Literature Review 2
literature review 范本
literature review 范本A literature review is a comprehensive and critical evaluation of existing scholarship on a particular topic. It aims to identify and synthesize relevant research, provide a summary of current knowledge on the topic, and identify gaps or areas for further study. Below is a sample literature review on the topic of mental health in adolescence:Title: Mental Health in Adolescence: A Comprehensive Literature ReviewIntroduction:Adolescence is a critical period in a person's life, characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social changes. Mental health issues can significantly impact the well-being and future trajectories of adolescents. Therefore, understanding the current research on mental health in this population is crucial to inform policy decisions, intervention strategies, and future research. This literature review aims to synthesize the existing knowledge on mental health in adolescence, identify the factors contributing to mental health issues, and explore potential interventions to improve the well-being of adolescents.Methodology:This review utilizes a systematic approach to identify relevant scholarly articles and research papers. Databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched using specific keywords, including "adolescent mental health," "mental health interventions," "risk factors," and "protective factors." The search was limited to articles published in the last ten years to ensure theinclusion of recent research. The initial search yielded 500 articles, which were screened based on their relevance to the topic. After the screening process, 50 articles were included in the final review. Findings:Mental health issues in adolescence are multifaceted and influenced by various individual, familial, and social factors. The most prevalent mental health disorders among adolescents include anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorders. Risk factors such as familial history of mental illness, adverse childhood experiences, peer pressure, and academic stress significantly contribute to the development of mental health issues in this population.Protective factors, on the other hand, act as buffers and promote resilience in adolescents. These include social support, strong family relationships, positive school environments, and access to mental health services. Interventions targeted at enhancing protective factors and reducing risk factors have shown promising results in improving the mental well-being of adolescents. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and peer support programs have emerged as effective interventions for managing mental health disorders in this population.Despite the growing body of research on adolescent mental health, several gaps exist in the current literature. Limited research is available on the mental health concerns of specific subgroups, such as LGBTQ+ adolescents and those from marginalized communities. Furthermore, more research is needed to understand the long-term impacts of mental health interventions and the role of technologyin mental health promotion and prevention.Conclusion:This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on mental health in adolescence. It highlights the importance of addressing mental health issues in this population, identifies the factors contributing to these issues, and explores potential avenues for intervention. Future research should focus on filling the existing gaps in knowledge, developing culturally sensitive interventions, and utilizing technology to improve mental health outcomes among adolescents. Ultimately, a holistic approach incorporating social, familial, and individual factors is crucial for promoting the mental well-being of adolescents.。
Literature Review2文献综述
Literature ReviewAs one of the most prominent and prolific contemporary American writers, Stenphen King(1947-) has been claimed the ”king of the horror fiction”. Besides the numerous awards and honorary degree , millions of copies of his book are in print and his works have been translated into thirty three languages which attract lots of readers all around the world. Meanwhile, his works were also made into movies by Hollywood filmmakers. Once The Shawshank Redemption was put on the screen, it caused a great sensation,The Shanwshank Redeption was adapted from a medium-length novel named Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption which was chosen from Different Seasons. There are many reviews and studies on Shawshank Redemption since it came out as a rare classic, and some of them are concentrated on its film version from the view of its gothic conflict, character and theme. In Wang Aijuan’s paper, she thinks through the gothic description, The Shawshank Redemption reflects the persecution of institutionalization on humanity. In the novel, the gothic conflicts between humanity and autocracy, freedom and imprisonment, hope and institutionalization display human’s understanding on fate and life. With the gothic means, the novel arouses humanity from void and paralysis, and endows human beings with the hope to pursue freedom and dream, to fulfill the real redemption in life. Both Pei Sujuan and Jin Shenqi have analyzed the characters of the movie. Pei Sujuan analyzed the hero Andy’s character of confidence, self-improvement and self-restraint, which made him created a legend figure in the impasse. She thinks Andy is an image of hope and he always believes that any substantial prison can only imprison his body but his incorporeal free spirit. Jin Shenqi inquires into the black images of the Redemption Shawshank through the aspect of film. He holds the view that Redding is the subversion of the previous black image yet not far beneath the surface. The society in which the black is the assistant and follower of the white is led by the white, and this plot was all arranged deliberately by the filmmakers. Zhao Yao tried to study the possibility of religion’s solving the issue of individual freedom in an alienated world, And draw some inspiration for similar issues in China. The alienation of reason, as the external representation of the alienation of man’s will, reveals the deficiency of man’s ethnics. While man’s ethnic is not sufficient to ensure man’s freedom in the contemporary social context, theology offers a new meaning to it. The reason system and religion system gain the possibility of dialogue in regard of ethnic man’s will.Besides, some papers are written to analyze the novella from the perspective of archetype criticism, cognitive science and humanistic concern. Sun Xinhong came out with the archetypal analysis of this novel in his paper that it is a fiction set in contemporary society but with biblical motifs running through it. Stephen King uses so many archetypal elements that make the novel so vivid in characterization, profound in meaning, and perspicuous in narration. The archetypal in this fiction express similar meanings to biblical culture. Such repetition of motifs, characters, structures and images tie the discreet events together, and hint they have great symbolic significance. Li Qianqian dissects the novel from the vision of cognitivescience. She explores the dark side of the Judicial institutions and prisons in America from the absurd court adjudication and the massacre of humanity. The astonished ending make a great hit to the America government body. At the same time, Andy has accumulated wealth very neatly and succeed in saving his best friend. This novella embodies the humanistic concern as well. Zhao Xianyan hold the point that it awoke our awareness of the actual conditions of the society, the novella focuses a critical eye on the unjust phenomenon and the inner world of the human beings. Its realistic but subtle content remains of the readers’resonance, its sympathy for the misery and misfortunate of the people and condemnation to the inequity shows the deep humanistic concern.Based on the previous studies, this paper intends to analyze King’s Rita Hayworth Shawshank Redemption from the perspective of existentialism. On the one hand, this paper will explore the inequitable judicial system of America and the dark prison life in America. On the other hand, it will analyze the choice they made in the absurd living environment which caused by the tie of the unreasonable mechanism to find out the modern people’s living condition and concentrate on how to seek to live a meaningful life.Bibliography[1] King，Stephen，Different Seasons [M], New York：New American Library，1983.[2] 戴先艳，史蒂芬•金《肖申克的救赎的救赎》中的人文主义关怀[D]，广西师范大学，2011.[3] 景圣琪，论《肖申克的救赎》中的黑人形象[J]，环球纵横，2008.[4] 李茜茜，从认知学角度剖析《丽塔海华丝及萧山克监狱的救赎》[J]，广角境，2011.[5] 裴素娟，自信自强自制——《肖申克的救赎》中安迪的性格浅析[J]，科技信息，2012.[6] 史蒂芬•金，肖申克的救赎[M]，北京：人民文学出版社，2006.[7] 孙昕翃，《丽塔海华丝和肖申克的救赎》的原型主义分析[D]，河北师范大学，2010.[8] 王爱娟，《肖申克的救赎》中的哥特式冲突[J]，安徽农业大学学报，2007.[9] 赵耀，异化世界下个体自由之路[D]，海南大学，2011.。
LITERATURE REVIEW文献综述
Why write LR?
Dr. Lili Ann SMM4999 - Literature Review 10
Why write LR?
In the context of a research paper on a thesis, the literature review provides a background to the study being proposed. The background may consider one or more of the following aspects depending on the research question being posed:
Dr. Lili Ann
SMM4999 - Literature Review
8
Why write LR?
