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Inventory+Modeling+in+Supply+Chain+Management_+A+Review

Inventory Modeling in Supply Chain Management: AReviewCheng Tiexin Yue Jingbo Guo TaoCollege of Management, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China 300384tiexincheng@Abstract—In supply chain management, the inventory management of materials, semi-manufactured goods and products is often concerned and attracts a lot of scholars’ attentions. With the economy globalization, three new trends appeared in the supply chain management: materials procurement globalization, manufacture globalization and products distribution globalization. Consequently, three new areas in inventory modeling were paid more attentions to: 1. Multiple supplier and multi-product inventory models from the point of the upstream of the supply chain; 2. Multi-echelon inventory models including manufacturers, dealers and retailers from the point of the interior structure of the supply chain; 3. Stochastic multi-product demand inventory models from the point of the downstream of the supply chain. In this paper, the three areas mentioned above were discussed in detail and some new inventory models and researches were reviewed, and at the end of the paper, the research directions of the inventory management in supply chain management were given.Keywords-Supply chain, Inventory management, Multi-echelon inventory, forecastingI.I NTRODUCTIONIn supply chain management, inventory management about materials, semi-manufactured goods and products was widely focused on, and specialists and scholars all over the world have made a lot of researches on this area, especially for establishment of the inventory model. In 1915, when the first constant inventory model for the single product was set up, Ford. W. Harris established the model of EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), subsequently the researches on this area proceeded rapidly. With the economy globalization, three new trends appeared in supply chain management: materials procurement globalization, manufacture globalization, and products distribution globalization. Consequently, three new areas in inventory modeling were paid more attentions to: 1. Multiple supplier and multi-product inventory models from the point of the upstream of the supply chain; 2. Multi-echelon inventory models including manufacturers, dealers and retailers from the point of the interior structure of the supply chain; 3. Stochastic multi-product demand inventory models from the point of the downstream of the supply chain. In this paper, the new status and results of the research in this area will be reviewed in detail from the mentioned three trends.II.M ULTI-SUPPLIER AND MULTI-PRODUCT INVENTORYMODELSAbout the research on multi-supplier, Sculli & Wu[1] set up one model, in which two suppliers were introduced, and assumed that the lead time of the demand of products was Normal Distribution. According to this model, it was argued that the two suppliers had the same the replenishment quantity. Moinzadeh & Nahmias[2] established the inventory model with the continuing lead time for two suppliers, in which it was assumed (1) the two suppliers had the samecontinuous lead time (120ll<<) and different prices(21pp>); (2) the order costs: 21,CC; (3) shortages were allowed but the loss were aroused. The goal of the model was minimize the average inventory cost, which was determined by the order cost, storage costs and shortage loss, for long term, and according to that model the optimal replenishment policy ),,,(2121QQss was obtained. Based on the storage quantity t x at time t, the strategy is to order the quantity of goods (Q1) to supplier 1 when the t x was equal to the trigger level (s1) at time t, and to order the quantity of goods (Q2) to supplier 2 when the t x was equal to the emergency trigger level (s2) within the time l1, which was the lead time of Q1, before the Q1 occurred.Moinzadeh & Schmidit[3] studied the model set up by Moinzadeh & Nahmias[2], and modified it. They divided the optimal replenishment policy into two ways: the regular order (Q1) and the emergency order (Q2). In their revised model, when the demand occurs, (1) if 1+≥etSx (where: t x denotes the storage quantity of goods at time t;e S denotes the emergency trigger level), then the regular order (Q1) isapplied, (2) if etSx≤and the replenishment time of the regular order is less than the lead time of supplier 2, then theregular order (Q1) is applied, too, and (3) if etSx≤ and the replenishment time of the regular order is less than the lead time of supplier 2, then the emergency order is applied, that is to order the quantity of goods (Q2) to supplier 2.Chiang & Gutierrez[4] set up one model of two supply modes with periodic check for supplier, in their model, the cost of the emergence order was divided into two situations: C=0 and C>0, they applied dynamic programming to optimize the model, and the optimized policy was: when the inventorySponsored by Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Project ID: 08JCZDJC24200.Cheng Tiexin: Ph.D of Management Science and Engineering, Associate Professor, Research areas: Project Management, Knowledge Management, Supply Chain Management Tel: 0086-22-83956951.was checked, if e t S x ≥, the regular order was applied; orelse if e t S x <, the emergency order was applied. In 1998, Chiang & Gutierrez extended the model above. In the new model, it assumed that the check cycle was continuous other than periodic and the cost of order was alterable not fixed. The models mentioned above belong to the models of two suppliers or two supply modes, however, Dayani Sedarage, Okitsugu Fujiwara & Huynh Trung Luong[5], and Ram Ganeshan[6] introduced the multi-supplier (N suppliers) in their inventory models, discussed the models of the multi-supplier (N suppliers) in detail and gave the optimized policy for inventory control.Considering that the uncertainties, such as the failure of the equipments, the strike of workers, the adverse climatic conditions and so on, would affect the suppliers to supply the goods on time, in 1996, Parlar & Perry[7] set up the model, in which they assumed that the goods were exchangeable and put one status variable, the value of which was ON or OFF (ON means to supply and OFF means not to supply), to every supplier. If the number of the suppliers was n , then there would be 2n combinations of suppliers, then they optimized the model to get one policy for ordering: (s i ,Q i ), where the reorder point s i was related with the order quantity Q i and the status variable of the suppliers.III.M ULTI -ECHELON INVENTORY MODELSThe economy globalization resulted in the globalization of manufacture and sale, therefore the multi-echelon inventory management was paid more and more attentions. According to the features of the multi-echelon inventory, we divided it into 3 types: (1) Serial inventory systems, (2) Assembly inventory systems and (3) Distribution inventory systems. About the multi-echelon inventory, Clark and Scarf[8] introduced the concept of echelon stock as opposed to installation stock. In echelon stock policies, ordering decisions at a given stage are based on the echelon inventory position, which is the sum of the inventory position at the considered stage and at all the downstream stages. They proved that there existed the optimal base stock ordering policy in the pure serial inventory systems, and developed one effective decomposing method to compute the optimal base stock policy. In addition, they also discussed the distribution inventory system and gave an approximate method for it. Federgruen & Zipkin[9] extended the model established by Clark & Scarf from the finite horizon to the infinite horizon with stationary parameters and developed an efficient computational method. Hochstaedter extended the model established by Clark & Scarf from the pure serial inventory system to the distribution inventory system, and Rosling[10] extended the model established by Clark & Scarf to the assembly inventory system and gave the method to get the optimal base stock policy of it.Generally, there are different ways to manage multi-echelon inventory systems. When the strategy of “one for one” is taken, installation stock policies can be proper, which means that the multi-echelon inventory control policy is the same as the installation stock policy. According to the current storage quantity of goods, the order policy of the multi-echeloninventory system can be obtained through calculating the total order quantities of the suppliers. However, if the times and quantities of the orders are very large, the strategy of “one for one” usually can not ensure the optimization for the inventory management. Axsäter & Rosling[11] proved that in serial and assembly inventory systems echelon stock policies achieved better performance than installation ones do, but in the distribution inventory system, these two policies had different advantages respectively. Axsäter & Rosling considered a two-echelon distribution inventory system with stochastic demand, proved that optimization of continuous review (R ,Q )-policies were usually very efficient in case of relatively low demand, and gave a method by which a high-demand system was approximated by a low-demand system. Tetsuo Iida[12] studied a dynamic multi-echelon inventory problem in the finite horizon, and gave the near-myopic policies which were sufficiently close to the optimal one and also could be applied to the distribution system.IV.T HE INVENTORY MODELS FOR STOCHASTIC MULTI -PRODUCT DEMANDThe classical EOQ model is based on the constant demand, and it is assumed that demand is continuous and even. If R stands for the rate of demand (demand quantity per time), which is constant, then the demand quantity in the time of t is Rt . But, in the real market, the product demand is dynamic and stochastic with the respect of the change of the price and time etc. At present, there are several kinds of the methods to forecast the products demand mainly as follow:A. The model of EconometricsThe demand is the function of the time (t ) in common econometrical forecasting models. In the classical EOQ model as mentioned above, the assumption is that demand function (Q =Rt ) is the linear function of time variable. Silver and Meal[13] studied the inventory model of the demand function of time (t ), and they proposed a heuristic algorithm which can be applied in most EOQ models. Donaldson[14] discussed the conditions in detail that the inventory horizon is finite and demand function is the linear function of time variable, and proposed the optimal reorder point. In addition, other scholars, such as Ritchie[15], Buchanan[16], Mitra et al.[17], Goyal[18], studied this kind of inventory models. The inventory model discussed above possessed the linear demand function which can change along with the time variable, however in the real market, the assumption of linear demand is so simple that it is far from the actual situation, hence some scholars turned to the non-linear demand function. Hariga and Benkherouf[19] established the inventory model in which demand function is the exponential function of time variable, considered the loss of shortages, and proposed the optimal policy of inventory replenishment on the condition that shortages were not allowed. Wee[20] also established the inventory model with the demand of the exponential function of time, it’s different from Hariga and Benkherouf, he proposed the optimal policy of inventory replenishment on condition that shortages were allowed. Considering that some demands of products (like computer chips and the aircraft components) grow rapidly for the new products and drop rapidly for the outdated products,S. Khanra and K.S. Chaudhuri[21] took the quadratic function of the time variable as the demand function, and established the corresponding inventory model.B.The model of Time SeriesThe model of time series is one common model, which can be applied to forecast most of products’ demand. The classical Gaussian Automatic Regressive Model (G.E.P. Box, G.M. Jenkins[22]), which is usually called the AR model, is applied widely in the commercial forecasting. Holt-Winters (HW) model (Holt, 1957; Winters, 1960) introduced exponentially weighted Moving Average models, which is usually called the MA model, to forecast the inventory demand, whereas Don M. Miller and Dan Williams[23] introduced the method of Ratio-to-Moving-Average Decomposition to do it, which can eliminate the seasonal influence to the demand. Lisa Bianchi, Jeffrey Jarrett and R. Choudary Hanumara[24] forecasted demand of the telecommunication market with Automatic Regressive Integrated Moving Average models (ARIMA), and contrasted the results with the Holt-Winters(HW) model. Moreover, S. L. Ho and M. Xie[25] analyzed the reliability of ARIMA model, Xiaolong Zhang[26] discussed how to eliminate the bullwhip effect in supply chain with different forecasting methods of time series, and proposed a simple rule to select different forecasting model.A combined forecast might improve upon the better of the two individual forecasts. Alternatively, combinations with other statistical forecasting methods might be advantageous. The concept of combining forecasts started with the seminal work of Bates and Granger[27]. Given two individual forecasts of a time series, they demonstrated that a suitable linear combination of the two forecasts may result in a better forecast than the two original ones, in the sense of a smaller error variance. Newbold and Granger[28], Makridakis et al.[29], have reported empirical results that showed that combinations of forecasts outperformed individual methods. Throughout the years, applications of combined forecasts have been found in many fields such as meteorology, economics, insurance and forecasting sales and price, see Clemen[30]. Chi Kin Chan, Brian G. Kingsman and H. Wong[31] described a case study of demand combining forecasting for inventory management, besides comparing performances between combination forecasts and individual forecasts. They also investigated the differences between regular changing weights and constant weights for a certain forecast horizon, finally gave the optimal stock policy.C.The Stochastic demand modelsThe classical newspaper boy model belongs to the inventory models of the stochastic demand. It is often assumed that the product demand is one kind of probability distributions, for example, the demand of discrete products is often supposed to obey the Possion distribution, and the demand of continuous products obeys the Normal distribution (Chiang and Benton[4]) etc. Ignall and Veinot proposed the inventory problem of stochastic multi-products during 1960's; subsequently, Goyal[18], Rosenblatt and Rothblum[32], Anily[33] did further researches for the inventory problem of stochastic multi-product demands and established some mathematical models, most of their researches are based on the classical EOQ model. Canadian scholar Dirk Beyer, Suresh P. Sethi and R. Sridhar[34] proposed the stochastic multi-products inventory model, which was set limit to the capacity of the inventory on the foundation of aforementioned researches, this model was the improvement of hereinbefore models.In addition, some scholars applied the Bayes method to revise the forecasting outcome of the stochastic product demand, e.g. K. Surekha and Moheb Ghali[35], K. Rajashree Kamath and T. P. M. Pakkala[36] analyzed the problem of inventory demand of Stationary and Non-Stationary, and obtained more reasonable optimized inventory policy with Bayes forecasting method.V.T HE NEW RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR INVENTORYMODELINGA.Integrated inventory modelingAt present, supply chain management has the trend to integration; more and more manufacturers in the supply chain form the strategic alliance. Inventory management is also in the direction of integration. Consequently, the single manufacturer or supplier has to establish integrated inventory model in view of the supply chain from upstream to downstream when they make decision of the inventory management, and multi-echelon inventory modeling needs to be applied.B.Internet and E-business based virtual inventory modelingWith the development and application of the Internet and E-business in supply chain, the purchase and order costs between buyers and sellers are decreasing, and the risks of suppliers are being reduced. This results in that multiple suppliers’ pattern is superior to single supplier pattern. The development of IT causes information-sharing between the buyers and the sellers. Buyer’s demand can be forecasted based on the information of the venders, however, suppliers should deal with a great deal of data. Therefore, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Database have the wide application prospects in inventory management; in the meanwhile, more attentions will be paid to virtual inventory modeling.C.Inventory modeling under asymmetric informationIn the real supply chain, every partner (manufacturer or supplier) makes his decision independently, hence there exits asymmetric information. Even if the coordination has been set up in supply chain, the partner usually keeps his commercial information, such as costs, profits and so on, in secret, which leads to that it is difficult to get this information for other partners. Therefore, inventory modeling under asymmetric information is more valuable and practicable. There are some researches on this field, in which the game theory was often applied to decision-making under asymmetric information; however it needs to be studied more intensively and extensively.VI.C ONCLUSIONIn this paper, three types of inventory models were discussed from the aspects of supply chain management:(1)Multi-supplier and multi-product inventory model;(2)Multi-echelon inventory model; (3)Stochastic multi-product demand inventory model. The research history and development of the inventory models were reviewed and the latest research results were discussed. Finally, the future research directions of the inventory management in supply chain management were given. The inventory management was under way of integration, the IT and Internet will be considered and paid more and more attentions to inventory modeling, and inventory modeling under asymmetric information will become more valuable and practicable.R EFERENCES[1]Sculli, D., Wu, S.Y.,. Stock control with two suppliers and normal leadtimes. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 32(11), 1981, 1003-1009.[2]Moinzadeh, K., Nahmias, S., A continuous review model for aninventory system with two supply modes. Management Science,1988(34): 761–773.[3]Moinzadeh, K., Schmidt, C.P., An (S-1, S) inventory system withemergency orders. Operations Research, 1991(39): 308-321.[4]Chiang, C., Beton, W.C., Sole souring versus dual souring understochastic demands and lead times, Naval Research Logistics 41,1994,609-624.[5]Dayani Sedarage, Okitsugu Fujiwara, Huynh Trung Luong,Determining optimal order splitting and reorder level for N-supplierinventory systems, European Journal of Operational Research 116(1999) 389-404.[6]Ram Ganeshan, Managing supply chain inventories:A multiple retailer,one warehouse, multiple supplier model, Int. J. Production Economics,59 (1999) 341-354.[7]M. Parlar and D. Perry, Inventory models of future supply uncertaintywith single and multiple sources. Naval Research Logistics,1996(43):191-210.[8] A.J. Clark, H.E. Scarf, Optimal policies for a multi-echelon inventoryproblem, Management Science, 6(1960) 475-490.[9]Federgruen, P. Zipkin, Computional issues in an infinite-horizon multi-echelon inventory model, Operations Research, 32 (1984)818-836. [10]K. Rosling, Optimal inventory policies for assembly systems underrandom demands, Operations Research, 37(1989)565-579.[11]Axsäter and Rosling, Installation vs. echelon stock policies for multi-level inventory control, Management Science, 39 (1993) 1274-1280. [12]Tetsuo Iida, The infinite horizon non-stationary stochastic multi-echelon inventory problem and near-myopic polices, European Journalof Operational Research, 134(2001)525-539.[13]Silver EA, Meal HC. A simple modification of the EOQ for the case ofa varying demand rate. Production and Inventory Management,1969;10(4):52-65.[14]Donaldson WA. Inventory replenishment policy for a linear trend indemand—an analytical solution. Operational Research Quarterly, 1977;28:663-70.[15]Ritchie E. Practical inventory replenishment policies for a linear trendin demand followed by a period of steady demand. Journal ofOperational Research Society, 1980;31:605-13.[16]Buchanan JT. Alternative solution methods for the inventoryreplenishment problem under increasing demand. Journal ofOperational Research Society, 1980; 31:615-20.[17]Mitra A, Fox JF, Jessejr RR. A note on determining order quantitieswith a linear trend in demand. Journal of Operational Research Society,1984;35:141-4. [18]Goyal SK. On improving replenishment policies for linear trend indemand. Engineering Costs and Production Economics, 1986; 10:73-6.[19]Hariga MA, Benkherouf L. Optimal and heuristic inventoryreplenishment models for deteriorating items with exponential time-varying demand. European Journal of Operational Research,1994;79:123-37.[20]Wee HM. A deterministic lot-size inventory model for deterioratingitems with shortages and a declining puter and Operations Research, 1995; 22(3):345-56.[21]S. Khanra, K.S. Chaudhuri, A note on an order-level inventory modelfor a deteriorating item with time-dependent quadratic demand,Computers & Operations Research, 30 (2003) 1901-1916.[22]G.E.P. Box, G.M. Jenkins, Time Series Analysis: Forecasting andControl, Seconded Edition., Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1976. [23]Don M. Miller , Dan Williams, Shrinkage estimators of time seriesseasonal factors and their effect on forecasting accuracy, International Journal of Forecasting, 2002.[24]Lisa Bianchi, Jeffrey Jarrett, R. Choudary Hanumara, Improvingforecasting for telemarketing centers by ARIMA modeling withintervention, International Journal of Forecasting, 14 (1998) 497-504.[25]S.L. Ho and M. Xie, The use of ARIMA models for relliablityforcasting and analysis, Computers and Electrical Engineering, 1998,Vol. 35, 213-216.[26]Xiaolong Zhang, The impact of forecasting methods on the bullwhipeffect, Int. J. Production Economics, 2004(88):15-27.[27]Bates, J.M., Granger, C.W.J., The combination of forecasts.Operational Research Quarterly, 20(1969.) 451-468.[28]Newbold, P., Granger, C.W.J., Experience with forecasting univariatetime series and the combination of forecasts (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 137(1974), 131-149. [29]Makridakis, S., Winkler, R.L., Averages of forecasts: Some empiricalresults, Management Science, 29(1983), 987-996.[30]Clemen, R.T., Combining forecasts: A review and annotatedbibliography. International Journal of Forecasting, 5(1989), 559±583.[31]Chi Kin Chan, Brian G. Kingsman, H. Wong, The value of combiningforecasts in inventory management-a case study in banking, European Journal of Operational Research, 117 (1999) 199-210.[32]Rosenblatt, M. J. and Uriel G. Rothblum, The Single Resource Multi-item Inventory Systems, Operational Research, 1990, 38, 686-693. [33]Anily S, Multi-Item Replenishment and Storage Problems(MIRSP):Heuristics and Bounds, Operational Research, 1991, 39, 233-239. [34]Dirk Beyer, Suresh P. Sethi, R. Sridhar, Stochastic Multi-ProductInventory Models with Limited Storage, work paper, University ofToronto, Ontario, Canada,1997.[35]K. Surekha, Moheb Ghali, The speed of adjustment and productionsmoothing: Bayes estimation, Int. J. Production Economics, 71(2001)55-65.[36]K. Rajashree Kamath,T. P. M. Pakkala, A Bayesian approach todynamic inventory model under an unknown demand distribution,Computers & Operations Research, 29(2002): 403-422.Inventory Modeling in Supply Chain Management: A Review作者：Cheng Tiexin， Yue Jingbo， Guo Tao作者单位：College of Management, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China 300384本文链接：/Conference_WFHYXW331993.aspx。

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Firms_as_surrogate_intermediaries

