高中英语 Module 5 Great people and Great Invention of

Module 5 Great people and Great Invention of Ancient China 话题导入
Along with silk and paper，gunpowder is another invention by Chinese and the Silk Road helped it spread to the West.The dating of gunpowder is as early as 850 AD.The Chinese used gunpowder to make fireworks and for signal flares.Gunpowder was also thought to have been used in medicine and in alchemy(炼金术)．
This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident—by alchemists when doing experiments.
The gunpowder used for military purpose was first recorded in 919 AD.By the 11th century，explosive bombs filled with gunpowder were introduced and used in China.The words “fire cannon〞“rocket〞and “fireball〞 appeared time and again in the official Song history as well as two other books written during the same period. The first detailed description of using the “fire cannon〞 in warfare was in connection with a battle fought in 1126 when the Song army used it against the invading enemy.The so­called “fire cannon〞 was a tube made of bamboo filled with gunpowder which，when fired，threw a flaming missile towards the enemy.According to a description of a battle scene in 1132，it took two persons to carry a “fire cannon〞，and the cannons
were fired from a moving platform.And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city.
The Chinese invention of gunpowder reached Japan，the Islamic countries and then Europe in the 13th century and the Arabs improved gunpowder for military use.The early account of gunpowder in Europe was recorded by English philosopher Roger Bacon in the 13th century.One century later the Arabs used it to attack the Spanish town Baza and the next year in 1326 Florence ordered the manufacturing of cannon and cannon balls.From Italy the making of gunpowder soon spread to other European countries，and by the 1350s it had become an effective weapon on the battlefield.
根据上文完成如下各题
1．What’s the best title of the passage?
Gunpowder
2．List the countries the Chinese invention of gunpowder reached.
(1)Japan
(2)Islamic_countries
(3)European_countries
Period One Introduction & Reading and Vocabulary
Ⅰ.单词
1．equal adj.平等的→equality n．平等；相等
2．importance n．重要；重要性→important adj.重要的
3．philosopher n．哲学家→philosophy n．哲学
4．teaching n．(常作复数)教导；学说→teach vt.讲授；教授→teacher n．教师5．thinker n．思想家→think vt.想；思索；认为→thought n．思考；想法6．kindness n．仁慈；善良→kind n．种类
7．adviser n．顾问→advise vt.劝告；建议→advice n．忠告；建议8．influential adj.有影响的→influence n．影响& vt.影响；感染
Ⅱ.短语
1．be_similar_to与……相似
2．be_at_war_with与……交战
3．bring_up养育，抚养；提出
4．follow_one’s_advice采纳某人的建议
5．become_famous_for因……而知名
6．in_some_ways在某些方面
7．as_a_result结果；因此
Ⅰ.课文理解
1．What is the main idea of Confucius according to the text? A．Kindness，duty and order in society are very important.
B．Government is more important than its people.
C．All men are created equal.
D．All men are born good.
答案 A
2．What was the possible relationship between Confucius and Mencius? A．Teacher and student.
B．Mencius was the follower of Confucius’s ideas.
C．They all worked for the same state.
D．Nothing related at all.
答案 B
3．In which way was Mozi’s idea the same as that of Confucius?
A．Men should be kind.
B．Men were born equal.
C．Government should be more emphasized than its people.
D．People were more important than the government.
答案 C
4．In Mencius’s opinion，which was the most important，the government，the ruler or the people?
A．The government. B．The ruler.
C．The people. D．Not mentioned.
答案 C
5．What is the similarity of the three philosophers in ancient China according to the text?
A．They were all born poor.
B．They all wrote their own books.
C．They all travelled from state to state.
D．Their philosophies all influenced China for a long time.
答案 D
Ⅱ.课文缩写
There were many great philosophers in ancient China.
Confucius,1.who was born in 551 BC and died in 479 BC，was the 2.greatest (great)
philosopher.He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society.3.His ideas affected Chinese society for over 2,000 years.
Mencius，born in 372 BC，was a student of Confucius’s ideas.So，his teachings were similar to 4.those of Confucius.He believed man was born good and 5.that people were more important than rulers.He wrote a book in his last years d (name) TheBookofMencius.
Mozi，who was born in 476 BC and died in 390 BC，was also 7.an influential philosopher.In some ways，his ideas were similar to those of Confucius.8.For example，he 9.thought (think) government was the most important thing.Mozi believed all men were 10.equal (equally)．Differing from Confucius，he stressed the importance of kindness.Mozi founded Mohism.
1．All human beings are equal.众生平等。

