毕业论文使用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不锈钢与紫铜焊接过程温度场应力场分布模拟
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First, the TIG welding process parameters of thin-walled stainless steel and copper are determined with the shape of weldingseamand groove, which lays foundation for later simulation;
Finally, the temperature and stress field indirect coupling method is used to simulate the welding stress field by applying the results of temperature field analysis as temperature loads on the model. After that, the results of stress field simulation are analyzed.
Based on the analysis of stress field anddeformationof welding partsafter welding,the strength anddeformation checkingof welding parts is conducted in this paper. Thechecking resultsare: the welding parts are qualifiedand theweldingisfeasible.
Then, the simulation and analysis of welding temperature field is completed by building a finite element model of welding, using APDL to make programs of heatsource, applying element birth and death technology to simulate the successive generating of welding seamsand adopting "* DO—*ENDDO" language to realize the movement of heat source;
Firstly, because the heat transferring of copper is faster than stainless steel, so temperature field distribution of thin-walled stainless steel and coppertubesduring the welding process is extremely uneven. Thismayleads to molten inconsistency of base metal on both sides and may cause poor weldseam. It is recommended that the welding arc isslightly partial to copper, in case oftheexcessive heating of stainless steel.
摘
太阳能热水系统中用到薄壁不锈钢与薄壁紫铜氩弧焊焊接。不锈钢与紫铜的焊接属于异种金属焊接,两者的物理性质差异很大,因而两者的焊接难度较大,在氩弧焊过程中易产生各种缺陷。本文通过ANSYS软件对其焊接过程进行了模拟,得到了薄壁不锈钢与薄壁紫铜焊接过程中的温度场、应力场分布,并依据模拟结果对焊接过程中可能出现的缺陷进行了分析。ANSYS模拟步骤如下:
根据焊接温度场、应力场模拟结果,本文分析了薄壁不锈钢与薄壁紫铜氩弧焊焊接过程中以及冷却后可能出现的质量缺陷,并提出了一些建议。具体结论和建议如下:
一、由于紫铜散热比不锈钢快,因此薄壁不锈钢和薄壁紫铜焊接过程中两管的温度场分布极不均衡。这使得焊缝两侧基体金属熔化程度不一致,可能导致焊缝成形不良。建议在焊接时电弧稍微偏向紫铜管一侧,防止不锈钢一侧受热过多。
Thirdly, due to the large difference of stress distribution between stainless steel tube and copper tube during the welding process, different volume changes are produced in two tubes at the end of cooling. This is detrimental to the welding seam and also leads to unfitness of dimensional tolerances of welding parts, resulting in scrapping of welding parts. It is recommended that anti-stress and anti-distortion measures should be adopted before welding.
Based on the simulation results of welding temperature and stress field, the quality defects of thin-walled stainless steel with copper that may occur during the TIG welding and cooling process are analyzed and some recommendations are made accordingly. Specific conclusions and recommendations are as follows:
根据对焊件焊后应力场、焊件焊后变形的分析,本文对焊件进行了强度和变形校核,校核结果为:焊件合格,焊接可行。
关键词:薄壁不锈钢和紫铜管;氩弧焊;ANSYS APDL;温度场;应力场;数值of thin-walledstainless steelandcoppertubesis used in solar hot water system. As the welding of stainless steeland copperis dissimilar metal welding and their physical properties arevery different, thus the welding of them is difficult and it is easy to produce a variety of defects in the TIG process. In this paper, the welding process of stainless steel with copper is simulated by using ANSYS software, and the temperature field, stress field distribution in the welding process is obtainedafterwards, so that the defects that may occur during the welding process are analyzed based on the simulation results. ANSYS simulation steps are as follows:
二、冷却结束后,始焊位置和终焊位置结合处留有较大的残余应力,为253MPa,接近这一温度材料的屈服极限。因此,在焊接结合处会有较大的变形,其内部可能会出现较多的裂纹。建议在焊接时严格控制熔池温度、电弧大小以及氩气流量。
三、由于在焊接过程中不锈钢管和紫铜管应力分布有很大的不同,因此在冷却结束后两管会产生不同的体积变化。这对于焊缝是不利的,同时也会使焊件不符合焊接前的尺寸公差,导致零件报废。建议焊前对焊件采取反应力、反变形措施。
Secondly, at the end of cooling, large residual stress that is 253MPa is remained in the junction areaamongstarting and ending position of welding, close to the yield strength of material at the same temperature. Therefore, there will be greater deformation in the junction area and more cracks inside. It is recommend that the temperature of moltenpool, the size of welding arc and the gas flow of argon should be under strict control.