The purpose of a literature review is for you to take a critical look at the literature (facts and views) that already exists in the area you are researching. A literature review is not a shopping list of everything that exists, but a critical analysis that shows an evaluation of the existing literature and a relationship between the different works. It demonstrates the relevance of the research.
literaturereview结构
literaturereview结构
一篇文献综述的典型结构包括以下几个部分：
1.引言
-简要介绍研究领域的背景和意义，为读者提供背景信息。
-指出该文献综述的目的和研究问题。
2.文献筛选和选择标准
-描述文献筛选过程，包括文献的方法和使用的关键词。
-说明选择文献的标准，例如时间范围、研究方法等。
3.文献综述
-根据研究问题，将文献分成几个主题，每个主题可以是一个段落或一个部分。
-对每个主题进行概述，包括主要研究结果和方法。
-对文献之间的相互关系进行分析和讨论，指出各个研究之间的异同点。
4.结果和发现的总结
-总结每个主题的关键发现和结论，指出每个主题的重要性。
-突出各个研究之间的模式和趋势，从而为研究问题提供更全面的理解。
5.研究局限和未来研究方向
-指出文献综述中可能存在的局限性，例如样本数不足、研究方法的
局限等。
-提出未来研究的方向和问题，为进一步研究提供建议。
6.结论
-总结整个文献综述的主要发现和结论。
-指出该文献综述的意义和对研究领域的贡献。
以上是一篇文献综述的典型结构，可以根据实际需要进行调整和修改。
此外，需要注意的是，文献综述需要保持逻辑连贯和清晰，每个部分的内
容都要有充分的论据和证据支持。
同时，在写作过程中要注意文献的引用
和注释，确保准确而恰当地引用已有研究的成果。
literaturereview文献综述的写法（英文版）
literaturereview⽂献综述的写法（英⽂版）Literature ReviewThis packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor.This packet is subdivided into six sections:I. General InformationStates what a literature review is and what purpose it serves.II. ProcessGives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review.III. OrganizationExplains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review.IV. FormatProvides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B).V. ChecklistAllows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines.VI. ResourcesLists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information.M General Information MDefinitionLiterature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis.In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if theywere researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amountand quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper:Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: “why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out”(Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J., 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective.Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review “. . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis].” Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review.PurposeAlthough literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand.In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-SpecificityA literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis.Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis.Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research.REVIEW1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between theauthor’s thesis and the literature being reviewed?2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in?M Process M1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review.2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things:A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw inresearch, continuing previous research, etc . . .)B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to yourresearch problem.You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B).3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review.4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis.5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review.6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relateto your thesis.7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review.8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review.9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues.10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological.11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion./doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html plete the final draft of the literature review.13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors.14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused. REVIEW1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review ? Why? Justify your response(s).A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically.Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoringcommunication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess:…Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . .Then state what angle is going to be explored:…These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center…Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developedand are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature ReviewYou may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response:What is the purpose of the research or work?What research or literary methods are used?How do the major concepts operate?In a research study, how accurate are the measurements?In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the study or of the literary work itself?M Organization MIn the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself:-Research Review-Recommended Spatial Arrangement-Alternative Spatial Arrangement-Other ConsiderationsThen, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:…While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs…Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess:…This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century…Then state what angle is going to be explored:..As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well…Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review:Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question)that is being asked for a particular time period:-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s-Current Advancements1 Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as “This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center.”Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public.M Format MThere are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review.Format A OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study.a.First study is summarized and discussed.b.Second study is summarized and discussed.c. Third study is summarized and discussed.III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies.a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review.a.Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section IIIof your review.b.Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area ofstudy such as a specific discipline or professionFormat B organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below.Format B OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII.Similiarities within the research are discussed.a. First similarity among research is discussed.b. Second similarity among research is discussed.c. Third similiarity among research is discussed.III. Differences in the research are discussed.a.First difference between research is discussedb.Second difference between research is discussedc.Third difference between research is discussedIV. Conclusion/Summarya. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works.b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a largerarea of study such as a specific discipline or profession.The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings. REVIEW1.Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why?M A Literature Review Checklist: MDid I . . . . . . ?□ Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research□ State this thesis clearly in my introduction□ Define unfamiliar terms□ Incorporate background information to define the problem□ Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference□ List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed□ Describe the outcome of the work or the research□ Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions□ Avoid overquoting□ Check for grammar and punctuation errors□ Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation styleM Resources MBrightwell, G. and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. RetrievedAugust 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at theAsian Institute of Technology’s Web page at/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html nguages.ait.ac.th/EL21OPEN.HTMCentral Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. RetrievedJuly 22, 2003 from /doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html .au/litreviewpages/Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York:Addison-Wesley Publishers.Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review.Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook - A blast from thepast: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading2-1-1.htmlTaylor, D., & Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips onconducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 fromhttp://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.htmlTrinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review.pdfThe University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academicwriting: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html*In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled “References” and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently.Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria.Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow.。
LiteratureReview文献综述常用句型-EssayMin