[归纳拓展]
equal adj.相等的；平等的；v.等于；比得上；n.同等的人，相等物
be equal to sth./doing sth.胜任……，比得上……
be equal in sth.在……方面是同等的
equally adv.相等地，一样地，同样地
equality n．平等
[语境助记]
(1)He is equaled by no one in strength.
谁也赶不上他力气大。

(2)He is_equal_to the task.
他胜任这项任务。

(3)Women want equality of opportunity with men.
女人要求和男人机会均等。

[题组训练]
(1)I think I am_fit_for the job.同义词语替换am_equal_to
(2)This position is equally(equal) suitable for a school leaver or for somebody who has office experience.
2．He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society.
他强调仁爱、责任和秩序在社会中的重要性。

[归纳拓展]
stress vt.强调；施压于；使紧张；n.强调；压力；重音
stress the importance of...强调……的重要性
lay/place/put stress on sth.强调……
be under great stress压力很大
[语境助记]
(1)The weight of snow stressed the roof to the point of collapsing.
雪的重量压得屋顶快要塌了。

(2)Continued stress can cause illness.
持续的紧张会引起疾病。

[题组训练]
(1)The English teacher stressed_the_importance_of_reading(强调了阅读的重要性)．
(2)Happiness is what you feel when you’re not feeling stressed(stress)．3．However，when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice，he resigned.然而，当他看到统治者不采纳他的建议时，他便辞去了官职。

[归纳拓展]
resign v．辞职；放弃(权利)
resign one’s position (as secretary)辞去(秘书)职务
resign office辞职
resign from a job辞职
resign one’s post辞职
resign oneself to sth./doing sth.听任；顺从
[语境助记]
(1)He resigned his position as chairman.
他辞去了主席的职位。

(2)The president was forced to resign.
总统被迫辞职。

(3)The team refused to resign_themselves_to_defeat/to_being_defeated.该队不甘失败。

[题组训练]
(1)It was surprising that she resigned_her_position_as_a_secretary(辞去秘书职务)．
(2)Bob is not working in our school yet.He is said to_have_resigned(resign) and to_be_teaching(teach) in a private school recently.
1．Ancient China was a place where states were often at_war_with each other.
古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。

[归纳拓展]
be at war with与……交战
declare war on...对……宣战
[语境助记]
(1)Libyan government troops are_at_war_with opposition forces.
利比亚政府军和反对派武装分子正处于交战状态。

(2)During the Second World War，Germany was_at_war_with almost all the countries in the world.
第二次世界大战期间，德国几乎同世界上所有的国家都处于交战状态。

(3)I was in Germany when war was_declared.
宣战时我在德国。

[题组训练]
(1)How long have they been_at_war_with_each_other(相互交战)?
(2)At that time，China was at war with Japan，so travelling was extremely difficult. 思考在be at war with...中，at是什么意思？类似的短语还有哪些？
at＋名词表示“正在进展〞或“从事〞或“处于某种状态〞，常见的类似短语有：
at_dinner/table在吃饭
at_work在工作
at_rest在休息
at_ease安心
at_sea出海
at_school在上学
at_play在游戏
at_lunch在吃午饭
at_peace处于和平状态
2．His father died when he was young，and he was brought_up by his mother.
他早年丧父，由其母亲抚养成人。

[归纳拓展]
bring up教育，抚养(孩子)；提出(议题等)；呕吐
bring out使显现；说明；出版
bring about引起，导致
bring down降低；减少
bring in吸引；引进；赚得
bring...to an end使完毕，停止
[语境助记]
(1)She brought_up five children.
她养育了5个孩子。

(2)I want to bring_up again the first point.
我想重提一下第一点。

(3)He brought_up all he ate.
他把吃的东西全都吐出来了。

[题组训练]
(1)用bring短语的适当形式填空
①The examples bring_out the meaning of this word.
②I tried to get them to bring_down the price of the TV set，but they refused to.So
I didn’t buy it.
③They started to use English，but they also brought_in some words from their own languages.
④What brought_about the change in his attitude?
(2)Once the poison is brought up，there is no further danger.
3．Mencius believed that
the_reason_why_man_is_different_from_animals_is_that_man_is_good.
孟子认为人之所以不同于动物是因为人是善良的。