Keywords: Thin-walled stainless steelandcopper tubes; TIG welding; ANSYS APDL; Temperature field; Stress field; Numerical simulation
第
1.1
太阳能热水系统是利用太阳能集热器,收集太阳辐射能把水加热的一种装置,是目前太阳热能应用发展中最具经济价值、技术最成熟且已商业化的一项应用产品。连接管路是太阳能热水系统一个重要的组成部分,其将热水从集热器输送到保温水箱、将冷水从保温水箱输送到集热器的通道,使整套系统形成一个闭合的环路。设计合理、连接正确的循环管道对太阳能系统是否能达到最佳工作状态至关重要。管道必须有很高的质量,保证有20年以上的使用寿命。同时由于管道长期处于室外,内部通有热水或冷水,故要求有高的密封性、耐腐蚀性、良好的耐温耐压性能以及抗冷热水冲击的耐疲劳性能。
首先,确定薄壁不锈钢和薄壁紫铜氩弧焊工艺参数以及焊缝、坡口形状,为后文的模拟奠定基础;
然后,建立焊接有限元模型,使用APDL语言编写热源施加程序,采用生死单元技术模拟焊接焊缝的依次生成,应用“*DO—*ENDDO”循环语句实现热源的移动,完成对焊接温度场的模拟和分析;
最后,利用温度场与应力场间接耦合法,将温度场分析的结果温度作为载荷施加在模型上,模拟出焊接应力场,并对应力场模拟结果进行分析。
根据材料的不同,现阶段常用的供水管道可分为塑料管、复合管、金属管三类。常用的塑料管种类有:硬聚氯乙烯管(PVC—U);高密度聚乙烯管(PE—HD);交联聚乙烯管(PE—X)、无规共聚聚丙烯管(PP—R);聚丁烯管(PB);ABS管等。塑料管的使用温度及耐热性能决定了PVC—U、PE、ABS仅能用于冷水管,而PE—X、PP、PB则可作为热水管。其连接方式主要有:卡套式连接、卡压式连接、插按式连接。复合管一般以金属作支撑材料,内衬以环氧树脂和水泥,它的特点是重量轻、内壁光滑、阻力小、耐腐性能好。根据金属的材料不同,复合管可分为:钢塑复合管;塑覆不锈钢管;塑覆铜管;铝塑复合管、交联铝塑复合管;衬塑铝合金管。在塑覆金属管中,交联铝塑复合管不仅具有良好的耐温耐压、抗冷热疲劳强度等性能,还具有一定强度和可塑性,可随意弯曲且弯曲后不反弹,便于太阳能热水器的室内管路安装施工。其连接方式也主要有卡套式、卡压式和插接式等。金属管主要包括镀锌钢管、铸铁管、铜管、不锈钢管。20世纪六七十年代,发达国家开始开发新型管材,并陆续禁用镀锌管。中国建设部等四部委也明确发文,从2000年起禁用镀锌管,目前新建小区的冷水管已很少使用镀锌管。铸铁管与钢管相比具有不易腐蚀、造价低、耐久性好等优点,适合于埋地敷设,但它的缺点是质脆、重量大、长度小等,连接方式一般采用承插连接。卡箍式铸铁排水管是一种新型的建筑用排水管材,20世纪60年代开始进入国际市场,但由于这种管材及配件价格相对较高,在国内一直未能得到普及推广。不锈钢管自20世纪发明以来凭借其优良的性能和漂亮的外观在所有管材的发展中一枝独秀。不锈钢管的优点包括:满足健康要求、安全卫生,可保持水质纯净对人体健康没有任何影响;使用温度范围极广,可在-270~400℃的温度下长期安全工作;是一种环保材料,不含环境污染物,可无数次再生,100%回收利用;材料本身具有很高的强度和耐腐蚀性、可靠耐用、寿命长、低维护,大大降低了水管的渗漏率;具有优越的流通性能和较好的保温性能,可节约能源、降低能耗。在金属管中,铜管和不锈钢管比较适合太阳能热水器的特殊使用环境。铜管的连接方式主要分为机械连接和钎焊连接两大类。机械连接又分卡套式、插接式和卡压式连接。不锈钢管的连接方式多样,常见的管件类型有卡套式、卡压式、活接式、推进式、推螺纹式、承插焊接式、焊接式及焊接与传统连接相结合的派生系列连接方式。这些连接方式,根据其原理不同,适用范围也有所不同,但大多数均安装方便、牢固可靠。
Finally, the temperature and stress field indirect coupling method is used to simulate the welding stress field by applying the results of temperature field analysis as temperature loads on the model. After that, the results of stress field simulation are analyzed.
