lecture 5 Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生作品赏析
Life Story
Emerson's health started to fail after the partial burning of his house in 1872. He made his last tour abroad in 1872-1873, and then withdrew more and more from public life. Emerson died on April 27, 1882 in Concord.
Life Story
3 years after he became the sole pastor, he had a crisis of faith, finding that he "was not interested" in the rite of Communion. (teacher/reform) Eventually Emerson's controversial views caused his resignation. However, he never ceased to be both teacher and preacher, although without the support of any concrete idea of God.
Collections
writings)
works
Essays: First Series (1841) (a selection of his earlier lectures and
Essays: Second Series (1844) Poems (1847) Nature(1849)(a collection of essays, summed up his ideas.
Emerson
Question& Answer
Ralph Waldo Emerson is not a A philosopher B poet C actor D essayist
Collections:
Poems(1847) Representative Men(1850) English Traits(1856) The Conduct of Life (1860) May Day and Other Poems(1867) Society and Solitude(1870) Letters and Social Aims(1876)
2. Aesthetic feeling.(美感) In Emerson‟s opinion, aesthetic feeling means harmonious feeling. 3. Language. It‟s the symbol of nature. 4. Nature is a training, which helps us understand the truth of spirit.
超验主义：核心观点是主张人能超越感 觉和理性而直接认识真理，认为人类世 界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影。超验主 义者强调万物本质上的统一，万物皆受" 超灵"制约，而人类灵魂与"超灵"一致。
Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. After studying at Harvard and teaching for a brief time, Emerson entered the ministry. He was appointed to the Old Second Church in his native city, but soon became an unwilling preacher. Unable in conscience to administer the sacrament（圣餐） of the Lord„s Supper after the death of his nineteen-year-old wife of tuberculosis（结核病）, Emerson resigned his pastorate in 1831.
爱默生
Nature
Timeline
1844
The Dial
1882 Death
1867 Health began declining
Emerson’s works
1 2 3 4
Emerson’s works
Representative Men(1850)
The Conduct of Life(1860)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
拉尔夫 瓦尔多 爱默生
Thinker Essayist
In the United Confucius “美国的孔子” Stated
American The civilization Father
Transcendentalism 超验论
p 哲学家 h i l o 哲学家 s o SUCCESSFUL p h e r 哲学家
自然的热爱者，内向和 外向的感觉尚能和谐的 相应，他尚能在成年时 保有婴儿的心灵。
Nature
论自然 His intercourse with heaven and earth, becomes part of his daily food. In the presence of nature, a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows. Nature says, he is my creature, and maugre all his impertinent griefs, he shall be glad with me. 与天地的交汇成为必需， 就如每日的食物一样。 自然当前时，奔腾的喜 悦传便他全身，尽管可 能他正身处现实的苦境。 他是我的造物，抿灭他 无关紧要的悲伤，与我 同在他应欢悦，自然向 他如是说。
Emerson
"Self-Reliance"——the importance of cultivating oneself .
Nature
Emerson's philosophical ideas: individuality, freedom, the ability for man to realize almost anything, and the relationship between the soul and the surrounding world. "Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul."
Nature
1）Man is divine (天赐的); The spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man; 2) The individual, not the crowd, is the most important of all.
Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. (Self-Reliance)
相信你自己: 每棵心灵都会随着那强劲的丝弦而搏动.
Emerson’s Transcendentalist Views
3 ) Nature as symbolic of God. Nature is the vehicle of thought or the symbol of spirit “The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other.” (Nature)
爱默生简介
His
work
During the early 1830s Emerson began an active career as writer and lecturer. In 1836 he published anonymously (化名地）his essay Nature, based on his early lectures. It is in that piece that he first set forth the main principles of transcendentalism, expressing a firm belief in the mystical unity of nature. He attracted wide attention with “The American Scholar,” his Phi Beta Kappa oration（婓陶婓的演说） at Harvard in 1837, in which he called for independence from European cultural leadership. In his lecture at the Harvard divinity school in 1838, his admonition(警告） that one could find redemption（赎回） only in one‘s own soul was taken to mean that he repudiated Christianity（批判基督教义）. This caused such indignation（愤 怒） that he was not invited to Harvard again until 1866, when the college granted him an LL.D. degree.