Firms as Surrogate Intermediaries:Evidence from Emerging Economies∗Hyun Song Shin†Laura Yi Zhao‡December2013AbstractAﬁrm canﬁnance investment either by borrowing or by drawing on cash balances, so thatﬁnancial asset and liability changes tend to have opposite signs.In contrast,ﬁnancial intermediaries borrow in order to lend,so thatﬁnancial asset and liabilitychanges have the same rge non-ﬁnancialﬁrms in China and India behave likeintermediaries rather than textbook non-ﬁnancialﬁrms.We explore the role of non-ﬁnancialﬁrms in the shadow banking system.The evidence from China and India isin contrast to US non-ﬁnancialﬁrms,which conform to the textbook predictions.∗Preliminary.This study forms part of the background research for the Asian Development Bank technical assistance program on“Financial Regulatory Reform in Asia”.†Corresponding author:Bendheim Center for Finance,Princeton University,26Prospect Avenue,Prince-ton,NJ08540,USA;hsshin@‡Asian Development Bank;yzhao.consultant@1IntroductionThe market stresses faced by many emerging economies in the face of tighter global monetary conditions in2013have focused renewed attention on the transmission ofﬁnancial conditions across borders.One conceptual challenge is to reconcile the small net external debt positions of many emerging economies with the apparently disproportionate impact of tighter global monetary conditions on their currencies andﬁnancial markets.Indeed,some commentators have wondered aloud why emerging economies with low net external debt positions are experiencing such severe stresses.1The purpose of our paper is to oﬀer one missing piece in the puzzle,highlighting the role of non-ﬁnancial corporations as surrogateﬁnancial intermediaries that operate across borders.When corporate activity straddles the border,measuring exposures at the border itself may not capture the strains on corporate balance sheets.For instance,if the London subsidiary of the company has taken on US dollar debt but the company is holding domestic currencyﬁnancial assets at its headquarters,then the company as a whole faces a currency mismatch and will be aﬀected by currency movements,even if no cross-border exposures are registered in the oﬃcial net external debt statistics.Nevertheless,theﬁrm’s fortunes (and hence its actions)will be sensitive to currency movements.In the case ofﬁrms that straddle borders,it may be more illuminating to look at the consolidated balance sheet that motivates corporate treasurers,rather than the balance of payments statistics that are organized according to residence.One aspect ofﬁrms’access to international capital markets is the oﬀshore issuance of debt securities sold to international investors.If the debt securities issued oﬀshore are in foreign currency,oﬀshore issuance would mirror currency mismatches on the consolidated balance sheet.Hence,oﬀshore issuance goes beyond just a measurement issue on the size of the company’s debt and instead addresses the fundamental issue of howﬁrms will fare when 1For instance,Krugman(2013)“Asian Vulnerability,Then and Now”/2013/08/29/asian-vulnerability-then-and-now/1B i l l i o n U S d o l l a r sB i l l i o n U S d o l l a r s Figure 1:China (left)and India (right):International debt securities outstanding for non-ﬁnancial corporates by nationality and by residence (Source:BIS Debt Securities Statistics,Table 11D and 12D)global ﬁnancial conditions and exchange rates change.Figure 1shows BIS statistics on the amounts outstanding of international debt securities issued by non-ﬁnancial corporate borrowers in China (left)and India (right)by residence of the borrower (blue)and the nationality of the borrower (red).The diﬀerence between the red and blue series reﬂects the oﬀshore issuance of corporate debt securities.We see from Figure 1that oﬀshore issuance activity was small until the 2008crisis,but subsequently grew strongly.The period after 2010has seen a particularly steep increase so that by 2013,the oﬀshore amounts outstanding are equal in size to the onshore issuance outstanding.McCauley,Upper and Villar (2013)describe the recent trend of oﬀshore issuance of corporate debt securities.2Our paper examines the role of the ﬁrm as a surrogate ﬁnancial intermediary that trans-mits ﬁnancial conditions across borders.The hallmark of banks and other ﬁnancial inter-mediaries is that they borrow in order to lend.As such,when their ﬁnancial assets increase through new lending or purchases of securities,their ﬁnancial liabilities,such as deposits,also increase.In this way,a distinctive feature of ﬁnancial intermediaries is that the change in their ﬁnancial assets has the same sign as the change in their ﬁnancial liabilities.In contrast,textbook non-ﬁnancial ﬁrms behave in a very diﬀerent way.When a non-Agust´ın Villar “Emerging market debt securities issuance in oﬀshore centres”BIS Quarterly Review,September 2013,Box 2,pp 23-24./publ/qtrpdf/r qt1309b.pdf 2ﬁnancialﬁrm undertakes an investment,it canﬁnance it either by drawing on its existing ﬁnancial resources or by external borrowing,or a combination of both.A prediction of the “pecking order”theory of corporateﬁnance(Myers(1984))is that theﬁrm will draw on internal fundsﬁrst as the cheapest form ofﬁnancing,and only tap outside funding when internal funds are inadequate.A prediction from such behavior would be that changes in ﬁnancial assets and changes inﬁnancial liabilities will have opposite signs,capturing those ﬁrms that raise outside funding while drawing down internal funds.We show that non-ﬁnancialﬁrms in emerging economies behave likeﬁnancial intermedi-aries in that co-movements inﬁnancial assets andﬁnancial liabilities have a positive sign. This is true both in the cross-section,as well as in the time series.In other words,ﬁrms that borrow more also hold more cash,andﬁrms that increase their borrowing also increase their cash holding.To the extent thatﬁrms’cash holdings are claims on the domestic bank-ing sector,theﬁrms would be performing aﬁnancial intermediation role by making funding available indirectly to other domestic borrowers.Our paper has a close parallel with Hattori,Shin and Takahashi(2009),who describe the role of non-ﬁnancial corporates as surrogate intermediaries in Japan in the1980s.Hattori et al.(2009)show how theﬁnancial liberalization of the1980s enabled large manufacturing ﬁrms in Japan to gain access to funding by issuing securities,especially from international investors who sought yen exposure.As new funding sources opened up,ﬁrms recycled yen funding through the banking system in the form of bank time deposits.Through this channel, theﬁnancial assets of non-ﬁnancialﬁrms increased in step with theirﬁnancial liabilities in the1980s.Banks in Japan suﬀered a reversal of roles in which corporate borrowers became corporate depositors,and banks were pushed to seek borrowers in riskier sectors such as in commercial real estate.The parallel between Japan in the1980s and the emerging economies in2013lies in the role of non-ﬁnancial corporates as surrogate intermediaries.The evidence in our paper comes from a large panel of non-ﬁnancialﬁrms emerging economies in the Compustat Global database in which we examine both the cross-section3patterns in corporate balance sheets,as well as the growth of individualﬁrms’ﬁnancial assets and liabilities withﬁrmﬁxed eﬀects.The evidence from the major emerging economies is especially noteworthy given its contrast to US non-ﬁnancialﬁﬁrms are seen to conform to the textbook prescription for corporateﬁnancing choices in whichﬁnancial assets and liabilities move in the opposite directions,consistent with the pecking order theory of ﬁnancing(Opler et al.(1999)).Our paper has a point of contact with the many studies that have explored the trends and implications of corporate cash holdings.Traditional studies focus onﬁrm value,merges and acquisitions,and dividend issuance.Harford(1999)shows that cash-richﬁrms are more likely to attempt acquisition and their mergers tend to be followed by a decline in operating performance.Lie(2000)ﬁnds that a large increase of dividends mitigates the agency problem associated with excess cash-holdings.Denis and Sibilkov(2010)show that as due to costly externalﬁnancing,greater cash holdings increase the value of constrainedﬁrms.Our paper contributes to this literature by exploring the implications of the non-ﬁnancialﬁrms’cash holdings for the liquidity in the banking system.Given the importance of corporate liquidity,many works explore its determination.Opler et al.(1999)and Ferreira and Vilela(2004)ﬁnd supportive evidence for a static trade-oﬀtheory using data from the United States and European countries respectively.Bates et al. (2009)argues that precautionary motives explain the rise of US industrialﬁrms’cash-to-asset ratio.The role of corporate governance is also explored.As an example,Dittmar et al.(2003)ﬁnds that the agency problem is an important determinant of corporate cash holdings,and thatﬁrms in countries with poor shareholder rights hold twice as much cash asﬁrms in countries with good shareholder protection.Other factors are also found to aﬀect corporate liquidity:tax cost for multinational companies to repatriate foreign income(Foley et al.(2007)),the predation risk(Haushalter et al.(2007)),the diversiﬁcation of investment opportunities(Duchin(2010)),and the incentive to hedge cashﬂow shocks during bad times (Lins et al.(2010)).Adding to this line of literature,our paper explores a new perspective4to understand non-ﬁnancialﬁrms’cash holdings through their role as surrogateﬁnancial intermediary.Our paper is also related to the studies on theﬁnancing decisions ofﬁrms,in particular the use of debtﬁnancing.This line of literature focuses on two competing theories:the trade-oﬀtheory and the pecking order theory.The empirical evidence is mixed.Shyam-Sunder and Myers(1999)argues that the basic pecking order model has more explanatory power than the static trade-oﬀtheory in explaining theﬁnancing patterns of public and matureﬁrms in the United States.On the other hand,Frank and Goyal(2003)and Fama and French(2005)ﬁnd pervasive evidence contradicting the pecking order ter on, Leary and Roberts(2010)show that the pecking order theory performs better in explaining ﬁrms’ﬁnancing decisions only when factors typically attributed to other theories are simul-taneously accounted for.These two theories focused mainly on the traditional explanations for corporate use of debt,for example taxes,bankruptcy cost,transaction costs,adverse selection and agency conﬂicts.Our paper,by investigating the surrogateﬁnancial interme-diary roles of the non-ﬁnancialﬁrms,suggests that the non-ﬁnancialﬁrms in China borrows in order to invest,especially in the form of deposit and other short-term investments.Before documenting the key facts,we delve deeper into the institutions that underpin the empirical results.In particular,we explore how the availability ofﬁnancing from inter-national capital markets induces large non-ﬁnancialﬁrms to engage inﬁnancial transactions in the shadow banking system that have the tell-tale attributes ofﬁnancial intermediation. The institutional backdrop of the shadow banking system in China is a tightly regulated formal banking sector,which sits alongside a highly open and trade-dependent economy. Even if capital account transactions through banks can be tightly regulated,the current account transactions of thousands ofﬁrms generated in the course of international trade will be much harder to monitor and regulate.By its nature,shedding light on the shadow banking system andﬁrms’roles in the system presents formidable challenges in measurement and for data availability.However,5Figure2:Non-ﬁnancialﬁrms as intermediary.In this diagram,ﬁrms with access to international capital markets act as an intermediary for outside funding when the banking sector has restricted access to international capital markets.the advantage of our approach is that,however theﬁrms managed to change theirﬁnancial claims and liabilities,the consequences of their actions will be captured in the snapshot of the consolidated balance sheet at the reporting period.As such,for the purpose of gauging the scale of intermediation performed by non-ﬁnancialﬁrms,we can simply read oﬀthe ﬁnancial assets and liabilities,without having to capture in detail all the speciﬁc practices that theﬁrms engage in reaching theirﬁnal position.When the availability of externalﬁnancing from international capital markets varies with global liquidity conditions,a prediction of our approach is that the surrogateﬁnancial intermediation activity of non-ﬁnancialﬁrms in emerging economies will reﬂect(at least in part)the ebb andﬂow of global liquidity conditions themselves.Consistent with this hypothesis,weﬁnd that the extent of intermediation activity of non-ﬁnancialﬁrms co-moves strongly with indicators of credit availability at the global level.We contrast the evidence from emerging economyﬁrms andﬁrms from the United States.While USﬁrms conform closely to the textbook model,ﬁrms from emerging economies exhibit the distinctive positive co-movement ofﬁnancial assets and liabilities.We conclude with some broader lessons for the operation of theﬁnancial system in a tightly regulated economy.6Chinese corporate Hong Kong bankFigure3:Oﬀshore borrowing by a non-ﬁnancial corporate in foreign currency2BackgroundAn economy with an openﬁnancial sector and convertible capital account will be sensitive to globalﬁnancial conditions,but the sensitivity to externalﬁnancial conditions also applies to economies that are tightly regulated and whose capital accounts are closed.Just as water willﬁnd cracks to trickle through a rock,so will international capitalﬁnd ways into an open economy when it has a large volume of transactions associated with trade.This is so even when theﬁnancial sector is tightly regulated and external borrowing is restricted by regulations that govern capital inﬂows.The role of non-ﬁnancialﬁrms is crucial in this respect as the channel through which capital inﬂows take place.Figure2depicts an economy with a banking sector that has restricted access to wholesale funding in international capital markets,but where a subset ofﬁrms have access both to the domesticﬁnancial system as well as international capital markets through tradeﬁnancing or the operation of overseas oﬃces.Although non-ﬁnancialﬁrms are subject to regulations in their use of international capital markets,the sheer number of suchﬁrms as well as the complexity of their transactions make them much harder to regulate than the banks.As well as the corporate bond market,global banks provide another channel to the international capital markets.Figure3is a schematic illustration of the activities of a non-ﬁnancialﬁrm from China7-400-300-200-100100200300400Jan-2003Oct-2003Jul-2004Apr-2005Jan-2006Oct-2006Jul-2007Apr-2008Jan-2009Oct-2009Jul-2010Apr-2011Jan-2012B i l l i o n H K d o l l a r s Claims on non-bank customers in China (F.C.)Liabilities to non-bank customers in China (F.C.)Figure 4:Hong Kong banks’claims and liabilities to non-bank customers in China in currencies other than Hong Kong dollars (Source:Hong Kong Monetary Authority)with operations in Hong Kong,who borrows in US dollars from an international bank in Hong Kong and posts Renminbi deposits as collateral.The transaction would be akin to a currency swap,except that the settlement price is not chosen at the outset.The transactions instead resemble the operation of the old London Eurodollar market in the 1960s and 70s.For the Chinese corporate,the purpose of having US dollar liabilities and holding the proceeds in Renminbi may be to hedge their export receivables,or simply to speculate on Renminbi appreciation.Figure 4provides some aggregate evidence for the transactions depicted in Figure 3.Figure 4plots the claims and liabilities of Hong Kong banks in foreign currency to customers in China.Foreign currency,in this case,would be US dollars mainly for the assets and Renminbi mainly for the liabilities.Both have risen dramatically in recent years,reﬂecting the rapidly increasing US dollar funding of non-ﬁnancial corporates from China.As well as channeling capital ﬂows into China,non-ﬁnancial ﬁrms play a more direct role as a ﬁnancial intermediary through the institution of “entrusted loans”.Entrusted 8Figure5:Non-ﬁnancialﬁrms as intermediary through“entrusted loans”.This diagram depicts the operation of“entrusted loans”where non-ﬁnancialﬁrms lend to other non-ﬁnancialﬁrms with limited access to bank lending.The bank acts as delegated manager of the loan contract.loans are loans granted by oneﬁrm to anotherﬁrm directly.However,a commercial bank administers the loan as a delegated manager.Figure5illustrates the operation of an entrusted loan,where a largeﬁrm with access to bank loans recycles the loan by granting an entrusted loan to anotherﬁrm-typically a smallerﬁrm with restricted access to bank lending,or a property-relatedﬁrm.The commercial bank administers the entrusted loan, and the entrusted loan stays oﬀthe bank’s balance sheet,and hence does not count against lending limits set for the commercial bank by the bank regulators.From Figure5,we see that the lendingﬁrm in the entrusted loan relationship behaves like aﬁnancial intermediary, simultaneously borrowing and lending.Increased incidence of such intermediation activity will be captured in a snapshot of the lendingﬁrm’s balance sheet as the simultaneous increase in bothﬁnancial assets andﬁnancial liabilities.Quantitatively,the intermediation conducted through entrusted loans is large relative to the lending through the formal banking sector.Figure6plots the quarterlyﬂow of entrusted loans and domestic currency bank loans in China,as published by the People’s Bank of China statistics on all systemsﬁnancing(also called total socialﬁnancing).We see that theﬂow of entrusted loans have increased in recent quarters,reaching25%to30%of90.00.51.01.52.02.53.0T r i l l i o n R M B0%5%10%15%20%25%30%Figure 6:Quarterly ﬂow of entrusted loans and Renminbi bank loans (Source:People’s Bank of China,/publish/diaochatongjisi/4032/index.html)formal bank lending in China.3DataWe now turn to our empirical analysis,starting with a description of the data used in our study.The activities illustrated in Figures 5and 2suggest that the transactions underlying the surrogate intermediation done by non-ﬁnancial ﬁrms can be complex and not easy to disentangle.Nor are these transactions easily measured or monitored.Our strategy,therefore,is to focus on the snapshot of the balance sheet at the end of the year,and investigate the co-movement in ﬁnancial assets and ﬁnancial liabilities of the ﬁrms,both in the cross-section and over time for each ﬁrm individually.Our ﬁrm level data comes from Compustat Global.The advantage of this data is two-fold.First,the database includes listed ﬁrms in China,which would include the largenon-ﬁnancial ﬁrms that would be candidates for the intermediation activity described so far.Since we are interested in the ﬁrms engaged in the surrogate intermediation rather than the small and medium sized enterprises that are the ultimate borrowers,conﬁning attention to10the largeﬁrms will not miss the bulk of the surrogate intermediation.Second,Compustat Global imposes accounting classiﬁcations that are designed to ensure that cross-country comparisons are possible.Cross-country comparability is important for our purpose,as one of the checks to our main investigation is to compare the empirical results for China with that for the United States.For such an exercise,cross-country comparability is crucial,and Compustat Global ensures broad comparability.3.1Firm level data for ChinaOur sample ofﬁrms from China in Compustat Global covers thoseﬁrms with Global Industry Classiﬁcation Standard(GICS)sector codes not equal to40.The sample period is from1990 to2012,with data cutoﬀdate as November30,2013.For our benchmark regressions,we exclude theﬁrms which are outliers in terms of the ratio of cash and short-term investments to sales(above the99.5or below the0.5percentiles).After the sample selection,there are 1532ﬁrms in our sample.As our focus is on the surrogate intermediation activity ofﬁrms,our focus is on the cash and short-term investment position of theﬁrms,as well as otherﬁnancial assets.In what follows,“cash”is taken to mean cash and short-term investments.Financial liabilities are deﬁned as the sum of the short—term debt and the long-term debt,which includes bank loans.Firm leverage is deﬁned asﬁnancial liabilities divided by total assets.The summary statistics are presented in Table1.We note the following features.First,cash-holdings of Chineseﬁrms grew rapidly over the sample period.The average cash-holding increased more thanﬁve-fold from RMB248.6 million in1990to RMB1,488.3million in2012.Second,the growth of cash holdings was skewed to largeﬁrms in the later periods,as suggested by the faster growth of the mean cash holding relative to the25and75percentiles. Therefore,the rapid growth of the averageﬁnancial liabilities seems mainly to have been driven by largeﬁrms.11Table1:Description of variables for the1990-2012Compustat sample for publicly traded Chinese non-ﬁnancial companies.Cash includes short-term investments;ﬁnancial liabilities are deﬁned as the sum of the short—term debt and the long-term debt;ﬁrm leverage is deﬁned asﬁnancial liabilities devided by totalper-centileper-centileﬁrms A.1990-2012cash879.871.4198.4501.1179931532ﬁnancial liabilities1,911.1119.0318.1893.0179931532 sales5,374.2351.1832.92,252.6179931532ﬁrm leverage27.1%15.1%25.3%36.7%179931532 cash/sales31.5%10.4%19.9%37.9%179931532ﬁnancial liabilities/sales59.3%19.0%39.2%72.4%179931532B.1990-2001(Period1)cash248.623.979.1205.84919775ﬁnancial liabilities607.774.3170.0390.44919775 sales1,226.7192.2388.4838.34919775ﬁrm leverage26.7%16.3%25.6%35.6%4919775 cash/sales31.1%7.3%17.1%38.4%4919775ﬁnancial liabilities/sales63.9%24.0%45.6%78.3%4919775C.2002-2007(Period2)cash662.686.5206.1455.258731260ﬁnancial liabilities1,533.5164.0382.8915.358731260 sales4,509.0395.5878.12,214.658731260ﬁrm leverage28.6%17.1%27.0%38.0%58731260 cash/sales30.0%10.8%19.9%36.5%58731260ﬁnancial liabilities/sales64.6%21.0%43.2%79.7%58731260D.2008-2012(Period3)cash1,488.3135.6354.0838.372011499ﬁnancial liabilities3,109.5149.8447.21,450.072011499 sales8,912.8587.81,393.43,799.172011499ﬁrm leverage26.1%12.8%23.7%36.0%72011499 cash/sales33.0%12.0%21.2%38.7%72011499ﬁnancial liabilities/sales51.9%15.2%32.3%62.0%7201149912Figure7:China:Ratio of aggregate cash to aggregate sales ofﬁrms in sample(positive bars)and ratio of aggregateﬁnancial liabilities to aggregate sales(negative bars)Third,cash holdings grew faster than sales,which in turn grew more rapidly thanﬁnancial liabilities.As a result,the ratio of cash to sales ratio has increased during the sample period, while the ratio ofﬁnancial liabilities to sales has fallen in the sample period.Figure7shows the cash to sales ratio andﬁnancial liabilities to sales ratio of the sample Chineseﬁrms.The chart indicates that the cash to sales ratio co-moved with theﬁnancial liability to sales ratio Figure8is the scatter plot of cash holdings versus sales,plotted in log scale.The slope of the scatter is close to1,suggesting that there is a roughly proportional relationship between cash holdings and sales,so that sales are a good normalizing variable forﬁrm size.A roughly proportion relationship between cash and sales would be consistent with a“buﬀer stock”view of cash holdings,whereﬁrms hold cash to serve as a buﬀer against shocks to cashﬂows.13Figure8:Scatter plot of cash vs sales in log scale for sampleﬁrms in2000and2011.3.2Bond IssuanceAs well asﬁrm-level data,we will also employ aggregate corporate bond issuance series for non-ﬁnancialﬁrms from China as an aggregate explanatory variable in the panel regressions. Aggregate corporate bond issuance serves as an indicator of the availability of credit through debt markets.When the corporate bond is issued in foreign currency,the issuance series also serves as an indicator of global capital market conditions and the availability of credit toﬁrms in China from international investors.Figure11shows the total outstanding amounts of bonds for diﬀerent sectors in China. The chart uses total depository data from China Central Depository and Clearing Co.Cor-porate bonds grew from literally nothing to RMB5trillion between1997and2012.Even when the amounts are normalized relative to China’s GDP,we see from Figure10that the corporate bonds outstanding has increased very rapidly from only1%in2005to10%of China’s GDP by2012.Figure11shows the breakdown of total corporate bonds by instrument.The corporate bonds category encompasses commercial paper(CP)and medium-term notes(MTN),both of which are shorter maturity instruments.Medium-term notes(MTNs)have grown most14Figure9:Total bond depository amount of China.Source:China Central Depository and Clearing Co..Figure10:Total bond depository amount to GDP ratio in China.Source:China Central Depository and Clearing Co..15Figure11:Breakdown of total corporate bond depository amount.Source:China Central Depository and Clearing Co..signiﬁcantly since their inception in2008,indicating the increasing need for medium-term ﬁnancing for Chineseﬁrms By2012,MTNs accounted for over half of the total corporate bonds.Foreign currency bond issuance by Chineseﬁrms has also increased rapidly in recent years.The outstanding balance increased from USD4.7billion in2001to USD81.7billion in2012.Figure12plots the foreign currency bond outstanding relative to China’s GDP by sector.We see that private issuance byﬁrms was lower than the issuance by the government sector,but private issuance overtook government sector issuance in2008and has pulled away further since.As of2012,foreign currency corporate bonds outstanding is around1%of China GDP,while government bonds accounted for only0.25%.4Panel Regressions for ChinaWe proceed to examine panel regressions that ascertain howﬁnancial asset holdings vary with theﬁrm’sﬁnancial liabilities.16Figure12:Foreign currency bond outstanding to GDP ratio by government,ﬁnancial institutions and other corporates.Source:Asian Development Bank.4.1Panel regressions in log ratiosOurﬁrst set of panel regressions are for log of cash(including short-term investments)to sales ratio regressed on log ofﬁnancial liabilities to sales ratio.Our interest is in the sign of the coeﬃcient on log ofﬁnancial liabilities to sales ratio.We include log sales andﬁrm leverage,deﬁned asﬁnancial liabilities to total assets,as control variables.We also include the full set of yearﬁxed eﬀects andﬁrmﬁxed eﬀects.Table2presents the regression results. We present results below on the case where we have dropped observations forﬁrms that have zeroﬁnancial liability at any date in the sample.Qualitatively,the results are unchanged when we includeﬁrms with zero debt,although the coeﬃcient is smaller.Column(1)is for the full sample.We see that the sign on ln(ﬁn liab)is positive and signiﬁcant at the1%level.The coeﬃcient of0.209implies that a1%increase inﬁnancial liabilities to sales ratio in the cross-section translates into a0.21%increase in cash and short-term investment holdings to sales ratio.In columns(2)to(5),we examine subgroups ofﬁrms arranged into four size quartiles based on the average sales of theﬁrms over the period.As largeﬁrms may have better17。

