Infinitive

Infinitive 动词不定式
Contents
➢Syntactic Functions of infinitive
➢Tense, aspect and voice of infinitive
➢Infinitives without “to”
Syntactic Functions of infinitive
➢Subject
➢Subject complement
➢Object
➢Object complement
➢Adverbial
➢Attributive
Syntactic Functions of infinitive ----Infinitive as subject
置于句首：
•To err is human; to forgive, divine.
•To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic.
置于句末：
•It is not easy to answer this question in one go.
•It is important for you to go there in person.
•It is wise of you not to argue with your boss.
Syntactic Functions of infinitive----Infinitive as subject
It is + adj. + to do structure
➢It’s necessary / important / essential / impossible …+for sb. to do sth.➢It’s wise/ ki nd/ nice/ honest/ stupid/ clever / cruel/ sensible/ considerate/ thoughtful …
+ of sb. to do sth.
e.g.
•It’s important for you to go there in person.
•It’s wise of you not to argue with your boss.
•You are important to go there in person. ×
•You are wise not to argue with your boss.√
其他结构：
➢It takes time and effort to master English.
➢It is my duty to help you with your English.
Syntactic Functions of infinitive----Infinitive as subject complement
➢ The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspaper.
➢The best thing would be for you to work out a definite plan.
➢ He is said to be from China by origin.
Syntactic Functions of infinitive----Infinitive as object
Str. 1 动词 + to do (句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语一致)
•I hope to see you again.
•He promised not to tell anyone about it.
•Why should anyone bother ____ his treasure to help a stranger?
A. risking to lose
B. to risk losing
C. risking losing
D. to risk to lose
常见动词有：
afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, trouble, try, want, wish等
Str. 2 动词 + it + 宾补+ to do
•I think it hard to answer the question.
•He feels it challenging to be a teacher.
•I think it wise of you to say so.
•I think it hard for her to answer the question.
常见动词有：consider, think, judge, feel, make 等
Str. 3 动词+ 疑问词 +不定式
•I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite.)
•I don’t know whether to answer his letter.
•Show us what to do. (= what we must do.)
此类动词有：
ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder等
Syntactic Functions of infinitive----Infinitive as object complement
➢动词 + 宾语. + 不定式
•The teacher recommended us to read some original novels.
•The chairman declared the meeting to be over.
常见动词有：advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, believe, cause, command, compel, declare, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, instruct, intend, invite, judge, leave, like, mean, make, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, recommend, request, remind, teach, tell, trouble, want, warn, wish (hope 不行
), urge等；
Some exceptions:
(1) allow, advise, forbid, encourage, permit, recommend等动词加不定式作宾补，但加动名词作宾语。

•We don’t allow smoking in the lecture room.
(2) 有些动词可以与that从句连用，主要是一些表示建议、命令、要求等的词。

但多数动词不能。

•The teacher recommend that the students read David Copperfield.
•They don’t allow that people smoke. ×
Syntactic Functions of infinitive----Infinitive as attributive
He is the best man to choose.
Two ways of understanding:
➢ He is the best man to do the choosing.
or. He is the best man to make the choice.
➢ He is the best man that we can choose.
or. He is the best man for us to choose.
or. He is the best man to be chosen by us.
结论：对于做定语的不定式，关键是要搞清楚它与其前面被修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系
Syntactic Functions of infinitive----Infinitive as attributive
宾语关系：
一是做不定式中动词的宾语；
二是做不定式中介词的宾语。

•I have a letter to write. √
•I need a pen to write. (x)
•I need some paper to write. (x)
•I need a pen to write. (x)
I need a pen to write with.
•I need some paper to write. (x)
I need some paper to write on.
Translation:
•在天黑前我们还有很长的路要赶。

•我给这孩子一本连环画看。

•她有四个孩子需要照顾。

•我当时没有地方可住。

•人们常说，一个人若有了三样东西就会真正感到幸福：有人爱，有事做，有希望。

•你为什么不买一个双肩背包（backpack）来装你的书呢？
Keys:
•We had a long journey to make before nightfall.
•I gave the kid a comic to read.
•She has four children to take care of.
•I had no place to live in.
•They say a person needs just three things to be truly happy in this world—someone to love, something to do and something to hope for.
•Why don’t you get a backpack to carry your books in?
主语关系：
•The man to help you is Mr. Johnson.
•Have you got a key to unlock this door?
•I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.
•The next train to arrive is from New York.
•Clint was the second person to fall into this trap.
•Clint was the only person to survive the air crash.
•He was the second person to be killed in this way.
同位语关系：
•The need to love and to be loved seems universal. Maybe this is one trait that separates human beings from other animals.
•His refusal to co-operate makes us angry.
•I have no wish to change.
•A decision ____ stock by one or a few of these large companies may have a very important effect on the market as a whole.
A. buying or to sell
B. to buy or selling
C. buying or selling
D. to buy or sell
状语关系：
•Role playing is a safe and enjoyable way to learn English. 方式状语
•The time to go is July. 时间状语
•A good place to eat is the Sichuan restaurant around the corner. 地点状语
补语关系：
指被修饰的名词在逻辑意义上充当不定式动词的逻辑主语的补语。