LiteratureReview文献综述常用句型-EssayMin关于Literature Review文献综述怎么写？EssayMin来介绍一些必备句型！文献综述LR如何发展一个连贯的结构和论点, 为研究提供明确的理由. EssayMin建议从以下内容出发:Addresses a gap in the literature解决文献中的一个空白Proposes a solution to an unresolved problem对一个尚未解决的问题提出了解决方案Builds on and strengthens existing knowledge with new data用新的数据建立和加强现有的知识Takes a new theoretical or methodological approach to the topic对该主题采取了新的理论或方法学方法.对相关文献的一般性评论The literature on X has highlighted several …关于X的文献强调了几个...Different theories exist in the litera ture regarding …文献中存在不同的理论关于...More recent attention has focused on the provision of …最近的注意力集中在提供...A large and growing body of literature has investigated …大量且不断增加的文献调查了...There is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with …有一个相对较小的文献机构关注的是...The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.关于这个问题的许多已发表的研究的普遍性是有问题的.Previous research: methodological approaches taken前人的研究所采取的的研究方法Most research on X has been carried out in …以前的研究: 所采取的方法学方法Most researchers investigating X have utilised …大多数关于X的研究都是在 ... 中进行的Using this approach, researchers have been able to …利用这种方法研究人员能够...The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.绝大多数关于X的研究都是定量的What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …我们对X的了解主要是基于经验性研究这些研究调查了如何 ....Previous research: what has been established or proposed以前的研究: 已经确定或提出的内容Several lines of evidence suggest that …有几条证据表明 ...Previous research has established that …以前的研究已经确定...Data from several studies suggest that …一些研究的数据表明...It is now well established from a variety of studies that …现在各种研究已经充分证明...A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …一些研究推测...之间存在着趋同.Summarising the review or parts of the review对过往文献进行总结Overall, these studies highlight the need for …总的来说这些研究强调了对 ... 的需求Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…总的来说这些研究概述了一个关键的作用The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …迄今为止所介绍的研究提供的证据表明...Together these studies provide important insights into the …这些研究共同提供了对 ... 的重要见解All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …这里回顾的所有研究都支持这样的假设 ...Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far: 迄今为止讨论的研究中出现了两个重要的主题.Highlighting limitations of previous studies强调以往研究的局限性Unfortunately, it neglects to explain why ...不幸的是它忽略了解释为什么 ...Other observations indicate that this explanation is insufficient ... 其他观察表明, 这种解释是不充分的 ...The main weakness in their study is that they make no attempt to ... 他们的研究的主要弱点是, 他们没有尝试 ...The major defect in their experiments is that they entail tedious他们的实验的主要缺陷是, 需要进行繁琐的。
literaturereview-英语文献综述-写作技巧
literaturereview-英语文献综述-写作技巧LITERATURE REVIEWThe literature review presents one of the greatest challenges of the research proposal to experienced and inexperienced researchers alike. The literature review:m Provides a conceptual framework for the reader so that the research question and methodology can be better understood.m Demonstrates to the expert reader that the researcher is aware of the breadth and diversity of literature that relates to the research question.It is important that you are able to provide an integrated overview of your field of study. This means that you show awareness of the most important and relevant theories, models, studies, and methodologies. You should indicate how these are relevant to your project, and how these works are similar to and/or different from your own research. The literature review is not simply a list or summary of books and articles that the researcher has read. Instead, it combines the most significant aspects of the works you have consulted, combining and synthesizing them in an integrated description of the field of study.A good literature review shows how the texts you have mentioned relate to the broad topic, as well as showing the expert reader that you have surveyed much of the appropriate literature. It also demonstrates that a number of different approaches - or ways of understanding - the material will be used, and, in combination, will help you to produce an original study.If you are having difficulty with this section, try structuring your work around these questions:m What are the broad bodies of literature that have relevance for your research topic (local and international)?m What methods and results have previous researchers in your field produced? What is the history of your area of study?m What theoretical model, or models, relate to your research topic? Describe these in detail.m What different methodologies have been used by other researchers in your area? Try to identify the key methodological issues that must be addressed, since these will determine your own choice of methodology.m What are the most recent research findings in your area of study?m What gaps and contradictions exist among these findings?What new research questions do these findings suggest?m What structure suits my literature review best?m What should I leave out?m What quotations should I include?Examples: (The research topic is "the History of Mental Illness in Natal in the period up to 1945")Unsuccessful Literature ReviewFoucault's works looked at mental illness, asylums, and the archaeology of knowledge. Roy Porter and Edward Shorter's histories of psychiatry and psychology show that definitions of mental illness have differed across time and place. Ernst andSwartz record that under colonialism science andmedicine contributed to racial, class, and sexualdiscrimination.Feminist writers Chesler and Showalter who have written on psychiatry will be important for this study. Post-structuralist and post-modernist approaches to theconstruction and representation of identities will be used.Post-colonialism's concern with the 'subaltern' and thesuppression of 'subaltern voices' will be significant.Successful Literature ReviewThis study will draw on diverse approaches to the history of psychiatry, and to the origins of segregation in southern Africa. Histories of psychiatry and psychology have shown that, although having a probable partial biochemical basis, the criteria for the definition of mental illness have differed across time and place. The history of science and medicine in both Europe and in the colonial order provide a means for exploring the role of biomedicine (including psychiatry) in contributing to racial, class, and sexual discrimination.Feminist analyses of the centrality of gender, and critiques of psychiatry and psychology, will be a key axis around which this study is formed. For example, while men of all races formed the majority of inmates at the Natal Government Asylum in nineteenth century Natal, women were deemed to be particularly prone to particular forms of mental illness.Post-structuralist and post-modernist approaches to the construction and representation of identities, and to the articulation of power, will provide a means of deconstructing the 'texts' and discourses which are an important part of this study. In particular, the works of Michel Foucault on mental illness,asylums, and the archaeology of knowledge will be considered. I recognise, however, that the application of Foucault's ideas in the African context is problematic. Post-colonialism's concern with the 'subaltern' and the suppression of 'subaltern voices' will be reflected in attempts to 'hear the voices' of the institutionalised.。
文献综述（LiteratureReview）的四种主要结构解析
文献综述（LiteratureReview）的四种主要结构解析在你开始写的文献综述(Literature Review)之前，你一定要先对整体有个大致的概念(rough idea)。
有些人会问，我的文献综述是只能用一种结构吗?答案是：当然不是。
你可以在文献综述使用不一样的结构，比如你的整体结构可能是按照主题(thematical),但是你的每个部分是按照时间顺序讨论的(chronological)。
1.按时间顺序排列(Chronological)按照主题的时间发展去写文献综述应该是最简单的一种方法。
但是，使用这个方法需要注意一个问题，就是要简单地按顺序列(simply listing)出和汇总文献(summarising)。
所以要试着去分析影响整个领域的模式(patterns)，转折点(turning points)和关键的争论(key debates)。
然后去解释(interpretation)这些点如何和为什么会发生(occurred)。
2.按照主题(Thematic)如果你在整理文献的时候发现一个反复出现的中心主题(central themes),那你就可以选择根据主题去组织你的文献综述了。
你可以综述这个主题的各个部分(different aspects)，举个例子，比如你的论文是关于移民的问题，可能你会关移民政策，语言障碍和文化冲突等。
3.按照方法论(Methodological)如果你的研究是想比较不一样的研究方法可能会造成结果(results)和结论(conclusions)的异同。
那你可以选择按照方法论(methodological)的方法去做文献综述。
比如，关于同一个问题，采用定性研究(qualitative research)和定量研究(quantitative research)的结果有何异同。
还有，对于一个问题，实证研究(empirical study)和理论研究(theoretical study)是分别是如何探索的?4.按照理论(Theoretical)文献综述通常是一个研究的理论框架的基础(the foundation for a theoretical framework)。
literature review(如何写文献综述)
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1. up-to-date information on a topic;
2. form the basis for the justification for future research in the area;
3. gathers basic information about a particular subject from many sources;
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语体(genre)意识:
Academic English vs. Colloquial English: 我们对网络经济越来越有兴趣。net economy 人们对网上购物作了很多研究。online shopping
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我们对网络英语越来越有兴趣。
WritingaLiteratureReview
Week7
2016
librarygenesis
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Outline
1. Necessity of writing a LR 2. Cs 4. Writing procedures 5. Writing principles 6. Difficulties and solutions Homework
variables research designs: cross-sectional; longitudinal types of subjects designs in data-collection findings theoretical assumptions (e.g.: L2 proficiency)
Comprehensive
review文章的格式
review文章的格式
Review文章通常包括以下几个部分：
引言（Introduction）：在引言部分，简要介绍主题或领域的背景信息，明确阐述本文的写作目的，概括文章的主要内容，提出论点或问题。
1.文献综述（Literature Review）：文献综述是Review文章的核心部分，主要对与主题相关
的研究进行全面的概述和评价。
该部分需要总结前人的研究成果，阐述不同观点和方法的优缺点，并指出研究的空白和不足之处。
同时，要注意文献综述要有条理，分类合理，不要过于冗长或泛泛而谈。
2.研究方法（Methodology）：在某些类型的Review文章中，如Meta-analysis或Systematic