NEMA 4防水封闭式柜体购买指南说明书

Enclosures Right Now, Right Price.NEMA 4 Enclosures Buyer’s GuideThe first step in selecting a NEMA 4 enclosure is to make sure that you really need it. The definitions below will help you select the just-right NEMA rating for your application, like Goldilocks: neither too much nor too little.NEMA 1: For indoor use. Protects users against contact with hazardous components and protects the components from the ingress of solid objects, such as fingers and falling dirt.NEMA 2: For indoor use. Same as NEMA 1 but adds protection against the ingress of dipping and light splashing water.NEMA 3: For indoor or outdoor use. Same as NEMA 2 but adds stronger protection against the ingress of water and dust. It protects against windblown dust, rain, sleet, and snow and will be undamaged by ice forming on the enclosure.NEMA 3R: Same as NEMA 3 but without the protection against windblown dust.The standard doesn’t say this, but typically the difference is that there is no gasketingon NEMA 3R enclosures.NEMA 3S: Same as NEMA 3 but adds the provision that external mechanism remain operable when ice laden.NEMA 3X, NEMA 3RX, NEMA 3SX: the X signifies the addition of corrosion protection.NEMA 4: Same as NEMA 3 but adds protection against hose directed water.NEMA 4X: Same as NEMA 4 but adds protection against corrosion.NEMA 6: For indoor or outdoor use. Protects against the ingress of objects, fingers, and falling dirt, hose directed water and is undamaged by ice formation. What’s more,it protects against occasional temporary submersion to a limited depth.NEMA 6P: Same as NEMA 6 but adds protection of prolonged submersion to a limited depth and adds corrosion protection.NEMA 12: Protects against the ingress of objects, fingers, falling dirt, settling dust and drips. It is similar to NEMA 3 but it is for indoor use, so instead of protecting against windblown dust it protects against settling airborne dust, lint, fibers, and flyings. It won’t protect against rain, sleet, and snow, but it does protect against seeping oil and coolant as well as dripping and light splashing water. Despite the large number it is a basic level of protection. It may be helpful to think of it as NEMA 1.2 rather than NEMA 12.NEMA 13: Same as NEMA 12 but adds protection against oil and coolant splashing and spraying.By the way, the above definitions are for non-hazardous locations. NEMA 7, 8, 9 and 10 are the ones to look at for hazardous environments.Tips on Selecting a NEMA 4 EnclosureDo you need to protect the entire enclosure, or only a sensitive component? For example, if only one component needs NEMA protection, then protect that component with a small die-cast type NEMA box instead of buying a large NEMA 4 enclosure.What level of protection is required? The most common mistake is to specify a NEMA 12 enclosure, when in fact NEMA 4 enclosures offers more environmental protection. On the other hand, don’t over specify, because each increasing level of protection can exponentially increase the cost of an enclosure. Consider where the enclosure will be located. Often a NEMA 12 enclosure will work if there is no spray down requirement. There is no point to specifying UV stabilization if the plastic enclosure is being used indoors.What material do you need? Steel is often the choice for a NEMA enclosure, especially for large enclosures where its strength is helpful. However, plastic is less costly and provides adequate protection in many applications. Polycarbonate plastic, ABS plastic, fiberglass, and die cast-aluminum enclosures are lower cost materials than steel and should not be overlooked. Plus they are inherently corrosion resistant.ABS plastic is tough stuff; NFL helmets are made of ABS. Polycarbonate plastic has the option of being transparent—ideal for viewing readouts without breaking the seal. Relatively new is a polycarbonate infused with 10 percent fiberglass. The fiberglass helps assure tight tolerances during manufacturing, as well as adding strength. For a combination of strength, heat dispersion, and shielding, die cast aluminum enclosures may be the best choice.Can your vendor make modifications? If you are dealing with more than a few pieces, often your enclosure supplier has the best equipment to easily and affordably modify the enclosure with cut-outs and to add cable glands for NEMA 4X applications. Plus there is no risk of scrap when a cut doesn’t go right.In fact, Bud Industries can make simple modifications to in-stock enclosures in only five days. That’s three to five times faster than other suppliers. The steps are simple, and they are spelled out in Bud’s 5 Day Modifications Planning Guide.The Top 6 Issues in Selecting Enclosuresfor Harsh EnvironmentsT ypically, choosing an enclosure is considered to be an easy task. First, review the sizes of the components that are to be enclosed, and then determine the basic dimensions required. Decide what material (plastic, steel, aluminum, etc.) you need. Sometimes aesthetics are important as well. With this information, it should be easy to select the right box. However, when evaluating enclosures for use in a harsh environment, the decision becomes more complex and meaningful as the wrong choice can be fatal to the end product.Here are the top questions to ask when selecting an enclosure for use in a challenging location.1. How harsh is harsh? Defining the level of protection needed has a significantimpact on the selection of enclosure…and often this translates into how much you will need to pay.2. Do all components need to be protected? For example, instead of buying aNEMA 4 rack, consider putting only the most sensitive components in a sealed box inside a basic rack.3. Will the enclosure be used outdoors? Not all boxes are weather-tight, and not allplastic is UV stable.4. How will the electronics stay cool? This is a special concern for electronicsmounted inside an environmentally sealed box. Metal enclosures dissipate heat better than plastic enclosures. It may be preferable to mount power components in a small die-cast aluminum box and mount signal components in a large plastic box.5. What is your budget? Engineering is the art of tradeoffs. A plastic box that isreinforced with 10 percent fiberglass may provide the strength you need, at lower cost than a fully fiberglass or metal box.6. What is you plan for modifications? All stock boxes need cut-outs, at leastfor power and signals. NEMA rated cable glands will preserve the protection ofyour enclosure, so remember to order those as needed. It may be tempting to cut your own holes, but the enclosure supplier is better equipped for this. Scrapping just one box because you have the wrong drill bit will usually exceed the small cost of having it done right.NEMA vs. IP Enclosure Protection RatingsNEMA RatingsElectrical enclosures are rated according to their ability towithstand environmental elements. In the United States, theNational Electrical Manufacturers Association developedNEMA ratings for classifying an enclosure’s level of protectionfrom those environmental elements.A NEMA 1 rating basically means you can’t stick your fingerin the enclosure. NEMA 4 protects against windblown dust,rain and snow, and hose-directed water (factory washdown.)There are also ratings for hazardous (explosion-proof) environments. It is not always true that the higher number provides the highest protection, so you need to select carefully.NEMA ratings are stated by the manufacturer. No testing is required (although some manufacturers do test), and no standards body certifies the NEMA rating claims of manufacturers. In practice, however, the NEMA ratings may be trusted.IP RatingsThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) http://www.iec.ch/index.htm uses its own rating system, the IP standard, which stands for Ingress Protection. The standard format is “IP’ followed by two numbers which designate the level of protection.The first digit describes the level of protection from solids and the second digit specifies the level of protection from water. The higher the number is, the more protection. IP 67 is more waterproof than IP65, for example.Comparing NEMA to IPThere is not a one-to-one match between NEMA ratings and IP ratings, as the two systems are based on different variables. However, the table below shows an approximate cross reference that can be used to help determine the IP number that meets or exceeds a particular NEMA rating.。

NAUGAHYDE软垫选项黑色可可深蓝宝石鞍座沙子灰褐色融合包装订购指南说明书

STEP
Maximum of 1 control can be mounted to the delivery unit, maximum of 2 on the chair (left and right), 4 total maximum number of controls per operatory
color, Seamless
$3807-999-UL
$1,035
Autumn Leaf Boysenberry Diplomat Blue Dove Grey Parrot St. John
Baltic Charcoal Doe Papyrus Raven Wing Stone
1
Description 3800 Patient Chair, non-tubed
3800 Patient Chair, pre-tubed
STEP 1: SELECT YOUR CHAIR - Select 1 chair
Part #
Retail Price Qty. Total Price
Second Chair Control (Optional)
3914-999-CS
$650
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化学品常用缩写

化学品常用缩写AA/MMA丙烯腈/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物AA丙烯酸AAS丙烯酸酯-丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯共聚物ABFN偶氮（二）甲酰胺ABN偶氮（二）异丁腈ABPS壬基苯氧基丙烷磺酸钠Ac乙酰基acac 乙酰丙酮基AIBN 2,2'-二偶氮异丁腈aq. 水溶液BBAA正丁醛苯胺缩合物BAC 碱式氯化铝BACN新型阻燃剂BAD双水杨酸双酚A酯BAL 2，3-巯（基）丙醇9-BBN 9-硼二环［壬烷BBP邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯BBS N-叔丁基-乙-苯并噻唑次磺酰胺BC叶酸BCD £一环糊精BCG 苯顺二醇BCNU氯化亚硝脲BD 丁二烯BE 丙烯酸乳胶外墙涂料BEE 苯偶姻乙醚BFRM硼纤维增强塑料BG 丁二醇BGE反应性稀释剂BHA特丁基-4羟基茴香醚BHT二丁基羟基甲苯BINAP （2R,3S）'-二苯膦一'-联萘，亦简称为联二萘磷，BINAP是日本名古屋大学的Noyori （2001年诺贝尔奖）发展的一类不对称合成催化剂BL 丁内酯BLE丙酮-二苯胺高温缩合物BLP粉末涂料流平剂BMA甲基丙烯酸丁酯BMC 团状模塑料BMU 氨基树脂皮革鞣剂Bn苄基BNE新型环氧树脂BNS 0一萘磺酸甲醛低缩合物BOA己二酸辛苄酯BOC 叔丁氧羰基（常用于氨基酸氨基的保护）BOP邻苯二甲酰丁辛酯BOPP双轴向聚丙烯BP苯甲醇BPA双酚ABPBG邻苯二甲酸丁（乙醇酸乙酯）酯BPF双酚FBPMC 2-仲丁基苯基-N-甲基氨基酸酯BPO过氧化苯甲酰BPP过氧化特戊酸特丁酯BPPD过氧化二碳酸二苯氧化酯BPS 4，4’-硫代双（6-特丁基-3-甲基苯酚）BPTP聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯Bpy 2,2'-联吡啶BR 丁二烯橡胶BRN 青红光硫化黑BROC 二溴（代）甲酚环氧丙基醚BS 丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物BS-1S新型密封胶BSH苯磺酰肼BSU N,用-双（三甲基硅烷）脲BT聚丁烯-1热塑性塑料BTA苯并三唑BTX苯-甲苯-二甲苯混合物Bu正丁基BX 渗透剂BXA己二酸二丁基二甘酯BZ 二正丁基二硫代氨基甲酸锌Bz苯甲酰基Cc-环一CA醋酸纤维素CAB 醋酸-丁酸纤维素CAM 甲基碳酰胺CAN硝酸铈铵CAN醋酸-硝酸纤维素CAP醋酸-丙酸纤维素CBA化学发泡剂CBz 苄氧羰基CDP磷酸甲酚二苯酯CF甲醛-甲酚树脂,碳纤维CFE氯氟乙烯CFM碳纤维密封填料CFRP碳纤维增强塑料CLF含氯纤维CMC 羧甲基纤维素CMCNa羧甲基纤维素钠CMD 代尼尔纤维CMS羧甲基淀粉COT 1,3,5-环辛四烯Cp环戊二烯基CSA樟脑磺酸CTAB十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（相转移催化剂）Cy环己基DDABCO 1，4-二氮杂双环［辛烷DAF富马酸二烯丙酯DAIP间苯二甲酸二烯丙酯DAM马来酸二烯丙酯DAP间苯二甲酸二烯丙酯DATBP四溴邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯DBA己二酸二丁酯dba 苄叉丙酮DBE 1,2-?二溴乙烷DBEP邻苯二甲酸二丁氧乙酯DBN二环［二氮-7-壬烯DBP邻苯二甲酸二丁酯DBR 二苯甲酰间苯二酚DBS癸二酸二癸酯DBU二环［二氮-5-十^一烯DCC 1，3－二环己基碳化二亚胺DCCA二氯异氰脲酸DCCK二氯异氰脲酸钾DCCNa二氯异氰脲酸钠DCE 1,2-二氯乙烷DCHP邻苯二甲酸二环乙酯DCPD过氧化二碳酸二环乙酯DDA己二酸二癸酯DDP邻苯二甲酸二癸酯DDQ 2,3-二氯-5，6-二氰-1，4-苯醌DEA二乙胺DEAD偶氮二甲酸二乙酯DEAE二乙胺基乙基纤维素DEP邻苯二甲酸二乙酯DETA二乙撑三胺DFA薄膜胶粘剂DHA己二酸二己酯DHP邻苯二甲酸二己酯DHS癸二酸二己酯DIBA己二酸二异丁酯Dibal-H二异丁基氢化铝DIDA己二酸二异癸酯DIDG戊二酸二异癸酯DIDP邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯DINA己二酸二异壬酯DINP邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯DINZ壬二酸二异壬酯DIOA己酸二异辛酯diphos（dppe） 1,2-双（二苯基膦）乙烷diphos-4（dppb） 1,2-双（二苯基膦）丁烷DMAP 4-二甲氨基吡啶DME 二甲醚DMF二甲基甲酰胺dppf双（二苯基膦基）二茂铁dppp 1,3-双（二苯基膦基）丙烷dvb二乙烯苯Ee-电解E/EA乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯共聚物E/P乙烯/丙烯共聚物E/P/D乙烯/丙烯/二烯三元共聚物E/TEE乙烯/四氟乙烯共聚物E/VAC 乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物E/VAL乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物EAA乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物EAK 乙基戊丙酮EBM挤出吹塑模塑EC 乙基纤维素ECB乙烯共聚物和沥青的共混物ECD环氧氯丙烷橡胶ECTEE聚（乙烯-三氟氯乙烯）ED-3环氧酯EDA乙二胺EDC二氯乙烷EDTA乙二胺四乙酸二钠EDTA乙二胺四醋酸EE 乙氧基乙基EEA乙烯-醋酸丙烯共聚物EG乙二醇2-EH异辛醇EO环氧乙烷EOT聚乙烯硫醚EP环氧树脂EPI环氧氯丙烷EPM 乙烯-丙烯共聚物EPOR 三元乙丙橡胶EPR乙丙橡胶EPS 可发性聚苯乙烯EPSAN乙烯-丙烯-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物EPT乙烯丙烯三元共聚物EPVC 乳液法聚氯乙烯Et 乙基EU聚醚型聚氨酯EVA乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物EVE乙烯基乙基醚EXP醋酸乙烯-乙烯-丙烯酸酯三元共聚乳液FF/VAL乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物F-23四氟乙烯-偏氯乙烯共聚物F-30三氟氯乙烯-乙烯共聚物F-40四氟氯乙烯-乙烯共聚物FDY丙纶全牵伸丝FEP全氟（乙烯-丙烯）共聚物FMN黄素单核苷酸FNG耐水硅胶Fp闪点或茂基二羰基铁FPM氟橡胶FRA纤维增强丙烯酸酯FRC阻燃粘胶纤维FRP纤维增强塑料FRPA-101玻璃纤维增强聚癸二酸癸胺（玻璃纤维增强尼龙1010树脂）FRPA-610玻璃纤维增强聚癸二酰乙二胺（玻璃纤维增强尼龙610树脂）FVP闪式真实热解法FWA荧光增白剂GGF玻璃纤维GFRP玻璃纤维增强塑料GFRTP玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料促进剂GOF石英光纤GPS通用聚苯乙烯GR-1 异丁橡胶GR-N 丁腈橡胶GR-S 丁苯橡胶GRTP玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料GUV紫外光固化硅橡胶涂料GX 邻二甲苯GY厌氧胶Hh 小时H 乌洛托品1,5-HD 1，5－己二烯HDI六甲撑二异氰酸酯HDPE低压聚乙烯（高密度）HEDP 1-羟基乙叉-1，1-二膦酸HFP六氟丙烯HIPS高抗冲聚苯乙烯HLA天然聚合物透明质胶HLD 树脂性氯丁胶HM高甲氧基果胶HMC 高强度模塑料HMF非干性密封胶HMPA六甲基磷酸三胺HMPT六甲基磷酰胺HOPP均聚聚丙烯HPC羟丙基纤维素HPMC羟丙基甲基纤维素HPMCP羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯HPT六甲基磷酸三酰胺HS 六苯乙烯HTPS高冲击聚苯乙烯hv光照IIEN互贯网络弹性体IHPN互贯网络均聚物IIR异丁烯-异戊二烯橡胶IO 离子聚合物IPA异丙醇IPN互贯网络聚合物iPr异丙基IR异戊二烯橡胶IVE异丁基乙烯基醚JJSF聚乙烯醇缩醛胶JZ 塑胶粘合剂KKSG空分硅胶LLAH氢化铝锂（LiAlH4）LAS十二烷基苯磺酸钠LCM液态固化剂LDA二异丙基氨基锂（有机中最重要一种大体积强碱）LDJ 低毒胶粘剂LDN 氯丁胶粘剂LDPE高压聚乙烯（低密度）LDR氯丁橡胶LF脲LGP液化石油气LHMDS六甲基叠氮乙硅锂LHPC 低替代度羟丙基纤维素LIM液体侵渍模塑LIPN 乳胶互贯网络聚合物LJ接体型氯丁橡胶LLDPE线性低密度聚乙烯LM低甲氧基果胶LMG液态甲烷气LMWPE低分子量聚乙稀LN液态氮LRM液态反应模塑LRMR增强液体反应模塑LSR羧基氯丁乳胶LTBA氢化三叔丁氧基铝锂MMA丙烯酸甲酯MAA甲基丙烯酸MABS甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物MAL甲基丙烯醛MBS甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物MBTE甲基叔丁基醚MC 甲基纤维素MCA三聚氰胺氰脲酸盐MCPA-6改性聚己内酰胺（铸型尼龙6）mCPBA间氯过苯酸MCR 改性氯丁冷粘鞋用胶MDI二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯（甲撑二苯基二异氰酸酯）MDI 3，3’-二甲基-4，4’-二氨基二苯甲烷MDPE中压聚乙烯（高密度）Me甲基Me MethylMEK 丁酮（甲乙酮）MEKP过氧化甲乙酮MEM甲氧基乙氧基甲基一MES 脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐Mes 均三甲苯基（也就是1，3，5-三甲基苯基）MF三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂M-HIPS改性高冲聚苯乙烯MIBK甲基异丁基酮Min分钟MMA甲基丙烯酸甲酯MMF甲基甲酰胺MNA甲基丙烯腈MOM甲氧甲基MPEG乙醇酸乙酯MPF三聚氨胺-酚醛树脂MPK甲基丙基甲酮M-PP改性聚丙烯MPPO 改性聚苯醚MPS改性聚苯乙烯Ms 甲基磺酰基（保护羟基用）MS 分子筛MS 苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯树脂MSO石油醚MTBE甲基叔丁基醚MTM甲硫基甲基MTT氯丁胶新型交联剂MWR旋转模塑MXD-10/6醇溶三元共聚尼龙MXDP间苯二甲基二胺NNaphth萘基NBD二环庚二烯（别名：降冰片二烯）NBR 丁腈橡胶NBS N-溴代丁二酰亚胺?别名：N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺NCS N-氯代丁二酰亚胺.?别名：N-氯代琥珀酰亚胺NDI二异氰酸萘酯NDOP邻苯二甲酸正癸辛酯NHDP邻苯二甲酸己正癸酯NHTM偏苯三酸正己酯Ni（R）雷尼镍（氢活性催化还原剂）NINS癸二酸二异辛酯NLS正硬脂酸铅NMO N-甲基氧化吗啉NMP N-甲基吡咯烷酮NODA己二酸正辛正癸酯NODP邻苯二甲酸正辛正癸酯NPE 壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚NR 天然橡胶OOBP邻苯二甲酸辛苄酯ODA己二酸异辛癸酯ODPP磷酸辛二苯酯OIDD邻苯二甲酸正辛异癸酯OPP定向聚丙烯（薄膜）OPS定向聚苯乙烯（薄膜）OPVC正向聚氯乙烯OT气熔胶PPA聚酰胺（尼龙）PA-1010聚癸二酸癸二胺（尼龙1010）PA-11聚十一酰胺（尼龙11）PA-12聚十二酰胺（尼龙12）PA-6聚己内酰胺（尼龙6）PA-610聚癸二酰乙二胺（尼龙610）PA-612聚十二烷二酰乙二胺（尼龙612）PA-66聚己二酸己二胺（尼龙66）PA-8聚辛酰胺（尼龙8）PA-9聚9-氨基壬酸（尼龙9）PAA聚丙烯酸PAAS水质稳定剂PABM聚氨基双马来酰亚胺PAC聚氯化铝PAEK聚芳基醚酮PAI聚酰胺-酰亚胺PAM聚丙烯酰胺PAMBA抗血纤溶芳酸PAMS聚l甲基苯乙烯PAN聚丙烯腈PAP对氨基苯酚PAPA聚壬二酐PAPI多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯PAR聚芳酯（双酚A型）PAR聚芳酰胺PAS聚芳砜（聚芳基硫醚）PB 聚丁二烯-〔1，3]PBAN聚（丁二烯-丙烯腈）PBI 聚苯并咪唑PBMA聚甲基丙烯酸正丁酯PBN聚萘二酸丁醇酯PBS 聚（丁二烯-苯乙烯）PBT聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯PC 聚碳酸酯PC/ABS聚碳酸酯/ABS树脂共混合金PC/PBT聚碳酸酯/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯弹性体共混合金PCC 吡啶氯铬酸盐PCD聚羰二酰亚胺PCDT聚(1, 4-环己烯二亚甲基对苯二甲酸酯)PCE四氯乙烯PCMX对氯间二甲酚PCT聚己内酰胺PCT聚对苯二甲酸环己烷对二甲醇酯PCTEE 聚三氟氯乙烯PD 二羟基聚醚PDAIP聚间苯二甲酸二烯丙酯PDAP聚对苯二甲酸二烯丙酯PDC重铬酸吡啶PDMS 聚二甲基硅氧烷PEG 聚乙二醇Ph 苯基PhH 苯PhMe甲苯Phth邻苯二甲酰Pip哌啶基Pr n-丙基Py 吡啶Qquant.定量产率RRE 橡胶粘合剂Red-Al [(MeOCH2CH2O)AlH2]NaRF间苯二酚-甲醛树脂RFL间苯二酚-甲醛乳胶RP增强塑料RP/C增强复合材料RX 橡胶软化剂SS/MS苯乙烯-a-甲基苯乙烯共聚物SAN苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物SAS仲烷基磺酸钠SB 苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物SBR 丁苯橡胶SBS 苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物sBu 仲丁基sBuLi仲丁基锂SC 硅橡胶气调织物膜SDDC N, N-二甲基硫代氨基甲酸钠SE磺乙基纤维素SGA丙烯酸酯胶SI聚硅氧烷Siamyl二异戊基SIS苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物SIS/SEBS苯乙烯-乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物SM 苯乙烯SMA苯乙烯-顺丁烯二酸酐共聚物SPP间规聚苯乙烯SPVC悬浮法聚氯乙烯SR 合成橡胶ST矿物纤维TTAC三聚氰酸三烯丙酯TAME甲基叔戊基醚TAP磷酸三烯丙酯TASF三（二乙胺基）二氟三甲基锍硅酸盐TBAF氟化四丁基铵TBDMS,?TBS叔丁基二甲基硅烷基（羟基保护基）TBE 四溴乙烷TBHP过氧叔丁醇TBP磷酸三丁酯t-Bu叔丁基TCA三醋酸纤维素TCCA三氯异氰脲酸TCEF磷酸三氯乙酯TCF磷酸三甲酚酯TCPP磷酸三氯丙酯TDI甲苯二异氰酸酯TEA三乙胺TEAE 三乙氨基乙基纤维素TEBA三乙基苄基胺TEDA三乙二胺TEFC三氟氯乙烯TEMPO四甲基氧代胡椒联苯自由基TEP磷酸三乙酯Tf?or?OTf三氟甲磺酸TFA三氟乙酸TFAA三氟乙酸酐TFE四氟乙烯THF四氢呋喃THF四氢呋喃THP四氢吡喃基TLCP热散液晶聚酯TMEDA四甲基乙二胺TMP三羟甲基丙烷TMP 2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶TMPD三甲基戊二醇TMS 三甲基硅烷基TMTD二硫化四甲基秋兰姆（硫化促进剂TT）TNP三壬基苯基亚磷酸酯Tol甲苯基TPA对苯二甲酸TPE 磷酸三苯酯TPS 韧性聚苯乙烯TPU 热塑性聚氨酯树脂Tr三苯基TR 聚硫橡胶TRIS三异丙基乙磺酰TRPP纤维增强聚丙烯TR-RFT纤维增强聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯TRTP纤维增强热塑性塑料Ts?（Tos）对甲苯磺酰基TTP磷酸二甲苯酯UU脲UF脲甲醛树脂UHMWPE超高分子量聚乙烯UP不饱和聚酯VVAC 醋酸乙烯酯VAE乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物VAM醋酸乙烯VAMA醋酸乙烯-顺丁烯二酐共聚物VC 氯乙烯VC/CDC氯乙烯/偏二氯乙烯共聚物VC/E 氯乙烯/乙烯共聚物VC/E/MA氯乙烯/乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物VC/E/VAC氯乙烯/乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物VC/MA氯乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物VC/MMA氯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物VC/OA氯乙烯/丙烯酸辛酯共聚物VC/VAC 氯乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物VCM 氯乙烯（单体）VCP氯乙烯-丙烯共聚物VCS丙烯腈-氯化聚乙烯-苯乙烯共聚物VDC偏二氯乙烯VPC硫化聚乙烯VTPS特种橡胶偶联剂WWF新型橡塑填料WP织物涂层胶WRS聚苯乙烯球形细粒XXF二甲苯-甲醛树脂XMC 复合材料YYH 改性氯丁胶YM聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶乳YWG液相色谱无定型微粒硅胶ZZE 玉米纤维ZH溶剂型氯化天然橡胶胶粘剂ZN粉状脲醛树脂胶。

