagic 可执行文件在计算机地址空间最前面的640 KB (传统内存)中,至少需要占585 KB 的内存以及8 MB的总内存才能够执行。
遇到这种情况,我们可能需要重新开机到A: 提示符号,输入LOCK_C:,并从救援磁盘执行PartitionMagic,就可以解决这个问题。
(2)#8 无法配置/ 取消配置DOS 实模式内存DOS版的PartitionMagic可执行文件在DOS、Windows 3.x、Windows 95 及Windows 98 下执行时,在计算机地址空间最前面的1 MB 中需要占用部分内存(PartitionMagic使用DOS 扩展程序)。
如果没有足够的可用内存,PartitionMagic 便无法存取硬盘。
解决方法,请参见DOS手册,只要释放内存以便在DOS下执行PartitionMagic即可。
(3)#27 无法锁定磁盘在多任务操作系统下,如Windows 95,PartitionMagic 必须先锁定分区,才能安全地修改它的内容。
如果有其他的处理程序正在使用硬盘上的文件案,PartitionMagic就无法锁定这个分区。
(4)#29 无法锁定已经锁定的磁盘请确定你想要修改的分区不在已经锁定的硬盘上。
(5)#34 Beta 版已超过试用期限PowerQuest 有时候会发行Beta 版与试用版的PartitionMagic。
这两种版本不像正式发行的版本一样安全,所以PowerQuest 会在这种版本内设置到期日。
Relnotes
connection. In case the current PC programming software detects that the PBX
C:\Program Files\Panasonic\KX-TD500 Maintenance Console(Hybrid)\V24 : V2-4
The V2-4 software is installed into the target directory which you specified in
target directory.
3. How does this PC programming work for all versions of PBX software?
When you execute the PC programming software from 'Start - Program -
programming software was produced. It provides operation so that you can program
any version of PBX using one software package.
2. Constitution of directories for each version of PC programming software
among versions, each PC programming software was also produced individually.
XC95108
Features• 7.5 ns pin-to-pin logic delays on all pins •f CNT to 125 MHz• 108 macrocells with 2400 usable gates • Up to 108 user I/O pins• 5 V in-system programmable (ISP)- Endurance of 10,000 program/erase cycles- Program/erase over full commercial voltage and temperature range• Enhanced pin-locking architecture • Flexible 36V18 Function Block- 90 product terms drive any or all of 18 macrocells within Function Block- Global and product term clocks, output enables, set and reset signals• Extensive IEEE Std 1149.1 boundary-scan (JTAG) support• Programmable power reduction mode in each macrocell• Slew rate control on individual outputs • User programmable ground pin capability• Extended pattern security features for design protection • High-drive 24 mA outputs • 3.3 V or 5 V I/O capability• Advanced CMOS 5V FastFLASH technology• Supports parallel programming of more than one XC9500 concurrently• Available in 84-pin PLCC, 100-pin PQFP , 100-pin TQFP and 160-pin PQFP packagesDescriptionThe XC95108 is a high-performance CPLD providing advanced in-system programming and test capabilities for general purpose logic integration. It is comprised of six 36V18 Function Blocks, providing 2,400 usable gates with propagation delays of 7.5 ns. See Figure 2 for the architec-ture overview.Power ManagementPower dissipation can be reduced in the XC95108 by con-figuring macrocells to standard or low-power modes of operation. Unused macrocells are turned off to minimize power dissipation.Operating current for each design can be approximated for specific operating conditions using the following equation:I CC (mA) =MC HP (1.7) + MC LP (0.9) + MC (0.006 mA/MHz) f Where:MC HP = Macrocells in high-performance mode MC LP = Macrocells in low-power mode MC = Total number of macrocells used f = Clock frequency (MHz)Figure 1 shows a typical calculation for the XC95108device.XC95108 In-System Programmable CPLDDecember 4, 1998 (Version 3.0)Product SpecificationFigure 1: Typical I CC vs. Frequency for XC95108查询XC95108供应商XC95108 In-System Programmable CPLDNote: Function Block outputs (indicated by the bold line) drive the I/O Blocks directlyXC95108 In-System Programmable CPLDAbsolute Maximum RatingsWarning:Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These arestress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those listed underRecommended Operating Conditions is not implied. Exposure to Absolute Maximum Rating conditions for extended periods of time may affect device reliability.Recommended Operation Conditions1Note: 1. Numbers in parenthesis are for industrial-temperature range versions.Endurance CharacteristicsSymbol Parameter Value Units V CC Supply voltage relative to GND -0.5 to 7.0 V V IN DC input voltage relative to GND -0.5 to V CC + 0.5 V V TS Voltage applied to 3-state output with respect to GND -0.5 to V CC + 0.5 V T STG Storage temperature -65 to +150 °C T SOLMax soldering temperature (10 s @ 1/16 in = 1.5 mm) +260 °CSymbol Parameter Min Max UnitsV CCINT Supply voltage for internal logic and input buffer 4.75(4.5) 5.25(5.5)VV CCIO Supply voltage for output drivers for 5 V operation 4.75 (4.5) 5.25 (5.5) V Supply voltage for output drivers for 3.3 V operation 3.0 3.6 V V IL Low-level input voltage 0 0.80 V V IH High-level input voltage 2.0 V CCINT +0.5 V V OOutput voltage 0 V CCIO VSymbol Parameter Min Max Units t DR Data Retention 20 - Years N PEProgram/Erase Cycles 10,000 - CyclesXC95108 In-System Programmable CPLDDC Characteristics Over Recommended Operating ConditionsAC CharacteristicsNote: 1. f CNT is the fastest 16-bit counter frequency available, using the local feedback when applicable.f CNT is also the Export Control Maximum flip-flop toggle rate, f TOG .2. f SYSTEM is the internal operating frequency for general purpose system designs spanning multiple FBs.Symbol Parameter Test Conditions Min Max Units V OHOutput high voltage for 5 V operation I OH = -4.0 mAV CC = Min2.4 V Output high voltage for3.3 V operation I OH = -3.2 mA V CC = Min 2.4VV OLOutput low voltage for 5 V operation I OL = 24 mAV CC = Min0.5 V Output low voltage for 3.3 V operation I OL = 10 mA V CC = Min0.4 VI IL Input leakage current V CC = Max V IN = GND or V CC±10.0 µAI IH I/O high-Z leakage current V CC = Max V IN = GND or V CC±10.0 µAC IN I/O capacitance V IN = GND f = 1.0 MHz10.0 pFI CCOperating Supply Current (low power mode, active)V I = GND, No load f = 1.0 MHz100 (Typ) ma Symbol Parameter XC95108-7 XC95108-10XC95108-15 XC95108-20UnitsMin Max Min Max Min Max Min Maxt PDI/O to output valid 7.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 ns t SU I/O setup time before GCK 4.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 ns t H I/O hold time after GCK 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ns t CO GCK to output valid 4.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 ns f CNT 116-bit counter frequency 125.0 111.1 95.2 83.3 MHz f SYSTEM 2Multiple FB internal operating frequency 83.3 66.7 55.6 50.0 MHz t PSU I/O setup time before p-term clock input 0.5 2.0 4.0 4.0 ns t PH I/O hold time after p-term clock input 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 ns t PCO P-term clock to output valid 8.5 10.0 12.0 16.0 ns t OE GTS to output valid 5.5 6.0 11.0 16.0 ns t OD GTS to output disable 5.5 6.0 11.0 16.0 ns t POE Product term OE to output enabled 9.5 10.0 14.0 18.0 ns t POD Product term OE to output disabled 9.5 10.0 14.0 18.0 ns t WLHGCK pulse width (High or Low) 4.0 4.5 5.5 5.5 nsXC95108 In-System Programmable CPLDInternal Timing ParametersNote: 3. t PTA is multiplied by the span of the function as defined in the family data sheet.Symbol ParameterXC95108-7 XC95108-10XC95108-15 XC95108-20UnitsMin Max Min Max Min Max Min MaxBuffer Delayst IN Input buffer delay 2.5 3.5 4.5 6.5 ns t GCK GCK buffer delay 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 ns t GSR GSR buffer delay 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.5 ns t GTS GTS buffer delay 5.5 6.0 11.0 16.0 ns t OUT Output buffer delay 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.5 ns t EN Output buffer enable/disable delay 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ns Product Term Control Delays t PTCK Product term clock delay 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 ns t PTSR Product term set/reset delay 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 ns t PTTS Product term 3-state delay 4.5 3.5 5.0 5.0 ns Internal Register and Combinatorial delays t PDI Combinatorial logic propagation delay 0.5 1.0 3.0 4.0 ns t SUI Register setup time 1.