[归纳拓展]
注意句子结构the reason why...is that...用来陈述理由，意思是“……的理由/原因是……〞。

reason定语从句的引导词如果在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时要用which或that。

相关句型：This/That is because...这/那是因为……，because在此句式中引导表语从句。

[语境助记]
(1)The_reason_why he broke down is that he worked too hard recently.
他身体垮掉的原因是他近来工作太累了。

(2)The_reason_that/which you’ve given sounds reasonable.
你给出的理由听起来合情合理。

[题组训练]
(1)单句改错
The reason why he won’t come is because his mother doesn’t allow him to.because 改为that
(2)The reason that he was ill that day was actually made up by himself.In fact，the reason why he was absent is that he went to see a film.
4．He taught that if_the_government_was_kind，then_people_would_be_good.
他教导说如果政府施行仁政，人民就会向善。

[归纳拓展]
本句中的that引导的宾语从句中包含一个if引导的虚拟条件句。

该结构中，根据动作时间的不同，主从句谓语动词需要采用相应的形式：
与将来事实相反
主语＋过去式/should＋动词
原形/were to＋动词原形
主语＋
would/should/could/might＋
动词原形
[语境助记]
(1)If I were you，I should_buy it.
如果我是你，我就买了它。

(与现在事实相反)
(2)If you had_got up earlier，you could_have_caught the train.
如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。

(与过去事实相反)
(3)If she were_to_marry Jack，she would_be happy.
如果嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。

(与将来事实相反)
[题组训练]
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①If I had (have) time now，I would chat with you.
②If you had_studied (study) hard，you would have passed the exam.
③If it snowed/were_to_snow/should_snow (snow)，what should we do?
(2)—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.
—I would_have_attended(attend) it，but I was busy preparing for a job interview.
(3)I couldn’t_have_gone(not go) through that bitter period without your generous help.
1．Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
句式分析：句子中的从句where...each other是定语从句，修饰先行词place，where在从句中作地点状语。

自主翻译：古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。

2．However，when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice，he resigned.句式分析：本句中，when引导一个时间状语从句，该从句中又含有一个that引导的宾语从句，作saw的宾语。

自主翻译：然而，当他看到统治者不采纳他的建议时，他便辞去了官职。

Ⅰ.介、副词填空
1．Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. 2．He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society. 3．Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to those of Confucius. 4．His father died when he was young，and he was brought up by his mother. 5．He then became an adviser to another ruler.
6．Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.
7．He became famous for his unusual clothes and behaviour.
8．In some ways，his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius.
9．As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.
10．Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves.
Ⅱ.同义词语替换
1．His deeds affected a lot of young people.influenced
2．There are over 2,000 people attending the meeting.more_than
3．He set_up the company in 2012.founded
4．Your idea differs_from mine.is_different_from
5．You should learn to take_care_of yourself.look_after
Ⅲ.选词填空
be at war with；bring up；in some ways；in principle；be similar to；look after 1．President Obama has said the US is not and will never be_at_war_with Islam. 2．Abou t one­fifth of the freshmen said that they were_brought_up in small towns. 3．We accept the suggestion in_principle but not in detail.
4．My teaching style is_similar_to that of most other teachers.
5．To tell you the truth，I quite like Jay’s new album in_some_ways.
6．You should learn to look_after yourself.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．His self­confidence has_a_great_influence_on_me(对我有着重大的影响)．
2．We lay_special_stress_on (特别强调) developing good­neighbourly relations with nearby countries.
3．His new suggestion was_brought_up(被提出) at the meeting.
4．Bill is_quite_equal_to(完全能胜任) the job of running the department. 5．The reason why I didn’t attend his wedding was that_I_hadn’t_received_his_invitation(我没有收到邀请)．
Ⅴ.单句语法填空
1．He had to obey the order that he (should)_finish(finish) the secret task ahead of time.
2．—Let’s go to a place to which we can make a trip in one day.
—What about one where we can climb and swim?
3．—I didn’t go to the movie last night because of the rain.
—What a pity！If I had_got(get) the ticket，I wouldn’t have missed it.
4．To produce one pound of honey，a line of bees must fly a distance equal to twice around the world.
5．There was a time when I hated to go to school.
6．The reason why he was late for the meeting was that he was held up by traffic jam during rush hours.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Copernicus was born in Torun，Poland，on February 19,1473.Little is known about his early life except that his father died when he was 10.An uncle adopted him，his two sisters，and his brother.The uncle saw to it that the two boys received a good education.Copernicus went to the University of Cracow.There he studied such subjects as Latin，mathematics，and astronomy.It was probably at that time that he changed his Polish name，Niklas Koppernigk，to the Latin form of Nicolaus Copernicus.In 1496
Copernicus went to Italy，where he spent the next 10 years studying at various universities.
In Copernicus’ time people still believed that all things—the sun，the stars，and the planets—moved around the earth.It was an old belief that few men had ever questioned.Aristotle had based his theory of astronomy on this belief.Because the Church had long been the center of learning，the theory was also linked to religious beliefs.
In 1506 Copernicus returned to his homeland.A few years later he began to work for the Church.All those years Copernicus carried on his work in astronomy.He had just the most basic equipment and，like other scientists of his day，made observations with only his eyes.Still，using mathematics and logic(逻辑)，Copernicus worked out a different theory，which held that the planets went around the sun. Copernicus did not announce his ideas.He did not want to make trouble.But he could not hide the scientific truth.So he talked about his theory with his friends，who strongly advised him to have his work published.His great book，OntheRevolutionsoftheHeavenlyBodies，appeared at the very end of his life.Copernicus saw the first copy on the day he died，May 24,1543.
1．Which of the following is TRUE about Copernicus?
A．He had two brothers and a sister.
B．He used to be called Niklas Koppernigk.
C．He lost his father soon after he was born.
D．He spent 10 years at the University of Cracow.
答案 B
解析细节理解题。