Noxol ETH 复合物数据表：1-纳瓦索尔和伯努利的复合物，水和乙醇溶液说明书

Product Data SheetNoxol ETHCopolymer of 1-naphtol and formaldehyde, solution in waterNoxol® ETH is a copolymer of 1-naphtol and formaldehyde, solution in water and ethanol. High-concentration antifouling agent particularly suited for manual application to difficult spots in reactors used for suspension polymerization of PVC.CAS number25359-91-5EINECS/ELINCS No.polymerTSCA statuslisted on inventorySpecificationsAppearance Slightly yellow transparent liquidEthanol9.0-13.0 %pH12.3–12.7Solids19.0-23.0 %CharacteristicsDensity, 20 °C 1.020 g/cm³Viscosity, 20 °C≤10 mPa.sStorageNouryon recommends to store Noxol® ETH in the temperature range from 0°C to 50°C.Freezing does not affect the performance of the product once thawed. Noxol® ETH should be stored under a nitrogen blanket. Prolonged exposure to oxygen may affect the quality of the product. Store in the original container with unbroken seal.Note When stored under the recommended storage conditions, Noxol® ETH willremain within the Nouryon specifications for a period of at least 9 months afterdelivery.Packaging and transportNoxol® ETH is available in 1.47 kg net PET bottles and 100 x 60 cc glass bottles. Both packaging and transport meet the international regulations. For the availability of other packed quantities contact your Nouryon representative. Noxol® ETH is classified as a non-dangerous good according to national and international transport regulations.Safety and handlingPlease refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for detailed information on the safe storage, use and handling of Noxol® ETH . This information should be thoroughly reviewed prior to acceptance of this product. The MSDS is available at/sds-search.CertificationsFood approvals - FDA: Formaldehyde-1-naphthol copolymer is authorized for use as an indirect food additive as specified in 21 CFR section 178.3860 (Release agents). Europe: Formaldehyde, copolymer with 1-naphthol is approved as an additive for the use in the manufacture of plastic materials and articles intended to come in contact with foodstuffs and listed as PM/Ref. No. 54930 in Annex III Section A to Directive 2002/72/EC. All minor components are also listed in Directive 2002/72/EC, as amended, respective have National approvals.All information concerning this product and/or suggestions for handling and use contained herein are offered in good faith and are believed to be reliable.Nouryon, however, makes no warranty as to accuracy and/or sufficiency of such information and/or suggestions, as to the product's merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, or that any suggested use will not infringe any patent. Nouryon does not accept any liability whatsoever arising out of the use of or reliance on this information, or out of the use or the performance of the product. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting or extending any license under any patent. Customer must determine for himself, by preliminary tests or otherwise, the suitability of this product for his purposes.The information contained herein supersedes all previously issued information on the subject matter covered. The customer may forward, distribute, and/or photocopy this document only if unaltered and complete, including all of its headers and footers, and should refrain from any unauthorized use. Don’t copythis document to a website.Noxol® is a registered trademark of Nouryon Chemicals B.V. or affiliates in one or more territories.Contact UsPolymer Specialties Americas************************Polymer Specialties Europe, Middle East, India and Africa*************************Polymer Specialties Asia Pacific************************2022-9-14© 2022Polymer production Noxol ETH。

安迅思化工中国市场聚乙烯(PE)估价方法pdf

中国市场聚乙烯（Polyethylene）评估方法介绍聚乙烯（PE）安迅思聚乙烯报告是重点关注加工成成品前树脂形式的聚乙烯。

聚乙烯应用在各种各样的产品中，可以通过吹塑、挤出或者模塑加工成农用膜、包装膜、电线电缆、管材、中空容器和涂层等。

低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）低密度聚乙烯主要用作包装薄膜，可单独使用或混入线性低密度聚乙烯以提高机械性能。

由于该聚合物长支长链结构导致的聚合物熔体应变硬化效应，吹塑低密度聚乙烯薄膜具有优良的加工性能。

高纯度低密度聚乙烯可以用于食品和药品包装，以及农用薄膜和一次性尿布。

低密度聚乙烯还可用于电线和通讯电缆的外包壳，以及液体包装和防渗透应用中使用的纸和板的覆膜。

LDPE性质分子量90 000熔体流动指数 (g/10 minutes) 0.2- 3.5密度(20℃) 0.92-0.93维卡软化点 (℃) 93拉伸强度 (Mpa) 12.4断裂伸长率 (%) 653硬度 (Rockwell D) 41-46线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）是一种热塑性塑料，它在许多领域取代了低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）或者与低密度聚乙烯掺混使用。

线性低密度聚乙烯的短链支化结构使其具有很高的拉伸强度、抗刺穿性和抗撕裂特性，非常适合应用于薄膜领域。

其他应用包括注模产品和电线、电缆等。

茂金属线性低密度聚乙烯树脂由于其增强的物理特性而活跃于薄膜和包装市场，而催化剂的发展也将提高其加工性能。

LLDPE性质密度 (20℃) 0.916-0.94维卡软化点 (℃) 101熔体流动指数 (g/10 minutes) 0.13-2.5拉伸强度 (Mpa) 10-11断裂伸长率 (%) 811硬度 (Rockwell D) 50-60高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）主要用于吹塑制品，如牛奶瓶、包装容器、圆筒、汽车燃料槽、玩具和家用器皿等。

由高密度聚乙烯制成的薄膜和板材应用非常广泛，包括包装材料、废物袋、手提袋和工业内衬等。

世界卫生组织儿童标准处方集

WHO Model Formulary for ChildrenBased on the Second Model List of Essential Medicines for Children 2009世界卫生组织儿童标准处方集基于2009年儿童基本用药的第二个标准目录WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:WHO model formulary for children 2010.Based on the second model list of essential medicines for children 2009.1.Essential drugs.2.Formularies.3.Pharmaceutical preparations.4.Child.5.Drug utilization. I.World Health Organization.ISBN 978 92 4 159932 0 (NLM classification: QV 55)世界卫生组织实验室出版数据目录：世界卫生组织儿童标准处方集基于2009年儿童基本用药的第二个标准处方集1．基本药物 2.处方一览表 3.药品制备 4儿童 5.药物ISBN 978 92 4 159932 0 (美国国立医学图书馆分类：QV55)World Health Organization 2010All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained fromWHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: ******************). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the aboveaddress(fax:+41227914806;e-mail:*******************).世界卫生组织2010版权所有。

聚氨酯零件的安全预防措施MSDS

according to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006Safety Data SheetWEVOPUR 3901.1. Product identifier1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised againstUse of the substance/mixtureResin/Polyol components for the production of polyurethanes 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheetCompany name:Street:Place:Post-office box:Telephone:e-mail:e-mail (Contact person):Internet:1.4. Emergency telephone number:2.1. Classification of the substance or mixtureRegulation (EC) No. 1272/2008Hazard categories:Respiratory or skin sensitisation: Skin Sens. 1Hazardous to the aquatic environment: Aquatic Acute 1Hazard Statements:May cause an allergic skin reaction.Very toxic to aquatic life.2.2. Label elementsRegulation (EC) No. 1272/2008Hazard components for labellingFatty acids, C18-unsaturated, trimers, compounds with oleylamine Fatty acids, tall oil, compounds with oleylamineReaction mass of 3-methylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, 4-methylphenyl diphenyl phospha-te,bis(3-methylphenyl) phenyl phosphate, 3-methylphenyl 4-methylphenyl phenyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate Signal word:WarningPictograms:H317May cause an allergic skin reaction.H400Very toxic to aquatic life.Hazard statementsP261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.P273Avoid release to the environment.P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection/hearingprotection.P302+P352IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.P333+P313If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.Precautionary statementsP362+P364Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.P391Collect spillage.P501Dispose of contents/container to an appropriate recycling or disposal facility.2.3. Other hazardsNo information available.3.2. MixturesChemical characterizationpreparation based on polyurethanesHazardous componentsFull text of H and EUH statements: see section 16.Further InformationThis product contains no substances of very high concern in concentrations where an information obligation applies (REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006, Article 59).4.1. Description of first aid measuresGeneral informationRemove contaminated, saturated clothing immediately.After inhalationProvide fresh air. If breathing is irregular or stopped, administer artificial respiration. Medical treatmentnecessary. If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable forbreathing.After contact with skinAfter contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water and soap. Take off immediately all contaminatedclothing and wash it before reuse. If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.After contact with eyesIn case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of flowing water for 10 to 15 minutes holding eyelids apart. Subsequently consult an ophthalmologist.After ingestionRinse mouth immediately and drink plenty of water. Do NOT induce vomiting. Call a physician immediately.4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedNo information available.4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment neededTreat symptomatically.5.1. Extinguishing mediaSuitable extinguishing mediaCarbon dioxide (CO2), Foam, Dry extinguishing powder, Water mist, Water spray jet. Co-ordinate fire-fighting measures to the fire surroundings.Unsuitable extinguishing mediaFull water jet5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureNon-flammable. In case of fire may be liberated: Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen oxides (NOx)In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes.5.3. Advice for firefightersIn case of fire: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.Additional informationCollect contaminated fire extinguishing water separately. Do not allow entering drains or surface water.6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresPersonal protection equipment: see section 8. Provide adequate ventilation. (Technical ventilation ofworkplace)6.2. Environmental precautionsDo not allow to enter into surface water or drains.6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning upAbsorb with liquid-binding material (sand, diatomaceous earth, acid- or universal binding agents). Treat the recovered material as prescribed in the section on waste disposal.6.4. Reference to other sectionsSafe handling: see section 7Personal protection equipment: see section 8Disposal: see section 137.1. Precautions for safe handlingAdvice on safe handlingWhen handling observe the usual precautionary measures for chemicals. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.Advice on protection against fire and explosionNo special fire protection measures are necessary.Further information on handlingIn all workplaces or parts of the plant where high concentrations of aerosols and/or vapors may be generated(e.g. during pressure release, mold venting or when cleaning mixing heads with an air blast), appropriatelylocated exhaust ventilation must be provided in such a way that the OEL is not exceeded. The air should be drawn away from the personnel handling the product. The efficiency of the exhaust equipment should beperiodically checked. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesKeep container tightly closed. Storage temperature regarding personal safety: max. 40 °C. Protect from sunlight.Requirements for storage rooms and vesselsInformation about storage in one common storage facility: Keep away from: Food and feedingstuffs, Oxidising agent, strong, strong acid, Alkali (lye), concentrated Hints on joint storage7.3. Specific end use(s)Resin/Polyol components for the production of polyurethanes8.1. Control parameters Exposure limits (EH40)Category fibres/mlmg/m³ppm Substance CAS No Origin TWA (8 h)232,2'-Oxydiethanol111-46-6101WELDNEL/DMEL valuesPNEC values8.2. Exposure controlsKeep away from food and beverages. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work. Keep work clothes separate. Take off dirty, soaked clothes immediately.Safety precautions for handling freshly molded polyurethane parts: see section 16Protective and hygiene measuresWear eye/face protection.Eye/face protectionConditionally suitable materials for protective gloves (DIN EN 374-3): Nitrile rubber: Thickness >= 0.35 mm; Breakthrough time not tested. Recommendation: Dispose of contaminated glovesThe selection of a suitable glove not only depends on the material but also on other quality features and varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. Since the product is a preparation of several substances, the resistance of glove materials is not predictable and must therefore be checked before use. Always get advice from the glove supplier.Hand protectionWear suitable protective clothing.Skin protectionUnless the product is entirely enclosed, do not handle it until you have studied the respiratory precautions issued by the appropriate authority or accident prevention association. At substantial vapor concentrations respirators must be used. Put on full-mask respirator with filter type ABEK.Respiratory protectiondifferent colours liquidPhysical state:Colour:9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical propertiescharacteristicOdour:pH-Value:not determined Changes in the physical state not determined Melting point:not determined Boiling point or initial boiling point and boiling range:not determined Flash point:Flammabilitynot applicable Solid:not applicableGas:The product is not: Explosive.Explosive propertiesnot determined Lower explosion limits:not determined Upper explosion limits:Self-ignition temperaturenot applicable Solid:not applicable Gas:not determinedDecomposition temperature:The product is not: oxidising.Oxidizing propertiesVapour pressure:not determined Density (at 22 °C):1,28 - 1,31 g/cm³Water solubility:partially miscibleSolubility in other solventsnot determined not determinedPartition coefficient n-octanol/water:Viscosity / dynamic:1.600 -2.000 mPa·s(at 22 °C)Relative vapour density:not determined Evaporation rate:not determined 9.2. Other informationSolid content:not determined10.1. ReactivityNo hazardous reaction when handled and stored according to provisions.10.2. Chemical stabilityThe product is stable under storage at normal ambient temperatures.10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactionsNo known hazardous reactions.10.4. Conditions to avoidNo information available.10.5. Incompatible materialsNo information available.10.6. Hazardous decomposition productsNo known hazardous decomposition products.11.1. Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicityBased on available data, the classification criteria are not met.Irritation and corrosivityBased on available data, the classification criteria are not met.Sensitising effectsMay cause an allergic skin reaction. (Fatty acids, C18-unsaturated, trimers, compounds with oleylamine; Fatty acids, tall oil, compounds with oleylamine)Carcinogenic/mutagenic/toxic effects for reproductionBased on available data, the classification criteria are not met.STOT-single exposureBased on available data, the classification criteria are not met.STOT-repeated exposureBased on available data, the classification criteria are not met.Aspiration hazardBased on available data, the classification criteria are not met.12.1. ToxicityVery toxic to aquatic life.12.2. Persistence and degradability12.3. Bioaccumulative potentialThe product has not been tested.Partition coefficient n-octanol/waterLog Pow CAS NoChemical nameReaction mass of 3-methylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, 4-methylphenyl diphenyl phospha-te,4,5 bis(3-methylphenyl) phenyl phosphate, 3-methylphenyl 4-methylphenyl phenyl phosphate andtriphenyl phosphate111-46-6-1,98 2,2' -oxybisethanol, diethylene glycol1-phenoxypropan-2-ol770-35-41,41 Fatty acids, C18-unsaturated, trimers, compounds with oleylamine147900-93-4>5,7 Propylidynetrimethanol77-99-6-0,47 Fatty acids, tall oil, compounds with oleylamine85711-55-3>6,2 BCFBCFCAS NoChemical nameSourceSpeciesReaction mass of 3-methylphenyl>= 0,16Alburnus alburnus Environmental Toxico diphenyl phosphate, 4-methylphenyldiphenyl phospha-te,bis(3-methylphenyl) phenyl phosphate,3-methylphenyl 4-methylphenyl phenylphosphate and triphenyl phosphate111-46-62,2' -oxybisethanol, diethylene glycol100Leuciscus idus melanotus Chemosphere 14(10):77-99-6Propylidynetrimethanol< 1Cyprinus carpio Citation of an unavaThe product has not been tested.12.4. Mobility in soil12.5. Results of PBT and vPvB assessmentThe product has not been tested.No information available.12.6. Other adverse effectsDo not allow to enter into surface water or drains. Do not allow to enter into soil/subsoil.Further information13.1. Waste treatment methodsDisposal recommendationsDo not allow to enter into surface water or drains. Do not allow to enter into soil/subsoil.Dispose in accordance with applicable international, national and local laws, ordinances and statutes.The allocation of waste identity numbers/waste descriptions must be carried out according to the EEC, specific to the industry and process.Non-contaminated packages may be recycled. Handle contaminated packages in the same way as the substance itself. Disposal of this product, solutions and any by-products should at all times comply with the requirements of environmental protection and waste disposal legislation and any regional local authority requirements. Dispose of surplus and nonrecyclable products via a licensed waste disposal contractor.Recycling must be done fully compliant with the requirements of all authorities with jurisdiction. No disposal to the sewer.Contaminated packagingLand transport (ADR/RID)14.1. UN number:UN 3082ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, N.O.S. (DIPHENYL TOLYLPHOSPHATE)14.2. UN proper shipping name:914.3. Transport hazard class(es):14.4. Packing group:III Hazard label:9Classification code:M6Special Provisions:274 335 375 601Limited quantity: 5 L Excepted quantity:E1Transport category:390Hazard No:Tunnel restriction code:-Inland waterways transport (ADN)14.1. UN number:UN 308214.2. UN proper shipping name:ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, N.O.S. (DIPHENYL TOLYLPHOSPHATE)14.3. Transport hazard class(es):914.4. Packing group:III Hazard label:9Classification code:M6Special Provisions:274 335 375 601Limited quantity: 5 LExcepted quantity:E1Marine transport (IMDG)14.1. UN number:UN 3082ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, N.O.S.14.2. UN proper shipping name:(DIPHENYL TOLYLPHOSPHATE)14.3. Transport hazard class(es):914.4. Packing group:IIIHazard label:9Special Provisions:274, 335, 969Limited quantity: 5 LExcepted quantity:E1EmS:F-A, S-FAir transport (ICAO-TI/IATA-DGR)14.1. UN number:UN 3082ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, N.O.S.14.2. UN proper shipping name:(DIPHENYL TOLYLPHOSPHATE)914.3. Transport hazard class(es):III14.4. Packing group:Hazard label:9Special Provisions:A97 A158 A197 A215Limited quantity Passenger:30 kg GPassenger LQ:Y964Excepted quantity:E1IATA-packing instructions - Passenger:964IATA-max. quantity - Passenger:450 LIATA-packing instructions - Cargo:964IATA-max. quantity - Cargo:450 L14.5. Environmental hazardsENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS:YesDanger releasing substance:DIPHENYL TOLYLPHOSPHATE14.6. Special precautions for userNo information available.14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of Marpol and the IBC Codenot applicable15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixtureEU regulatory informationRestrictions on use (REACH, annex XVII):Entry 30,186 % (2,381 g/l)2010/75/EU (VOC):4,129 % (52,857 g/l)2004/42/EC (VOC):Information according to 2012/18/EU (SEVESO III):E1 Hazardous to the Aquatic EnvironmentNational regulatory informationObserve restrictions to employment for juveniles according to the 'juvenile work protection guideline' (94/33/EC). Observe employment restrictions under the Maternity Protection Directive (92/85/EEC) for expectant or nursing mothers.Employment restrictions:2 - obviously hazardous to waterWater hazard class (D):Causes allergic hypersensitivity reactions.Skin resorption/Sensitization:15.2. Chemical safety assessmentChemical safety assessments for substances in this mixture were not carried out.ChangesThis data sheet contains changes from the previous version in section(s): 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16.Abbreviations and acronymsADR: Accord européen sur le transport des marchandises dangereuses par Route(European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road )IMDG: International Maritime Code for Dangerous Goods IATA: International Air Transport AssociationGHS: Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals EINECS: European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances ELINCS: European List of Notified Chemical Substances CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service LC50: Lethal concentration, 50%LD50: Lethal dose, 50%CLP: Classification, labelling and PackagingREACH: Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of ChemicalsGHS: Globally Harmonised System of Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals UN: United NationsDNEL: Derived No Effect LevelDMEL: Derived Minimal Effect LevelPNEC: Predicted No Effect Concentration ATE: Acute toxicity estimate LL50: Lethal loading, 50%EL50: Effect loading, 50%EC50: Effective Concentration 50%ErC50: Effective Concentration 50%, growth rate NOEC: No Observed Effect Concentration BCF: Bio-concentration factorPBT: persistent, bioaccumulative, toxicvPvB: very persistent, very bioaccumulativeRID: Regulations concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by railADN: European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par voies de navigation intérieures)EmS: Emergency Schedules MFAG: Medical First Aid GuideICAO: International Civil Aviation OrganizationMARPOL: International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from ShipsIBC: Intermediate Bulk ContainerVOC: Volatile Organic CompoundsSVHC: Substance of Very High ConcernFor abbreviations and acronyms, see table at http://abbrev.esdscom.euClassification for mixtures and used evaluation method according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 [CLP] ClassificationClassification procedureSkin Sens. 1; H317Calculation methodAquatic Acute 1; H400Calculation methodRelevant H and EUH statements (number and full text)H302Harmful if swallowed.H317May cause an allergic skin reaction.H318Causes serious eye damage.H319Causes serious eye irritation.H361Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.H373May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.H400Very toxic to aquatic life.H411Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.H412Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.Further InformationSafety precautions for handling freshly molded polyurethane parts: Depending on the production parameters,any uncovered surfaces of freshly molded polyurethane parts using this raw material may contain traces ofsubstances (e. g. starting and reaction products, catalysts, release agents) with hazardous characteristics. Skin contact with traces of these substances must be avoided. Therefore, during demolding or other handling offresh molded parts, protective gloves tested according to DIN-EN 374 (e.g. nitrile rubber >= 1.3 mm thick,breakthrough time >= 480 min, or according to recommendations from glove makers thinner gloves that needto be changed in compliance with breakthrough times more frequently) must be used. Depending onformulation and processing conditions, the requirements may be different from handling of the puresubstances. Closed protective clothing is required for the protection of other areas of skin.The above information describes exclusively the safety requirements of the product and is based on ourpresent-day knowledge. The information is intended to give you advice about the safe handling of the productnamed in this safety data sheet, for storage, processing, transport and disposal. The information cannot betransferred to other products. In the case of mixing the product with other products or in the case ofprocessing, the information on this safety data sheet is not necessarily valid for the new made-up material.(The data for the hazardous ingredients were taken respectively from the last version of the sub-contractor's safetydata sheet.)。