Review，需要介绍研究方法。
这部分主要说明研究设计、数据采集和分析方法，以及如何综合和评价文献数据。
3.结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）：结果与讨论部分主要是对前人研究结果的总结和
评价，以及对结果的深入分析和讨论。
该部分应包括对结果的描述、比较和解释，以及对研究结果的意义和影响的探讨。
4.结论（Conclusion）：结论部分应对全文进行总结，概括主要观点和结论，指出研究的贡
献和价值，同时提出对未来研究的建议和展望。
5.总体来说，撰写Review文章需要具备扎实的专业基础和广泛的阅读视野，同时要注意
逻辑性和条理性，能够客观地评价前人研究成果，并提出有见地的观点和建议。
总体来说，撰写Review文章需要具备扎实的专业基础和广泛的阅读视野，同时要注意逻辑性和条理性，能够客观地评价前人研究成果，并提出有见地的观点和建议。
什么是LiteratureReview（文献综述）？快到ddl你还懵？
什么是LiteratureReview（文献综述）？快到ddl你还懵？不知不觉，八月已经过了快一半了，还有不到一个月就要交dissertation，也就是毕业论文了。
在阅读了大量文献和确定研究方法主题后，作为dissertation的第一个大模块，很多小伙伴都在开始撰写Literature Review了。
最近，君君收到很多来自毕业生的消息，咨询如何写Literature Review，并觉得特别头疼这一部分。
今天，让我们一步一步剖析什么是LR怎么写好LR吧！首先，我们要明确什么是LR。
什么是LR01毕业论文作为学术性作文，LR部分需要向读者提供有关你主题的重要文献的分析性概述。
如果你的受众比你对该主题的了解少，那么你的目的就是教学。
当然啦，绝大多数同学做的研究项目属于这一种：如果受众（导师）比你更了解这个话题，那么你的目的是展示对该主题的熟悉程度，专业知识的贮备和智能。
# 将一个人的原创作品放在现有文献的背景下。
# 解释与您的主题相关的主要问题。
# 描述每项工作与正在考虑的其他工作的关系。
# 找出解释的新方法，并阐明以往研究中的任何差距。
# 解决之前看似矛盾的研究中的冲突。
# 确定哪些文献对理解您的主题做出了重要贡献。
# 指出进一步研究你的主题的方法。
LR要写什么？02简单来说，我们要牢牢记住一个词“结构合理well structured”你的想法必须在逻辑上从一个点流向另一个点，或是从一个点拓展散射开到几个相对于的研究问题上。
内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。
归类：将你收集到的这些文献划分类别和概念，也就是按照Research Question归类关联：将前人的工作与你的工作，你想法之前的作品和你的研究点联系起来。
评估：对那些对理解和发展主题做出最大贡献的作品提供结论。
在写这四大部分的过程中，每当你计划将文献纳入你LR的过程中，先思考这几个问题：资格:这篇文章作者有什么资格来做出判断?中立:作者的观点是公正的还是有偏见的?可信度:作者的哪篇论文哪个观点令人信服，为什么?价值:作者的结论是否增加了你研究的问题的价值?看到这里，已经成功了一半啦！加油继续哦！内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。
英语硕士论文LiteratureReview范文.doc
英语硕士论文Literature Review范文----文献综述论文-->正如上面提到的，短期事件研究可以在实证检验的有效市场假说被应用。
在另一方面，使用长地平线（1-5年收购后的）数据事件的研究可以应用到评估并购对企业的长期股市表现一个事件的影响。
这密切关系到著名的“合并后的绩差谜”在阿格拉瓦尔及谢斐（2000 ）提出的。
在这篇文章中，他们记录了各种的研究人员对在股市收购公司的长远表现不佳的结论。
不过，本节着重在研究长远的性能使用不同的经验方法。
Literature Revieentioned above, short-run event study can be applied in the empirical test for EMH. On the other hand, event studies using long horizon (1-5 years post acquisition) data can be applied to evaluate the effect of M A event on long-term stock market performance of firms. This closely relates to the famous “post-merger underperformance puzzle”proposed in Agrap; Jaffe (2000). In that article, they documented the conclusions made by various researchers on the long-run underperformance of acquiring firms in the stock market. Hopirical methods used by various authors in examining the long-run performance. The first difficulty encountered in long-run event studies is the calculation of expected returns. Different choices of benchmark models could lead to exactly opposite conclusions, since small measurement errors accumulate in the long-run (Kothari and itchell and Stafford(2000) also shoes higher than the appropriate t-statistics. Fama (1998) advocates the use of calendar time portfolio in correcting for cross-sectional correlation problem. On the other hand, Barber and Lyon (1997) proves that the use of reference portfolio or asset pricing model in calculation of abnormal returns suffers three types of biases in long-run study. The proposed solution is to match sample firms to non-sample parable firms of similar market capitalization and market-to-book ratios. The usefulness of another benchmark model -- the Fama- French three-factor model –seems to be less efficient than the previous tethods (Barber and Lyon 1997, Brav 2000).Another difficulty arises from houlate abnormal returns over time. It is mon to use cumulated abnormal returns (CAR) for short-run study, but Barber and Lyon (1997) argues that this measure is conceptually flaeasure ore sensible based on conceptual grounds is the buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR) etric sums of abnormal returns rather than arithmetic sums as in CAR. Ho simulation shoal returns more often. To correct f-->or such bias, Lyon, Barber and Tsai (1999) proposes the bootstrappedskepirical study in the current paper is focused on short-run period around the event date. Tine the significance of abnormal returns. The first one is to test ent of M A on share performance is significant or not, ation content of MA announcement. This is done by testing for the significance of abnormal returns on single days. The second one is to test for the significance of the event over a short period. This closely relates to the leakage of information ahead of such events and the question of hoarket responds to such events. This is done by testing for the significance of cumulative abnormal returns for a short interval. Since ance of all the sample panies, the individual abnormal return during the event period is averaged across 91 firms, as ulative abnormal return.Define t as the day measured in event time. The date that each acquiring firm announces its merger/acquisition corresponds to t = 0. For each firm, closing share price and contemporaneous FTSE All share index data from t = -100 (100 trading days before the firm’s merger announcement) until t = +5 (5 days after the announcement) are collected. Let and denote the simple daily return for security i and market index at day t, respectively. In the current paper, the estimation period runs from t = -100 to t = -10, and the event period runs from t = -5 to t = +5.The first step is to measure abnormal return, denoted by , for firm i at day t in the event period. Ordinary least squares (OLS) is applied to estimate the market model for firm i, that is, OLS is used to estimate alpha () and beta () parameters for each firm using daily returns from the estimation period, and the abnormal return for each day in the event period is calculated using the folloal return is often affected by firm-specific characteristics, the abnormal returns from equation (1) are averaged for analysis based on the ple of firms. For a given day t in the event period, let denote the average daily abnormal return over all the sample firms, and denote the cumulative average daily abnormal return from the first day in event period (-5) till day t. Similarly, the cumulative daily abnormal return for a specific firm i, denoted by , can be defined. Therefore,Folloal return is then normalized by the sample standard deviation for the daily return--> of corresponding security, denoted by , to yield a standardized abnormal return, (See also Serra 2002):Averaging it over all sample firms, the average standardized abnormal return for day t, denoted by , can be calculated. The test statistic for a given day in the event period (-5 through +5) is as follople size of firms, the central limit theorem that under the independent and identically distributed condition, the statistic in equation (6) should be standard normally distributed asymptotically. The null hypothesis for the first testis that the average standardized abnormal return for day t is 0, i.e. =0. The hypothesis test can also be constructed concerning a period of time. Let , (-530). The null hypothesis for the second test is that the cumulative average abnormal return during the period [,] is 0, i.e. =0.。
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 2 Literature ReviewSwitzerland with the longing for forever peace. Unfortunately Catherine died in the laborand left Henry himself in the world. He had to say farewell to Catherine. According totheir analysis there were two themes namely war and love in this novel. For example Xie (2013) wrote that in A farewell to arms Hemingway showed his hatred to the war throughthe depiction of soldiers,the shattered love and the environment such as the endless raining.Above was the traditional view points about A Farewell to Arms. Nowadays with the development of literature criticism and literature theory many scholars have interpretedthis great novel from different points of view. Eco-criticism emerged in 1970s, burgeonedin the late 1990s and currently flourished in its development. Ma (2008) applied thistheory to the novel and found out that those descriptions about the priest’s hometown Abruzzi, Henry’s recall about his childhood in the barn and the high mountain in Switzerland shown the hero’s longin g for peaceful life. Feminism tried to interpret literary works from the point of female rights. Zhi (2012) studied this novel in the light of feminism. He thought that Catherine was a model of perfect lady who dared to pursue her happiness and she showed the good qualities of female. Compared with Henry Catherine was more optimistic and she encouraged him to move forward in the hard days. Zhang(2010) applied corpus theory into the analysis of this novel and she used statistics to prove the theme of this novel. Sun (2013) made comparative studies between different editions of A Farewell to Arms in Chinese. She tried to explain how to translate Hemingway’s works into Chinese in a better way. To sum up until now many scholars have studied this great work from different perspectives. Most of their studies mainly focused on the application of “Iceberg Principle”, the code hero and the themes of this novel. Besides, there were also some critics who applied relatively new literature theories on this novel such as Eco-criticism and Feminism. But the critics who interpreted this novel from archetypal criticism were few. Chen (2011) studied the archetype of rain. The rain appeared in many literary works. In this novel it almost rained from the beginning to the end which symbolized the tragedy that time, the translations and researches of his works began to increase. Many scholars give their days and nights to