由第一段倒数第二句“It was probably at that time that he changed his Polish name，Niklas Koppernigk，to the Latin form of Nicolaus Copernicus.〞可知B项正确。

2．From the passage we can see that “astronomy〞 is ________.
A．the life experience of great men
B．the movement of the stars and the planets
C．the scientific study of natural objects in space
D．the theories developed by scientists of old times
答案 C
解析推理判断题。

由第二、三段可知，哥白尼研究天文学即研究太阳周围的行星。

由此推出答案。

3．Copernicus developed his theory ________.
A．using various telescopes
B．based on Aristotle’s beliefs
C．through observations and reasoning(推理)
D．under the encouragement of his friends
答案 C
解析推理判断题。

由第三段第四、五句可知，哥白尼是通过观察和推理来开展自己的理论的。

4．The writer of the passage tells us that ________.
A．Copernicus did not tell about his discovery until the day of his death B．for many years Copernicus dared to do nothing openly against the Church C．pushed by his friends Copernicus decided to write a book in May 1543 D．shortly before he got back to Poland Copernicus started to work for the Church 答案 B
解析推理判断题。

由最后两段可知，哥白尼多年一直没有宣布自己的理论，直至晚年才敢出版著作。

B
Song Qingling was born in Shanghai on the 27th of January in 1893 into a well­educated family.In 1907，Qingling traveled to the United States for her education；she and her three sisters became the first Chinese girls to be educated in the US.In 1915，she married Dr.Sun Yat­sen(孙中山)．At the age of eighteen，Qingling began to fight for the rights of women in her country and expressed her ideas of liberty and equality.For the next seven decades，Song Qingling became an active character and came to be known as “the Mother of China〞．
In her lifetime，she always paid close attention to women’s and children’s welfare.She supervised(监视) studies on woman and child healthcare，and children’s education.She was awarded the 1950 International Stalin Peace Prize，and she donated all the money to programs promoting the welfare of women and children.
Song Qingling always showed concern for Sun’s followers，overseas Chinese，and the future of Taiwan.She hoped that China could be reunified at an early date.
In the long years of struggle in the Chinese revolution，Song firmly stood by the side of the Chinese Communist Party，whose leaders，Mao Zedong，Zhou Enlai，Liu Shaoqi，and Zhu De，considered her their close comrade­in­arms.
On May 29,1981 Song Qingling died of illness in Beijing.Song Qingling was a great fighter for patriotism(爱国主义)，internationalism and communism.The great contributions she made to China and the Chinese people will not be forgotten. 5．What’s the best title for this passage?
A．Song Qingling and her sisters
B．Song Qingling and Sun Yat­sen
C．Women are also great
D．A brief introduction to Song Qingling
答案 D
解析标题归纳题。