化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀和各种物质的缩写

化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀有机化学合成常见缩写Ac Acetyl 乙酰基DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine 4—二甲氨基吡啶acac Acetylacetonate 乙酰丙酮基DME dimethoxyethane 二甲醚AIBN Azo—bis—isobutryonitrile 2，2’-二偶氮异丁腈DMF N，N'-dimethylformamide 二甲基甲酰胺aq. Aqueous 水溶液dppf bis （diphenylphosphino）ferrocene 双(二苯基膦基）二茂铁9-BBN 9-borabicyclo[3。

3.1]nonane 9-硼二环［3.3.1］壬烷dppp 1,3—bis （diphenylphosphino)propane 1，3-双（二苯基膦基）丙烷BINAP （2R，3S)—2,2’-bis (diphenylphosphino)-1，1’—binaphthyl （2R,3S）-2.2’-二苯膦－1。

1'-联萘亦简称为联二萘磷BINAP是日本名古屋大学的Noyori（2001年诺贝尔奖）发展的一类不对称合成催化剂dvb Divinylbenzene 二乙烯苯Bn Benzyl 苄基e- Electrolysis 电解BOC t-butoxycarbonyl 叔丁氧羰基（常用于氨基酸氨基的保护）%ee % enantiomeric excess 对映体过量百分比（不对称合成术语）%de ％ diasteromeric excess 非对映体过量百分比（不对称合成术语）Bpy (Bipy） 2,2’-bipyridyl 2，2’-联吡啶EDA （en） ethylenediamine 乙二胺Bu n—butyl 正丁基EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸二钠Bz Benzoyl 苯甲酰基EE 1—ethoxyethyl 乙氧基乙基c— Cyclo 环－Et Ethyl 乙基FMN Flavin mononucleotide 黄素单核苷酸CAN Ceric ammonium nitrate 硝酸铈铵Cat. Catalytic 催化Fp flash point 闪点CBz Carbobenzyloxy 苄氧羰基FVP Flash vacuum pyrolysis 闪式真实热解法h hours 小时Min Minute 分钟hv Irradiation with light 光照COT 1，3，5-cyclooctatrienyl 1,3,5—环辛四烯1，5-HD 1，5-hexadienyl 1,5－己二烯Cp Cyclopentadienyl 环戊二烯基HMPA Hexamethylphosphoramide 六甲基磷酸三胺CSA 10-camphorsulfonic acid 樟脑磺酸HMPT Hexamethylphosphorus triamide 六甲基磷酰胺CTAB Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（相转移催化剂）iPr isopropyl 异丙基Cy Cyclohexyl 环己基LAH Lithium aluminum hydride 氢化铝锂（LiAlH4）LDA Lithium diisopropylamide 二异丙基氨基锂（有机中最重要一种大体积强碱）dba Dibenzylidene acetone 苄叉丙酮LHMDS Lithium hexamethyldisilazideDBE 1,2—dibromoethane 1，2—二溴乙烷LTBA Lithium tri—tert-butoxyaluminum hydrideDBN 1,8—diazabicyclo[5.4。

通风率计算

well known. In this sense, few publications can be found related to airborne emissions from rabbit farms (Michl and Hoy, 1996; Hol et al., 2004; Calvet et al., 2011).Airborne emissions from livestock facilities are usually estimated using mass balances. In these balan-ces the difference between incoming and outgoing matter fluxes for the building measured is defined as the emission rate.To determine these incoming and outgoing matter fluxes, two factors are needed: mass concentrations and airflow rates. The measurement of gas, dust and odour concentrations can be achieved, with adequate accuracy, by using a wide variety of techniques (Chen et al., 1999; Ni and Heber, 2008). On the contrary, mea-suring the airflow rate in an animal house is one of the main challenges when estimating these emissions. Airflow rates can be determined using several methods. According to Phillips et al. (2001) they can be classi-fied in two main groups regarding to their nature: in-direct and direct measurement methods. The first ones consist of using a tracer, which allows determining the ventilation flux both in mechanically and naturally ventilated houses. Direct measurement methods are based on determining the airflow rates through all openings in a building. This second group of techniques is generally more accurate, but they can be used only in mechanically-ventilated houses and when all ope-nings of the farm can be assessed.When measuring airborne emissions from commercial livestock buildings, direct airflow measurements are difficult to apply in practice. As explained before, these methods can not be applied in naturally-ventilated buil-dings. Measuring ventilation in mechanically-ventilated buildings may be a challenging task due to the techni-cal difficulties associated (e.g.calibrating the fans may disturb their normal operation procedure). In addition, this task is time-consuming (Pedersen et al., 1998).Indirect methods arise then as a useful alternative, which allow us to determine airflow rates in most situa-tions. The principle of the method is to monitor the inlet and outlet concentrations of a tracer gas with a known release rate. The airflow can then be calculated by applying a mass balance. The ideal characteristics of a tracer include low and stable background level, no hazard, acceptability, ease of measurement, stability and low cost (Phillips et al., 2001). Carbon dioxide, which is emitted naturally on the farm, fulfils most of these characteristics except for low background levels (around 500-600 mg m–3in clean atmosphere). Howe-ver, the difference between CO2concentrations inside and outside the livestock buildings is normally high and can be accurately determined with the proper equip-ment, which is an additional requirement for tracers (Van Ouwerkerk and Pedersen, 1994). Consequently, carbon dioxide balances have been commonly used in Europe to determine the ventilation rates in livestock buildings (Pedersen et al.,1998).The accuracy of carbon dioxide balance methods when determining ventilation rates has been demons-trated for most farm species, such as poultry (Li et al., 2005; Xin et al., 2009) and pigs (Blanes and Pedersen, 2005), but not for rabbits.The aim of this work was to test the accuracy of car-bon dioxide balances to estimate ventilation rates in fattening rabbit houses, by comparing measured venti-lation rates with those calculated through the CO2ba-lance in two fattening rabbit houses at different measu-ring integration times. In addition, the CO2emission rate from manure was determined, and the effect of CO2 concentrations difference between the inlet and outlet of the farm on the accuracy of the balances was studied. Material and methodsTheoretical backgroundCarbon dioxide balancesConsidering mass conservation under steady state conditions in the building, the general equation for the carbon dioxide balance can be expressed as follows (Eq. [1]):CO2relV CO2=——————————[1](CO2outlet–CO2inlet)where V CO2is the ventilation rate estimated using the CO2balance (m3h–1animal–1), CO2rel is the CO2release rate (mg h–1animal–1), CO2outlet and CO2inlet are the CO2 concentrations (mg m–3) in the outlet and inlet of the building, respectively.Therefore, to develop these CO2balances it is ne-cessary to know the amount of carbon dioxide that is being released in the building (CO2rel) as well as CO2 concentrations.Carbon dioxide productionThere are two main sources of CO2in an animal house: animals and manure. Most of the CO2released714F. Estelles et al. / Span J Agric Res (2011) 9(3), 713-720in the building is originated by the animals during respiration processes, while the rest is originated from the decomposition of manure (Van Ouwerkerk and Pedersen, 1994). After a comprehensive literature review (CIGR, 2002), carbon dioxide emission rates have been provided for most animal species and categories, such as poultry, cattle and pigs. For rabbits, some general values are provided in the same CIGR document. Other authors also provide experimental results in which CO 2emissions were measured (e.g.Kiwull-Schöne et al.,2001; 2005; Estellés et al., 2009).It is known that the metabolism of animals is not constant during the day, thus the production of CO 2cannot be considered constant during the day for most animal species (CIGR, 2002). A relationship between the amount of CO 2released by the animals and their daily activity pattern has been described in the litera-ture (Pedersen et al., 1998; Blanes and Pedersen, 2005).The CIGR (2002) proposes sinusoidal curves to model this daily variation on animal activity and CO 2produc-tion for most livestock species but for rabbits. Estellés et al.(2010) proposed a cosine model to predict daily variations in CO 2production from fattening rabbits.Regarding to the amount of carbon dioxide that is emitted by the manure in the building, van Ouwerkerk and Pedersen (1994) proposed a relationship of 4%over the CO 2production from animals. Other authors used a constant emission rate independently of the emissions from animals (Xin et al., 2009), or even neglect this factor (Li et al., 2005).Therefore, if considering the effect of manure on carbon dioxide emission, as well as both factors affec-ting carbon dioxide release rates from the animals, Eq.[1] can be expanded to Eq. [2]:CO 2rel_anim D +CO 2rel_manureV CO 2=——————————————[2](CO 2outlet –CO 2inlet )where CO 2rel_anim is the CO 2produced by the animals (mg h –1animal –1), D is the correction factor for daily va-riation of animal activity (dimensionless) and CO 2rel_manure is the CO 2produced by the manure (mg h –1animal –1)Experimental layoutAn experiment was developed in order to test the reliability of CO 2balances to determine ventilation rates in fattening rabbit buildings. An experimental fattening rabbit farm with 1,560 places located in the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain)was monitored for CO 2emissions, by simultaneous mea-surements of ventilation rates and CO 2concentrations.Fattening rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) were used,resulting from the New Zealand ×Californian cross (Khalil and Baselga, 2002). The farm had a conven-tional management for fattening rabbits in the Spanish Mediterranean area. Animals were reared in collective cages (80×50 cm and 9 animals per cage on average)above a manure pit.Two periods were selected for the measurements in order to obtain representative data of different environ-mental conditions. The first period (Trial 1) was perfor-med at the beginning of summer while the second one (Trial 2) took place at the end of autumn. The first trial took 14 consecutive days in which the average weight of animals was 1.33 kg. During the second trial 19complete measurement days were taken in two batches.The first one lasted for 10 days and the second one took place one week later. In this case, the average weight of the animals in the building was 1.63kg.Ventilation rate measurementThe house was equipped with constant flow wall fans. Ventilation rates were calculated considering the operation time of each fan and the corresponding fan performance at the nominal pressure drop in the farm.The percentage of time each fan was operational was registered by means of an electrical circuit connected to the auxiliary contacts of the fan relays (Calvet et al.,2010). Fan status was recorded every minute by means of a voltage data logger (Hobo H8-004-02, Onset Com-puter Corp., USA). Each fan was calibrated for airflow before and after each experiment, multiplying the free flow area by the average air speed in the fan. Air velo-city was measured at 24 points of the cross section of the fan by means of a hot wire anemometer (Testo 425;with measurement range 0 to 20 m s –1) following the general recommended procedure (ASHRAE, 2001).Ventilation rates were then integrated and determined for period of two hours.Gas concentrations and environmental conditions measurementCO 2concentrations were measured using a photo-acoustic gas monitor (Innova-1412, Air Tech Instru-ments, Denmark). Air samples were conducted throughCO 2balances to determine ventilation rates in a rabbit house 715Teflon tubes to a multiplexing system which allowed consecutive measurements at eight points every two hours. Six sampling points were placed inside building, which were located at the air exhaust to determine CO2outlet. Two sampling points were used to determine background concentrations (CO2inlet) by placing them outside the building. Temperature sensors (Hobo H8-004-02, Onset Computer Corp., USA) were also loca-ted outside the building.Carbon dioxide release rateCarbon dioxide production from fattening rabbits can be determined according to their live weight follow-ing the regression equation (Eq. [3]) described by Estellés et al.(2010):CO2rel_animal=2,660 LW0.85[3] where LW is the live weight of the animal (kg).Regarding the daily variation, the circadian rhythm for CO2production described by Estellés et al.(2010) can be expressed by Eq. [4] related to the hour of the day (0-24 h):D=1–0.16 cos (h2 π24–1–14.87 2 π24–1)[4] where h is the hour of the day.Carbon dioxide released from manure was determi-ned by direct measurement of emissions from represen-tative manure samples in a dynamic chamber (Estellés et al., 2009), during two complete fattening cycles (five weeks each).During each cycle, manure samples were taken by placing three 20×13 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) boxes in the manure pit below the cages (one box per cage). Cages were installed five days before the measu-rement and the manure produced by the rabbits in these days was accumulated.A PMMA chamber was used to determine the emissions. The chamber had a 29×49 cm base and 29 cm height, with 4 mm thick walls. One extraction pump (Silent-pump AC-9902, Resun, China) was used to vent the chamber with a ventilation flow of 3 L min–1, which was tested before and after each measurement using a flow meter (Y okogawa RAGH, Y okogawa Electric Cor-poration, Japan). A small fan was used to homogenise the air inside the chamber. CO2concentrations were measured every two minutes using a photo acoustic gas monitor (Innova-1412, Air Tech Instruments, Den-mark). According to Estellés et al.(2009) and conside-ring chamber dimensions and the ventilation flow, it was estimated that the equilibrium of gas concentra-tions was reached after approximately 45 min. The gas emission rate was estimated during 20 min after equi-librium was reached.Data analysisThe absolute value of relative difference (Diff) between estimated and measured ventilation rate was used as an indicator of the accuracy of carbon dioxide balances. This relative difference was calculated in ab-solute terms for each bihourly period following Eq. [5]:V–V CO2Diff=Abs (————)[5]Vwhere V is the directly measured ventilation rate (m3 h–1animal–1)In order to assess the effect of carbon dioxide con-centrations difference between the inlet and the outlet, on the accuracy of the method, regression analysis was performed. PROC REG of SAS (SAS, 2002) was used to this aim. The following model equation was used (Eq. [6]):Diff=α+β×ln(ΔCO2)+ε[6] where ΔCO2is the difference of CO2concentrations (in mg m–3) between the inlet and outlet of the buildingResultsCO2emission from manureThe average (±SE) results on CO2emissions from manure from weeks 1 to 5 of both cycles were 42±14, 124±66, 590±88, 563±140 and 1,125±187 mg h–1 animal–1respectively (considering an average surface occupied by each animal of 0.044 m2). The average CO2emission rate during the whole cycle was 489±87 mg h–1animal–1, following an upward trend as animals grew up. Considering that the average CO2emission rate from animals during the whole fattening cycle is 3,221±1,171 mg h–1animal–1(Estellés et al.,2010), emissions from manure represent 13.18% of total CO2 emissions in fattening rabbits farms.Carbon dioxide concentrationsCO2concentrations measured in both farms are shown in Figure 1. Average CO2concentrations in the outside716F. Estelles et al. / Span J Agric Res (2011) 9(3), 713-720CO 2balances to determine ventilation rates in a rabbit house717Figure 1.CO 2concentrations registered in both trials.C O 2c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (m g m –3)C O 2c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (m g m –3)3,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500026/0601/0706/0711/0716/07Time (day/month)Trial 1InsideOutsideTrial 223/1128/1103/1208/1213/1218/1223/12Time (day/month)5,0004,5004,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005000718F . Estelles et al. / Span J Agric Res (2011) 9(3), 713-720Figure 3.Measured and calculated ventilation rates and outside temperatures for both experiments.TemperatureVCO 2V Trial 1Trial 226/0601/0706/0711/0716/07Time (day/month)23/1128/1103/1208/1213/1218/1223/12Time (day/month)V e n t i l a t i o n r a t e (m 3h –1a n i m a l –1)T e m p e r a t u r e (°C )T e m p e r a t u r e (°C )V e n t i l a t i o n r a t e (m 3h –1a n i m a l –1)19171513119757.006.005.004.003.002.001.000.00403836343230282624222030252015105Effect of CO2concentrations differenceon balance accuracyAccording to the prediction equation obtained in this work, for the minimum recommended difference on CO2concentrations of 240 mg m–3(van Ouwerkerk and Pedersen, 1994), the expected error is 66% when determining the airflow rate for 2-hours periods. Despite the interesting information obtained, those results must be considered carefully, due to the low R2 obtained. Further research is needed in this topic in order to obtain accurate prediction equations which may help to decide whether the CO2balance is an appropriate method to determine ventilation rates, according to the CO2gradient.ConclusionsThe CO2emission factor for fattening rabbits ma-nure was established at 489±87 mg h–1animal–1 during a whole fattening cycle. These emissions re-present around 13% of global CO2emissions in fatte-ning rabbit buildings. The CO2balance demonstrated to be an accurate tool for the determination of venti-lation rates in fattening rabbit houses, since no statis-tical differences were found among the airflow rates calculated using this method and the directly measured values. The difference on CO2concentrations between the inlet and outlet of the building had an effect on the accuracy of the method for one of the experimental periods. According to these results, CO2concentrations differences below 2,000 mg m–3lead to errors higher than 10% when using this methodology to determine ventilation rates.AcknowledgementsThe Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation provided support for this study (Project GASFARM-2 AGL2008-04125).ReferencesASHRAE, 2001. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, printed edition. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc, Atlanta, GA, USA. BLANES V., PEDERSEN S., 2005. Ventilation flow in pig houses measured and calculated by carbon dioxide, mois-ture and heat balance equations. Biosyst Eng 92(4), 483-493.CALVET S., CAMBRA-LÓPEZ M., BLANES-VIDAL V., ESTELLÉS F., TORRES A.G., 2010. Ventilation rates in mechanically ventilated commercial poultry buildings in Southern Europe: measurement system development and uncertainty analysis. Biosyst Eng 106(4), 423-432.CAL VET S., CAMBRA-LÓPEZ M., ESTELLÉS F., TORRESA.G., 2011. Characterisation of the indoor environmentand gas emissions in rabbit farms. World Rabbit Sci 19(1), 49-61.CHEN Y., BARBER E.M., ZHANG Y., BESANT R.W., SOKHANSANJ S., 1999. Methods to measure dust pro-duction and deposition rates in buildings. J Agr Eng Res 72(4), 329-340.CIGR, 2002. Climatization of animal houses. Heat and mois-ture production at animal and house levels (Pedersen S., Sälvik K., eds). Danish Inst of Agric Sci, Horsens, Den-mark. pp. 1-46.ESTELLÉS F., CAL VET S., BLUMETTO O., RODRÍGUEZ-LATORRE A.R., TORRES A.G., 2009. Technical Note: a flux chamber for measuring gas emissions from rabbits.World Rabbit Sci 17(3), 169-179.ESTELLÉS F., RODRÍGUEZ-LATORRE A.R., CALVET S., VILLAGRÁ A., TORRES A.G., 2010. Daily carbon dioxide emission and activity of rabbits during the fatte-ning period. Biosyst Eng 106(4), 338-343.HOL J.M.G., SCHEER A., OGINK N.W.M., 2004. Onder-zoek naar de ammoniak- en geuremissie van stallen LX.Stal voor voedsters en vleeskonijnen. Report No. 219, Agrotechnology & Food Innovations BV Wageningen University, The Netherlands. 62 pp. [In Dutch]. KHALIL M.H., BASELGA M., 2002. Rabbit genetic resources in Mediterranean countries. CIHEAM Serie B:Études et recherches No. 38. Zaragoza, Spain.KIWULL-SCHÖNE H., KALHOFF H., MANZ F., DIEKMANN L., KIWULL P., 2001. Minimal-invasive approach to study pulmonary, metabolic and renal responses to ali-mentary acid-base changes in conscious rabbits. Eur J Nutr 40(5), 255-259.KIWULL-SCHÖNE H., KALHOFF H., MANZ F., KIWULL P., 2005. Food mineral composition and acid-base balance in rabbits. Eur J Nutr 44(8), 499-508.LI H., XIN H., LIANG Y., GATES R.S., WHEELER E.F., HEBER A.J., 2005. Comparison of direct vs.indirect ven-tilation rate determinations in layer barns using manure belts. T ASAE 48(1), 367-372.MICHL R., HOY S., 1996. Results of continuous measuring of gases in rabbit keeping by using multigas-monitoring.Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 109(9), 340-343.NI J.Q., HEBER A.J., 2008. Sampling and measurement of ammonia at animal facilities. Adv Agron 98, 201-269. PEDERSEN S., TAKAI H., JOHNSEN J.O., METZ J.H.M., KOERKAMP P.W.G.G., UENK G.H., PHILLIPS V.R., HOLDEN M.R., SNEATH R.W., SHORT J.L., WHITE R.P., HARTUNG J., SEED ORF J., SCHROD ER M., LINKERT K.H., WATHES C.M., 1998. A comparison ofCO2balances to determine ventilation rates in a rabbit house719three balance methods for calculating ventilation rates in livestock buildings. J Agr Eng Res 70(1), 25-37. PHILLIPS V.R., LEE D.S., SCHOLTENS R., GARLAND J.A., SNEATH R.W., 2001. A review of methods for mea-suring emission rates of ammonia from livestock buil-dings and slurry on manure stores, Part 2: monitoring flux rates, concentrations and airflow rates. J Agr Eng Res 78(1), 1-14.SAS, 2002. User’s guide: statistics (Release 9.1.3). SAS®Institute Inc Cary, NC, USA.V AN BUGGENHOUT S., V AN BRECHT A., EREN ÖZCAN S., VRANKEN E., VAN MALCOT W., BERCKMANSD., 2009. Influence of sampling positions on accuracy oftracer gas measurements in ventilated spaces. Biosyst Eng 104(2), 216-223.VAN OUWERKERK E.N.J., PEDERSEN S., 1994. Applica-tion of the carbon dioxide mass balance method to evaluate ventilation rates in livestock buildings. Proc XII World Congress on Agricultural Engineering. Milan, Italy, Aug 31-Sep 2. pp. 516-529.XIN H., LI H., BURNS R.T., GATES R.S., OVERHULTSD.G., EARNEST J.W., 2009. Use of CO2concentrationdifference or CO2balance to assess ventilation rate of broiler houses. T ASABE 52(4), 1353-1361.720F. Estelles et al. / Span J Agric Res (2011) 9(3), 713-720。