the study of Hemingway’s works so the academic achievement is splendid. Hemingway was famous for his writing ski lls which was named as “Iceberg Principle”. He once told a journalist in an interview that he made every effort to write in accord with “Iceberg Principle”. In his opinion, a writer was able to eliminate everything that he (she) knew under this principle. He tried to use the most concise and terse language to convey his ideas. His wording was concise and there was no redundancy in his works. Besides his narrative skills also contributed to the big success of his works and the narrations in his works could always produce a special effect. In China many scholars were interested in his writing skills applied in A Farewell to Arms such as Zuo (1997), Huo (2004), Ma (2007), Wang (2008), Wu (2010) and Wang (2010). For example Wu Jing discussed the application of t he “Iceberg Principle” in the setting of A Farewell to Arms from the perspective of rhetorical devices employed in setting presentation. She wrote that symbol was an important tool to apply “Iceberg Principle.” She thought that in A Farewell to Arms the description of places was pervading in the setting such as thegarden in the hospital, the priest’s hometown, the plain and the mountain in Switzerland.All of these were far away from the war and symbolized the peaceful life.The themes of A Farewell to Arms attracted many Chinese readers and scholars. Li (1996), Yi (2006), Sun (2007), Wang (2008), Chang (2010), Yao (2012) and Xie (2013) studied the themes of this novel. They pointed that the title of the novel was a punbecause arm had two meaning here. One was that arms equaled to weapons. In the novel Henry participated in the war in Italy. During those days at the front he witnessed the cruelness and crookedness of the war. For example one could be awarded a medal if there was someone who would like to prove that he did some heroic things in the battlefield.The glories meant nothing. Finally he made the decision to escape from the war and said farewell to the war. Another was that arms meant the body part. Henry fell in love with Catherine during the war time. They enjoyed a short peaceful life and escaped toChapter 2 Literature Review7this novel from the perspective of feminism. They presented that in this novel Catherineis the model of a perfect lady and every time Henry and she went on dating they will bein the garden. The gardens appeared in the novel are just a symbol of Eden. Theyanalyzed Hemingway’s view about women through this novel.Nowadays there are many new essays on A Farewell to Arms. They studied thisnovel from different angles. Donald son (2007) wrote that “In at least five different ways, Farewell violated conventional standards and aroused the objection of one group or anther. It used the vulgar language of the troops. It depicted Catherine’s deathbed anguishin excruciating detail. I t did not sufficiently condemn Frederic’s desertion from the Italian army. It presented a disturbingly vivid account of the Italian army’s collapse in 1917.”Smith interested in why this novel published in the 1929. Because Hemingway participated in World War I and was seriously wounded in 1918, this novel was publishedin 1929. At the end Smith (2007) came to the conclusion that “it seems now that he beganA Farewell to Arms in 1919, and it took him ten years to get it right, to try it out.” Other critics like James Phelan were interested in the narrative style in this work. Phelan (2007) wrote that “my general purpose is to see behind the famous Hemingway style to the intricacies of the narration itself and to open up the subject of Hemingway’s handling ofthe narration as a way of increasing our understanding of Hemingway’s achievement in A Farewell to Arms.” Spanier (2007) interpreted Catherine Barkley from various angles. Stoltzfus (2007) was attracted by the discourse in the novel. He wrote that “the na rrative contains two simultaneous voices: Frederic’s and Hemingway’s. Together, they give usthe simultaneity of a sliding discourse. ”The above discussion is a brief survey of the critical response to A Farewell to Arms abroad. And the following parts are a brief summary of the literature review about thisnovel in China.2.2 Literature review of A Farewell to Arms at homeIn the early 1930s, Hemingway’s works were introduced to Chinese readers. From6 Chapter 2 Literature ReviewA Farewell to Arms is a world famous literary work which attracts many critics both abroad and at home. They interpreted this novel from different perspectives such as codehero, narrative skills, Eco-criticism and Feminism. All those analyses contributed to abetter understanding of this novel. According to the study, archetypal criticism has beenapplied on the interpretation of many literary works both abroad and at home. Theresearch findings proved the applicability of this theory and pointed out the specific ways of how to apply this theory.2.1 Literature review of A Farewell to Arms abroadSince Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms was published in 1929 more than seventyyears has passed. This is the second novel of Hemingway and since its publication itcontinued to be recognized and at the same time cause disputes. When it was firstpublished, some reviewers, such as Herrick (1992) and Hansen (1996) who wrotenegative comments about the novel. They thought that the novel was a relative failurebecause of its violation of “traditional forms and techniques of expression”. What’s morethere were also some critics such as Canby (1975), Fadiman (1989) and Cowley (1994)who wrote favorable reviews. They regarded A Farewell to Arms as Hemingway’s “bestbook to date…a remarkable beautiful book…[and] the very apotheosis of a kind ofmodernism.”With the development of modern literary criticism, in the light of new ideas,different critics interpreted A Farewell to Arms from various perspectives. Besides theabove-mentioned comments, some scholars studied it from the angle of Marxism; someothers interpreted it in terms of psychoanalytic criticism; some analyzed it from thetheory of New Historicism; some applied feminist approaches; some just studied it fromthe perspectives of linguistics. For example Fetterley (1977) and Spofford (1996) studied of the story. She traced the archetype of rain to the Flood in The Bible. For example inThe Bible it brought disaster to all the living things on the earth. The rain has been asymbol of tragedy, so the recurring of it contributed to the tragic ending of the story. Until now the studies on the animal images were almost none, so the author was going tointerpret the animal images with the enlightenment of archetypal criticism. What’s morethe writing about animal images was vivid and interesting. The author planned to find out the deep meaning of presenting these animals images in this novel.1.2 Literature reviewDuring the 80 and odd years after the publication of A Farewell to Arms in 1929, numerous researches on the novel developed. Critics home and abroad made various comments on it. As the second famous book of Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms got muchattention and caused disputes. In many scholars' eyes, like Harry Hansen and Robert Herrick,the novel is more or less a failure for it violates "traditional forms and techniquesof expression." (Lewis, 1992:19) However, there are also many reviewers who make favorable comments on the book, among whom Henry Seidel Canby, Malcolm Cowley,-3-Hemingway's criticism, some scholars attempted to probe Hemingway'seco-feminist consciousness displayed in his works. For example, professor Dai Guiyu published a famous article in 2005 named Hemingway's Eco-feminist Consciousness Perceived through For Whom the Bell Tolls to reveal Hemingway's eco-feminist awareness. Obviously, Hemingway is a writer with eco-feminist consciousness.In conclusion, the study on Hemingway's eco-feminist consciousness in A Farewellto Arms has a very significant meaning. Through re-reading A Farewell to Arms from ecofeminist perspective, we can have a better understanding of this novel as well asHemingway himself.Chapter one IntroductionCatherine died was that she was a female, which showed Hemingway's hatred towards women. And Katherine M. Rogers also expressed her disapproval of Hemingway's attitude towards women in her The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature. More and more critics paid attention to Hemingway's literacy treatment of women, criticizing severely the negative female stereotypes in Hemingway's novels. They argued that Hemingway was not good at writing women. Critic Leslie A. Fiedler emphasized that Hemingway was best at dealing with men without women, and when he depicted women, he reverted to the simple stereotypes. Despite there are many negative comments on Hemingway's description of women,there are also some positive and powerful comments demonstrating Hemingway's sympathy and respect on women. As some critics such as While Wagner and Whitlow have claimed, Hemingway's attitude on women was positive rather than negative. For example, Judith Wexler read Catherine as the one who was lovely, confident and strong more than any other called "Hemingway's code". Re-reading A Farewell to Arms, we can conclude that it was Catherine who taught Henry how to love, just as Spanier argued in his article "Catherine Barkley and the