爱默生
Emerson’ major works【爱默生主要作品】
• Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled "The American Scholar" in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.(老奥利弗· 温德尔· 霍姆斯) considered to be America's ―Intellectual Declaration of Independence‖. (被誉为美国思想文化 领域的“独立宣言”)
Emerson’ influence 【爱默生的影响】
His essays remain among the linchpins of American thinking, and his work has greatly influenced the thinkers, writers and poets that have followed him. When asked to sum up his work, he said his central doctrine was "the infinitude of the private man." Emerson is also well known as a mentor and friend of fellow Transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau.
Ralph Waldo Emerson 简介
Core beliefs of Transcendentalism
• Finding its root in the word "transcend" Transcendentalists believed individuals could transcend to a higher being of existence in nature. • God is located in the soul of each individual • Humanity's potential is limitless. • Experience is valued over scholarship.
Emerson’s Life
• Upset in the 1860s by the coming of the Civil War, ved a quiet life with his family. • His house burnt to the ground in 1872. • Died on April 27th, 1882.
The Founder of Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson
What is Transcendentalism
• Transcendentalism was a literary movement that flourished during the middle 19th century (1836-1860). • It began as a rebellion against traditiionally held beliefs by the English Church that God superseded the individual.
RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
He continued his speeches against slavery, but never with the fire of Theodore Parker. In 1857 he wrote an essay on “Memory” but ironically, in his later years, his own memory would falter, especially after his beloved house burned in 1872. He died quietly of pneumonia （ 肺 炎 ） in 1882.
Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, abolitionist(废奴主义者), naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
In 1835, Emerson married Lydia Jackson; they lived in Concord and had four children while he settled into his life of conversations, reading and writing, and lecturing, which furnished a comfortable income.
Lecture Five
Lecture Five
The American R Renaissance
The Concept 1) It also called New England Renaissance period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit. 2) The literary scene of the period was dominated by a group of New England writers, the “Brahmins”. They were aristocrats, steeped in foreign culture, active as professors at Harvard College, and interested in creating a genteel American literature based on foreign models. 3) One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Emerson, Thoreau and so on.
4) The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. They advocated reforms in church, state, and society, contributing to the rise of free religion and the abolition movement and to the formation of various utopian communities, such as Brook Farm. The abolition movement was also bolstered by other New England writers, including the Quaker poet Whittier and the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) dramatized the plight of the black slave.
爱默生英文简介
爱默生英文简介Ralph Waldo Emerson, widely regarded as one of the most influential American writers of the 19th century, was born on May 25, 1803, in Boston, Massachusetts. He emerged as a prominent figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and the power of nature.Throughout his life, Emerson wrote numerous essays, delivered countless lectures, and published several books that explored his unique philosophies and ideas. His works have had a profound impact on American literature and continue to inspire people around the world.Emerson's intellectual journey began at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1821. After completing his studies, he became a Unitarian minister and delivered sermons in various churches. However, he soon became disillusioned with organized religion and abandoned the pulpit. This marked a significant turning point in his life as he began to develop his own spiritual beliefs and philosophical ideas.In 1832, Emerson traveled to Europe, where he met influential thinkers such as Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. These encounters expanded his intellectual horizons and exposed him to new ideas that would shape his own philosophy. Inspired by his experiences abroad, Emerson returned to the United States and embarked on a career as a writer and lecturer.One of Emerson's most famous works is his essay collection, "Nature," published in 1836. This groundbreaking work articulatedhis belief in the inherent goodness of both humans and nature and laid the foundation for Transcendentalism. Emerson argued that individuals should strive to live in harmony with nature and trust their own intuition rather than conforming to societal norms.Another seminal work by Emerson is "Self-Reliance," published in 1841. In this essay, he urged individuals to trust in their own abilities and to follow their own path, regardless of societal expectations. He emphasized the importance of non-conformity and independent thinking, stating, "To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment."Emerson's works not only explored philosophical ideas but also tackled social and political issues of his time. He was an outspoken critic of slavery and fervently supported the abolitionist movement. His lectures, such as "The Fugitive Slave Law," delivered in 1851, condemned the laws that supported the capture and return of escaped slaves.Emerson's impact extended beyond his writing and lectures. He was a mentor and friend