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 ns t HI Register hold time 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.5 ns t COI Register clock to output valid time 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ns t AOI Register async. S/R to output delay 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.0 ns t RAI Register async. S/R recovery before clock 7.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 ns t LOGI Internal logic delay 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 ns t LOGILP Internal low power logic delay 10.0 11.0 11.5 11.5 ns Feedback Delayst F FastCONNECT matrix feedback delay 8.0 9.5 11.0 13.0 ns t LF Function Block local feeback delay 4.0 3.5 3.5 5.0 ns Time Adders t PTA 3Incremental Product Term Allocator delay 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 ns t SLEW Slew-rate limited delay 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 ns Figure 3: AC Load CircuitXC95108 In-System Programmable CPLD XC95108 I/O PinsNotes: [1] Global control pinFunction Block Macrocell PC84PQ100TQ100PQ160BScan Order Notes Function Block Macrocell PC84PQ100TQ100PQ160BScanOrderNotes11––– 25 32131––– 45 2131211513 21 31832143129 47 2101321614 22 31533153230 49 20714–2119 29 31234–3634 57 2041531715 23 30935173432 54 2011641816 24 30636183533 56 19817––– 27 30337––– 50 1951851917 26 30038193735 58 1921962018 28 29739203836 59 189110–2624 36 294310–4543 69 186******** 30 291311213937 60 183******** 33 288 [1]312234139 62 180113––– 34 285313––– 52 177114102523 35 282 [1]314244240 63 174115112725 37 279315254341 64 171116122927 42 276 [1]316264442 68 168117133028 44 273317315149 77 1651 18 – – – 43 270 3 18 – – – 74 16221––– 158 26741––– 123 159******** 154 26442578381 134 156******** 156 26143588482 135 15324–4 2 4 25844–8280 133 1502574199 159 255 [1]45618785 138 ******** 1 2 25246628886 139 14427––– 9 24947––– 128 14128765 3 6 246 [1]48638987 140 13829776 4 8 243 [1]49659189 142 135210–97 12 240410––– 147 132211798 6 11 237411669290 143 12921280108 13 234412679391 144 126213––– 14 231413––– 153 12321481119 15 228414689593 146 120215821210 17 225415699694 148 117216831311 18 222416–9492 145 114217841412 19 219417709795 152 1112 18 – – – 16 216 4 18 – – – 155 108XC95108 In-System Programmable CPLDXC95108 I/O Pins (continued)XC95108 Global, JTAG and Power PinsFunction Block Macrocell PC84PQ100TQ100PQ160BScan Order Notes Function Block Macrocell PC84PQ100TQ100PQ160BScanOrderNotes51––– 76 10561–––915152325250 79 10262456765 103 4853335452 82 9963466866 104 4554–4846 72 9664–7573 116 4255345553 86 9365476967 106 3956355654 88 9066487068 108 3657–––788767––– 105 3358365755 90 8468507270 111 3059375856 92 8169517371 113 27510–––8478610––– 107 24511396058 95 75611527472 115 21512406260 97 72612537674 117 18513–––8769613––– 112 155******** 98 66614547876 122 12515436563 101 63615557977 124 9516–6159 96 60616–8179 129 6517446664 102 57617568078 126 35 18 – – – 89 54 6 18 – – – 114 0Pin Type PC84 PQ100 TQ100 PQ160I/O/GCK1 9 24 22 33I/O/GCK2 10 25 23 35I/O/GCK3 12 29 27 42I/O/GTS1 76 5 3 6I/O/GTS2 77 6 4 8I/O/GSR 74 1 99 159TCK 30504875TDI 28474571TDO 59 85 83 136TMS 29494773V CCINT 5 V 38,73,78 7,59,100 5,57,98 10,46,94,157V CCIO 3.3 V/5 V 22,64 28,40,53,90 26,38,51,88 1,41,61,81,121,141GND 8,16,27,42,49,60 2,23,33,46,64,71,77,86 100,21,31,44,62,69,75,84 20,31,40,51,70,80,99GND – – – 100,110,120,127,137GND – – – 160No connects – – – 3,5,7,32,38,39,48,53,55,65,66,67,83,85,93,109, 118,119,125,130,131, 132,149,150,151XC95108 In-System Programmable CPLDOrdering InformationComponent AvailabilityC = Commercial = 0° to +70°C I = Industrial = –40° to +85°CRevision ControlSpeed Options- 2020 ns pin-to-pin delay -1515 ns pin-to-pin delay -1010 ns pin-to-pin delay -7 7 ns pin-to-pin delayPackaging OptionsPC84 84-Pin Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)PQ100100-Pin Plastic Quad Flat Pack (PQFP)TQ100100-Pin Very Thin Quad Flat Pack (TQFP)PQ160160-Pin Plastic Quad Flat Pack (PQFP)Temperature OptionsC Commercial 0°C to +70°C I Industrial –40°C to +85°CXC95108 -7 PQ 160 CDevice TypeSpeed Package TypeNumber of PinsTemperature Range Pins 84 100 160TypePlastic PLCC Plastic PQFP Plastic TQFP PlasticPQFPCode PC84 PQ100 TQ100 PQ160XC95108–20 C(I) C(I) C(I) C(I)–15 C(I) C(I) C(I) C(I)–10 C(I) C(I) C(I) C(I)–7 C(I) C(I) C(I) C(I)Date Revision 12/04/98 Update AC Characteristics and Internal Parameters。
Kenwood TK-941 Conversion 33-centimeter Programmin
Ray Montagne - W7CIAThe frequency must be converted to a Kenwood Channel Number prior to programming. The following table, obtained from the KW900EZP program documentation by K2MCI, is used to obtain the channel number for the target frequencies:927 902919907920908921909926903 801602403200.00001811612413210.0125 2821622423220.0250 3831632433230.0375 4841642443240.0500 5851652453250.0625 6861662463260.0750 7871672473270.0875 8881682483280.1000 9891692493290.1125 10901702503300.1250 11911712513310.1375 12921722523320.1500 13931732533330.1625 14941742543340.1750 15951752553350.1875 16961762563360.2000 17971772573370.2125 18981782583380.2250 19991792593390.2375 201001802603400.2500 211011812613410.2625 221021822623420.2750 231031832633430.2875 241041842643440.3000 251051852653450.3125 261061862563460.3250 271071872573470.3375 281081882583480.3500 291091892593490.3625 301101902603500.3750 311111912613510.3875 321121922623520.4000 331131932633530.4125 341141942643540.4250 351151952653550.4375 361161962663560.4500 371171972673570.4625 381181982683580.4750 391191992693590.4875 401202002703600.5000 411212012713610.5125 421222022723620.5250 431232032733630.5375 441242042743640.5500 451252052753650.5625 461262062763660.5750 471272072773670.5875 481282082783680.6000 491292092793690.6125927 902919907920908921909926903501302102803700.6250511312112813710.6375521322122823720.6500531332132833730.6625541342142843740.6750551352152853750.6875561362162863760.7000571372172873770.7125581382182883780.7250591392192893790.7375601402202903800.7500611412212913810.7625621422222923820.7750631432232933830.7875641442242943840.8000651452252953850.8125661462262963860.8250671472272973870.8375681482282983880.8500691492292993890.8675701502303003900.8750711512313013910.8875721522323023920.9000731532333033930.9125741542343043940.9250751552353053050.9375761562363063960.9500771572373073970.9625781582383083980.9750791592393093990.9875The target frequency pairs of 927.2125 / 902.2125 and 927.2250 / 902.2250 use FCC channels 17 and 18 respectively.Programming ProcedureI. Launch KPG-25D.exe and start with an empty template by selecting New from the File menu.II. Set the Model to TK-941.III. Select Feature Option from the Edit menu.IV. Set the T.O.T. (Dispatch) parameter to 600. This is the transmission time limit, in dispatch mode, expressed in 15 seconds per step with a range of from 15 seconds to 600 seconds. The default is 60 seconds. These are set to 10 minutes (600 seconds) so that the timers in the repeater controller can be used.V. Set the T.O.T. (Tel)parameter to 600. This is the transmission time limit, in telephone mode, expressed in 15 seconds per step with a range of from 15 seconds to 600 seconds. The default is 180 seconds. These are set to 10 minutes (600 seconds) so that the timers in the repeater controller can be used.VI. Set the Drop out delay time parameter to 1. This sets the time between carrier detect drop out and the resumption of scanning. This parameter can be