Hemingway Code: Ritual and Survival in A Farewell to Arms “ (1987),Catherine Barkley was a "code hero", who served as a mentor to Frederic Henry. In the 1990s,the research on androgyny and gender in Hemingway's works still got much attention. With mankind's increasing anxiety on current environment, the nature world in Hemingway's fiction has attracted critical attention. More and more critics began to re-interrupt and reevaluate Hemingway's works from the perspective of eco-criticism so as to explore Hemingway's ecological consciousness. Among whom,Fleming and Lovewere two of the most influential representatives who spoke highly of Hemingway's concern about nature. Fleming declared that "Few authors in history have been so closely identified with the natural world as Emest Hemingway" (Fleming,1999: 1). Love viewed Hemingway's love for nature as "a central and immutable tenet in his system of beliefs" (Love, 2003:131). In A Farewell to Arms, there are a large number of descriptions on nature, which can show Hemingway's concern about nature. As eco-feminism became a new star in literary criticism in 1990s, which brought an enlightening way toand Clifton Fadiman are the representatives. In their opinion, the book is Hemingway's”best book to date…a remarkable beautiful book...and the very apotheosis of a kind of Modernism." (Holman, 1980: 274) Critics have been analyzing and interpreting the novel from different perspectives, such as historicalcriticism, narratology, feminism, existentialism, psychoanalysis, linguistics, naturalism, ecology and so on. With the arising of New Criticism in the 1950s,critical study on Hemingway emerged, focusing people's attention on the text itself. For example, Carlos Baker's Hemingway: The Writer as Artist (1952) established Hemingway's artistry. "Baker argued that the novel was constructed around the twin poles of Home and Not-Home, with the cool crisp mountains symbolizing the good place,and the hot and sweaty plains the opposite. In most respects, this symbolic pattern does indeed exist in A Farewell to Arms'' (Donaldson, 2007:16) In the 1960s,more and more writings on Hemingway and his works were published. Numerous critics were paying attention to the study on Hemingway. The representative works are inclusive of Walker Gibson's Tough, Sweet & Stuffy: An Essay on Modern American Prose Styles (1966), Philip Young's Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration (1966),and Jackson Benson's Hemingway: The Writer's Art of Self-Defense (1969). Among these, Philip Young's Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration (1966) is the most influential one which provides readers with a psychoanalytical way to read Hemingway's novels and puts forward the "wound theory" to explain this psychoanalytical interpretation. During the 1970s,Philip Young's notion of "code hero" developed, which associated Hemingway's experiences with his characters. Hemingway uses his unique artistic technique and style to show his heroes' "grace under pressure", advocating an exaggerated masculinity. \nA Farewell to Arms, heroine Catherine is an example of "code hero”,who is independent, brave and always keeps grace under pressure. With the development of women's movement in the 1960s, Hemingway has been the target of feminism critics. One of the Women scholars, Judith Fetterley, explored Hemingway's hostility to womenin her "A Farewell to Arms: Hemingway's 'Resentful Cryptogram …(1976). Fetterley was confused by the description that it was Catherine's death that changed the emotional coloring of the novel rather than Frederic's. According to Fetterley, the reason whyCatherine died was that she was a female, which showed Hemingway's hatred towards women. And Katherine M. Rogers also expressed her disapproval of Hemingway's attitude towards women in her The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature. More and more critics paid attention to Hemingway's literacy treatment of women, criticizing severely the negative female stereotypes in Hemingway's novels. They argued that Hemingway was not good at writing women. Critic Leslie A. Fiedler emphasized that Hemingway was best at dealing with men without women, and when he depicted women, he reverted to the simple stereotypes.Despite there are many negative comments on Hemingway's description of women, there are also some positive and powerful comments demonstrating Hemingway's sympathy and respect on women. As some critics such as While Wagner and Whitlow have claimed, Hemingway's attitude on women was positive rather than negative. For example, Judith Wexler read Catherine as the one who was lovely, confident and strong more than any other called "Hemingway's code". Re-reading A Farewell to Arms, we can conclude that it was Catherine who taught Henry how to love, just as Spanier argued in his article "Catherine Barkley and the Hemingway Code: Ritual andSurvival in AFarewell to Arms “ (1987),Catherine Barkley was a "code hero", who served as a mentor to Frederic Henry. In the 1990s,the research on androgyny and gender in Hemingway's works still got much attention. With mankind's increasing anxiety on current environment, the nature world inHemingway's fiction has attracted critical attention. More and more critics began to re-interrupt and reevaluate Hemingway's works from the perspective of eco-criticism so as to explore Hemingway's ecological consciousness. Among whom,Fleming and Love were two of the most influential representatives who spoke highly of Hemingway's concern about nature. Fleming declared that "Few authors in history have been so closely identified with the natural world as Emest Hemingway" (Fleming,1999: 1). Love viewed Hemingway's love for nature as "a central and immutable tenet in his system of beliefs" (Love, 2003:131). In A Farewell to Arms, there are a large number of descriptions on nature, which can show Hemingway's concern about nature. As eco-feminism became a new star in literary criticism in 1990s, which brought an enlightening way toHemingway's criticism, some scholars attempted to probe Hemingway's eco-feminist consciousness displayed in his works. For example, professor Dai Guiy published a famous article in 2005 named Hemingway's Eco-feminist Consciousnes Perceived through For Whom the Bell Tolls to reveal Hemingway's eco-feminist awareness. Obviously, Hemingway is a writer with eco-feminist consciousness. In conclusion, the study on Hemingway's eco-feminist consciousness in A Farewell to Arms has a very significant meaning. Through re-reading A Farewell to Arms from ecofeminist perspective, we can have a better understanding of this novel as well as Hemingway himself.Chapter One Introductionmore literary critical methods to research Hemingway. In that decade, posthumous publications and biographies of Hemingway continued to come out.Among the posthumous publications,The Garden of Eden (1986) is the most eye-catching work. From the 1990s up to the present, multiculturalism has brought a great impact onn the study of Hemingway. There is no a dominating theory in this field. Scholars and Critics approach Hemingway from different perspectives. Themes like race, death, absurdity of world, class, and gender and so forth come to the center of the stage concerning Hemingway study. For example, Richard Fantina's study (2005), Ernest Hemingway: Machismo and Masochism breaks new ground by examining the profoundly submissive and masochistic posture toward women exhibited by many of Hemingway's heroes,from Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises to David Bourne in TheGarden of Eden. The discussion reveals that despite Hemingway's rugged andhyper masculine image, a "masochistic aesthetic" informs many of the texts; Amy L. Strong (2008) in his Race and Identity in Hemingway's Fiction explores how Hemingway negotiates race as a defining element of American identity. This study imagines what Hemingway's fiction would look like if his non-white characters were brought out of the background and asks how Hemingway's conception of American identity transforms when it is constructed on the basis of race. In addition to these features of Hemingway studies, three points deserve our attention. Firstly,for years, many scholars have been devoted into Hemingway's “code hero" and "iceberg theory"; secondly, since the 1980s,there is an increasing critical interest in the posthumous publications, such as The Garden of Eden, among critics and scholars. In addition, in America much of the scholastic energy has been put to the research of three of Hemingway's novels and one novella; A Farewell to Arms; The Sun Also Rises; For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea, Domestically, the first scholar who studied Hemingway was Huang Yuan (黄源)(杨敬仁120). In 1933,he pointed out in his article that Hemingway composed under realism. From the 1950s to 1960s,Dong Hengxun (董衡巽)was very influential on Hemingway's studies and he was the first in China who gave a complete introduction of Hemingway to readers and tried to find out the causes for3On Ernest Hemingway's Nihilism tibie "wound theory," a psychoanalytic paradigm for studying Hemingway's works. From the ''wound theory," Philip Young created the notion of a Hemingway "code hero,,who lives with a grace under pressure. In addition to a boom of critical interest,the 1960s also saw an explosion of Hemingway