•The thing (for you) to be these days is a gold-collar.
在当代这个社会，你一定要努力成为一个金领人士。

Syntactic Functions of infinitive----Infinitive as adverbial
➢不定式可用作表示目的、结果、原因、条件的状语。

➢不定式的主语需要与句子的主语保持一致。

如不一致，可用for+名（代）词的形式将不
定式的逻辑主语引出。

用作目的状语：
•To study English well, a lot of practices are needed. (x) •To study English well, you need a lot of practices. √
•A lot of practices are needed for you to study English well. √
•You’d better start early in order not to miss the train.
•We had better start early so as to catch the train.
•The teacher raised his voice in order for us to hear more clearly.
用作结果状语
•He lived to be a hundred years.
•John left his hometown two years ago, never to return.
•We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had left.
•He is not old enough to go to school.
•The tea is too hot to drink.
•His indifference is such as to make everyone despaired. =He is so indifferent
as to make
everyone …
用作原因状语
•They laughed to see the clown.
•I was delighted to meet him.
•He is happy as his daughter to marry a wealthy man.
用作条件状语（句子谓语中通常有will, would, shall, must, can, could等）
•One must be out of mind to do such a thing.
•The father will be proud for his son to win the gold medal.
•I would have been happy to be invited to the party.
He worked very hard, ____ he had not finished half of the job.
A. to find
B. finding
C. just finding
D. only to find
形容词+ 不定式 to do
Translation:
•He is easy to fool.
•He is afraid to be fooled.
•He is easy to please.
•He is eager to please.
•He is interesting to listen to.
重点在于，辨别“句子主语”与不定式之间的逻辑关系。

形容词+ 不定式 to do
宾语关系(1)：当形容词描述“事件（events）”的性质特点时
•He is interesting to listen to.
=It is interesting to listen to him.
=To listen to him is interesting.
•He is easy to fool.
=It is easy to fool him.
=To fool him is easy.
More examples:
•She is very nice to talk to.
•Mary is easy to get on with.
•English is difficult to speak.
•The bread is hard to bake.
宾语关系(2)：当形容词描述“事物（things）”的性质特点时
•The book is interesting to buy.
•The food is ready to eat.
•The water is warm to swim in.
•The dorm is noisy to study in.
•The money is enough for you to buy books with.
•The tea is too hot to drink.
•The fur is soft to touch.
…
•不能转换成“It is … to do”的句式。

•不定式可以省略而不改变句子的核心意思。

主语关系（1）：形容词是外界对主语的行为进行评价
•He is kind to help us.
→It is kind of him to help us.
→He is so kind as to help us.
→How kind of him to help us!
More examples:
•You are foolish to spend so much.
•Scott is very generous to be always inviting us out for meals. •He was wrong to tell lies.
主语关系（2）：形容词是主语自身的感受或态度.可通过for单独引出不定式自己的逻辑主语。

•He is glad to help us.
•She is anxious for her daughter to win the competition.
•I’m sorry to hear it.
•He’s af raid to be fooled.
•He was most reluctant to lend us the money.
常见形容词与过去分词：
Afraid, angry, anxious, ashamed, content, curious, determined, desperate, eager, frightened, furious, glad, happy, impatient, indignant, jubilant兴高采烈的, keen, reluctant, thankful…
Annoyed, astonished, bored, concerned, delighted, depressed, disappointed, disgusted, dissatisfied, embarrassed, fascinated, interested, overjoyed, overwhelmed, perturbed不安的, prepared, puzzled, relieved, reluctant, surprised, willing, unwilling, worried …
主语关系（3）：形容词在逻辑语义上说明不定式的特点，相当于方式状语。