set from 0 to 254 seconds at 1 second per count. The default is 3 seconds.VII. Set the dwell time parameter to 1. This sets the time between the end of transmission and the resumption of scanning. This parameter can be set from 0 to 254 seconds at 1 second per count. The default is 15 seconds.VIII. Set the Transpond delay time parameter to 3. This sets the delay from the decode of a transpond enabled ID to the beginning of a transpond transmission. This parameter can be set from 0 to 254 seconds at 1 second per count. The default is 3 seconds. If this parameter is set to a value greater than the Drop out delay time then the Drop out delay time will be used as the Transpond delay time.IX. Set the TX inhibit time parameter to 5.0. This parameter sets the period of time that the transmitter is inhibited after an inhibited ID is detected. The value can be set from 0.5 seconds to 8.0 seconds in 0.5 second steps.X. Set the Aux switch parameter to N/A. This parameter toggles the following functions off:A. N/A: No functionB. Option Sig: Option signaling board reset switch.C. Manual Relay: Auxiliary output signal ON/OFF.D. Horn Alert: Horn Alert ON/OFFE. Telephone Search: Automatically searches for a vacant telephone channel (trunked system).F. ALP/Sys.Grp.: Toggle display between alphanumeric or the system & group number.G. Fixed Call: Reset radio to a pre-programmed system & group.H. Del/Add: Provides the user system Delete / Add button.XI. Set the Scan switch parameter to List scan. This parameter sets the scan type selection as follows:A. N/A:Disables the scan switch function and sounds an alert tone (if programmed) when the scan key ispressed.B. List Scan: Automatic roaming scan.C. Fix System Scan: Operator selectable system scan.XII. Set the Revert sys type parameter to Last Use. This parameter sets the programmable transmit destination system & group during scanning. Options include:A. Last Used: Last transmitted system & group.B. Last Called: Last received system & group.XIII. Set the Free System ring back parameter to No. This feature is only active during telephone use (trunked system). The radio will beep when the telephone interconnect line is not busy.XIV. Set the Clear to talk beep parameter to Yes. Upon successful access of a trunked system, this beep tone sounds to alert the user they can begin speaking.XV. Set the System search parameter to None. While a selected system is busy (the radio sounds an intercept tone) then release the PTT key, the radio will start to search for an available system automatically or manually. Options include:A. None: Disable system search.B. Auto: During the intercept tone, keep the PTT key held down and press the SCAN key. Upon release of theSCAN key, system search begins.C. Manual: During the intercept tone, releasing the PTT will initiate auto system search.XVI. Set the Display Character parameter to Grp Name. This parameter selects the display character Group name (Alphanumeric) or System & Group number. If you select the AUX switch as the display character, this selection will be just as default. Options include:A. Sys Grp: Set the display character as System & Group number.B. Grp Name: Set the display character as alphanumeric (pre-programing necessary).XVII. Set the Minimum volume parameter to 0. The minimum volume is the level which will be set automatically every time you turn on the radio. If the volume is adjusted below this level prior to turning the radio off, the volume will be set to this level the next time the radio is turned on. In order to ensure that the speaker is quiet at the repeater site, this value is set to zero. The default value is 8.XVIII. Set the Off hook scan parameter to Disable. The radio is able to scan, even with the mic off hook. Options include:A. Enable: Scan start & stop is independent of the mic hook switch.B. Disable: Mic must be on hook for scanning to start.XIX. Set the Off hook horn alt parameter to Disable. Horn alert is auto disabled when the microphone goes off hook Options include:A. Enable: Off hook auto disable.B. Disable: Manual disable only.XX. Set the Off hook decode parameter to Enable. The radio is still tone squelched, even though the mic is in the off hook condition (valid for QT, DQT and Option Signaling board decode). Options include:A. Enable: Decode signaling active even in the off hook condition.B. Disable: Decode signaling is disabled during off hook.Setting this parameter to Enable allows the radio to operate in decode without having to wire the off-hook signal to the on-hook position.XXI. Set the Access logic sig parameter to Sngl. Pulse. This logic signal is useful for external radio control unit (i.e. Mobile Data Terminal, Computer Aided Dispatch or Over The Air Re-Programming etc) that require a signal at the time of successful trunked repeater access. Options include:A. Continuous: Logic Level high during length of access.B. Sng. Pulse: Logic level high pulse at the time of a successful handshake.XXII. Set the Horn alt logic sig parameter to Pulse. The Horn Alert logic can be used to drive a vehicle horn relay, light or other device. The logic level signal can be set for a continuous (EX: light) or momentary pulse output (EX: vehicle horn relay). Options include:A. Continuous: Continuous logic level low output until reset.B. Pulse: Momentary logic level low output.XXIII.The options should now appear as:XXIV. Layout all of the repeater input frequencies in the first group. Setup each repeater output frequency in a separate system. Using the Kenwood3.exe program, the hexadecimal representation of each frequency can be determined (as seen in the table below).Group & System ConfigurationGroup 1Group 2Group 3Group 4Group 5Group 6Group 7Group 81KC7MCCTX A927.2125CarrierCH. 170xD197KC7MCCTX A927.2125EncodeCH. 170xD197KC7MCCRX A902.2125CarrierCH. 170x0190KC7MCCRX A902.2125EncodeCH. 170x0190KC7MCCTX B927.2250CarrierCH. 180xD297KC7MCCTX B927.2250EncodeCH. 180xD297KC7MCCRX B902.2250CarrierCH. 180x0290KC7MCCRX B902.2250EncodeCH. 180x0290The carrier access groups are not intended for active use but support test configurations, such as performing a -12 dB SINAD measurement on a receiver.XXV. Set the system configuration to Conventional.XXVI. Hit Enter to edit the system configuration.XXVII. Program each group as follows:A. Set the FCC field to 200.B. Set the transmit Encode field as appropriate.C. Set the receive Decode field as appropriate.D. Set the Grp-Name field as appropriate. Use unique text that will help you identify the group name whenusing the HxD program at a later step.E. Set the TlkArnd field to Yes.F. Leave all other fields at their default values.XXVIII. Save the KPG25D configuration file.XXIX. Exit the KPG25D.exe program.XXX. The KPG25D.exe program will have inserted a value of 0x089B, corresponding to channel 200 or 937.5000 MHz, into each of the frequency slots. The channel numbers are stored as a 16-bit word in little endian format. Endian swapping the default channel value results in a value of 0x9B08, which converts to a decimal value of 39688. The decimal channel value can be determined by subtracting the target frequency from 937.5000 MHz and then dividing by the channel frequency step size of 0.0125 MHz. The resulting value is then subtracted from a value of 38923, converted back to hexadecimal and then endian swapped into little endian format before storing the frequency. This is apparently what the Kenwood3.exe program does (except that the conversion to decimal and endian swapping is not required in programming since little endian is the native format for x86 processors).XXXI. Launch the HxD.exe program.XXXII. Open the KPG25D