to several important figures in American literature and politics, including Henry David Thoreau and Louisa May Alcott. Thoreau, in particular, was deeply influenced by Emerson and lived in a small cabin on Emerson's property in Concord, Massachusetts, where he wrote his seminal work, "Walden."Emerson continued to write and lecture until his death on April 27, 1882. His legacy as a philosopher, essayist, and poet continues toresonate today. His ideas on self-reliance, individualism, and the power of nature have been embraced by generations of readers seeking guidance and inspiration.In conclusion, Ralph Waldo Emerson was a pioneering figure in American literature and philosophy. His essays and lectures continue to be studied and celebrated for their insights into the human condition and their emphasis on the importance of self-discovery and personal growth. Emerson's works remind us to trust our own instincts, embrace our individuality, and seek enlightenment in the beauty of nature.Emerson's influence on American literature and philosophy cannot be overstated. His ideas, eloquently articulated in his essays and lectures, have shaped the way we think about individualism, nature, and the pursuit of truth.One of Emerson's key concepts is the idea of self-reliance. He believed that individuals should trust their own instincts and follow their own path, rather than conforming to societal expectations or relying on others for guidance. This idea resonated with many readers, especially those who valued personal freedom and independence.In "Self-Reliance," Emerson writes, "Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string." He urges individuals to have confidence in their own abilities and to resist the pressures to conform. He believed that true greatness comes from within, from following one's own unique passions and talents.Emerson's emphasis on self-reliance was not just a personal philosophy; it had profound implications for society as a whole. Hebelieved that a society made up of self-reliant individuals would be more just and equitable. In his essay "Politics," Emerson argues that true democracy can only exist when individuals have the freedom to think for themselves and make their own decisions.This emphasis on individualism and self-reliance also extended to Emerson's views on education. He believed that education should not be about memorizing facts and figures, but about nurturing a person's innate curiosity and guiding them to think critically and independently. In his famous essay "The American Scholar," Emerson calls for a new kind of education that focuses on developing the individual's own unique genius rather than conforming to established norms.Emerson's ideas on the importance of nature were also groundbreaking. He believed that spending time in nature could restore one's sense of peace and harmony, and that it held lessons and truths that could not be found elsewhere. In his essay "Nature," he writes, "The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood."Emerson saw nature as a powerful force that could connect individuals to something greater than themselves. He believed that in nature, we can find a reflection of our own inner selves and a source of spiritual insight. This idea had a profound impact on subsequent generations of writers and thinkers, including the Transcendentalists who followed in Emerson's footsteps. Emerson's ideas were not without their critics, however. Someargued that his emphasis on individualism and self-reliance could lead to selfishness and a lack of concern for the wider community. Others questioned his sometimes abstract and lofty language, suggesting that his ideas were not practical or applicable to everyday life.Despite these criticisms, Emerson's legacy endures. His writings continue to be studied and celebrated, and his ideas on self-reliance, individualism, and the power of nature still resonate with readers today. His work laid the foundation for a uniquely American philosophy that values personal freedom and the pursuit of truth.Emerson's influence extends beyond literature and philosophy. His ideas also had a significant impact on social and political movements of his time. As an outspoken critic of slavery, Emerson played a key role in shaping public opinion on the issue. His lectures and essays condemning slavery and supporting the abolitionist cause helped to mobilize support for the movement.Emerson's influence can also be seen in the works of his contemporaries and successors. Writers such as Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson were all influenced by Emerson's ideas and incorporated them into their own works. These writers shaped the course of American literature and helped to define what it means to be an American writer.In conclusion, Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas continue to resonate with readers and thinkers today. His emphasis on self-reliance, individualism, and the power of nature has had a profound impact on American literature and philosophy. Emerson's writings remindus of the importance of trusting ourselves, embracing our own unique genius, and finding solace and inspiration in the beauty of the natural world. His legacy as a thinker and writer is one that will continue to inspire generations to come.。
美国文学课件(Emerson and Thoreau)PPT教学课件
– his own Unitarian-Yankee background
– his admiration for Plato and the neo-Platonism
– his study of the sacred bocks of the East
American Literature
Lecture Six
Emerson and Thoreau
Ralph Waldo Emerson
(18031882)
• Born in Boston, the son of a Unitarian (一神教的) minister who was a member of an old Puritan family.