•He is slow to react.
→= He reacts slowly.
•He was slow to realize that times had changed.
= He realized only slowly that times had changed.
➢用作独立成分修饰整个句子
to begin with to tell the truth
to be brief to be frank
to be honest to make a long story short
to say the least to say nothing of
I have a point there, to say the least.
To make a long story short, he is in hospital now.
不定式的时体变化
➢一般体 to do
➢进行体 to be doing
➢完成体 to have done
➢完成进行体 to have been doing
➢否定式 not to do
➢被动式 to be done
不定式的时体变化
➢It’s nice to see you here.
➢It’s so nice to be sitting here with you.
➢It‘s nice to have talked to you.
➢I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
I planned to have visited you last night.
I was to have telephoned, but I forgot.
I had intended/ meant/ planned to see you, but I was busy.
➢He seems to have been sitting there all day.
➢He told his parents not to look for him.
➢No one hoped to be laughed at like that.
➢The book is not allowed to be taken out of the library.
不定式的被动式
No one hoped to be laughed at like that.
1) I have a lot of clothes to wash.
I have a lot of clothes to be washed.
2) English is difficult to speak.
The report is all ready to ___. (type)
The report is easy to ____. (write)
----What’s your plan for your weekend?
----There are six letters to write on weekend.
We are short-handed, but there is a lot of work to be done.
不定式的完成式（to have done）
1. 表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作
Compare:
•I’m sorry to bother you, but can you please send me Nancy’s phone number? •I’m sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion.
可接不定式完成式的谓语动词
•态度情感类动词：sorry, happy, blessed…
•观点类动词：say, believe, think (常见被动式)
•推断类动词： seem
More examples:
•We are happy to have visited so many places in BJ.
•I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. The traffic was terrible on my way here.
•Taking afternoon tea is a unique custom which is said to have started in the early 19th century.
•Humans are believed to have evolved from the primate species (灵长类).
•The rain seems to have stopped.
2. 表示“非真实的过去”：过去本打算做但事实上没有实现的动作
mean, intend, think, plan, hope, wish , propose…
•I meant to have telephoned you, but I forgot.
•I planned to have visited you yesterday, but I was too busy.
=I had planned to visit you yesterday, but I was busy.
other structures:
Was/ were to have done,
Would like to have done,
Should like to have done
•I was to have visited you yesterday, but I was too busy.
•I was to have telephoned you, but I forgot.
Ex. 1
1. I cannot but ____ (admire/to admire/admiring) his courage.
2. We might as well ___(put/to put/putting) up here for tonight.
3. Let’s make ___(believe/to believe/believing) we are now on a deserted island.
4. The teacher has us ___(write/to write/writing) a composition every week.
5. I saw a man ___ (enter/to enter/entering) the shop.
6. Have you ever known him ___(tell/to tell/ telling) a lie?
7. A man was seen ___(enter/to enter/entering) the shop.
8. We have nothing to do but ___(wait/to wait/ waiting).
9. He has no choice(alternative) but ___(go/to go/going) to see him.
10. He will do anything but ___(give in/ to give in/ giving in).
11. He needs nothing except ___(succeed/ to succeed/ succeeding).
12. Rather than ___(go/to go/going) on with his work, he went home.
13. Why ___(buy/to buy/buying) this clothes since you don’t like it at all?
14. Why __(not take/ not to take/ not taking) a taxi?
15. I’d like to lie down and ___(go/to go/going) to sleep.
16. It’s the greatest happiness on earth to love and ___(be loved/ to be loved)
Bare Infinitive 不带to的不定式
1）固定短语结构
Would rather would sooner
would just as soon would prefer
may as well might as well
cannot but cannot help but
had better
1. I cannot but ____ (admire/to admire/admiring) his courage.
2. We might as well ___(put/to put/putting) up here for tonight.
2) 固定搭配(set phrases)
make do make believe
let slip let go
hear tell of hear say of
let drop let fall
let fly let go off
… …
Let’s make ___(believe/ to believe/ believing) we are now on a deserted island.
3) 使役动词 let, make, have 后
感觉动词 see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel 后
1. The teacher has us ___(write/to write/writing) a composition every week.
2. I saw a man ___ (enter/to enter/entering) the shop.
3. Have you ever known him ___(tell/to tell/ telling) a lie?
4. A man was seen ___(enter/to enter/entering) the shop.
4）except / but 前有do时
1. We have nothing to do but ___(wait/to wait/ waiting).
2. He has no choice(alternative) but ___(go/to go/going) to see him.
3. He will do anything but ___(give in/ to give in/ giving in).
4. He needs nothing except ___(succeed/ to succeed/ succeeding).
5). More than, rather than, other than, than 后面
1. Rather than ___(go/to go/going) on with his work, he went home.
2. Rather than ___(wait/to wait/ waiting) any more, I decided to go home by taxi.
3. Teachers do much more than ___(impart / imparting/ to impart)knowledge. They are
forces in young lives.
4. I would rather to naked than wear furs.
5. No one could do other than admire it.
6) Why(not) + 不定式
1. Why buy this clothes since you don’t like it at all.
2. ---- I really don’t like to meet this man.
---- why bother then?
3. Why not take a taxi?
7) and / or/ but 并列结构中，常常省略to
•I’d like to lie down and ___(go/to go/going) to sleep.
但两个不定式有对比意义时不能省to
It’s the greatest happiness on eart h to love and to be loved.
希望对大家有所帮助，多谢您的浏览！
1. Do you want to have lunch now or ___(wait) till later?
2. To play fair is as important as ____(play well).
3. I came not to praise, but ___(scold) you.
4. He likes to be respected, not ___(respect) others.
too…to结构
1. The box is too heavy for me to even move.
2. I’m just too eager to help you.
3. You’re too ready to find faults with other people.
4. I’m only too pleased to help you. (all/ but/ really )
5. We’re not / never too old to learn.
6. He is too smart not to see your point.
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授课：XXX。