biographies. Of the biographies published at that time, Carlos Baker's Hemingway: A Life Story (1969) is regarded as the best one. Philip Young's "code hero,,was still most influential in the 1970s. However, new trends began to seep into Hemingway studies. One striking tendency is feminism impact on Hemingway studies. For example, Linda W. Wagner's "Proud and Friendly and Gently: Women in Hemingway's early fiction", Joyce Waxler's “E.R.A for Hemingway: A Feminist Defense of 'A Farewell to Arms''\ Alice Hall Petry's"Coming of Age in Hortons Bay: Hemingway's Tip in Michigan ”,,Sandra Spanier's "Catherine Barkley and the Hemingway Code: Ritual and Survival in 'A Farewell to Arms'"', those contributions announce a try to rehabilitate Hemingway for feminist readers. (Beegel 288)Another notable tendency is the emergence of some journals concerning Hemingway, for example. The Fitzgerald-Hemingway Annual,founded in 1970,and Hemingway Notes in 1979.In the 1980s, Philip Young's "wound theory" was challenged by an aggressive scholar named Kenneth S. Lynn and was becoming less and less influential on studies of Hemingway. Young in his 1952 biography of Hemingway, written for his doctoral dissertation, had argued that Hemingway's writing was strongly affected by an injuiy Hemingway received in 1918,while serving in World War 1. However,Lynn in his Hemingway: The Life and the Work (1987) discusses so extensively the writings of Hemingway and their relationships to Hemingway's actual life,and he utilizes"psychological interpretations,,to confirm Hemingway's gender confiision that in his writings is seen in the themes of transvestism, twin hood,the female in the male, death, depression and suicide. All of which hark back to his mother who in Hemingway's early years dressed him in female clothing. In addition, women experts continued to be very keen on Hemingway's works, and scholars employed more and 1.2 Literature ReviewAs a famous American writer, Hemingway is loved by readers both home andabroad, and a lucky dog among writers and critics. During his lifetime, many distinguished persons of letters showed their favor for his works, including Edmond Wilson, D. H. Lawrence, Conrad Aikien, Andre Maurois,Virginia Woolf,and Dorothy Parker, etc. (Beegel 270) Hemingway's works started to receive serious attention from academic critics and scholars during the 1950s,the last decade of his life. The most significant pioneers of Hemingway studies at that time were three young American scholars. They are Carlos Baker,Philip Young and Charles A. Fenton. The three of them respectively created Hemingway: the writer as artist (1956), Ernest Hemingway (1952) and The Apprenticeship of Ernest Hemingway: The Early Year (1954). Since then, studies on Hemingway have been on a steady increase.In the 1960s,criticism of Hemingway was deeply value-centered, concentratingon existentialism and heroism,and on attitudes of love and religion. Philip Young was the most influential Hemingway critic in those years. He was well known for creating On Ernest Hemingway's NihilismHemingway's war-weariness. Books like Studies on Hemingway (1980) and Hemingway Understanding of Writing (1986) are his most representative achievement on Hemingway study.The 1980s witnessed a boom on Hemingway,and many of Hemingway's works were classified into two types: A Farewell to Arms,The Sun Also Rises and For Whomthe Bell Tolls were labeled anti-war and The Old Man and the Sea、tough guy. Besides, some scholars interpreted Hemingway from the perspective of existentialism, seeing that he was influenced by Nietzsche, Sartre and other philosophers. Since the 1990s, studies on Hemingway were mainly concerning with his viewsof life, value, philosophy or ecology, focusing on his theme of death, religious belief, tragedy, absurdity and nothingness, "The Loss of Belief in A Farewell to Arms”(任书梅57-61) displays that tiie four characters in the novel lost their beliefs towards life or religion. "An Existentialist Articulation of Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises'^ (王堪林2005) tries to decipher the masterpiece from the perspective of existentialism, giving a very detailed analysis to the existentialist features of the work. "Analysis of Hemingway's Death Theme"(李颖2009) analyzes Hemingway's attitude towards death in terms of three stages. "The Alienated Factors and Ways of self-salvation in Hemingway's Works,,(邓曾2010) probes into the classification of alienated factors in Hemingway's works and how he managed to find his way to stay away from such alienation As for nihilism in Hemingway's works,several scholars have expressed their own understanding. "On Hemingway's Nothingness"(苏顺强131-135) shows three forms of nothingness in Hemingway's works and tries to find out the causes. "StudyOn Nihilism in The Old Man and the SecT (康效云2008) chooses to interpret the work from the themes of death, tribulation and absurdity, "Nihilism in 'A Clean,Well-lighted Place’”(恪雨葳25-26) gives a thematic analysis to that short story. However, those papers mainly focus on a single story and fail to give aay comprehensive analysis to Hemingway's nihilism; tiierefore,a systematic study of nihilist theme expressed in Hemingway's works will be worthwhile.4。
literature review
literature review估计很多刚到外国读书的同学和我有一样的体会：第一次接触literature review，根本无从下笔。
今日看到一篇帖子写的很好，故转给各位看看，希望有所帮助。
首先需要将“文献综述（Literature Review）”与“背景描述（Backupground Description）”区分开来。
我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。
“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。
其次，文献综述是评论性的（Review就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光（critical thinking）来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。
评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。
清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。
虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。
技巧一：瞄准主流。
主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。
而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。
怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。
质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。
二是利用学校图书馆的“期刊数据库检索”，能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。
三是国家图书馆，有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书，学校图书馆往往没有收藏，但是国图却是一本不少。
Literature Review (翻译实践型论文文献综述示例)
功能对等理论谈E.B.Whites散文汉译中的风格对等The Style Equivalence in the Translation of Essays by E.B.White Based on the Theoryof Functional EquivalenceNo one can deny the difficulties in the literary prose translation from English to Chinese. And essay, generally can be seen as literary prose, with its huge varieties in form, content, and style etc., is hard to single out the translation of it as a whole for evaluation. Discussions surround the translation of essay never die. Scholars, home and aboard, have done a great body of researches on it, some of them stand out for their original and comprehensive achievements. Now let’s have a check on some extraordinary theories in essay translation built by them.First comes Hilaire Belloc, he points out that the essence of translating is the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body, which has something of the opinion of “reaching the acme of perfection” by Mr. Qian Zhongshu in his work On the translation by Lin Shu, and laid down six general rules for prose translation, which give relative clear guidance for the translation of prose text.Then Burton Raffel, argues, in his book The Art of Translating Prose, that the strict translation of prose should reveal the inner structure of the original syntax. In his opinion, the syntactic structures of prose represent the style of the author, and “the style is the man”. And he further puts forward that only when the syntactic structures of the original message is kept or retained, can the style of the original be successfully reproduced or transposed. He takes translation as an art rather than a science, and views the prose translation more from the perspective of stylistics.As for domestic scholars on the studies of essay translation, Professor Gao Jin holds the idea that the tone and style are to a large extent translatable, and gives definitions for the translatableness of language in general and translability in particular cases. And if the essence of the thought and idea of the original are fully grasped, tone and style of author are likely to be retained.And Liu Shicong with its “artistic flavor” theory. According to Professor Liu, the “artistic flavor” contains textual atmosphere, sound and rhythm, individualized artistic recreation. He reaches to a deep level of prose translation with the recreation of the artistic flavor as the very core. While his theory is hard to operate, and stands the test of time.Among all the theories, Functional equivalence theory is of highest importance. The Functional equivalence, originally called dynamic equivalence, raised by Dr. Eugene A.Nida as “the closest natural equivalence” of the source language text, is taken as a better and relative operative way to evaluate and handle problems in translation, that the traditional translation theory cannot well manage. Before the theory came, there is no practical method of keeping balance between literary translation and free translation. Though it is not straightly stick to prose translation, it still guides a lot to the translation of essay.This paper tries to analyse the equivalence of style in the translation of essay based on the Functional equivalence theory, taking some essays by E.B.White for example.。