废铝电解质浸出液的冰晶石诱导结晶除氟工艺研究

第 54 卷第 2 期2023 年 2 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.2Feb. 2023废铝电解质浸出液的冰晶石诱导结晶除氟工艺研究韩泽勋，罗丽琼，吴勇聪，蒿鹏程，谭璇，吕晓军(中南大学冶金与环境学院，湖南长沙，410083)摘要：针对当前工艺回收废铝电解质浸出液中有价元素存在须要先除氟且有价元素资源利用率低等问题，提出采用诱导结晶法生产冰晶石，回收浸出液中氟、铝等有价元素。

研究结果表明：通过调节pH ，可实现浸出液中沉淀产物的调控，pH<5时，浸出液中得到AlF 2OH ；pH 在5~8范围内，得到Na 3AlF 6和AlF 2OH 共沉淀；pH>8时，得到Na 3AlF 6和Al(OH)3共沉淀。

除氟最佳工艺条件为：pH=9，碱液中NaOH 质量浓度160 g/L ，加碱速度1 mL/min ，反应温度50 ℃；此时，溶液中残余氟质量浓度为59.32 mg/L ，氟回收率为98.91%，沉淀含水率达54.92%。

加入冰晶石晶种可诱导溶质在晶体表面生长，改善产物及除氟性能；在晶种添加量为4 g/L ，陈化时间为2 h 条件下，沉淀含水率降低至29.59%，过滤系数提高到30.24×10−4 cm/s ，平均体积粒度增加到105.89 μm ，溶液中氟含量降低至48.20 mg/L ，氟的总回收率增加到99.11%。

采用活性氧化铝对晶种诱导结晶除氟后溶液深度吸附除氟，剩余氟质量浓度为9.0 mg/L ，全流程总氟回收率为99.83%。

关键词：废铝电解质；含氟浸出液；冰晶石；氧化铝吸附；诱导结晶；除氟中图分类号：TF09 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）02-0595-12Cryolite-induced crystallization defluorination process of spentaluminium electrolyte leaching solutionHAN Zexun, LUO Liqiong, WU Yongchong, HAO Pengcheng, TAN Xuan, LÜ　Xiaojun(School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)Abstract: The current recycling process of spent aluminium electrolytes leachate has problems such as the need to prior defluorination and the low resources utilization rate of valuable element. The induced crystallization method was proposed to produce cryolite and recover the various valuable elements such as fluorine and aluminum from the leachate. The results indicate that the precipitation products style in the leachate can be controlled by adjusting pH of the solution. When the pH is less than 5, AlF 2OH is obtained. The co-precipitation of Na 3AlF 6 and AlF 2OH is obtained with the pH range of 5 to 8. When pH is more than 8, the co-precipitation products are Na 3AlF 6 and收稿日期： 2022 −09 −30；修回日期： 2022 −12 −07基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51674302) (Project(51674302) supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China)通信作者：吕晓军，博士，教授，从事高温熔盐电化学及铝冶金固废资源化研究；E-mail ：*****************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.02.019引用格式：韩泽勋, 罗丽琼, 吴勇聪, 等. 废铝电解质浸出液的冰晶石诱导结晶除氟工艺研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(2): 595−606.Citation: HAN Zexun, LUO Liqiong, WU Yongchong, et al. Cryolite-induced crystallization defluorination process of spent aluminium electrolyte leaching solution[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(2): 595−606.第 54 卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)Al(OH)3. The optimum process conditions for fluoride removal are pH=9, NaOH concentration of 160 g/L, alkali addition rate of 1 mL/min and reaction temperature of 50 ℃. Under the optimum conditions, the residual fluoride concentration in the solution is 59.32 mg/L, and the recovery rate of fluorine is 98.91%, and the precipitation moisture content is as high as 54.92%. Adding cryolite seed crystals can induce the growth of solutes on the crystal surface and improve the performance of product and fluorine removal. When the seed crystal addition amount is4 g/L and the aging time is 2 h, the moisture content of precipitation reduces to 29.59% and filtration coefficientincreases to 30.24×10−4 cm/s. The average volume particle size increases to 105.89 μm, and the fluorine content in solution decreases to 48.20 mg/L. The total recovery rate of fluorine increases to 98.91%. Using activated alumina to deeply purify fluorine by adsorption after induced crystallization, the remaining fluoride concentration is 9.0 mg/L and the total recovery rate of fluorine is 99.83%.Key words: spent aluminium electrolyte; fluorine-containing leachate; recycling; cryolite; alumina adsorption;induced crystallization电解铝生产过程中会产生大量废铝电解质，其来源主要包括3个方面：一是生产中为稳定电解质高度而捞出的过剩电解质；二是打捞炭渣分离得到的废电解质；三是大修渣、残阳极等部分夹带的电解质。

