early modern english

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1.6 Great Vowel Shift 元音大推移
1) gradual process began in Chaucer's time (early 15th C) and was continuing through the time of Shakespeare (early 17th C).
sameflowersmilestodaytomorrowdying34wordcoinagesclippingvanvanguard先锋reararrearfortnightfourteennightbackformationdifficultdifficultyunitunityblendingdumbfoundconfoundapatheticpatheticspluttersputter使人哑然失声使惊惶漠然可怜的无动于衷的噼啪声溅泼声劈啪声
② The sudden social mobility after the Black Death--- with people from lower levels in society moving to higher levels. ③ Hundred Years’ War: medieval aristocracy who had spoken French began using English: change--- either by making pronunciation more French in style, or by changing it to something thought to be "more English"
1.4 Enclosure movement = conversion of small farms to larger enclosed sheep pastures Effects *Urbanization (loss of regional dialects) * rise of urban middle class
Early Modern English
(1500-Βιβλιοθήκη 650) The Early Modern English period is regarded by many scholars as beginning in about 1500 and terminating with the return of the monarchy (John Dryden’s Astraea Redux) in 1660. The transition from ME to MnE would be too abrupt without the recognition of an Early Modern English period.
1.7 Renaissance
1). The Renaissance: 14th – 17th cen. (1500-1650)
an influential cultural movement throughout European countries. It marked the transition between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. It is usually considered to have begun in the 14th century in Italy and is characterized by a renewed interest in classical (Latin and Greek) art, literature, and learning.
3) result: In linguistic terms, the shift was rather sudden, the major changes occurring within a century. The shift is still not over, however, more gradual.
Enclosure Movement
Sheep eat man
1.5 colonial exploration: established colonies abroad and took the English language out of the continent of Europe. This is related to the new strategy of mercantilism商业主义 (the theory that a nation’s interests are served of overseas trade and restriction of imports). The result is that there are speakers of English in every continent today. In 1600, around the time of Shakespeare, there were about 6 million speakers of English.
Sonnet 75
One day I wrote her name upon the strand, But came the waves and washed it away. Agayne I wrote it with a second hand, But came the tyde, and made my paynes his pray. “Vayne man” Sayd she, “that doest in vaine assay A mortall thing so to immortalize, For I my selve shall lyke to this decay, And eek my name bee wyped out lykewize”. “Not so” quod I, “let baser things devize, To dy in dust, but you shall live by fame: My verse your vertues rare shall eternize, And in the heavens wryte your glorious name, Where whenas death shall all the world subdew, Our love shall live, and later life renew.
The invention of the printing press expanded education, communications, and the awareness of social problems which resulted in a new epoch of universal knowledge and interests.
Henry VIII’s six wives
The Medieval world view saw the European nations as being part of Christendom under the authority of the Pope, with Latin as a unifying language. This was to change. the rise of the notion of national languages: The English language therefore took over Latin as the language of learning. The notion of a standard language also began to gain importance.
2) reason: ① population of London in 1400 only about 40,000, largest city in England Midlands, most densely, supplied London with streams of young immigrants speech of the capital mixed and changing. Some long vowels of Chaucer’s speech already begun to shift.
1.2 the wars of Roses (1453 and 1487) — weaken the feudalism and pave the way for development of bourgeois society
House of Lancaster
House of York
1.3 Henry VIII’s English Reformation: breaking away from the (Roman) Catholic church
1) the rise of London English 2) the invention of printing: a determining factor. Printing played a major role in several things: fostering the norms 标准 of spelling and pronunciation, more opportunities to write. 3) the spread of the new learning
examples * the Anglo-Saxons lived in a ―hoose‖, and the English live in a ―house‖; *the Anglo-Saxons milked a ―coo‖, and the English milk a ―cow‖; *an Anglo-Saxon had ―feef‖ fingers on each hand and the English have ―five‖.
1. Historical background 1.1 Transition from Middle English to Early Modern English The death of Chaucer at the close of the century (1400) marked the beginning of the period of transition from Middle English to the Early Modern English stage. The 15th century witnessed three outstanding developments
Speakers of English gradually changed the parts of their mouth used to articulate the long vowels: the articulation point moved upward in the mouth. The vowels, which began being pronounced at the top, could not be moved farther up (without poking into the nose); they became diphthongs.
Chaucer's pronunciation would have been completely unintelligible to the modern ear. Shakespeare would be understandable. Long vowel sounds began to be made higher in the mouth and the letter "e" at the end of words became silent. Chaucer's Lyf (pronounced "leef") became the modern life.
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