Based on the analysis of stress field anddeformationof welding partsafter welding,the strength anddeformation checkingof welding parts is conducted in this paper. Thechecking resultsare: the welding parts are qualifiedand theweldingisfeasible.
Then, the simulation and analysis of welding temperature field is completed by building a finite element model of welding, using APDL to make programs of heatsource, applying element birth and death technology to simulate the successive generating of welding seamsand adopting "* DO—*ENDDO" language to realize the movement of heat source;
Firstly, because the heat transferring of copper is faster than stainless steel, so temperature field distribution of thin-walled stainless steel and coppertubesduring the welding process is extremely uneven. Thismayleads to molten inconsistency of base metal on both sides and may cause poor weldseam. It is recommended that the welding arc isslightly partial to copper, in case oftheexcessive heating of stainless steel.
摘
太阳能热水系统中用到薄壁不锈钢与薄壁紫铜氩弧焊焊接。不锈钢与紫铜的焊接属于异种金属焊接,两者的物理性质差异很大,因而两者的焊接难度较大,在氩弧焊过程中易产生各种缺陷。本文通过ANSYS软件对其焊接过程进行了模拟,得到了薄壁不锈钢与薄壁紫铜焊接过程中的温度场、应力场分布,并依据模拟结果对焊接过程中可能出现的缺陷进行了分析。ANSYS模拟步骤如下:
根据焊接温度场、应力场模拟结果,本文分析了薄壁不锈钢与薄壁紫铜氩弧焊焊接过程中以及冷却后可能出现的质量缺陷,并提出了一些建议。具体结论和建议如下:
一、由于紫铜散热比不锈钢快,因此薄壁不锈钢和薄壁紫铜焊接过程中两管的温度场分布极不均衡。这使得焊缝两侧基体金属熔化程度不一致,可能导致焊缝成形不良。建议在焊接时电弧稍微偏向紫铜管一侧,防止不锈钢一侧受热过多。
Thirdly, due to the large difference of stress distribution between stainless steel tube and copper tube during the welding process, different volume changes are produced in two tubes at the end of cooling. This is detrimental to the welding seam and also leads to unfitness of dimensional tolerances of welding parts, resulting in scrapping of welding parts. It is recommended that anti-stress and anti-distortion measures should be adopted before welding.
Based on the simulation results of welding temperature and stress field, the quality defects of thin-walled stainless steel with copper that may occur during the TIG welding and cooling process are analyzed and some recommendations are made accordingly. Specific conclusions and recommendations are as follows:
根据对焊件焊后应力场、焊件焊后变形的分析,本文对焊件进行了强度和变形校核,校核结果为:焊件合格,焊接可行。
关键词:薄壁不锈钢和紫铜管;氩弧焊;ANSYS APDL;温度场;应力场;数值of thin-walledstainless steelandcoppertubesis used in solar hot water system. As the welding of stainless steeland copperis dissimilar metal welding and their physical properties arevery different, thus the welding of them is difficult and it is easy to produce a variety of defects in the TIG process. In this paper, the welding process of stainless steel with copper is simulated by using ANSYS software, and the temperature field, stress field distribution in the welding process is obtainedafterwards, so that the defects that may occur during the welding process are analyzed based on the simulation results. ANSYS simulation steps are as follows:
二、冷却结束后,始焊位置和终焊位置结合处留有较大的残余应力,为253MPa,接近这一温度材料的屈服极限。因此,在焊接结合处会有较大的变形,其内部可能会出现较多的裂纹。建议在焊接时严格控制熔池温度、电弧大小以及氩气流量。
三、由于在焊接过程中不锈钢管和紫铜管应力分布有很大的不同,因此在冷却结束后两管会产生不同的体积变化。这对于焊缝是不利的,同时也会使焊件不符合焊接前的尺寸公差,导致零件报废。建议焊前对焊件采取反应力、反变形措施。
Secondly, at the end of cooling, large residual stress that is 253MPa is remained in the junction areaamongstarting and ending position of welding, close to the yield strength of material at the same temperature. Therefore, there will be greater deformation in the junction area and more cracks inside. It is recommend that the temperature of moltenpool, the size of welding arc and the gas flow of argon should be under strict control.