data file with the HxD program.XXXIII. Locate each frequency entry with a value of 0x089B and edit the value to the appropriate value obtained from the Kenwood3.exe program. The Grp-Name field data will be visible in the window and will help to locate the 0x089B value associated with a specific group name..XXXIV. Save the file and exit the Kenwood3.exe program.XXXV. Launch the KPG25D.exe program.XXXVI. Load the KPG25D data file.XXXVII. A view of the Feature option window will show the new channel data.XXXVIII. Program the radio.Filter InstallationTwo TK-941 radios are used to implement the full-duplex link back-bone, with one radio acting as the transmitter and the other radio acting as the receiver. The front-end filter on the receive radio must be swapped out with a filter that has the bandpass frequency having the receive frequency fall within the bandpass.A hot air SMD station was used to remove the pair of filters from the TK-941 receive radio front-end. 915 MHz filters were then installed using a standard soldering station. Note that the filter terminals did not align with the solder pads on the printed circuit board. The terminals had to be bent in to contact the pads prior to soldering. A check was made, using an Ohm meter, to verify that the terminals did not short to the ground traces surrounding the filter terminal pads.Upon completion of the filter installation, the VCO was adjusted to obtain VCO lock.Repeater Controller Interface - Receive RadioThe repeater controller interface requires access to the COS signal and de-emphasized audio. The signal driving the BASE of Q20 presents an Active LOW COS. Further, the COS signal carries only the COS when programmed for COS access or the logical NAND of COS and Tone Decode when programmed for tone or DCS access. The observed logic level on the COS signal shows 3.6 volts when HIGH.Squelch gated de-emphasized audio is available at the junction of C75 and IC6-13. The signal level of the audio, using a 1KHz tone with 3KHz deviation (as used for a -12 dB SINAD measurement), was observed to be 1.2 Vpp.The following annotated PCB view shows where to connect the COS and Gated Audio signals to interface to the repeater controller.The following image shows the repeater controller interface wires attached to the receive radio. The COS wire is blue. The squelch gated de-emphasized audio is orange. A black ground connection is made at emitter of Q20. A Dremel tool was used to grind a small slot to route the cable out of the RF shielded area where the interface signals are available. A Hot Glue gun was used to fasten down the wires, providing strain relief for the PCB pad connections.The power cable chassis strain relief can be lifted, exposing a small but removable plug. Removing this plug allows for routing of the repeater controller interface wires out of the radio chassis.Repeater Controller Interface - Transmit RadioThe transmit radio requires access to the PTT and Microphone input signals. The front panel was removed in preparation to route wires from under the power cable and on to through the chassis to the front panel PCB.The attachment points on the back of the front panel PCB are well marked as follows:1. PTT: Push-to-talk (Green Wire)2. ME: Microphone Return (audio-signal-ground - Black Wire)3. MI: Microphone Input (Red Wire)。
ht6035代码例程
以下是使用HT6035 编码器芯片的示例代码:#include "ht6035.h"#define HT6035_ADDR 0x5A // HT6035 芯片的地址void main(void){uint8_t i;uint8_t data[10];uint8_t data_len;uint8_t check_sum = 0;uint8_t check_sum_recv;uint8_t status;uint8_t addr;uint8_t reg;uint16_t data_tmp;// 初始化HT6035 芯片if (!HT6035_Init()) {while(1); // 如果初始化失败,则死循环}// 写入数据到HT6035 芯片data[0] = 0x01; // 寄存器地址data[1] = 0x02; // 数据的高字节data[2] = 0x03; // 数据的低字节data[3] = 0x04; // 数据的高字节data[4] = 0x05; // 数据的低字节data[5] = 0x06; // 数据的高字节data[6] = 0x07; // 数据的低字节data[7] = 0x08; // 数据的高字节data[8] = 0x09; // 数据的低字节data[9] = 0x0A; // 数据的高字节if (!HT6035_Write(HT6035_ADDR, data, 10)) { // 如果写入失败,则死循环while(1);}// 从HT6035 芯片读取数据if (!HT6035_Read(HT6035_ADDR, &addr, ®, &status, &data_len, data)) { // 如果读取失败,则死循环while(1);}check_sum = addr + reg + status + data_len; // 计算校验和for (i = 0; i < data_len; i++) { // 计算数据校验和check_sum += data[i];}if (check_sum != data[data_len]) { // 如果校验和不匹配,则数据无效while(1); // 如果数据无效,则死循环}// 在此处处理读取到的数据...}。
0625_s06_qp_1
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSInternational General Certificate of Secondary EducationPHYSICS 0625/01Paper 1 Multiple ChoiceMay/June 200645 minutesAdditional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer SheetSoft clean eraserSoft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTWrite in soft pencil.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you.There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possibleanswers A, B, C and D.Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer Sheet. Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.Any rough working should be done in this booklet.2© UCLES 20060625/01/M/J/061 A measuring cylinder contains some water. When a stone is put in the water, the level rises.cm 3cm 3What is the volume of the stone? A 50 cm 3B 70 cm 3C 75 cm 3D 125 cm 32 The graph represents the movement of a body accelerating from rest.123451086420time / sspeed m / sAfter 5 seconds how far has the body moved? A 2 mB 10 mC 25 mD 50 m3 A child is standing on the platform of a station, watching the trains.A train travelling at 30 m / s takes 3 s to pass the child.What is the length of the train? A 10 mB 30 mC 90 mD 135 m3© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06[Turn over4 Below are four statements about the effects of forces on objects.Three of the statements are correct.Which statement is incorrect ?A A force can change the length of an object.B A force can change the mass of an object.C A force can change the shape of an object.D A force can change the speed of an object.5 A simple balance has two pans suspended from the ends of arms of equal length. W hen it isbalanced, the pointer is at 0.pan Xpan YFour masses (in total) are placed on the pans, with one or more on pan X and the rest on pan Y.Which combination of masses can be used to balance the pans? A 1 g, 1 g, 5 g, 10 g B 1 g, 2 g, 2 g, 5 g C 2 g, 5 g, 5 g, 10 g D 2 g, 5 g, 10 g, 10 g6 A person measures the length, width, height and mass of a rectangular metal block.Which of these measurements are needed in order to calculate the density of the metal? A mass onlyB height and mass onlyC length, width and height onlyD length, width, height and mass7Two forces act on an object.In which situation is it impossible for the object to be in equilibrium?A The two forces act in the same direction.B The two forces act through the same point.C The two forces are of the same type.D The two forces are the same size.8 The diagram shows four models of buses placed on different ramps.How many of these models will fall over?A 1B 2C 3D 49Which form of energy do we receive directly from the Sun?A chemicalB lightC nuclearD sound10 A labourer on a building site lifts a heavy concrete block onto a lorry. He then lifts a light block thesame distance in the same time.Which of the following is true?work done in lifting thepower exerted by labourerblocksA less for the light block less for the light blockB less for the light block the same for both blocksC more for the light block more for the light blockD the same for both blocks more for the light block© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/0611The diagram shows a thick sheet of glass.Which edge must it stand on to cause the greatest pressure?ABDC12 A manometer is being used to measure the pressure of the gas inside a