OTC-24081-MS

OTC 24081Concept Alternatives and Feasibility Analyses of Deepwater Dual Gradient Drilling Riser SystemsAtul Ganpatye, Kenneth Bhalla, David P. Huey, Stress Engineering Services, Kai-tung Ma, Chevron Energy Technology Company, Kenneth L. Smith, Chevron North America Exploration and Production CompanyCopyright 2013, Offshore Technology ConferenceThis paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 6–9 May 2013.This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Offshore Technology Conference, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Offshore Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of OTC copyright. AbstractThis paper summarizes the concept development work aimed at designing a safe, practical, and economically feasible Dual Gradient Drilling (DGD) riser system for deployment in ultra-deepwater environments. Three (3) concept alternatives were shortlisted for evaluation after an initial screening of more than twenty (20) potential solutions. The benefits and the risks of the three alternatives are identified, and the anticipated functional constraints associated with each alternative are highlighted. The paper reviews several technical issues on the basis of which the concepts were evaluated and scored, and discusses the technological developmental efforts required to address these issues. A methodology is developed to rank the alternatives based on the results of the technical analyses, comparison of costs, benefits, and risks, and the determination of potential functional constraints. The effort documented here is a testament to the fact that even the most challenging design issues can be successfully addressed by efficient team work and comprehensive engineering.IntroductionDual gradient drilling is a managed pressure drilling technique that may extend the economic viability of ultra-deepwater drilling and production, in a manner that can be as safe as conventional drilling technology. It is especially beneficial in wells characterized by a narrow margin between pore pressures and fracture pressures. The dual gradient drilling approach offers the potential to reach the well total depth with a fewer number of casing strings, potentially resulting in a relatively larger wellbore as compared to the conventional single gradient drilling. This is made possible by the utilization of two mud column gradients in the wellbore during drilling, namely, sea water gradient from the rig floor to the mudline, and a heavier mud gradient from the mudline to the desired drilling depth. Specially designed components are required to sustain the two gradients near the mudline and to return the cuttings back to the rig floor. Since 1996, under the auspices of the SubSea MudLift Drilling (SMD) Joint Industry Project (JIP), three such components essential for dual gradient drilling operations, have been developed; these include the MudLift Pump (MLP), the Subsea Rotating Device (SRD), and the Solids Processing Unit (SPU). The detailed functional aspects of these components have been described in several publications in the past [1-3]. The MLP is the principal component that enables the DGD operations; it pumps the drilling fluid (mud) and cuttings back to the rig floor with the help of diaphragm pumps driven by sea water (or power fluid). The SRD, consisting of rotating seals, maintains the interface between the sea water density fluid in the drilling riser and the drilling mud, and diverts the mud to the MLP through the SPU. The SPU is a device that reduces cuttings to a size that can be managed by the MLP. The proposed options revolve around the integration of these components in a technologically and economically feasible drilling system. The study commenced with more than twenty different alternatives being subjected to preliminary evaluation; of these three alternatives were shortlisted for detailed analysis. The broad concepts underlying the three options are illustrated in Figure 1.The work presented herein is a culmination of comprehensive engineering efforts undertaken by several engineering teams assembled to research the most feasible DGD riser system concept capable of deployment in ultra-deepwater environments. Of the three shortlisted concepts evaluated and scored, the Integrated Single Riser solution (Option 1 in Figure 1) was determined to be the system of choice for further development and actual implementation.Figure 1: Concept Alternatives and Some of the Associated Potential Issues [4]Concept Alternative 1 – Integrated Single RiserConcept alternative (Option) 1 consists of a single conventional drilling riser modified to incorporate a sea water power line and a mud return line with integrated MLP, SRD, and SPU. This was further classified into two variations:Option 1A: consisting of the MLP, SRD, and SPU arranged “in-line” with the LMRP and the BOP; as shown on theOption 1B: consisting of the MLP and the SPU (pump and manifold) installed on a separate landing, parking stump;Typically, conventional drilling risers consist of choke, kill, hydraulic, and mud boost lines (widely referred to as “auxiliary lines”). For Option 1, it is proposed that one of the auxiliary lines will be utilized as a mud return line in the dual gradient drilling mode to take the cuttings from the MLP to the rig floor. Whereas, for the regular drilling mode (single gradient Option 1B•Risers require customization?•Riser with MLP too heavy?•Complex interfaces between stacks?•Other issues?•Risk of risers clashing?•Availability of dual activity rig?•Simultaneous operations?•Other issues?•Difficult installation?•Enough DP thrust?•Complex EDS?•High OPEX (needing boats)?•Other issues?MLP on aseparate stumpConventionaldrilling riserwith flangemodifications Conventional drilling riser (main riser)Auxiliary riser for MLP Conventional drilling riser(main riser)Free standingauxiliary riser forMLP; tensionedusing air canOTC 24081 3Figure 2: Option 1A and 1B – Integrated Single RiserConcept Alternative 2 – Dual RisersThe concept underlying Option 2 consists of utilizing two risers deployed from the drillship, namely, a main drilling riser deployed and operated in a normal fashion from the primary (forward) rotary, and an auxiliary riser deployed and operated from the secondary (aft) rotary. This is primarily designed to take advantage of the dual activity capability of most modern drillships. The tube-in-tube, concentric bore auxiliary riser annulus will be sized to provide the seawater power line to the MLP; whereas, the inner bore of the riser provides the mud return path from the MLP to the rig floor. Three variations of this option were considered; for all variations, the main riser is a conventional drilling riser with the SRD and MLP integrated with the stack. These variations are briefly described in the following:•Option 2A (Figure 3, leftmost sketch): Auxiliary riser hung off at main deck on a cart specifically designed for the purpose below secondary rotary, but possibly off-center. The MLP is supported by a hinged spreader bar to allow for heave motions.•Option 2B (Figure 3, middle sketch): Auxiliary riser suspended from secondary draw works and tensioned by drillstring heave compensator system. The MLP is supported by a stump approximately 160 ft away (distance established on the basis of initial analysis) from primary wellhead.•Option 2C (Figure 3, rightmost sketch): Auxiliary riser suspended from specially designed tensioners on the secondary rotary. The MLP is supported by a stump located approximately 160 ft away from primary wellheadFor all variations, suitable seafloor plumbing would connect the stack and SRD with the pump and auxiliary riser mud return line.4 OTC 24081Figure 3: Option 2A, 2B and 2C (B: BOP; L: LMRP; S: SRD; P: Pump Manifold, includes MLP and SPU)Concept Alternative 3 – Single Main Riser plus Free-standing Auxiliary RiserOption 3 consists of an auxiliary tube-in-tube concentric bore free-standing riser, used in conjunction with a conventional drilling riser. Since the tension for the free-standing riser is provided independently by an air can, a drilling vessel with a dual activity derrick is not required for this option. As in the case of Option 2, the main riser would be a conventional drilling riser. The free-standing auxiliary riser would consist of concentric bore pipes with riser annulus sized to provide the seawater power line to the MLP and the inner bore designed to allow the cuttings to be carried to the rig floor. Figure 4 shows a schematic of the free-standing riser system. Initial analysis showed that the distance between the conventional drilling riser and the free-standing auxiliary riser is required to be approximately 1200 ft, based upon estimated offsets of the free standing riser in the design currents considered. Flexible catenary jumpers will be required near the top to deliver the seawater power to the MLP from the drilling vessel as well as provide a path for the mud returns back to the vessel. Additionally, jumpers will be required near the mudline to carry the mud from the main drilling riser at the well to the MLP system/free standing riser.EXISTINGDRILLSHIPDRILLING RISEROTC 24081 5Figure 4: Option 3 - Single plus Self-standing RisersThe aforementioned concepts were evaluated and ranked on the basis of relative pros and cons along the lines of functional constraints that may be imposed on the drilling system, and the degree of developmental effort that may be required to keep cited problems from becoming “show stoppers”. Additionally, the proposed options were subjected to extensive technical evaluation for deployment and operations in water depths ranging from 7,000 ft through 10,000 ft. This evaluation included the following analyses and calculations:•Hand calculations to determine collapse performance per API 5C3, tension requirements per API RP 16Q, and maximum hook load during deployment. Additional calculations, in accordance with guidelines in API RP 2RD, to ensure that all proposed tubulars and stress joints are sized adequately for the range of water depths, pressures, and loads/environments defined in the design basis.•Lateral and axial dynamic analyses of the riser systems to assess strength and fatigue performance during deployment, normal drilling operations, standby/hangoff operations, and retrieval.•Clashing/interference analysis for Option 1A (on account of separate deployment of the MLP and all variations of Option 2 (on account of the presence of auxiliary riser in the vicinity of the main riser).•Air can sizing calculations, catenary design calculations, and coupled free-standing riser and drilling riser analysis for Option 3.Evaluation and RankingThe primary evaluation and ranking categories used in comparing the proposed alternatives are listed below:1.System and equipment costs (CAPEX; capital expediture)2.Operational costs (OPEX; operational expenditure)3.Deployment/recovery and emergency disconnection (time, complexity, disconnections, and reconnections)4.Maturity/Immaturity of technology - design challenges for new equipment5.Required rig modifications6.Portability between dynamically positioned (DP) dual derrick mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs)7.Impact on conventional drilling if the dual gradient equipment is non-operational8.Clashing potential9.System reliability10.Project execution risk11.Project operations risk6 OTC 2408112. Difficulty of demonstration of concept/sea trials - shakedown of concept and new equipment.13. Prospects for BSEE/Coast Guard approvalThe categories were further divided into a total of 111 sub-categories, which were used in the ranking analyses. For brevity, these sub-categories are not described in detail in this publication. However, for the purpose of illustration and for ease of communication, details of four of the aforementioned evaluation categories are presented in Table 2 through Table 5. With respect to the data shown in these tables, each category is scored on a scale of one to five; a score of one being the least favorable, and a score of five being the most favorable. The scores are shown in the form of round ideograms widely known as “Harvey Balls”; this visual representation (see Table 1) allows for a quick and easy qualitative comparison between the various categories and sub-categories. An additional weighting factor was applied to each evaluation category in order to magnify its relative importance with respect to other categories. With this ranking approach, the most favorable option is identified by the highest cumulative score.Table 1: Ideograms Used for Visual Representation of Evaluation ScoresWith reference to Table 2, from a capital expenditure perspective, Option 1A, appears to be relatively cheaper than the other options. The primary downside for this option is the developmental costs associated with significant modifications to a conventional drilling riser with flange connectors. The conventional riser would need to be altered to replace the more common 5-inch diameter mud boost line with a 7.75-inch diameter mud return line, sized according to the preliminary estimates of minimum ID necessary to return cuttings from the MLP. The normal hydraulic auxiliary line would be relocated and a seawater/power fluid supply line would be added directly opposite the new mud return line. Both new lines would be7.75-inch for potential interchangeability. The auxiliary line size upgrades would also require a corresponding increase inFigure 5: Modified DGD Riser Flange as Compared to a Conventional Drilling Riser Flange (not to scale)Drilling Riser Flange Modified for DGD(approx. increase in dry weight of flange = 842 lbf per pair (per joint),over conventional drilling riser flange shown alongside Convention Drilling Riser FlangeOTC 24081 7 Option 2, in many ways, may be considered to be similar to a completion workover riser system; however, all variations of this option will require significant rig modifications and additional subsea hardware which would add to the CAPEX. Significant rig modifications could potentially lead to delayed rig deployment, which has a trickle down influence on rig schedules, drilling schedules and production schedules. This loss of time is multifaceted and quantification is complex because it involves forecasting of several variables (including, but not limited to, rig day rates, oil prices, commodity prices, labor costs, dollar exchange rate if modifications are performed overseas). For Option 3, detailed cost analysis resulted in significantly higher CAPEX as compared to other options; this can be attributed to the additional hardware associated with the free-standing air can riser, the seafloor hardware, and the interface between the main riser and air can riser.Table 2: Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) Ranking[Note: Gray highlighted box indicates that the issue does not exist for the corresponding option; can be interpreted as a score of 5 (favorable)]With reference to Table 3, Option 1A, has the lowest relative operating expenditure as compared to the other options. The OPEX for Option 1B will be higher because of the MLP being deployed on a secondary landing string on a dummy wellhead/stump. Options 2A, 2B and 2C have similar relative OPEX expenditures because of the associated time to deploy the auxiliary riser system. Option 3 has the highest relative OPEX; this is primarily on account of the secondary vessel required to install the free-standing riser and the time associated with installing the seafloor lines and the catenaries.The rankings with respect to deployment/retrieval and emergency disconnect sequence (EDS) risks are presented in Table 4. Since Option 1A is similar to a conventional drilling riser system, operations such as deployment, retrieval, and emergency disconnection do not require any special considerations. The available height between the main deck and the rig floor substructure potentially poses restrictions on the height of the BOP, MLP, SPU, SRD, and the LMRP when deployed as a single unit. In light of this, a two-step deployment operation may be necessary for Option 1A; in the first step, the BOP would be run on a landing string and in the second step, the SMD, SRD plus LMRP would be run on the drilling riser.8 OTC 24081 Option 1B will utilize a drill pipe as the landing string to deploy or retrieve the MLP separately from the main riser; under normal circumstances, the deployment and retrieval operations can be planned to circumvent clashing issues with the main riser. However, emergency retrieval of the MLP (when the drilling riser is still connected to the stack) would need careful planning to avoid clashing with the riser. Moreover, for Option 1B, additional considerations are required on account of the lines between the stack and the MLP.Table 3: Operational Expenditure (OPEX) RankingDeployment of the two risers and pump in Option 2A would be complicated by the necessity of performing a subsea connection operation for both the hinged spreader bar mechanism and the flexible line from the SRD outlet to the MLP inlet. For purposes of emergency disconnection, Option 2A would need to incorporate a conventional disconnection feature between the LMRP and the BOP for the main riser. Additionally, both the hinged spreader bar linkage and the flexible line from the SRD to MLP, would require emergency disconnect capabilities. Leaving the spreader bar and return line connected would not be a viable option because the main riser and LMRP would lift-off as the telescopic joint and tensioners retract, while the pump and auxiliary riser would not lift-off after emergency disconnection in the absence of any tensioning mechanism at the top of the auxiliary riser. Moreover, the fact that the MLP would not lift off would presents a significant risk to the BOP (and other subsea architecture in the vicinity, if present); the heavy pump could damage equipment near the mudline during vessel down-heaves in the period of time immediately following disconnection.The Option 2B was designed with a 160 ft separation between the main riser and the auxiliary riser base point at the seafloor to satisfy weather vaning and clashing requirements, as defined in the design basis. For this option, deployment operations for the auxiliary riser require careful consideration of the current direction to avoid clashing between risers. Analysis results showed that clashing between the riser can be successfully avoided unless the current profile exhibits counter-flow layers. For an emergency disconnection scenario, the main riser would be disconnected between the LMRP and BOP in theOTC 24081 9 conventional fashion. If the auxiliary riser is designed with a disconnection mechanism between the pump and the bottom package above the pump, then special consideration for the disconnection of the mud return line to the pump would not be necessary.Table 4: Deployment/Retrieval and EDS Risk RankingThe primary difference between Option 2B and Option 2C is in the top end support equipment – Option 2C uses tensioners in a more conventional manner to support the auxiliary riser assembly as opposed to the draw works used in Option 2B. As far as deployment, retrieval, and emergency disconnection is concerned, Option 2C would present issues that are similar in nature to the issues for Option 2B. Post disconnection of the main and auxiliary risers, Option 2C would offer the advantage (as compared to Option 2A or Option 2B) of having the auxiliary riser and its bottom package lift off sufficiently (on account of the tensioners at the top) to reduce the risk of down-heave impact on the subsea hardware near the mudline.10 OTC 24081 For all variations of Option 2, operations may be limited in current regimes that require drift-on-site techniques for BOP landing because successful simultaneous deployment and landing of two riser strings in such cases may not be possible. Option 3 would require careful planning towards installing the catenary jumpers after the free standing riser has been installed. An auxiliary standby vessel may be required to handoff the catenary jumpers to the drillship. The auxiliary vessel will either need to be moored or would need thruster control to react the pull-in loads from the two catenary jumpers. Additionally, after disconnection, the catenaries will tend to kink and violate the minimum bend radius requirement and will have a high likelihood of impacting the free standing riser. For emergency disconnection scenarios, leaving the free-standing riser connected to the MLP may present additional risk of damage to the equipment depending on the prevailing weather conditions during disconnections.Table 5: Maturity of Technology and Design Challenges RankingWherever possible, using existing/mature technology reduces project execution risks by reducing the likelihood of cost overruns, long lead times, and the possibility of running into design challenges that may not be easily resolved (within the time and cost constraints). As seen in Table 5, all the options will require new technology to various extents; however, Option 1A and 1B are unlikely to present significant technical challenges since the options are based on a conventional drilling riser system. Except for Option 1A, all other alternatives may require the pump to be redesigned for separate mounting away from stack with emergency disconnect of connector lines to stack. For Option 3, significant efforts may be required to safely handle the catenary jumpers during deployment, retrieval, and emergency disconnection of the system. Additional efforts (in terms of designing, installing, and maintaining valves in the catenary jumpers) will be required to handle the contents of flexible lines after disconnection.Normalized comparative scores for all the options evaluated on the basis of the aforementioned categories are shown in Figure 6 in the form of a radar chart. Scores closer to the center of the chart are less favorable. The scores have been normalized with respect to the highest scoring option in each of the categories evaluated. It can be observed from Figure 6 that Option 1A consistently achieves the highest scores for the four categories evaluated; whereas, Option 3 consistently achieves the lowest scores. Thus, Option 1A emerged as the most favorable alternative after the evaluation.OTC 24081 11Figure 6: Summary of Scores for all Options ConsideredThe above approach was followed for all the other categories listed earlier. A summary of rankings for the eight other evaluation categories is show in Table 6.12 OTC 24081Table 6: Summary of Rankings – Other Evaluation CategoriesConclusionsBased on technical analyses, qualitative ranking of characteristics and determination of potential functional limitations, the various options can be ranked follows:•Rank 1: Option 1A (most favorable)•Rank 2: Option 1B•Rank 3: Option 2C•Rank 4: Option 2A•Rank 5: Option 2B•Rank 6: Option 3 (least favorable)All the options evaluated exhibit functional constraints that may require varying degree of efforts to resolve. For any given option, an appropriate ranking and recommendation is dependent upon commitment to and success of, future engineering and technological developmental efforts that would be necessary to overcome the functional constraints; otherwise, the selected option would not meet requirements and becomes non-viable, and the next-rated option logically rises in the rankings to take its place.The authors believe that one of the strengths of the study is that it was done by a multi-disciplinary team of both riser and operational experts. The most preferred option is one that remains considered as the most operationally viable and technically robust solution, and should ultimately result in a safe DGD system with the lowest overall CAPEX and OPEX. AcknowledgementsThis paper is based on a study sponsored by Chevron. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of their respective companies in producing this paper. Inputs and guidance are greatly appreciated from the following individuals, Leo Phelps, David Dowell, Charlie Weinstock, Dana Witt, Jonathon Bowman, Russell Hegler, Karen Lucio, and Yun Han. The smooth collaboration among engineering teams from Chevron, Stress Engineering Services, AGR, Transocean, and 2H Offshore is highly recognized.References[1] K. L. Smith, A. D. Gault, D. E. Witt, F. P. Botros, C. Peterman, M. Tangedahl, C. E. Weddle, H. C. Juvkam-Wold, and J. J.Schubert. SubSea MudLift Drilling JIP: Achieving Dual-Gradient Technology. Deepwater Technology Supplement, August 1999.[2]K. L. Smith, C. E. Weddle, C. P. Peterman, and R. E. Snyder. Dual-gradient drilling nearly ready for field test. World Oil, Oct2000.OTC 24081 13[3]K.L. Smith, A.D. Gault, D.E. Witt, and C.E. Weddle. SubSea MudLift Drilling Joint Industry Project: Delivering Dual GradientDrilling Technology to Industry. SPE 71357, 2001 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, 30 Sept–3 Oct 2001.[4]Kai-tung Ma and Leo Phelps. Project Meeting Presentation, Chevron Dual Gradient Project, June 26, 2008.。

2012.4 最新baf caf价格

2012年4月船公司最新BAF/CAFCa rri ers 船公司BAF（燃油附加费）CAF（货币调整附加费）航线范围AAL 澳亚航运280/560巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门AAL 澳亚航运310/620新喀里多尼亚、斐济AAL 澳亚航运220/440Intra PNGAN L 澳洲国家航运425/850澳洲航线AN L 澳洲国家航运48813.12% 地西线/欧洲线2010年1月1日至1月31日AN L 澳洲国家航运450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口APL 美国总统675/1350/1354% 澳洲线APL 美国总统170/340/340/383东南亚地区（BRUNEI; CAMBODIA;INDONESIA; JAPAN; KOREA;MACAU;MALAYSIA; MYANMAR;PHILIPPINES; SINGAPORE; THAILAND;VIETNAM）APL 美国总统514/1028/1028/1157印巴地区(India; Pakistan；Sri Lanka；Bangladesh)APL 美国总统514/1028/1028/1157中东地区(BAHRAIN; IRAQ; KUWAIT; OMAN;QATAR; SAUDI ARABIA (EXCEPT JEDDAH);UAE)APL 美国总统687/1374/1374/1546红海地区（DJIBOUTI; EGYPT; JORDAN;SAUDI ARABIA (JEDDAH); SUDAN；YEMEN）CM A-C GM 达飞轮船276上海出运至波斯湾沿岸及印度，巴基斯坦各港CM A-C GM 达飞轮船871/1089/1225/1379US East Coast & GulfCM A-C GM 达飞轮船453/566/637/717US West Coast & CanadaCM A-C GM 达飞轮船1260南美西ARICA,BUENAVENTURA,CALLAO,SANANTONIO,SANVICENTE,QUAYAQUIL,IQUIQUE等港口CM A-C GM 达飞轮船548墨西哥CM A-C GM 达飞轮船333/666欧洲线CM A-C GM 达飞轮船1260中南美地区PUERTO QUETZAL，ACAJUTLA，CORINTO，CALDERA等港口CM A-C GM 达飞轮船1098PUERTO QUETZAL，ACAJUTLA，CORINTO，CALDERA等港口CM A-C GM 达飞轮船1190/1700/1700巴拿马，加勒比，古巴,巴西MANAUS等港口CO SC O 中远集运550/1100西北欧地中海至南美东CO SC O 中远集运317/634南美东至西北欧地中海CO SC O 中远集运500/1000远东至南非航线CO SC O 中远集运450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口CO SC O 中远集运805/161011.06%远东（包括日本）、印度次大陆至西北欧地中海航线东西行货物CO SC O 中远集运430/538/605/681自澳大利亚、新西兰、远东及印度次大陆地区至/经美西各港口CO SC O 中远集运847/1059/1191/1341自澳大利亚、新西兰、远东及印度次大陆地区至/经美东各港口CO SC O 中远集运847/1059/1191/1341自远东及印度次大陆地区至加拿大至/经哈利法克斯港CO SC O 中远集运430/538/605/681自远东及印度次大陆地区至加拿大至/经温哥华及鲁伯特王子港CO SC O 中远集运919/1838往返远东及西北欧CO SC O 中远集运865/173011.06%（不包括以色列)远东及地中海地区（包括以色列、黎巴嫩、叙利亚、黑海、西非、及北非地区）CO SC O 中远集运550/110011.06%（不包括以色列)印巴及西北欧地中海地区（包括以色列、黎巴嫩、叙利亚、黑海、西非、及北非地区），CO SC O 中远集运454/908远东及东南亚（除日本）至波湾及印度次大陆地区CO SC O 中远集运351/702本至波湾及印度次大陆地区CO SC O 中远集运608/1216远东及东南亚（除日本）至红海地区CO SC O 中远集运665/1330日本至红海地区CS AV 南美邮船235/470中南美/墨西哥线CS AV 南美邮船882南美西地区ARICA,BUENAVENTURA,CALLAO,SANANTONIO,SANVICENTE,QUAYAQUIL,IQUIQUE等港口CS AV 南美邮船882出口中南美地区PUERTO QUETZAL，ACAJUTLA，CORINTO，CALDERA等港口CSCL中海200/400(PSS)欧洲,地中海航线CSCL中海155/310(EBS)欧洲,地中海航线CSCL中海113/226CMIX航线印巴CS CL 中海450澳洲线(上海/宁波(含经上海/宁波中转的长江支线货物)CSCL中海575上海/宁波-澳洲CSCL中海250/500(PSS)澳洲线CSCL中海450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口CSCL中海466` 波斯湾，印巴包括吉大达卡CSCL中海1204西非CSCL中海500南非CSCL中海617红海CS CL 中海190/380韩国线[上海/宁波口岸(含经上海/宁波中转的支线货物)]CS CL 中海160上海/宁波(含经上海/宁波中转的长江支线货物)至韩国(仅限CKX3/CKX4)EM C 长荣175/350遠東(含日本)及印度次大陸到歐洲、地中海航線(8月1日至10月31日止)EM C 长荣162/324(EBAF)遠東(含日本)到歐洲、地中海航線EMC长荣80/160(EBAF)印度次大陸地區到歐洲、地中海航線HA M 南美汉堡648亚洲HA M 南美汉堡756南美西海岸HA M 南美汉堡450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口HA M 南美汉堡700/1400新西兰HA M 南美汉堡392/784美国和加拿大至欧洲和地中海HANJIN韩进200/400/400东南亚HANJIN韩进156/312中东，印度，巴基斯坦，孟加拉，斯里兰卡地区HANJIN韩进254/5088.5% 欧洲HANJIN韩进246/492地中海HANJIN韩进209/418红海HANJIN韩进340/680美国线HANJI N 韩进130/260(EBAF)HANJIN韩进450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口HANJIN韩进592/1184南美东HANJIN韩进1008/2016南美西HANJIN韩进540/871南非HLP 赫伯罗特450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口HMM现代51112.5% 欧地线HMM现代450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口HMM现代475/950/950澳洲线K-L INE 川崎522/1044(EFS)南美西海岸ANDES货物K-LINE川崎450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口MCCMCC 38/76港澳至东南亚MC C MCC112/22438/76（冻柜）华南至东南亚MC C MCC 112/224从厦门、马尾、福州及上海、宁波、长三角地区往亚洲(除俄罗斯、孟加拉国、日本、韩国外)地区MCCMCC 75/150华南、香港以及油门出口到日本MO L 商船三井110/22030/40 东南亚MO L 商船三井586/117215.2% 欧地线（2011年2月1日起）MO L 商船三井391/782INDIA/PAKISTAN/BANGLADESH/SRILANKA/MIDDLE EAST（2011年4月1日-30日）MO L 商船三井430/538/605/681U.S WEST COAST DISCHARGE VIAHAWAII,HI DISCHARGEMO L 商船三井847/1059/1191/1341VIA U.S EAST COASTDISCHARGE(INCLUDING MIAMI)MO L 商船三井700/1400新西兰及经新加坡中转至新西兰航线MO L 商船三井728/1456/1456西非2010年4月1日至4月30日MO L 商船三井430/538/605/681/605加拿大(VIA VANCOUVER)MO L 商船三井847/1059/1191/1341/1191加拿大(VIA HALIFAX)MO L 商船三井787/1574LOUIS, TAMATAVE, REUNIONMO L 商船三井528/1056南非MO L 商船三井276/552中东、印巴MO L 商船三井812/162417.87% 欧洲航线及地中海航线MO L 商船三井828/1656南美西岸MO L 商船三井600澳大利亚航线MO L 商船三井450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口MS C 地中海航运551/689/775南美东MS C 地中海航运861墨西哥MS C 地中海航运1188中、南美西岸MS C 地中海航运860/1720/172包括UK, North West Continent, Scandinavia,Baltic Sea Region, West East Mediterranean,Black Sea and North AfricaMS C 地中海航运490/613/690加拿大及古巴地区MS C 地中海航运815/1019/1146美国东岸MS C 地中海航运840/1050/1181美国西岸MS C 地中海航运755/585(冷藏货)亚欧航线MS C 地中海航运652南美东岸至北美、加勒比海、南美西岸及委内瑞拉航线MS C 地中海航运460孟加拉国至欧洲、北美航线MS C 地中海航运250加拿大至中美洲航线MS C 地中海航运400加拿大至南美西岸航线MS C 地中海航运300加拿大至加勒比海航线MS C 地中海航运100印度至东非航线MS C 地中海航625澳大利亚运MS C 地中海航运195/390新西兰MS C 地中海航运450CHEETAH航线MS C 地中海航运390/780/780红海线MS C 地中海航运450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口MS C 地中海航运750/950/1068中美洲东岸MS C 地中海航运1064/2128/2128西非各港口MS K 马士基250/500东北亚和东南亚（韩国、俄罗斯、中国、香港、台湾、新加坡、缅甸、印度尼西亚、泰国、马来西亚、越南、柬埔寨、老挝和菲律宾）至新西兰MS K 马士基300/600/600亚洲和南美西海岸、加勒比海和中美洲MS K 马士基255/450/450欧洲NAMS UN G 南星海运75/15060/90(日本线货币附加费YAS)日本线NY K 日本邮船700/1400新西兰NY K 日本邮船10530/40(非日本线货币附加费CAF)东亚航线（2010年12月1日起）NY K 日本邮船10560/90(日本线货币附加费YAS)东亚航线（2010年12月1日起）NY K 日本邮船525/1050澳大利亚NY K 日本邮船675/1350上海-澳大利亚NY K 日本邮船750/1500上海-新西兰NY K 日本邮船47913.17% 北欧NY K 日本邮船51913.17% 北欧NY K 日本邮船70/140(EB)8.36% 地中海NY K 日本邮船319/638(WB)8.36% 地中海NY K 日本邮船1059/1191/1341Via East CoastNY K 日本邮船538/605/681Via West CoastNY K 日本邮船7% 加拿大NY K 日本邮船450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口OO CL 东方海外275/550（干货）中东印巴OO CL 东方海外399/798（冷冻货）中东印巴OO CL 东方海外430/538/605/681泛太平洋航线(亚州至美国&加拿大)OO CL 东方海外847/1059/1191/1341泛太平洋航线(除美国西海岸以外的其他地区)OO CL 东方海外461/922(干货)640/1280(冷冻柜)中国出口至中东及印巴OO CL 东方海外58/116中国出口至亚洲国家OO CL 东方海外90/135/135（干货）经由港、澳、华南地区出口至日本OO CL 东方海外110/220/220（干货）美金30元/20'，美金45元/40'中国出口至东南亚OO CL 东方海外700/1400新西兰OO CL 东方海外700中国大陆出口至澳大利亚OO CL 东方海外450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口PIL 太平208/416东非PIL 太平255/510/510欧基PIL 太平700/1400新西兰WHL万海312/624欧基、黑海YML阳明714/142815.84% 欧洲西向部分YM L 阳明258～794/516～95815.84% 欧洲东向部分YM L 阳明109～269/218～53815.84% 欧洲区间部分YML阳明454/908上海-中东、印巴zh-han t 台湾快桅450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口ZIM 以星100/120/135/1555% 加拿大（拖车转内陆）ZIM 以星140/175/220/2255% 加拿大（铁路转内陆）ZIM 以星185/235/260/2955% 加拿大（至HALIFAX或HALIFAX转内陆）ZIM 以星71014.51% 上海-地中海、黑海、地西(葡萄牙除外)ZIM 以星76814.51%10(LFS)上海-欧洲（含葡萄牙）ZIM 以星753上海出口至地中海、黑海及地西(葡萄牙除外) ZIM 以星842上海-以色列ZIM 以星300/冷柜TORONTO,MONTREALZIM 以星450/900台湾地区至澳洲各港口ZIM 以星225/280/315/335至美西LOS ANGELES，VANCOUVER，SEATTLEZIM 以星320/400/450/505至LOS ANGELES，LONG BEACH，SEATTLE及通过上述港口由拖车转运至California,Washington, Oregon州内陆点ZIM 以星470/590/665/经VANCOVER或SEATTLE铁路运至美国内陆745ZIM 以星600/750/845/950至SAVANNAH, NEW YORK, NORFOLK, TAMPA, MOBILE, HOUSTON和这些点火车转进的内陆点堆场及通过上述港口内陆堆场由拖车转运至内陆点ZIM 以星600/750/845SAN JUANZIM 以星410/510/575至加勒比海，巴拿马，中南美洲ZIM 以星11.36% 欧洲、地中海。