Keywords: Thin-walled stainless steelandcopper tubes; TIG welding; ANSYS APDL; Temperature field; Stress field; Numerical simulation
第
1.1
太阳能热水系统是利用太阳能集热器,收集太阳辐射能把水加热的一种装置,是目前太阳热能应用发展中最具经济价值、技术最成熟且已商业化的一项应用产品。连接管路是太阳能热水系统一个重要的组成部分,其将热水从集热器输送到保温水箱、将冷水从保温水箱输送到集热器的通道,使整套系统形成一个闭合的环路。设计合理、连接正确的循环管道对太阳能系统是否能达到最佳工作状态至关重要。管道必须有很高的质量,保证有20年以上的使用寿命。同时由于管道长期处于室外,内部通有热水或冷水,故要求有高的密封性、耐腐蚀性、良好的耐温耐压性能以及抗冷热水冲击的耐疲劳性能。
首先,确定薄壁不锈钢和薄壁紫铜氩弧焊工艺参数以及焊缝、坡口形状,为后文的模拟奠定基础;
然后,建立焊接有限元模型,使用APDL语言编写热源施加程序,采用生死单元技术模拟焊接焊缝的依次生成,应用“*DO—*ENDDO”循环语句实现热源的移动,完成对焊接温度场的模拟和分析;
最后,利用温度场与应力场间接耦合法,将温度场分析的结果温度作为载荷施加在模型上,模拟出焊接应力场,并对应力场模拟结果进行分析。
根据材料的不同,现阶段常用的供水管道可分为塑料管、复合管、金属管三类。常用的塑料管种类有:硬聚氯乙烯管(PVC—U);高密度聚乙烯管(PE—HD);交联聚乙烯管(PE—X)、无规共聚聚丙烯管(PP—R);聚丁烯管(PB);ABS管等。塑料管的使用温度及耐热性能决定了PVC—U、PE、ABS仅能用于冷水管,而PE—X、PP、PB则可作为热水管。其连接方式主要有:卡套式连接、卡压式连接、插按式连接。复合管一般以金属作支撑材料,内衬以环氧树脂和水泥,它的特点是重量轻、内壁光滑、阻力小、耐腐性能好。根据金属的材料不同,复合管可分为:钢塑复合管;塑覆不锈钢管;塑覆铜管;铝塑复合管、交联铝塑复合管;衬塑铝合金管。在塑覆金属管中,交联铝塑复合管不仅具有良好的耐温耐压、抗冷热疲劳强度等性能,还具有一定强度和可塑性,可随意弯曲且弯曲后不反弹,便于太阳能热水器的室内管路安装施工。其连接方式也主要有卡套式、卡压式和插接式等。金属管主要包括镀锌钢管、铸铁管、铜管、不锈钢管。20世纪六七十年代,发达国家开始开发新型管材,并陆续禁用镀锌管。中国建设部等四部委也明确发文,从2000年起禁用镀锌管,目前新建小区的冷水管已很少使用镀锌管。铸铁管与钢管相比具有不易腐蚀、造价低、耐久性好等优点,适合于埋地敷设,但它的缺点是质脆、重量大、长度小等,连接方式一般采用承插连接。卡箍式铸铁排水管是一种新型的建筑用排水管材,20世纪60年代开始进入国际市场,但由于这种管材及配件价格相对较高,在国内一直未能得到普及推广。不锈钢管自20世纪发明以来凭借其优良的性能和漂亮的外观在所有管材的发展中一枝独秀。不锈钢管的优点包括:满足健康要求、安全卫生,可保持水质纯净对人体健康没有任何影响;使用温度范围极广,可在-270~400℃的温度下长期安全工作;是一种环保材料,不含环境污染物,可无数次再生,100%回收利用;材料本身具有很高的强度和耐腐蚀性、可靠耐用、寿命长、低维护,大大降低了水管的渗漏率;具有优越的流通性能和较好的保温性能,可节约能源、降低能耗。在金属管中,铜管和不锈钢管比较适合太阳能热水器的特殊使用环境。铜管的连接方式主要分为机械连接和钎焊连接两大类。机械连接又分卡套式、插接式和卡压式连接。不锈钢管的连接方式多样,常见的管件类型有卡套式、卡压式、活接式、推进式、推螺纹式、承插焊接式、焊接式及焊接与传统连接相结合的派生系列连接方式。这些连接方式,根据其原理不同,适用范围也有所不同,但大多数均安装方便、牢固可靠。