Unit 语言点Te t A 供复习

Unit 1 Book 3
Friendship
Text A What Is Friendship?
I. Difficult Sentences
1. When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is
a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a
friend.
(1) What are “socially acknowledged criteria”?
(=“Socially acknowledged criteria” are established standards that are accepted by all the people in the society.)
(2) Translate this sentence.
(=我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。

)
2. In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in another, the label
may seem less appropriate.
What does this sentence imply?
(=The criteria for friendship vary from setting to setting.)
3. They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have
hopes of advantage from it.
(1) Do they enjoy being together purely because they like each other?
(= No, they are together just because they expect to benefit from their relationship.)
(2) Translate this sentence.
(=只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。

)
4. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure,
because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their
chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the
moment.
(1) What do young people care most when making friends?
(=They care most about their own feelings, their own pleasure and whether there is an important opportunity at the present time.)
(2) Translate this sentence.
(=年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。

)
5. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude
often, even within the same day.
What can we infer from this sentence?
(=Young people’s friendship is temporary, because the attitude they hold to friendship is always changing.)
6. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is
perfect.
(1) What does this sentence imply?
(=Perfect friendship exists only between people who are equally good.)
(2) Translate this sentence.
(=只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的。

)
7. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and
in the highest form.
Paraphrase this sentence.
(=Love and friendship are mainly found between good people and the love and friendship are of the best quality.)
8. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each
has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust.
(1) How can two persons become real friends?
(=Only when each has proved that he deserves the love of the other and thus has won the other’s trust.)
(2) Translate this sentence.
(=只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。

)
9. He further defines “the good” as “those whose actions and lives leave no
question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from
greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their
convictions.”
(1) What does the expression “have the courage of their convictions” mean?
(= It means “be brave enough to say and act on what they think is right even though other people may not agree or approve.”)
(2) Translate this sentence.
(=他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；
那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。

”)
10. …and they must share a commitment to the good.
Paraphrase this sentence.
(=…and they both must devote themselves to pursuing what is morally right
or worthy of praise.)
II. Words and Expressions
1. notion: n. an idea, belief or concept
*Our management system is based on the notions of personal equality and
liberty. 我们的管理体系是基于人的平等、自由观念而建立的。

(=She has no notion of the difficulty of this problem.)
CF. idea, concept & notion
这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。

idea最普通，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。

concept指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的比较系统的概念或看法。

notion指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，是未经深思熟虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
(1) She seemed unfamiliar with the ______ that everyone should have an equal opportunity.
(=concept)
(2) I have no _____ how she managed to do this. (= idea/notion)
(3) I had a silly _____ that he would come back and beg me for forgiveness. (=notion)
(4) Don't get any _____ about revenge. (=ideas)
2. criterion: n. standard by which sth. is judged
*The company’s criterion for success is high sales.
对一些出版商而言，评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。

(=To some publishers, the criterion of a book which will sell well is length rather than content.)
CF. standard & criterion
这两个名词均含“标准”之意。

standard指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。

例如：
*All restaurants in the town with a low standard of hygiene have been forced
to close. 城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了。

criterion较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。

例如：
*What are the criteria for deciding who gets the prize? 评定获奖者以什么作
标准。

3. appropriate: adj. correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion
*Suits are always appropriate for a job interview.
(= His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion.)
4. thin: adj. not having the necessary qualities to gain the intended result
*His thin attempt surely resulted in nothing.
书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。

(=The critics found her latest novel rather thin.)
5. classical: adj. based on or belonging to an old or established system of
principles or methods, e.g. in art or science
*Dressed in ballet skirt, she danced with a classical elegance.
他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。

(=He is going to China to study Chinese classical poetry.)
6. distinguish between: recognize differences between
*The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish between them.
不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。

(=People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be color-blind.)
7. utility: n. the quality or condition of being useful; usefulness
*Farm animals have economic value because of their utility.
祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。

(=Grandma has always doubted the utility value of a dishwasher.)
8. ground: n. reason(s) or justification for saying, doing or believing sth.
*She can’t accept his ground for divorce.
(=He has been fired from the job on the grounds of incompetence.)
Patterns:
a gound/grounds for………的理由
on the grounds of…基于……的原因
on the grounds that…因为……
9. break up: to come or bring to an end, especially by separating
*Their marriage eventually broke up due to lack of communication.
警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗。

(=Police arrived at the bar in time and broke up the fight.)
10. pursue: vt. try to achieve sth.; continue steadily with; carry on
*She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree. 她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。

老板决定不再追查那事。

(=Our boss has decided not to pursue the matter any further.)
Collocations:
pursue sb. 追求某人
pursue a vocation 从事一份职业
pursue a hobby 从事一项爱好
pursue a goal 追求一个目标
11. take pleasure in (doing) sth.: to enjoy (doing) sth.
*The audience took pleasure in watching the graceful skaters’ dancing.
老人很享受回忆往事。

(=The old man takes pleasure in remembering the past.)
12. in so far as: to the degree that
*They moved to the downtown area in so far as they could spend less time
on the way to work.
为了能有所发现，他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究。