• During a tour of Europe (1832-33), he met Carlyle, Wordsworthom he became intimately associated with the transcendental thought and its sources with the German idealism.
• After his father’s death, he was raised by his mother and an aunt, Mary Moody Emerson, a zealously pious woman who expressed her sardonically critical mind in a style her nephew admired and imitated.
• After graduation in 1821 he took over his brother’s Boston school for young ladies, although with some misgivings
爱默生课件
然和社会的道德观。1841~1844年，他还先后出 版了两本论文集。1846年，他的《诗集》出版。 这段时间发表的以上论著，奠定了他在美国哲学 界和文学界的地位，并使他获得了一定的国际声 誉。1847年，爱默生第二次到欧洲访问，在英国 做了多次演讲。在欧洲期间，他结识了一些著名 的作家，使他产生了此后转向文学创作的念头。 1848年回国后，他的兴趣逐渐离开先验论，也离
爱默生十分强调直觉的作用， 认为这是先验论的基本方法，哲 学家和诗人都依靠直觉来把握那 种弥漫于自然界中的内在规律。 直觉中不包含任何属于逻辑或知 性的成分，它完全是个人的、直 接的和独立的，它与过去或未来 发生的事情都没有任何联系。
爱默生强调每个人都应当信赖 自己，相信自己内心中所思考的 事物。每个人都应
爱默生声明，先验论者接受了唯心主义者的 这些理论，他们相信奇迹，相信人的心灵之 门永远向光和力量敞开，相信灵感，相信出 神入化的境界。他们希望精神原则能被广泛 应用于人的状态，而不看重任何非精神的东 西，反对把任何不属于精神的尺度或规则强 加于精神之上。他们认为自己是立法者，不
受现规章的约束，因而往往被指责为主张 唯信仰论。在《自然》一书中，爱默生还从 人与自然、心灵与物质的关系这一角度，论 证唯心主义的优越性。
1829年，他与第一任妻子埃伦·塔克结婚，但 她在婚后两年因罹患肺结核于1831年2月8日过世， 这对他刺激颇深。
1832年，一次与教会干事关于圣餐服务的管理 权争执及关于公众祈祷的疑虑让他辞职了。1832 年以后，爱默生到欧洲各国游历。在漫长的旅途 生活中，他通过独自的沉思发现能在自己心灵深 处找到上帝，这促进他从唯一神论转向先验论。
非通过经验获得的，相反，经验本身则是 通过这类观念或必要形式而获得的，这类 观念或必要形式就是心灵本身的直觉，也 就是他所说的“先验的形式”。这就是说， 唯物主义建立在经验之上，唯心主义则建 立在意识之上，前者从感觉材料着手进行 思维，后者则认为感觉不是终极之物，感 觉只给我们提供事物的表象，至于
Emerson
• 爱默生回到波土顿后，在康考德一带从事布道。这 爱默生回到波土顿后，在康考德一带从事布道。 时他的演说更接近于亚里士多德学派风格， 时他的演说更接近于亚里士多德学派风格，重要讲 演稿有《历史的哲学》 人类文化》 演稿有《历史的哲学》、《人类文化》、《目前时 代》等。
In 1837 Emerson to" American scholar" published a famous speech, declaring the United States literature has been out of British literature and American independence, warned the scholars don't let a bad habit spreads, do not blindly follow the traditional, not pure imitation. In this speech, also attacked the materialism of American society, emphasis on human values. Known as the United States of America ideological and cultural fields," the declaration of independence" .
lecture 5 超验主义
Life
A. born in a clergyman’s family in New England B. graduated from Harvard C. founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journal D. traveled and gave lectures; quite influential
Resources
• A. Puritan heritage At the eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱd of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一神教） appeared. It stressed ―continual progress of mankind‖. • Emerson once was a preacher of Unitarianism, but he thought there were too many rituals. Then he resigned from the position. Emerson also believed in individuality. He inherited the ideas of inward communication with God and the divine symbolism of nature.