2012年6月全球源奶价格分析报告

2009
2010
2011
2012
Source: LTO, countries included: DE, GB, IE, FR, NL, BE, DK, FI, SE
EU prices selected dairies
EU dairies
40 38 36 34
€/100 kg
Nordmilch (D) Arla Foods (DK) Sodiaal (F) First Milk (UK) Friesland Campina (NL) Average EU
Price Development September 2012 soybean meal futures
Chicago Mercantile Exchange 11th June 2012
New Zealand milk price
New Zealand milk price
70 60 50 48,3
NZD/100 kg
40
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
2009 2010
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2011 2012
Source: LTO
350 328
CNY/100 kg
China
RUB/100 kg
300
1393
250
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 2009 2010
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2012
200 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 2009 2010 Jul 2011 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2012
BRL/100 kg

有机化学常见的官能团英文缩写

有机化学合成常见缩写%%de 非对映体过量百分比（不对称合成术语） %ee 对映体过量百分比（不对称合成术语） AA/MMA 丙烯腈/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物 AA 丙烯酸AAS 丙烯酸酯-丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯共聚物 ABFN 偶氮（二）甲酰胺 ABN 偶氮（二）异丁腈 ABPS 壬基苯氧基丙烷磺酸钠 Ac 乙酰基 acac 乙酰丙酮基 AIBN 2,2'-二偶氮异丁腈 aq. 水溶液 BBAA 正丁醛苯胺缩合物 BAC 碱式氯化铝 BACN 新型阻燃剂 BAD 双水杨酸双酚A 酯 BAL 2，3-巯（基）丙醇 9-BBN 9-硼二环[3.3.1]壬烷 BBP 邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯BBS N-叔丁基-乙-苯并噻唑次磺酰胺 BC 叶酸 BCD β－环糊精 BCG 苯顺二醇 BCNU 氯化亚硝脲 BD 丁二烯BE 丙烯酸乳胶外墙涂料 BEE 苯偶姻乙醚 BFRM 硼纤维增强塑料 BG 丁二醇 BGE 反应性稀释剂 BHA 特丁基-4羟基茴香醚 BHT 二丁基羟基甲苯BINAP （2R,3S ）-2.2'-二苯膦－1.1'-联萘，亦简称为联二萘磷，BINAP 是日本名古屋大学的Noyori （2001年诺贝尔奖）发展的一类不对称合成催化剂 BL 丁内酯BLE 丙酮-二苯胺高温缩合物 BLP 粉末涂料流平剂 BMA 甲基丙烯酸丁酯 BMC 团状模塑料 BMU 氨基树脂皮革鞣剂 BN 氮化硼 Bn 苄基BNE 新型环氧树脂BNS β－萘磺酸甲醛低缩合物 BOA 己二酸辛苄酯BOC 叔丁氧羰基（常用于氨基酸氨基的保护） BOP 邻苯二甲酰丁辛酯 BOPP 双轴向聚丙烯 BP 苯甲醇 BPA 双酚ABPBG 邻苯二甲酸丁（乙醇酸乙酯）酯 BPF 双酚FBPMC 2-仲丁基苯基-N-甲基氨基酸酯 BPO 过氧化苯甲酰 BPP 过氧化特戊酸特丁酯 BPPD 过氧化二碳酸二苯氧化酯BPS 4，4’-硫代双（6-特丁基-3-甲基苯酚） BPTP 聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯 Bpy 2,2'-联吡啶 BR 丁二烯橡胶 BRN 青红光硫化黑BROC 二溴（代）甲酚环氧丙基醚 BS 丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物 BS-1S 新型密封胶 BSH 苯磺酰肼BSU N ，N’-双（三甲基硅烷）脲 BT 聚丁烯-1热塑性塑料 BTA 苯并三唑BTX 苯-甲苯-二甲苯混合物 Bu 正丁基 BX 渗透剂BXA 己二酸二丁基二甘酯 BZ 二正丁基二硫代氨基甲酸锌 Bz 苯甲酰基 C c- 环－ CA 醋酸纤维素 CAB 醋酸-丁酸纤维素 CAM 甲基碳酰胺CAN 硝酸铈铵CAN 醋酸-硝酸纤维素CAP 醋酸-丙酸纤维素Cat. 催化CBA 化学发泡剂CBz 苄氧羰基CDP 磷酸甲酚二苯酯CF 甲醛-甲酚树脂,碳纤维CFE 氯氟乙烯CFM 碳纤维密封填料CFRP 碳纤维增强塑料CLF 含氯纤维CMC 羧甲基纤维素CMCNa 羧甲基纤维素钠CMD 代尼尔纤维CMS 羧甲基淀粉COT 1,3,5-环辛四烯Cp 环戊二烯基CSA 樟脑磺酸CTAB 十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（相转移催化剂）Cy 环己基DDABCO 1，4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷DAF 富马酸二烯丙酯DAIP 间苯二甲酸二烯丙酯DAM 马来酸二烯丙酯DAP 间苯二甲酸二烯丙酯DATBP 四溴邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯DBA 己二酸二丁酯dba 苄叉丙酮DBE 1,2-?二溴乙烷DBEP 邻苯二甲酸二丁氧乙酯DBN 二环[5.4.0]-1,8-二氮-7-壬烯DBP 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯DBR 二苯甲酰间苯二酚DBS 癸二酸二癸酯DBU 二环[4.3.0]-1,5-二氮-5-十一烯DCC 1，3－二环己基碳化二亚胺DCCA 二氯异氰脲酸DCCK 二氯异氰脲酸钾DCCNa 二氯异氰脲酸钠DCE 1,2-二氯乙烷DCHP 邻苯二甲酸二环乙酯DCPD 过氧化二碳酸二环乙酯DDA 己二酸二癸酯DDP 邻苯二甲酸二癸酯DDQ 2,3-二氯-5，6-二氰-1，4-苯醌DEA 二乙胺DEAD 偶氮二甲酸二乙酯DEAE 二乙胺基乙基纤维素DEP 邻苯二甲酸二乙酯DETA 二乙撑三胺DFA 薄膜胶粘剂DHA 己二酸二己酯DHP 邻苯二甲酸二己酯DHS 癸二酸二己酯DIBA 己二酸二异丁酯Dibal-H 二异丁基氢化铝DIDA 己二酸二异癸酯DIDG 戊二酸二异癸酯DIDP 邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯DINA 己二酸二异壬酯DINP 邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯DINZ 壬二酸二异壬酯DIOA 己酸二异辛酯diphos(dppe) 1,2-双（二苯基膦）乙烷diphos-4(dppb) 1,2-双（二苯基膦）丁烷DMAP 4-二甲氨基吡啶DME 二甲醚DMF 二甲基甲酰胺dppf 双（二苯基膦基）二茂铁dppp 1,3-双（二苯基膦基）丙烷dvb 二乙烯苯Ee- 电解E/EA 乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯共聚物E/P 乙烯/丙烯共聚物E/P/D 乙烯/丙烯/二烯三元共聚物E/TEE 乙烯/四氟乙烯共聚物E/VAC 乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物E/VAL 乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物EAA 乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物EAK 乙基戊丙酮EBM 挤出吹塑模塑EC 乙基纤维素ECB 乙烯共聚物和沥青的共混物ECD 环氧氯丙烷橡胶ECTEE 聚（乙烯-三氟氯乙烯）ED-3 环氧酯EDA 乙二胺EDC 二氯乙烷EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸二钠EDTA 乙二胺四醋酸EE 乙氧基乙基EEA 乙烯-醋酸丙烯共聚物EG 乙二醇2-EH 异辛醇EO 环氧乙烷EOT 聚乙烯硫醚EP 环氧树脂EPI 环氧氯丙烷EPM 乙烯-丙烯共聚物EPOR 三元乙丙橡胶EPR 乙丙橡胶EPS 可发性聚苯乙烯EPSAN 乙烯-丙烯-苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物EPT 乙烯丙烯三元共聚物EPVC 乳液法聚氯乙烯Et 乙基EU 聚醚型聚氨酯EVA 乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物EVE 乙烯基乙基醚EXP 醋酸乙烯-乙烯-丙烯酸酯三元共聚乳液FF/VAL 乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物F-23 四氟乙烯-偏氯乙烯共聚物F-30 三氟氯乙烯-乙烯共聚物F-40 四氟氯乙烯-乙烯共聚物FDY 丙纶全牵伸丝FEP 全氟（乙烯-丙烯）共聚物FMN 黄素单核苷酸FNG 耐水硅胶Fp 闪点或茂基二羰基铁FPM 氟橡胶FRA 纤维增强丙烯酸酯FRC 阻燃粘胶纤维FRP 纤维增强塑料FRPA-101 玻璃纤维增强聚癸二酸癸胺（玻璃纤维增强尼龙1010树脂）FRPA-610 玻璃纤维增强聚癸二酰乙二胺（玻璃纤维增强尼龙610树脂）FVP 闪式真实热解法FWA 荧光增白剂GGF 玻璃纤维GFRP 玻璃纤维增强塑料GFRTP 玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料促进剂GOF 石英光纤GPS 通用聚苯乙烯GR-1 异丁橡胶GR-N 丁腈橡胶GR-S 丁苯橡胶GRTP 玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料GUV 紫外光固化硅橡胶涂料GX 邻二甲苯GY 厌氧胶Hh 小时H 乌洛托品1,5-HD 1，5－己二烯HDI 六甲撑二异氰酸酯HDPE 低压聚乙烯（高密度）HEDP 1-羟基乙叉-1，1-二膦酸HFP 六氟丙烯HIPS 高抗冲聚苯乙烯HLA 天然聚合物透明质胶HLD 树脂性氯丁胶HM 高甲氧基果胶HMC 高强度模塑料HMF 非干性密封胶HMPA 六甲基磷酸三胺HMPT 六甲基磷酰胺HOPP 均聚聚丙烯HPC 羟丙基纤维素HPMC 羟丙基甲基纤维素HPMCP 羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯HPT 六甲基磷酸三酰胺HS 六苯乙烯HTPS 高冲击聚苯乙烯hv 光照IIEN 互贯网络弹性体IHPN 互贯网络均聚物IIR 异丁烯-异戊二烯橡胶IO 离子聚合物IPA 异丙醇IPN 互贯网络聚合物iPr 异丙基IR 异戊二烯橡胶IVE 异丁基乙烯基醚JJSF 聚乙烯醇缩醛胶JZ 塑胶粘合剂KKSG 空分硅胶LLAH 氢化铝锂（LiAlH4）LAS 十二烷基苯磺酸钠LCM 液态固化剂LDA 二异丙基氨基锂（有机中最重要一种大体积强碱）LDJ 低毒胶粘剂LDN 氯丁胶粘剂LDPE 高压聚乙烯（低密度）LDR 氯丁橡胶LF 脲LGP 液化石油气LHMDS 六甲基叠氮乙硅锂LHPC 低替代度羟丙基纤维素LIM 液体侵渍模塑LIPN 乳胶互贯网络聚合物LJ 接体型氯丁橡胶LLDPE 线性低密度聚乙烯LM 低甲氧基果胶LMG 液态甲烷气LMWPE 低分子量聚乙稀LN 液态氮LRM 液态反应模塑LRMR 增强液体反应模塑LSR 羧基氯丁乳胶LTBA 氢化三叔丁氧基铝锂MMA 丙烯酸甲酯MAA 甲基丙烯酸MABS 甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物MAL 甲基丙烯醛MBS 甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物MBTE 甲基叔丁基醚MC 甲基纤维素MCA 三聚氰胺氰脲酸盐MCPA-6 改性聚己内酰胺（铸型尼龙6）mCPBA 间氯过苯酸MCR 改性氯丁冷粘鞋用胶MDI 二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯（甲撑二苯基二异氰酸酯）MDI 3，3’-二甲基-4，4’-二氨基二苯甲烷MDPE 中压聚乙烯（高密度）Me 甲基Me MethylMEK 丁酮（甲乙酮）MEKP 过氧化甲乙酮MEM 甲氧基乙氧基甲基－MES 脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐Mes 均三甲苯基（也就是1，3，5-三甲基苯基）MF 三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂M-HIPS 改性高冲聚苯乙烯MIBK 甲基异丁基酮Min 分钟MMA 甲基丙烯酸甲酯MMF 甲基甲酰胺MNA 甲基丙烯腈MOM 甲氧甲基MPEG 乙醇酸乙酯MPF 三聚氨胺-酚醛树脂MPK 甲基丙基甲酮M-PP 改性聚丙烯MPPO 改性聚苯醚MPS 改性聚苯乙烯Ms 甲基磺酰基（保护羟基用）MS 分子筛MS 苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯树脂MSO 石油醚MTBE 甲基叔丁基醚MTM 甲硫基甲基MTT 氯丁胶新型交联剂MWR 旋转模塑MXD-10/6 醇溶三元共聚尼龙MXDP 间苯二甲基二胺NNaphth 萘基NBD 二环庚二烯（别名：降冰片二烯）NBR 丁腈橡胶NBS N-溴代丁二酰亚胺?别名：N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺NCS N-氯代丁二酰亚胺.?别名：N-氯代琥珀酰亚胺NDI 二异氰酸萘酯NDOP 邻苯二甲酸正癸辛酯NHDP 邻苯二甲酸己正癸酯NHTM 偏苯三酸正己酯Ni(R) 雷尼镍（氢活性催化还原剂）NINS 癸二酸二异辛酯NLS 正硬脂酸铅NMO N-甲基氧化吗啉NMP N-甲基吡咯烷酮NODA 己二酸正辛正癸酯NODP 邻苯二甲酸正辛正癸酯NPE 壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚NR 天然橡胶OOBP 邻苯二甲酸辛苄酯ODA 己二酸异辛癸酯ODPP 磷酸辛二苯酯OIDD 邻苯二甲酸正辛异癸酯OPP 定向聚丙烯（薄膜）OPS 定向聚苯乙烯（薄膜）OPVC 正向聚氯乙烯OT 气熔胶PPA 聚酰胺（尼龙）PA-1010 聚癸二酸癸二胺（尼龙1010）PA-11 聚十一酰胺（尼龙11）PA-12 聚十二酰胺（尼龙12）PA-6 聚己内酰胺（尼龙6）PA-610 聚癸二酰乙二胺（尼龙610）PA-612 聚十二烷二酰乙二胺（尼龙612）PA-66 聚己二酸己二胺（尼龙66）PA-8 聚辛酰胺（尼龙8）PA-9 聚9-氨基壬酸（尼龙9）PAA 聚丙烯酸PAAS 水质稳定剂PABM 聚氨基双马来酰亚胺PAC 聚氯化铝PAEK 聚芳基醚酮PAI 聚酰胺-酰亚胺PAM 聚丙烯酰胺PAMBA 抗血纤溶芳酸PAMS 聚α－甲基苯乙烯PAN 聚丙烯腈PAP 对氨基苯酚PAPA 聚壬二酐PAPI 多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯PAR 聚芳酯（双酚A型）PAR 聚芳酰胺PAS 聚芳砜（聚芳基硫醚）PB 聚丁二烯-〔1，3]PBAN 聚（丁二烯-丙烯腈）PBI 聚苯并咪唑PBMA 聚甲基丙烯酸正丁酯PBN 聚萘二酸丁醇酯PBS 聚（丁二烯-苯乙烯）PBT 聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯PC 聚碳酸酯PC/ABS 聚碳酸酯/ABS树脂共混合金PC/PBT 聚碳酸酯/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯弹性体共混合金PCC 吡啶氯铬酸盐PCD 聚羰二酰亚胺PCDT 聚（1，4-环己烯二亚甲基对苯二甲酸酯）PCE 四氯乙烯PCMX 对氯间二甲酚PCT 聚己内酰胺PCT 聚对苯二甲酸环己烷对二甲醇酯PCTEE 聚三氟氯乙烯PD 二羟基聚醚PDAIP 聚间苯二甲酸二烯丙酯PDAP 聚对苯二甲酸二烯丙酯PDC 重铬酸吡啶PDMS 聚二甲基硅氧烷PEG 聚乙二醇Ph 苯基PhH 苯PhMe 甲苯Phth 邻苯二甲酰Pip 哌啶基Pr n-丙基Py 吡啶Qquant. 定量产率RRE 橡胶粘合剂Red-Al [（MeOCH2CH2O）AlH2]NaRF 间苯二酚-甲醛树脂RFL 间苯二酚-甲醛乳胶RP 增强塑料RP/C 增强复合材料RX 橡胶软化剂SS/MS 苯乙烯-α-甲基苯乙烯共聚物SAN 苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物SAS 仲烷基磺酸钠SB 苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物SBR 丁苯橡胶SBS 苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物sBu 仲丁基sBuLi 仲丁基锂SC 硅橡胶气调织物膜SDDC N，N-二甲基硫代氨基甲酸钠SE 磺乙基纤维素SGA 丙烯酸酯胶SI 聚硅氧烷Siamyl 二异戊基SIS 苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物SIS/SEBS 苯乙烯-乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物SM 苯乙烯SMA 苯乙烯-顺丁烯二酸酐共聚物SPP 间规聚苯乙烯SPVC 悬浮法聚氯乙烯SR 合成橡胶ST 矿物纤维TTAC 三聚氰酸三烯丙酯TAME 甲基叔戊基醚TAP 磷酸三烯丙酯TASF 三（二乙胺基）二氟三甲基锍硅酸盐TBAF 氟化四丁基铵TBDMS,?TBS 叔丁基二甲基硅烷基（羟基保护基）TBE 四溴乙烷TBHP 过氧叔丁醇TBP 磷酸三丁酯t-Bu 叔丁基TCA 三醋酸纤维素TCCA 三氯异氰脲酸TCEF 磷酸三氯乙酯TCF 磷酸三甲酚酯TCPP 磷酸三氯丙酯TDI 甲苯二异氰酸酯TEA 三乙胺TEAE 三乙氨基乙基纤维素TEBA 三乙基苄基胺TEDA 三乙二胺TEFC 三氟氯乙烯TEMPO 四甲基氧代胡椒联苯自由基TEP 磷酸三乙酯Tf?or?OTf 三氟甲磺酸TFA 三氟乙酸TFAA 三氟乙酸酐TFE 四氟乙烯THF 四氢呋喃THF 四氢呋喃THP 四氢吡喃基TLCP 热散液晶聚酯TMEDA 四甲基乙二胺TMP 三羟甲基丙烷TMP 2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶TMPD 三甲基戊二醇TMS 三甲基硅烷基TMTD 二硫化四甲基秋兰姆（硫化促进剂TT）TNP 三壬基苯基亚磷酸酯Tol 甲苯基TPA 对苯二甲酸TPE 磷酸三苯酯TPS 韧性聚苯乙烯TPU 热塑性聚氨酯树脂Tr 三苯基TR 聚硫橡胶TRIS 三异丙基乙磺酰TRPP 纤维增强聚丙烯TR-RFT 纤维增强聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯TRTP 纤维增强热塑性塑料Ts?(Tos) 对甲苯磺酰基TTP 磷酸二甲苯酯UU 脲UF 脲甲醛树脂UHMWPE 超高分子量聚乙烯UP 不饱和聚酯VVAC 醋酸乙烯酯VAE 乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物VAM 醋酸乙烯VAMA 醋酸乙烯-顺丁烯二酐共聚物VC 氯乙烯VC/CDC 氯乙烯/偏二氯乙烯共聚物VC/E 氯乙烯/乙烯共聚物VC/E/MA 氯乙烯/乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物VC/E/VAC 氯乙烯/乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物VC/MA 氯乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物VC/MMA 氯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物VC/OA 氯乙烯/丙烯酸辛酯共聚物VC/VAC 氯乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物VCM 氯乙烯（单体）VCP 氯乙烯-丙烯共聚物VCS 丙烯腈-氯化聚乙烯-苯乙烯共聚物VDC 偏二氯乙烯VPC 硫化聚乙烯VTPS 特种橡胶偶联剂WWF 新型橡塑填料WP 织物涂层胶WRS 聚苯乙烯球形细粒XXF 二甲苯-甲醛树脂XMC 复合材料YYH 改性氯丁胶YM 聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶乳YWG 液相色谱无定型微粒硅胶ZZE 玉米纤维ZH 溶剂型氯化天然橡胶胶粘剂ZN 粉状脲醛树脂胶。

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