tank. A, B, C and Dshow the manometer at different times.At which time is the gas pressure inside the tank greatest?A B C Dgas13Brownian motion is seen by looking at smoke particles through a microscope.How do the smoke particles move in Brownian motion?A all in the same directionB at randomC in circlesD vibrating about fixed points© UCLES 20060625/01/M/J/06[Turn over14Driving a car raises the temperature of the tyres.This causes the pressure of the air in the tyres to increase.Why is this?A Air molecules break up to form separate atoms.B Air molecules expand with the rise in temperature.C The force between the air molecules increases.D The speed of the air molecules increases.15To mark a temperature scale on a thermometer, fixed points are needed.Which is a fixed point?A the bottom end of the thermometer tubeB the top end of the thermometer tubeC the temperature of pure melting iceD the temperature of pure warm water16Four blocks, made of different materials, are each given the same quantity of internal (heat) energy.Which block has the greatest thermal capacity?Atemperaturerise = 2o CBtemperaturerise = 4o CCtemperaturerise = 6o CDtemperaturerise = 8o C© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/0617 A long thin bar of copper is heated evenly along its length.copper barWhat happens to the bar?A It becomes lighter.B It becomes longer.C It becomes shorter.D It bends at the ends.18 A beaker contains water at room temperature.How could a convection current be set up in the water?A cool the water at XB cool the water at YC stir the water at XD stir the water at Y© UCLES 20060625/01/M/J/06[Turn overis put on top as shown.Which statement is correct?A Heat loss by radiation is prevented by the small air gap.B No heat passes through the sides of either cup.C The bench is heated by convection from the bottom of the outer cup.D The lid is used to reduce heat loss by convection.20Which is the best description of the speed of a water wave?A the distance between one wave crest and the nextB the distance between the crest of a wave and a troughC the distance that a particle of water moves up and down in one secondD the distance that a wavefront moves along the surface in one second © UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06[Turn over21 Water waves travel more slowly in shallow water than in deep water.Which diagram shows what will happen to plane waves in deep water when they enter shallow water?AB22 A ray of light passes through a window.Which path does it take?D© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/0623 The diagram shows the image of a clock in a plane mirror.What time is shown? A 02:25B 02:35C 09:25D 09:3524 The diagram shows a man standing at X who shouts to a man standing at Y.NESThe man’s voice will be heard sooner and more clearly if the wind is blowing towards theA north.B south.C east.D west.25 Sounds are made by vibrating objects. A certain object vibrates but a person nearby cannot hearany sound.Which statement might explain why nothing is heard?A The amplitude of the sound waves is too large.B The frequency of the vibration is too high.C The sound waves are transverse.D The speed of the sound waves is too high.26 A student investigates which end of a magnetic compass needle is attracted to a bar magnet.What does the investigation show?A Both ends of the compass needle are attracted by the north pole of the magnet.B Both ends of the compass needle are attracted by the south pole of the magnet.C One end of the compass needle is attracted by the north pole and the other end by the southpole.D The compass needle is not attracted by either end of the magnet.27From which materials are the coil and the core of an electromagnet made?coil coreA copper copperB copper ironC iron copperD iron iron28What are the symbols used for the units of current and resistance?unit of current unit of resistanceWA AB A ΩC VWD V Ω29 W hen a plastic comb is placed next to a small piece of aluminium foil hanging from a nylonthread, the foil is repelled by the comb.Why is this?A The comb is charged and the foil is uncharged.B The comb is uncharged and the foil is charged.C The comb and the foil have charge of opposite signs.D The comb and the foil have charge of the same sign.© UCLES 20060625/01/M/J/06[Turn over© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/0630 Which symbol represents an electrical component used to store energy?B A D31 Four lamps and four switches are connected to a power supply as shown in the circuit diagram.When all the switches are closed, all the lamps are lit.When one of the switches is then opened, only one lamp goes out.Which switch is opened?32 Four resistors and an ammeter are connected to a battery as shown.The ammeter reads 2 A.Which of the four labelled points in the circuit is the only one where the current is less than 2 A?D33Why is a fuse used in an electrical circuit in a house?A to increase the circuit resistanceB to keep the power used to a minimum valueC to prevent a short-circuit from occurringD to stop the cables from carrying too much current34An electric power tool is being used outdoors in a shower of rain.What is the greatest hazard to the user?A The cable gets hot and causes burns.B The circuit-breaker cuts off the current.C The current passes through water and causes a shock.D The tool rusts.35 A current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect.variable power supplyHow can the turning effect be increased?A increase the number of turns on the coilB reduce the size of the currentC reverse the direction of the magnetic fieldD use thinner wire for the coil© UCLES 20060625/01/M/J/06[Turn over36 A transformer is to be used to produce a 6V output from a 24V input.24V V What are suitable numbers of turns for coil X and for coil Y?number of turns on coil X number of turns on coil YA 240 60B 240 240C 240 960D 960 6037 A cathode-ray tube has an anode and an earthed cathode.Which line in the table shows the charge and the temperature of the anode?anode charge anode temperatureA negative coolB negative hotC positive coolD positive hot© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/0638 The diagram shows five atoms in a radioactive substance. The atoms each give out an α-particle.2nd particle Atom 1 is the first to give out a particle. Atom 3 is the second to give out a particle.Which atom will give out the next particle?A atom 2B atom 4C atom 5D impossible to tell39 A Geiger counter detects radiation from radioactive sources.A radioactive source is inside a thick aluminium container as shown.Which type of radiation from this source is being detected?A α-particlesB β-particlesC γ-raysD radio waves© UCLES 20060625/01/M/J/06[Turn overPermis s ion to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been s ought and cleared where pos s ible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.© UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06 40 The nucleus of a neutral atom of lithium is represented by Li.73How many protons, electrons and neutrons does the atom contain?protons electrons neutrons A7 7 3 B3 7 3 C3 4 4 D3 3 4。
PPPOE拨号错误速查表
PPPOE(一)拨号错误速查表错误信息在使用“网络连接”时,可能会收到下列一个或多个错误信息。
要查看有关错误的详细信息,请单击下面的错误信息。
600某操作处于挂起状态。
601检测到一个无效端口句柄。
602指定的端口已经打开。
603呼叫方缓冲区太小。
604指定了错误的信息。
605无法设置端口信息。
606指定的端口未连接。
607检测到无效事件。
608指定了一个不存在的设备。
609指定了一个不存在的设备类型。
610指定了一个无效的缓冲区。
611指定了一个无法使用的路由。
612指定了一个没有分配的路由。
613指定了一种无效的压缩。
614可用缓冲区不足。
615找不到指定的端口。
616某异步请求处于挂起状态。
617调制解调器已经在断开连接。
618指定的端口没有打开。
619指定的端口没有连接。
620无法确定端点。
621系统无法打开电话簿。
622系统无法加载电话簿。
623系统无法找到此连接的电话簿项。
624系统无法更新电话簿文件。
625系统在电话簿中找到无效信息。
626无法加载字符串。
627无法找到关键字。
628连接被关闭。
629连接被远程计算机关闭。
630由于硬件故障,调制解调器断开连接。
631用户断开了调制解调器连接。