• A foolish consistancy is the hobgoblin of little minds… • With consistancy a great soul has simply nothing to do.
新托福阅读高频单词
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爱默生简介中英文对照
---------方涵琦
生平简介
• 拉尔夫· 沃尔多· 爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson， 1803年－1882年），生于波士顿。 美国思想家、 文学家，诗人。 爱默生是确立美国文化精神的代 表人物。 美国前总统林肯称他为“美国的孔子”、 “美国文明之父”。1803年5月6日出生于马萨诸 塞州波士顿附近的康考德村，1882年4月27日在 波士顿逝世。他的生命几乎横贯19世纪的美国， 他出生时候的美国热闹却混沌，一些人意识到它 代表着某种新力量的崛起，却无人能够清晰的表 达出来。
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American lecturer, philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".[1] Considered one of the great lecturers of the time, Emerson had an enthusiasm and respect for his audience that enraptured crowds.
爱默生英文简介_英文简历模板
爱默生英文简介拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生，美国思想家、文学家，诗人。
爱默生是确立美国文化精神的代表人物。
下面是小编为你整理的爱默生英文简介，希望对你有用!拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生简介Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 - April 27, 1882) was born in Boston. American thinker, writer, poet. Emerson is the representative of the American culture. Former US President Lincoln called him "American Confucius" and "Father of American Civilization". Published in 1836 debut "on nature". His contribution to literature is mainly in prose and poetry. 18 April 1882 died in Boston.拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生文学生涯In September 1835, Emerson and other like-minded intellectuals founded the Transcendental Club. Until July 1840, Emerson published his first essay in September 1836, Nature ". When the work becomes the basic principle of transcendence, many people immediately think that this is the Italian works.In 1837 Emerson published a famous speech on the theme of "American Scholar", proclaiming that American literature had been independent from British literature and warned American scholars not to let the study learn to spread, do not blindly follow tradition, imitate. In addition, this speech also criticized the American society of money worship, emphasizing the value of people. Known as the United States in the field of ideological and cultural "Declaration of Independence".One year later, Emerson criticized the only deity of Christianity in the Dean of the Theological Seminary, striving for the supreme human being, and advocating the intuition of thetruth. "Believe in your own thoughts, and believe that what is right in your heart that is right for you is applicable to all ... ..." literary critics Lawrence Bull in the "Emerson Biography" said, Emerson and his doctrine, Is the most important secular religion in the United States.In 1838 he was invited to return to Harvard University Theological Seminary for the graduation ceremony. His comments immediately shocked the entire Protestant community, because he explained that when Jesus was a man, he was not God (at that time people would rather not hear such a speech). Thus, he was condemned as an atheist and poisoned the young man's mind, and faced with these criticisms he did not make any response or defense. In the following 40 years, he was no longer invited to the Harvard University speech, but in the mid-1880s, his position became a doctrine of the doctrine.ProceedingsIn 1840 Emerson was the editor of the "sundial" of the transcendentalist publication, further promoting transcendentalism. Later, he compiled his own speech into a book, which is the famous "Proceedings". The first episode of the Proceedings was published in 1841, including 12 papers such as "On Self-help", "On Spirit", "On Compensation", "On Love", "On Friendship". Three years later, the second episode of the Proceedings was also published. This book as Emerson won a great reputation, his mind is called the core of transcendentalism, he himself was known as the "American Renaissance leader" reputation.In early 1842, Emerson's eldest son of China because of suffering from scarlet fever and died. Emerson presented his grief in his two masterpieces: an elegy and his essay "Experience"(Experience). In the same year William James was born, Emerson agreed to be his godfather.Emerson became a famous speaker in New England and other countries outside the United States. When he can not attend some speeches as scheduled, Frederick Douglas will replace him. Emerson's speech has many different themes, many of his works are extracted from his speech.Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry David Thoreau are friends and often walk with them at Concord. Emerson inspired Thoreau's talent. Thoreau has also built a house in Walden, of Jackson County, Colorado. When Thoreau lives in Walden, Emerson offers food and hires Thoreau to finish some work. When Thoreau left Walden two years later, Emerson left because he wanted to travel, and Thoreau lived at Emerson's home.Their friendly relationship was broken by Thomson's first book, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, when Ruth gave rude advice. This book is not very extensive design, and Emerson took him to see their agents, which allows Thoreau to bear the cost of publishing this book and the risk. Readers of this book is not much, this thoreau began to bear the debt. Finally, the two of them reconcile some of the differences, but Thoreau in private still condemned Emerson gradually deviated from his initial outlook on life, and Emerson began to Thoreau as a weary person. Emerson gave a negative evaluation of Thoreau's rhetoric in the 19th century.Emerson is an abstract and esoteric writer, but his speech still has a lot of people to listen. Emerson's work is based on his diary's observation of things, and when he was still at Harvard, he had written diary habits, and those diaries were carefullyindexed by Emerson. He writes his own experiences and ideas in his diary and brings out some meaningful messages and combines with his intensive and condensed lecture essence. Later, he revised and relented the content of the speech, so that his essay and some other works.He was a man who was regarded as one of the great performers at the time, and fascinated the audience with a low voice. He was very enthusiastic and treated with an equal attitude and valued the audience. His straightforward and uncompromising stance on the abolition of niggerism led him to object to and mock after talking about the subject. He continues to publish a radical abolition of the slaves but does not consider whether people like it. He tried to refrain from joining any open political movement or group, and was often eager to be independent, which reflected his individualist position. He often insisted not to advocate, to become a person alone on their own. In his later years, people wanted him to count the number of his writings, and he still said that his faith was "infinite individual".Emerson's early reading of the French essayist Montaigne's works, and by its great influence. He understood the personal style from these works and began to lower his trust in God. He never read Kant's work, but he read Coleridge's explanation of the German transcendentalist. This makes Emerson do not believe in the soul and God.influencesAfter Emerson died, he was buried in the Slippe Valley Cemetery in Concord, Massachusetts. In May 20xx, Emerson published the "Theological Seminary" after 168 years, Harvard University Theological Seminary announced the creation of UUA (Unitarian Universalist Association).Emerson's collection of many of the prose of "Collected Essays: First (1841) and Second (1844) Series" is considered one of the 100 masterpieces.Emerson's Proceedings praised the idea that people would trust themselves, and those who believed in themselves were representatives of all, because he perceived the universal truth. Emerson with a transcendentalist's tone, quietly narrated his view of the world, transcendentalism combined and penetrated the neo-Platonism and similar Calvin sectarian a serious moral and that can be in all natural In the discovery of God's love romantic optimism.Emerson likes to speak, face the crowd to make him excited, he said he felt a great emotion in the call, his main reputation and achievements established here. He became the leader of American transcendentalism through his own essays and speeches, and became the most important of the informal philosophers. His philosophical spirit is manifested in the remarkable view of logic and empiricism. He despises the exploration of pure theory and believes in nature, which embodies the laws of God and God.In addition to the Proceedings, Emerson's works include "Representatives", "British Characteristics", "Poems", "May Festival and Other Poems".Emerson 's prose writer, thinker, poet in one. His poetry, prose unique, pay attention to the ideological content and not too much emphasis on rhetoric gorgeous, writing like aphorism, philosophical easy to understand, persuasive, and a typical "Emerson style." Some people commented on his words: "Emerson seems to only write a sentence," his text reveals the temperament is difficult to describe: both full of autocratic andno doubt, but also has an open spirit of democracy; both aristocratic arrogance , More civilians of the direct; both clear and easy to understand, and often mixed with some kind of mysticism ... ... a person can be inserted in an article so many alarm is really amazing, those worth it in the morning Why do you read the words always inspiring, the years are not for him to cover the dust, but against the background he was sparkling.Emerson's greatest achievement in the history of American culture and literature is that he insists on the establishment of an independent national culture and literature. He is against the sudden attack, follow the footsteps. He preached the spiritual independence of the New World. Emerson's thought in its famous "American philosopher" in the further development. Emerson asked the American thinkers to "know themselves", "observe the natural", search by others long, create a new culture of the new continent, write their own books, in order to achieve their own perfection at the same time, for human progress contribution. He asked the American philosopher