本文主要对宋庆龄的生平作了简要介绍。

6．What is the right order of the events about Song Qingling according to the passage? a．traveled to the United States for her education
b．married Sun Yat­sen
c．began to fight for the rights of women
d．was awarded the International Stalin Peace Prize
A．a，b，c，d B．a，d，b，c
C．b，a，c，d D．a，c，b，d
答案 D
解析细节理解题。

综合文章第一、二段可知，D项正确。

7．What did Song Qingling pay attention to in her life­time?
A．Women’s rights.
B．Children’s education.
C．Women’s and children’s welfare.
D．All of the above.
答案 D
解析细节理解题。

文章第一段提到宋庆龄为女权而斗争，文章第二段提到她关注妇女儿童
福利事业以与儿童教育等，应当选D项。

8．The underlined word “concern〞in Paragraph 3 probably means “________〞．A．care B．worry
C．anger D．surprise
答案 A
解析词义猜测题。

根据上下文，concern在这里的意思接近于care，意为“关心；关注〞。

Ⅱ.阅读填空
Each year，thousands of people throughout the United States choose to spend their vacations camping in the great outdoors.__1__ However，even with the best planning，it can be an extremely frustrating experience due to uncontrolled factors like bad weather，wildlife encounters，and equipment failures.
__2__ Even the most adventurous campers can lose some of their enthusiasm on the drive to the campsite if the weather is terrible and damp.After reaching their destination，campers must then “set up the camp〞 in the downpour.This includes keeping the inside of the tent dry and free from mud，getting the sleeping bags situated dryly，and protecting food from the downpour.The strong wind with rain causes any outside activity to be delayed.Even their tents may be blown away.It is wise to check the weather forecast before camping trips；however，mother nature is often unpredictable.
__3__ They can range from mildly annoying to dangerous.Minor inconveniences include mosquitoes and ants.There are many poisonous snakes in the United States as well.When hiking in the woods，the camper must be careful where he steps.Also，the tent must never be left open.Snakes，searching for either shade from the sun or shelter from the rain，can enter a tent.Run­ins can range from unpleasant to dangerous，but the camper must realize that they are sometimes inevitable(无法防止的)．
__4__ Sometime during the night the family is awakened by a huge crash.The tent has fallen down.Sleepily，they awake and proceed to set up the tent in the rain.In the morning，everyone appears from the tent，except for two.Their sleeping bag zippers have gotten caught.Finally，after fifteen minutes of struggling，they free themselves，only to realize another problem.Each family member’s sleeping bag has been touching the sides of the tent.A tent is only waterproof if the sides are not
touched.The sleeping bags and clothing are all wet.The frustrated family packs up immediately and drives home.
__5__ If you want camping to be a happy experience for you，learn to laugh at leaky tents，bad weather，and bugs，or you will find yourself frustrated and unhappy. A．Tent camping，with proper planning，is usually their first choice. B．Perhaps the least serious camping troubles are equipment failures.
C．It is unlucky to be stricken by these three types of camping troubles. D．Another probl em likely to be faced during a camping trip is run­ins with wildlife. E．Nothing can ruin the excitement of camping more than a dark，rainy day. F．These three types of camping troubles can strike campers almost anywhere. G．The biggest problem may lie in finding a good partner for camping.
答案 1.A 2.E 3.D 4.B 5.F
Ⅲ.语法填空
A：Do you know what would happen in the future?
B：No one knows for sure.1.But we often think of the future and wonder what the world would be like 2.in a hundred years’ time.
A：Like what?
B：Think of space.Perhaps 3.a permanent station on the moon will have been set up.Perhaps people will be able to visit the moon 4.as tourists.Cheap rockets for space travel will have been developed,5.permitting(permit) long journeys throughout the solar system.
A：Wonderful！6.When that time comes，people will be taking holidays in space 7.and visiting other planets，such as the Mars Colony and the Venus Exploration Outpost. B：Scientists of the future will almost certainly find other ways to make life last 8.longer(long)．
A：How can they do this?
B：They probably will find cures 9.for most diseases.Hospitals will probably have “body banks〞 that can give you almost any new part you need to keep on 10.living (live)．
A：Great！If so，people of the future may live to be a lot older than 100 years.。