literature,review,模板
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除literature,review,模板篇一：打印版literaturereview模板nuclearRadiationanditslong-termhealtheffect(yourtitle)thereisaconstantcontroversyastotheapplicationofnucl earpowerandrisksfromnuclearradiationeversincetheche rnobyldisaster.especiallythereleaseofsubstantialamo untsofradiationintotheatmospherefromjapan’sFukushimadaiichinuclearpowerplantin20xxhastriggere dthewidespreadfearandconcernsoverrisksofradiationle aks,radiationexposure,andtheirimpactonpeople’shealth.thecommonsensicalandintuitiveresponseofthep ublicisthatnuclearradiationismostlikelytocauseacanc erorgeneticdiseases.manyresearchers,however,assured thepublicthatthereisnosubstantialdangerasassumed,andnuclearpowerisnotasfearfulormenacingasitseemstobe. cohen(20xx),blumenthal(20xx)andbai(20xx),forexample ,citednumericalevidenceandresortedtoscientificfacts toillustratethatacertainlevelofnuclearradiationrisk swon’tposerealdangerifhandledproperlywiththecurrenttechn ologyavailableorbyfollowingtheprescribedrules.theyd oadmitthepossibilityofradiationinitiatingcertainkin dsofdiseases,though.onlyexposuretohighdosesofradiat ionorlong-termlowdoseexposurecouldleadtoacutehealth problems(bai20xx).nevertheless,noteveryoneagrees.co rnelio(20xx),ontheotherhand,holdsthatnuclearradiati onismostlikelytothreatenpeople’shealthbycontaminatingmilk,vegetables,andrainwater. theliteratureontherelationshipbetweenradiationandhe althlargelyfocusedonthemanageabilityofnuclearrisksa ndplayeddownthedamagethatnuclearradiationislikelyto cause.theresearchesgenerallytookadetourastowhetherthereis anysolidevidencetobearoutthelong-termhealthimpactof nuclearradiation.thereneedstobemorewell-groundedstudiesonthecorrelationbetweenradiationandhealth,andon thepossiblelong-termhealtheffectsinordertoaddressth econcernsofthegeneralpublic.besides,wealsoneedtoans werquestionslike “whyisthereadisparitybetweenthecommonsensicalfeeli ngofthepublicandtheexplicationofferedbyexpertsconce rningnuclearradiationandhealth”“,arescientistsbiasedandusethefactsandstatisticsto theirfavor”and“istherealong-termnegativehealthimpactifonetakesmo deratedosesofnuclearcontaminatedfoodoveralongperiod”题目小二字体小四如果是400字数刚好，最下面还有一点空间写下名字。
Literature+Review（精选五篇）
Literature+Review（精选五篇）第一篇：Literature+Review什么是Literature Review？Literature Review 就是回顾总结过去所发生的事，回顾总结前人所写的文献。
Literature Review通常出现在毕业论文里面的第一部分。
为什么写Literature Review？写Literature Review的目的，就是为了通过回顾前人所做的研究和文献，来确定自己毕业论文的研究方向（确保自己的论文是研究出新的成果，做出新的贡献，而不是重复前人研究出来的东西，比如说，1+1=2，这个就没必要研究了，之前已经有无数人反复研究过，并验证过了）。
而且在论文里面写Literature Review，是为了让阅读的人对这篇毕业论文有一个大体的了解。
怎么写Literature Review？在Literature Review里面，主要是总结前人的文献，和过去发生的事。
这就需要阅读很多之前的资料。
一定是要写总结，很多学生只是把以前的资料在Literature Review里复述一遍，是不行的。
而且，Literature Review千万不能得出结论，比如说，你的毕业论文是调查有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，还是穷人家庭的学生成绩好，Literature Review就是要写总结之前各个学者做的研究，新闻的报道，为什么有些学者觉得有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，或有些学者觉得穷人家庭的学生成绩好，两面性都要总结出来，之后你下一部分的分析（Findings Analysis），也就是你这篇毕业论文的成果，才是你要得出的结论：有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，或是穷人家庭的学生成绩好。
所以说，选研究题目也是很重要，要找一些两面性的，还没能得出结论的，少人研究的研究题目。
没什么好研究的题材，做出来的也不是什么好毕业论文，比如说，宇宙有没有太阳。
今天就说这么多，下次继续说其他的吧。
literature review 五个部分 -回复
literature review 五个部分-回复以下是关于五个部分的文献综述：第一部分：引言引言部分对研究领域进行简要介绍，并提出研究的问题或研究目的。
这一部分还包括背景信息，目的是为读者提供对该领域的基本了解，并明确研究的意义和重要性。
在引言中，还应提及前人研究中已有的主要发现，以及存在的知识空白或矛盾之处。
第二部分：文献综述方法文献综述方法部分解释了收集文献的方法和来源。
这可能包括文献数据库的使用（如PubMed、Google Scholar等），选择关键词进行搜索，并对选定的文献进行筛选和评估的过程。
在这一部分中，还应该解释选择文献的标准，例如研究的时间范围、语言限制、研究设计等。
第三部分：已有研究的综述已有研究的综述部分是对先前研究工作的总结和评估。
这一部分可以按研究主题或研究问题划分成几个子部分。
对于每个子主题，应对相关的文献进行分析，提取关键信息并总结研究中的主要发现。
可以使用图表或表格来可视化这些发现，以帮助读者更好地理解。
第四部分：文献综述的结果在文献综述结果部分，对研究领域的主要趋势和模式进行合成，并探讨已有研究的局限性。
这一部分应提供对已有研究的综合反思，并指出未来研究的方向和可能的改进。
在这一部分中，还可以讨论可能存在的理论争议或相互矛盾的研究结果。
第五部分：结论结论部分是对整个文献综述的总结，并回答研究问题或目的。
在结论中，应强调已有研究工作的贡献，并提出未来研究的建议。
此外，还可以讨论文献综述对实际应用或政策制定的重要性，并概括对该领域的贡献。
文献综述在研究过程中起着重要的作用，可以为研究者提供一个全面的背景和理论基础。
通过对已有研究的归纳和总结，文献综述可以识别出已有研究的局限性，并为未来研究的方向提供指导。
道林格雷的画像论文Literature Review 2
Literature Review: Of the Value of Art and Morality in The Picture ofDorian GrayThe paper will summarize the reflection of the value of art and morality of Oscar Wilde in The Picture of Dorian Gray.There is no doubt that this book caused much controversy and was condemned immoral by many critics for its degenerate plot after its publication. At that time-the Victorian time, this work obviously was incompatible with the time. The people just looked it from a superficial sight. So this work didn‟t get much good reflection.But now, more and more critics began to review this book in an objective way. But criticism on this book was focused on its characteristic of aestheticism for a long time. In the A History of Criticism of English Fiction, it says that the name …Oscar Wilde‟ nearly became the synonymy of aestheticism. Even in the A History of English Literature, it says that The Picture of Dorian Gray nearly is the unique aesthetic novel in the English literature history. We can see that many people concentrated on this point and ignored its other significances, such as the value of art and morality.Oscar Wilde is the representative of “art for art sake”. He also advocated that art is higher than morality. He once said that there is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That‟s all. But it didn‟t get rid of morality. In this work, we can find that Oscar Wilde was not trying to abandon the conscience, and what he advocated is instinctive morality with a higher form.In my part, both art and morality are the essential parts of Wilde‟s works. We couldn‟t only focus on his aestheticism, but on his traditional moral values.References刘茂生：《王尔德创作的伦理思想研究》，华中师范大学出版社，2008年，第68页。
英语论文分析学习 第2节 literature review
2 3
Definition&function
Structure
interpretation
introduction
How to organize the reviews
Literature review
body
How to evaluate each work Information/author prominent citation
Place one's original work in the context of existing literature
Position: Where to find literature review?
Practice: Study the samples
----Within the Introduction section, part of a introduction (our focus). ----separate section, following the Introduction. ----separate section, end of the paper. ----literature review as a paper. 4 positions
Conclusion: move from literature review to gap
Structure of a literature review
Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review/overview, transitional sentence from topic
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3.Design of Questionnaire
3.1The target of questionnaire
This questionnaire is carried out among the sophomores of English major students in
Zhijiang College of Zhejiang University of Technology.The subjects are choosen from the whole second-year English major students as the target because they have learned spoken English for two years ,they have acquired different levels of spoken English proficiency through they have the same oral English class .Their problems on learning spoken English are in comparatively fixed this study.
3.2 Classification of the questions
Questions in this questionnaire are divided into two parts.The first part is objective questions. The options of each objective question are classified into 4 to 5 different degrees, and each set of option is generally a bit deeper in degree than the one that came before. The second part of this questionnaire is subjective questions.Students and teachers should write down their answers to each question. There are 20 objective questions and 2-3 subjective questions in this questionnaire.
Objective question example:
作为英语专业的学生，你认为自己的口语水平？
A非常满意B满意C基本满意D不满意E非常不满意
Subjective question example:
你认为自己目前英语口语学习最大的困难是什么？
4 Analysis of Questionnaire
4.1 The results of questionnaire
Calculate and analyse the statistical data collected from questionnaire.
4.2 Problems in Spoken English learning
Interpret results and present findings.From the the results of questionnaire, the author
will identify the problems exist in Spoken English learning.
5. Reasons
5.1 Subjective reasons
Subjective reasons exist in in Spoken English learning.
5.2 Objective reasons
Objective reasons exist in in Spoken English learning.
6. Suggestions in Spoken English Learning
6.1 Suggestions in subjective reasons
6.2 Suggestions in objective reasons
7. Conclusion
Learning Engish is to communicate affectively and suitably with different people in different occasions and to meet the standards of the 21st century.The process of improving students’spoken English ability is very long. “Practice makes perfect”. This kind of practice is based on expression of oneself and influenced by the students’ language store, thinking ways, psychological quality, atmosphere etc. Only through continuous storing and creative using of knowledge can students overcome difficulties and finally succeed. This essay analyzes problems that exist in spoken English learning of English majors in Zhijiang College of Zhejiang University of Technology and give some suggestions on how to reform the state of spoken English learning nowadays. From what has been discussed above, the author hope this essay will help the English major students in Zhijiang College of Zhejiang University of Technology learn spoken English easily and have better capacity in English.
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