632检测到不正确的结构大小。
633调制解调器正在使用中或没有进行拨出配置。
634您的计算机无法在远程网络上注册。
635出现未知错误。
636连接到端口的设备不是所期望的设备。
637检测到不能转换的字符串。
638请求超时。
639异步网络不可用。
640发生与NetBIOS有关的错误。
641服务器不能分配支持客户端时所需的NetBIOS资源。
642计算机的某个NetBIOS名已经在远程网络上注册。
643服务器端的网络适配器出现故障。
644您将无法接收网络弹出式消息。
645发生内部身份验证错误。
646此时不允许该帐户登录。
647此帐户被禁用。
648该帐户的密码已过期。
649帐户没有拨入的权限。
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Location Entry CodesAs part of CIE’s continual commitment to maintaining best practice in assessment, CIE uses different variants of some question papers for our most popular assessments with large and widespread candidature. The question papers are closely related and the relationships between them have been thoroughly established using our assessment expertise. All versions of the paper give assessment of equal standard.The content assessed by the examination papers and the type of questions is unchanged.This change means that for this component there are now two variant Question Papers, Mark Schemes and Principal Examiner’s Reports where previously there was only one. For any individual country, it is intended that only one variant is used. This document contains both variants which will give all Centres access to even more past examination material than is usually the case.The diagram shows the relationship between the Question Papers, Mark Schemes and Principal Examiners’ Reports that are available.Question Paper Mark Scheme Principal Examiner’sReportIntroduction Introduction IntroductionFirst variant Question Paper First variant Mark Scheme First variant PrincipalExaminer’s ReportSecond variant Question Paper Second variant MarkSchemeSecond variant PrincipalExaminer’s ReportWho can I contact for further information on these changes?Please direct any questions about this to CIE’s Customer Services team at:international@The titles for the variant items should correspond with the table above, so that at the top of the first page of the relevant part of the document and on the header, it has the words: •First variant Question Paper / Mark Scheme / Principal Examiner’s Reportor•Second variant Question Paper / Mark Scheme / Principal Examiner’s Reportas appropriate.This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.IB09 06_0625_01/3RP© UCLES 2009[Turn over*7150187285*UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary EducationPHYSICS 0625/11Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/Jun e 200945 minutesAdditional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraserSoft pencil (type B or HB recommended)READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTWrite in soft pencil.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.Write your n ame, Cen tre n umber an d can didate n umber on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you.There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible answers A , B , C and D .Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer Sheet.Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. Any rough working should be done in this booklet.© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/091 A metre rule is used to measure a length.Which reading is shown to the nearest millimetre? A 0.7 m B 0.76 mC 0.761 mD 0.7614 m2 The graph represents the movement of a body.123451086420time / sspeed m / sHow far has the body moved after 5 s? A 2 mB 10 mC 25 mD 50 m3 A ca r tra vels 100 km. The highest speed of the ca r is 90km/h, a nd the lowest speed is30 km/h. The journey takes two hours.What is the average speed for the journey?A 30 km / hB 50 km / hC 60 km / hD 90 km / h4Which statement about the masses and weights of objects on the Earth is correct? A A balance can only be used to compare weights, not masses. B Heavy objects always have more mass than light ones. C Large objects always have more mass than small ones. D Mass is a force but weight is not.© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/09[Turn over5 The table shows the weight in newtons of a10 kg mass on each of four planets.planetweight of a 10 kg mass / NEa rth 100 Jupiter 250 Mercury 40 Venus 90The diagram shows a force meter (spring balance) being used.NOn which planet is the force meter (spring balance) being used?A E arthB JupiterC MercuryD Venus6Which items of apparatus are required to determine the density of a liquid? A balance and measuring cylinder B balance and thermometer C metre rule and measuring cylinder D metre rule and thermometer© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/09cannot be changed by a force? A its mass B its motionC its shapeD its size8 A wooden plank rests in equilibrium on two boulders on opposite sides of a narrow stream. Three forces of size P ,Q and R act on the plank.How are the sizes of the forces related? A P + Q = R B P + R = Q C P = Q = R D P = Q + R 9 Electricity can be obtained from different energy resources.Which energy resource is used to obtain electricity without producing heat to boil water? A co al B geotherm al C hydroelectric D nucle ar© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/09[Turn overWhich person produces the greatest average power?person route time t akenA runs across the beach, then climbs the ladder8 sB walks across the beach, then climbs the ladder 16 sC runs up the slipway 5 sDwalks up the slipway10 s11 The dia gra ms show two mercury ba rometers sta nding side by side. The right-ha nd dia gra mshows a tube of bigger diameter, but the diagram is incomplete. There is a vacuum above the mercury in both tubes.Which labelled position on the right-hand tube could show the mercury level in that tube?© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/0912 A student fills two containers with water (density 1.0 g / cm 3) and two with oil(density 0.8 g / cm 3),as shown in the diagrams.In which container is the pressure on the base the greatest?A B C D13 In an experiment, some of a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. The temperature of theremaining liquid changes because of this.What is the name for this change of state and how does the temperature change?change of statehow temperature changesA condens a tion decre a sesB condens a tion incre a sesC ev por tion decre sesD ev por tion incre ses© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/09[Turn overps a certa in ma ss of ga s inside a cylinder. Initia lly the piston is ha lfwa y a long theThe piston is now moved towa rds the open end of the cylinder. The tempera ture of the ga s remains constant.initial positionfinal positionHow are the density and the pressure of the gas affected by moving the piston?densitypressure A decre a ses decre a ses B decre a ses unch anged C incre a ses decre ases Dincre a ses unch anged15 The graph shows the change in temperature of a substance as it is heated steadily.Which part of the graph shows when the substance is boiling?r blocks, made of different materials, are each given the same qu antity of internal energy Which block has the greatest thermal capacity?Atemperaturerise = 2o CBtemperaturerise = 4o CCtemperaturerise = 6o CDtemperaturerise = 8o C17 A rod is made up of copper and wood joined together.After the rod is heated at the join in the centre for abou t a minu te, where wou ld the lowest temperature be?18The diagram shows a fire.Why does the smoke rise above the fire?A Smoke evaporates more quickly at higher temperatures.B Smoke molecules diffuse more quickly at higher temperatures.C The density of the air is lower at higher temperatures.D The pressure of the air is greater at higher temperatures.© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/0919The diagrams show water waves that move more slowly after passing into shallow water at the broken line.Which diagram shows what happens to the waves?Afastdeep water shallowwaterBfastdeepwatershallowwaterCfastdeepwatershallowwaterDfastdeepwatershallowwater© UCLES 2009 0625/11/M/J/09 [Turn over20The diagrams show examples of wave motion.1 2waves on water waves in air(as shown)Which are longitudinal waves?A 1 onlyB 1, 2 and 4C 2 and 3 onlyD 2 and 4 only21 Which diagram shows what happens when a ray of white light passes through a prism?A spectrumBspectrumCspectrumDspectrumwhitelightwhite light white lightwhite light22 The diagram shows the path of a ray of light passing through a principal focus F of a lens.Which broken line shows the direction of the ray after it leaves the lens?FF ’lensABC Dr a y o f l i g h t23 A small boat in a harbour is protected from waves on the sea by harbour walls.small boat wavesSome waves can curve round the harbour walls and reach the boat.What is the name for this effect?A d i ffract ionB d i spers ionC reflect i onD refract ion24 An engineer standing at P sees an explosion at X.After the explosi on, she hears two bangs. One bang i s heard a fracti on of a second after the other. The second bang is an echo.From which surface has the sound reflected to cause this echo? A XYB PVC ZYD WX25The north pole of a bar magnet is placed next to end P of an iron bar PQ, as shown. As a result, magnetic poles are induced in the iron bar.magnet iron barWhat are the magnetic poles induced at P and at Q?magnetic pole at P magnetic pole at QA north northB north southC south northD south south26An electromagnet is used to separate magnetic metals from non-magnetic metals.Why is steel unsuitable as the core of the electromagnet?A It forms a permanent magnet.B It has a high density.C It has a high thermal capacity.D It is a good conductor of electricity.27Which particle does not experience a force due to an electric field?Aα-particleB electronC neutronD proton28 Usi ng the ci rcui t shown, the current I i s found for vari ous voltages V . The temperature of theresistor does not change.variable directWhich graph shows the results obtained?ABCD29 In the circuit shown, ammeter X reads 0.5 A.XWhat does ammeter Y read? A 0B 0.5 AC 3.5 AD 4.0 A30In the circuits shown, all the resistors are identical.Which circuit has the least resistance?A B31 In the circuit below, one of the lamps breaks, causing all the other lamps to go out.Which lamp breaks?32Either a fuse or a circuit-breaker can be used to protect electrical cables from large currents that could cause overheating.applianceliveneutralIf a fuse is used, in which position in the circuit should it be connected, and if a circuit-breaker is used, in which position should it be connected?position of fuseposition of circuit-breakerA X XB X YC Y XD Y Y33The current in a lamp at full brightness is 0.25A. The flexible cable to the lamp is designed for currents up to 5.0A, so it can safely carry the 0.25A taken by the lamp.Which fuse should be inserted in the plug at the other end of the flexible cable?A 0.2AB 1.0AC 5.0AD 10.0A34 A wire perpendicular to the page carries an electric current in a direction out of the page. Thereare four compasses near the wire.Which compass shows the direction of the magnetic field caused by the current?current out of page35 A transformer has 50 turns on its primary coil and 100 turns on its secondary coil. An alternatingvoltage of 25.0 V is connected across the primary coil.primary coil 50 turns100 turnsWhat is the voltage across the secondary coil? A 12.5 VB 50.0 VC 175 VD 200 V36 In a cathode-ray tube, a hot tungsten cathode releases particles by thermionic emission.What are these particles?A α-particlesB electronsC protonsD tungsten atoms37The diagram shows a cathode-ray tube.screenA student wants the cathode rays to make a spot at P on the screen.Which parts of the cathode-ray tube should be positive?A anode and top Y plateB anode and bottom Y plateC cathode and top Y plateD cathode and bottom Y plate38 A radioactive nucleus contains 138 neutrons. The nucleus emits an α-particle.How many neutrons are in the nucleus after it has emitted the α-particle?139A 134B 136C 138 D39 The graph shows the decay curve for one particular radioactive nuclide.count rate counts / mintime / daysWhat is the half-life of this nuclide? A 1.0 dayB 1.5 daysC 2.0 daysD 2.5 days40N 167 is the symbol for a particular nuclide of nitrogen.How many nucleons does this nuclide contain? A 7B 9C 16D 2320BLANK PAGEPer mission to r epr oduce items wher e thir d-par ty owned mater ial pr otected by copyr ight is included has been sought and clear ed wher e possible. Ever yreasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University ofCambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.0625/11/M/J/09This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages.IB09 06_0625_12/3RP© UCLES 2009[Turn over*5002519211*UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary EducationPHYSICS 0625/12Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 200945 minutesAdditional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraserSoft pencil (type B or HB recommended)READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTWrite in soft pencil.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.Write your n ame, Cen tre n umber an d can didate n umber on the An swer Sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you.There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible answers A , B , C and D .Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer Sheet.Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. Any rough working should be done in this booklet.© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/091 A car travels 100 km. The highest speed of the car is 90km/h, an d the lowest speed is30 km/h. The journey takes two hours.What is the average speed for the journey?A 30 km / hB 50 km / hC 60 km / hD 90 km / h2 The graph represents the movement of a body.123451086420time / sspeed m / sHow far has the body moved after 5 s? A 2 mB 10 mC 25 mD 50 m3 A metre rule is used to measure a length.Which reading is shown to the nearest millimetre?A 0.7 mB 0.76 mC 0.761 mD 0.7614 m© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09[Turn over4 The table shows the weight in newtons of a10 kg mass on each of four planets.planetweight of a 10 kg mass / NEa rth 100 Jupiter 250 Mercury 40 Venus 90The diagram shows a force meter (spring balance) being used.NOn which planet is the force meter (spring balance) being used?A E arthB JupiterC MercuryD Venus5Which statement about the masses and weights of objects on the Earth is correct? A A balance can only be used to compare weights, not masses. B Heavy objects always have more mass than light ones. C Large objects always have more mass than small ones. D Mass is a force but weight is not.forces of size P, Q and R act on the plank.How are the sizes of the forces related?A P + Q = RB P + R = QC P = Q = RD P = Q + R7Which items of apparatus are required to determine the density of a liquid?A balance and measuring cylinderB balance and thermometerC metre rule and measuring cylinderD metre rule and thermometer8Which property of an object cannot be changed by a force?A its massB its motionC its shapeD its size© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09© UCLES 20090625/12/M/J/09[Turn overWhich person produces the greatest average power?person route time t akenA runs across the beach, then climbs the ladder8 sB walks across the beach, then climbs the ladder 16 sC runs up the slipway 5 sDwalks up the slipway10 s10 Electricity can be obtained from different energy resources.Which energy resource