to be an independent thinker, not someone else's thought.He pointed out that the book contains the wisdom of the past era, but can not step by step in the past, can not regulate the moment step. He asked scholars to become a universe, rather than being pulled out of their own orbit. Some of the ideas are creative, some of the behavior is creative, some of the rhetoric is creative, these are from the mind itself feel good and the United States naturally gush out. He warned that the genius of the past could be the enemy of today's genius, and that Shakespeare could "modernize" the original style of modernity. American scholars should look forward, the eyes long in front of the head, full of hope to write their own books, each era should write theirown books.。
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Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生（1803－1882）Emerson’s life:•Emerson was descended from a well-known line of ministers.•He was raised by his mother as well as other intellectual and spiritual women in his family. •Emerson’s formal schooling began at the Boston L atin School in 1812. At 14, he went to Harvard College.•After graduation, he made his living as a schoolmaster and then as a minister.•His disagreements with church officials led to his resignation in 1832.•Emerson toured Europe in 1832 and met William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Thomas Carlyle.•Emerson published his Nature《论自然》in 1836, which is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.•Emerson and other like-minded intellectuals founded the Transcendental Club, which served as a center for the movement.•A year later he delivered his now-famous address, “The American Scholar” 《论美国学者》. •The Transcendental group began to publish its flagship journal, The Dial《日晷》in July 1840. •In 1842 he published Essays 《论文集》, which included the famous essay, “Self-Reliance.”《论自助》•Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England and much of the rest of the country. Self-Reliance•It contains the most solid statement of one of Emerson’s repeating themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. •Emerson begins his major work on individualism by asserting the importance of thinking for oneself rather than submissively accepting other people’s ideas.•He begins the paragraph with the characteristic aphorism “Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist,” and asserts a radical, even extreme, position on the matter.•Responding to the objection that devotedly following one’s inner voice is wrong because the intuition may be evil, he writes, “No law can be sacred to me but that of my nature . . . the only right is what is after my constitution, the only wrong what is against it.”•In other words, it is better to be true to an evil nature than to behave “correctly” because of society’s demands or conventions.•In a subdued, even gentle voice, Emerson states that it is better to live truly and obscurely than to have one’s goodness extolled in public. It makes no difference to him whether his actions are praised or ignored.•The important thing is to act independently: “What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think . . . the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.”•The ideal American should always be able to speak, even if that contradicts the words you used the day before. The result of staying true to your beliefs with each new day will result in being misunderstood.•“To be great is to be misunderstood” was used by Emerson to explain the lagging growth of the conception of ideas and thoughts of his generation. Original and novel ideas were scorned by conservatives who believed the best method for learning was by repetition and memorization of proven classics written by previous generations.•Society is not the measure of all things; the individual is. “A true man belongs to no other time or place, but is the centre of all things. Where he is, there is nature.”•Nature is not only those objects around us, but also our individual natures. And these individual natures allow the great thinker—the ideal individual—to battle conformity and consistency.A Summary of Self-reliance•Throughout Emerson’s essay the greatest threat to the American spirit is conformity. Conformity is the sacrifice of one’s individuality in thought.•The second issue is the limitations of consistency in the individuals mind. If a person becomes stuck with his old thoughts he will keep his mind from growing.•Theme :Be yourself. Trust your own inner voice.Emerson’s Writing Style•Thorough development of his thesis through examples, repetition, and reinforcement; •Coinage of memorable statements of principle, or aphorisms;•Frequent references (allusions) to historical and literary figures, who embody qualities Emerson discusses;•Frequent use of figurative language to make a point.e.g. the corpse of your memory; the hobgoblin of little mindsQuestions:•What is the greatest threat that scares us from self-trust?•Why does the author dislike “consistency”?•What is the author’s attitude to charity?。