(=He still continued his research in this field in so far as he could make
some discoveries.)
13. regulate: vt. to control, especially by rules; bring order or method to
*Sweating can help to regulate the body’s temperature. 出汗有助于调节体温。

长寿的人通常饮食习惯有规律。

(=Those who enjoy a long life usually regulate their eating habits.)
(=Wages and working hours are regulated by a series of laws.)
Collocations:
regulate the traffic 管理交通
regulate expenditure 控制费用
regulate the speed 调整速度
regulate a clock 校对时钟
regulate food supplies 调节食物供应
14. as to: on the subject of; concerning
*We are puzzled as to how the accident happened. 关于事故是如何发生的我们很迷惑。

在记者招待会上他拒绝就此事发表任何评论。

(=He refused to make any comments as to this event at the press conference.)
(=He is very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him.)
15. equity: n. the state, quality, or ideal of being just, impartial, and fair
*The judgment aroused people’s anger for its lack of equity.
大家都同意裁判员的公正裁判。

(=The equity of the referee's decision was accepted by everyone.)
16. liberality: n. the quality or state of being liberal or generous.
*Liberality contributes to the success of leadership.
一个慷慨的人会处处受人欢迎。

(= A man of liberality will be welcome everywhere.)
17. greed: n. an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what one
needs or deserves, especially with respect to material wealth (=The large company’s greed to swallow up its smaller competitors is apparent.)
我们被他们渴求知识的眼神深深触动了。

(= We were deeply touched by the greed for knowledge in their eyes.)
18. conviction: n. a fixed or strong belief.
*It's my conviction that complacency is at the root of our troubles. 我深信
自满情绪是我们各种问题的根源。

(=Do you always act in accordance with your convictions?)
CF. belief, faith & conviction
这些名词都有“相信”、“信任”之意。

belief 较为普通，指单纯从主观上的相信，不涉及这种相信是否有根据。

例
如：
*I find his behavior irresponsible beyond belief. 我发觉他的所作所为不负责任到了简直令人难以置信的地步。

faith语气较强，强调完全相信，有时也指仅凭感觉产生的相信。

例如：
*I haven't much faith in this medicine. 我对这种药没有多大信心。

conviction多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的
信心和相信，强调其坚定性。

例如：
*She'd made such promises before, and they lacked conviction. 她以前也作过这样的许诺, 但都不足信。

19. possess: vt. to have as one’s property, as a quality, etc.
*They possess property all over the world. 他们在世界各地均拥有财产。

他有做好这项工作必备的耐性和应变能力吗?
(=Does he possess the necessary patience and tact to do the job well?)
(=The family possessed documents that proved their right to ownership.)
CF: hold, own, possess & keep
这些动词均有“有”、“具有”、“持有”之意。

hold指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。

own不及possess正式多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。

possess较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。

keep指长时间地保有、保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where
necessary.
(1) As a leader, he ______ great tact. (=possesses)
(2) His family ______ a great deal of real estate all over the world. (= holds)
(3) Though he ______ the restaurant, he is not involved in the management of it. (=owns)
(4) I don't know which is more difficult—to earn money or to _____ it. (=keep)
20. preserve: vt. to prevent (someone or sth.) from being harmed or
destroyed
*Mother always tries to preserve family harmony. 母亲总是在努力维持家庭和睦。

*More and more teenagers fail to preserve their eyesight and wear glasses.
(=She managed despite everything to preserve her sense of humor.)
21. commitment: n. a responsibility or promise to follow certain beliefs or a
certain course of action
*Many young people remain single for lack of commitment to family and marriage.
我们只给忠诚而勇于承担的人丰厚的报酬。

(=We only pay those well who have loyalty and full commitment.)
22. bind: vt. to tie together or unite
*She bound her hair up with ribbon.
这些老人因为对太极拳的共同爱好而结合到了一起。

(插入图片bind)
(=These old people were bound by a common interest in shadowboxing.)
CF: fasten, tie, bind & chain
这些动词都有“扎牢”、“捆”、“绑”之意。

fasten指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。

tie普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。

bind多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。

chain专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where
necessary.
(1) She ____ her shoes and kept jogging. (=tied)
(2) The feeling that _____ him to her is quite strong. (=binds)
(3) _____ your seat belt please. (=Fasten)
(4) He ____ his dog to a tree and went inside the house. (=chained)
23. permanent: adj. lasting or intended to last for a long time or forever
(=People always yearn for something permanent, enduring, without
shadow of change.)
他受伤后就一直瘸了。

(=The injury left him with a permanent limp.)
Collocations:
permanent address 固定地址
permanent employment 固定工作
permanent committee 常设委员会
permanent force 常备军
24. unite: v. to make or form a single complete whole; to join
*Christmas is the only chance to unite my big family.
她觉得将想象力与常识联系起来有点困难。