is used to obtain electricity without producing heat to boil water?A co lB geotherm lC hydroelectricD nucle r11 A student fills two containers with water (density 1.0 g / cm 3) and two with oil(density 0.8 g / cm 3),as shown in the diagrams.In which container is the pressure on the base the greatest?A B C D© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/0912 The dia gra ms show two mercury ba rometers sta nding side by side. The right-ha nd dia gra mshows a tube of bigger diameter, but the diagram is incomplete. There is a vacuum above the mercury in both tubes. Which labelled position on the right-hand tube could show the mercury level in that tube?13 The graph shows the change in temperature of a substance as it is heated steadily.Which part of the graph shows when the substance is boiling?14 In an experiment, some of a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. The temperature of theremaining liquid changes because of this.What is the name for this change of state and how does the temperature change?change of statehow temperature changesA condens a tion decre a sesB condens a tion incre ases C ev a por a tion decre a ses D ev a por a tion incre a ses© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09[Turn overlinder. Initially the piston is halfway along theThe piston is now moved towards the open end of the cy linder. The temperature of the gas remains constant.initial positionfinal positionHow are the density and the pressure of the gas affected by moving the piston?densit ypressure A decreases decreases B decreases unchanged C increases decreases Dincreases unchanged16 The diagram shows a fire.Why does the smoke rise above the fire?A Smoke evaporates more quickly at higher temperatures.B Smoke molecules diffuse more quickly at higher temperatures.C The density of the air is lower at higher temperatures.D The pressure of the air is greater at higher temperatures.17Four blocks, made of different materials, are each given the same quantity of internal energy (heat).Which block has the greatest thermal capacity?Atemperaturerise = 2o CBtemperaturerise = 4o CCtemperaturerise = 6o CDtemperaturerise = 8o C18 A rod is made up of copper and wood joined together.After the rod is heated at the join in the centre for about a minute, w here w ould the low est temperature be?© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09[Turn over19 A small boat in a harbour is protected from waves on the sea by harbour walls.small boat wavesSome waves can curve round the harbour walls and reach the boat.What is the name for this effect?A diffr action B dispersionC reflectionD refr action20 Which diagram shows what happens when a ray of white light passes through a prism?A spectrumBspectrumCspectrumDspectrumwhitelightwhite light white lightwhite light© UCLES 20090625/12/M/J/0921 The diagram shows the path of a ray of light passing through the principal focus F of a lens.Which broken line shows the direction of the ray after it leaves the lens?FF ’lensABC Dr a yo fl i gh t22 The diagrams show water waves which move more slowly after passing into shallow water at thebroken line.Which diagram shows what happens to the waves?A fastdeep watershallow water Bfast deepwatershallow waterCfastdeep watershallow water Dfastdeep watershallow water23The diagrams show examples of wave motion.1 2waves on water waves in air(as shown)Which are longitudinal waves?A 1 onlyB 1, 2 and 4C 2 and 3 onlyD 2 and 4 only© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09 [Turn over© UCLES 20090625/12/M/J/0924 An engineer standing at P sees an explosion at X.After the explosion, she hea rs two ba ngs. One ba ng is hea rd a fra ction of a second a fter the other. The second bang is an echo.From which surface has the sound reflected to cause this echo?A XYB PVC ZYD WX25An electromagnet is used to separate magnetic metals from non-magnetic metals.Why is steel unsuitable as the core of the electromagnet?AIt forms a permanent magnet. B It has a high density.C It has a high thermal capacity.D It is a good conductor of electricity.26 The north pole of a bar magnet is placed next to end P of an iron bar PQ, as shown. As a result,magnetic poles are induced in the iron bar.magnetiron barWhat are the magnetic poles induced at P and at Q?magnetic pole at P magnetic pole at QA north northB north southC south northD south south27 In the circuit below, one of the lamps breaks, causing all the other lamps to go out.Which lamp breaks?28In the circuits shown, all the resistors are identical.Which circuit has the least resistance?A B© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09 [Turn over© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/0929 Using the circuit shown, the current I is found for va rious volta ges V . The tempera ture of theresistor does not change.variable directWhich graph shows the results obtained?ABCD30 In the circuit shown, ammeter X reads 0.5 A.XWhat does ammeter Y read? A 0B 0.5 AC 3.5 AD 4.0 A31Either a fuse or a circuit-breaker can be used to protect electrical cables from large currents that could cause overheating.applianceliveneutralIf a fuse is used, in which position in the circuit should it be connected, and if a circuit-breaker is used, in which position should it be connected?position of fuseposition of circuit-breakerA X XB X YC Y XD Y Y32The current in a lamp at full brightness is 0.25A. The flexible cable to the lamp is designed for currents up to 5.0A, so it can safely carry the 0.25A taken by the lamp.Which fuse should be inserted in the plug at the other end of the flexible cable?A 0.2AB 1.0AC 5.0AD 10.0A33 A transformer has 50 turns on its primary coil and 100 turns on its secondary coil. An alternatingvoltage of 25.0V is connected across the primary coil.primary coil50 turns100 turnsWhat is the voltage across the secondary coil?A 12.5VB 50.0VC 175VD 200V© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09 [Turn over© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/0934 Which particle does not experience a force due to an electric field?A α-particleB electronC neutronD proton35 A wire perpendicular to the page carries an electric current in a direction out of the page. Thereare four compasses near the wire.Which compass shows the direction of the magnetic field caused by the current?current out of page36 In a cathode-ray tube, a hot tungsten cathode releases particles by thermionic emission.What are these particles?A α-particlesB electronsC protonsD tungsten atoms37The diagram shows a cathode-ray tube.screenA student wants the cathode rays to make a spot at P on the screen.Which parts of the cathode-ray tube should be positive?A anode and top Y plateB anode and bottom Y plateC cathode and top Y plateD cathode and bottom Y plate38The graph shows the decay curve for one particular radioactive nuclide.count ratecounts/mintime/days What is the half-life of this nuclide?A 1.0 dayB 1.5 daysC 2.0 daysD 2.5 days© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/09 [Turn over© UCLES 2009 0625/12/M/J/0939 A radioactive nucleus contains 138 neutrons. The nucleus emits an α-particle.How many neutrons are in the nucleus after it has emitted the α-particle? A 134B 136C 138D 13940N 167 is the symbol for a particular nuclide of nitrogen.How many nucleons does this nuclide contain? A 7B 9C 16D 23BLANK PAGE0625/12/M/J/0920BLANK PAGEPer mission to r epr oduce items wher e thir d-par ty owned mater ial pr otected by copyr ight is included has been sought and clear ed wher e possible. Ever yreasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University ofCambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.0625/12/M/J/09。