(=She has difficulty uniting common sense with vision.)
(=We should unite in fighting poverty and disease.)
CF: join, combine, unite & connect
这些动词均有“连接”、“结合”、“联合”之意。

join强调把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。

也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。

combine 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。

unite 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。

connect 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where
necessary.
(1) The attack on their country ______ squabbling political factions in a
common purpose. (= united)
(2) Most women ______ the union asking for equal pay for equal work.
(= joined)
(3) When bad men ______, the good must associate. (= combine)
(4) The two men are ______ by marriage. (=connected)
25. attribute: n. a part of someone’s character, esp. a part thought to be good
*One attribute of a good manager is that he listens very carefully to other people. 好的管理者所具备的一个特点就是耐心倾听。

(= Hope is one of mankind’s most enduring and rewarding attributes.)
III. Useful Expressions
1. 社会公认的socially acknowledged
2. 在一种情况下in one setting
3. 肤浅的理解 a thin understanding
4. 区分distinguish between
5. 解散break up
6. 追逐个人利益pursue one’s own advantage
7. 喜欢做某事take pleasure in (doing) sth.
8. 到……程度in so far as
9. 建立在……基础上be grounded on…
10. 受感情支配be regulated by one’s feelings
11. 眼前的重要机会opportunity of the moment
12. 在……相似be similar in…
13. 常言道as the saying goes
14. 值得爱be worthy of love
15. 摆脱贪婪be free from greed
16. 物质利益material benefits
17. 相伴为乐enjoy each other’s company
18. 同样忠诚于share a commitment
19. 高尚品德moral excellence
20. 达成共识develop a shared idea
IV. Proverbs and Quotations
1. A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both.
父亲是财富，兄弟是安慰，朋友兼而有之。

2. A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.
远亲不如近邻。

3. Friendship is a plant of slow growth and must undergo and withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the appellation.
—George Washington, American President
友谊就像一棵生长缓慢的植物，只有经受住了逆境的考验才配得上这个称呼。

——美国总统乔治·华盛顿
4. To find a friend one must close one eye; To keep him, two.
—Norman Douglas, British writer
交朋友得闭一只眼，留住朋友得闭两只。

——英国作家诺曼·道格拉斯
5. It is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend.
—William Blake, English poet
原谅敌人比原谅朋友来得容易。

——英国诗人威廉·布莱克
6. The holy passion of friendship is so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring in nature that it
will last through a whole lifetime, if not asked to lend money.
—Mark Twain, American writer
圣洁而热情的友谊甜蜜，稳固，忠诚而持久，它能长存一生，只要别借钱。

——美国作家马克·吐温
Text B After Twenty Years
I. Vocabulary Building
1.figure v. (AmE) consider; believe 认为，以为
eg. From the way he behaves, I figure that he is drunk already.
❖figure out 想出；理解
❖He finally figured out the answer to the question.
❖I can’t figure her out, one minute she’s happy, the next, sad.
2. correspond v. (with, to)通信；符合；相一致
❖Bill wishes to correspond with students from US —he wants to make some pen friends.
❖What he says doesn’t correspond with what he does.
❖correspondence n.
❖correspondent a.
3. sensible a. 明智的；合理的
❖It’s sensible of you to avoid rich foods if you are feeling ill.
❖Why don’t do something sensible in your spare time?
❖sensibility n.敏锐的感觉；判断力
❖sensitive a. (to) 敏感的
❖sensitivity n. 敏感性
4. tear down: 推倒；拆毁
❖We have to tear down a number of houses so as to build a new school there.
❖turn up: 出现，到达
❖I’m sure she will turn up soon. She’s never been late before.
5. check (up) on: 检查；核实
❖The police checked up on some drivers to make sure they are not drunk driving.
6. check in: 办住旅店手续；办登机/上船前手续
❖Check in at the counter and pick up your boarding passes there.
❖在柜台办登机手续，领登机卡。

❖check out: 办手续离店或机场等
7. be (placed / put) under arrest: 被逮捕；成为囚犯
❖He is under arrest and may only be seen by his lawyer.
❖be under house arrest 在软禁中
8. appoint v. 1. 约定，指定，决定（时间、地点）
2. （as, to）任命；委任
❖Our visitors arrived at the appointed time; so the party started as planned.
❖The teacher appointed him as monitor.
Translation (练习P26-27)
❖ 1. The friendship (which is) grounded on common interest doesn’t break up easily.
❖or: It is not easy for the friendship (which is) grounded on common interest to break up.
❖ 2. Children must learn to distinguish between violence and bravery / courage in computer games.
❖ 3. There spring up so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know / keep track of everything.
❖ 4. Laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends; that is why there is what we call / is called “the court of morality”.
❖ 5. Today’s culture is described as “fast-food culture”. Whatever they are doing, people just pursue the greatest satisfaction within the shortest time.
❖ 6. As the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. If you want something, go and work for it.
Paragraph Translation
❖It is commonly recognized that humans are social animals. Bonded together in a community, we naturally expect to have friends. As to what friendship is, people have different ideas / notions. Some make friends for mutual utility. Once the ground for such friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. However, a lot more people long for “soul pals”---those who posses virtues and with whom we can go through trials and tribulations together. Such friendships keep us away from greed and violence and encourage us to have the courage of our convictions. Such is what we call “true and perfect friendship”.。