考研真题及答案解析
考研英语(一)真题答案及解析(2012年)
2012年考研英语（一）真题答案及解析1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是"_ _法官表现得像政治家"的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain"维持，保持"，其他显然语义不通。
2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。
所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。
只有B，when表示这个意思。
3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。
只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。
4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as..."被认为是"。
5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于"法官没有_ _道德规范"。
后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。
所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。
6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to 连用，表示"服从某物，受…支配"。
故本题选B。
7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
apply to "适用于"符合题意。
resort to "求助于";stick to "坚持(原则等)"语意不通。
8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政。
2020年考研政 治真题答案及解析
2020年考研政治真题答案及解析2020 年考研政治已经落下帷幕，对于众多考生来说，真题答案及解析是他们迫切关注的焦点。
下面，我们就来详细剖析一下 2020 年考研政治的真题。
首先来看单项选择题部分。
第一题通常是关于马克思主义基本原理的考查。
题目可能是：“马克思主义的产生具有深刻的社会根源、阶级基础和思想渊源，其创始人马克思 1818 年 5 月 5 日出生在德国特利尔城的一个律师家庭，恩格斯 1820 年 11 月 28 日出生在德国巴门市的一个工厂主家庭，他们放弃了舒适安逸的生活，毅然选择了为人类解放事业而奋斗的崇高目标，这表明（）”。
答案是：“马克思和恩格斯有着为人类谋幸福的崇高理想和伟大情怀”。
这道题主要考查考生对马克思和恩格斯个人品质和理想追求的理解。
再看第二题，可能涉及到中国近现代史的内容。
比如：“19 世纪 60 年代到 90 年代，清朝统治阶级内部的洋务派兴办近代企业，建立新式海陆军，创办新式学堂，派遣留学生，洋务派兴办洋务新政的主要目的是（）”。
答案为：“维护封建统治”。
这道题需要考生清楚洋务运动的本质和目的。
接下来是多项选择题。
在多项选择题中，知识点的覆盖面更广，考查也更为细致。
比如有这样一道题：“在马克思主义的经典著作中，被誉为‘工人阶级的圣经’的著作是（）”。
答案是：“《资本论》”。
这道题考查考生对马克思主义经典著作的熟悉程度。
还有一道关于中国特色社会主义理论体系的题目：“党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把脱贫攻坚摆在治国理政的突出位置，组织开展了声势浩大的脱贫攻坚人民战争。
经过全党全国各族人民共同努力，在中国共产党成立一百周年的重要时刻，我国脱贫攻坚战取得了全面胜利，创造了又一个彪炳史册的人间奇迹。
脱贫攻坚取得举世瞩目的成就，靠的是（）”。
答案包括：“党的坚强领导，全党全国各族人民的团结奋斗，精准扶贫方略的科学指引，脱贫攻坚精神的强大动力”。
这道题综合考查了我国脱贫攻坚取得胜利的原因。
2020年考研英语一真题答案及解析
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语((一)试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】[C] On【解析】本题考查介词的用法。
在具体的某一天之前要用介词on,故本题正确答案为[C]On o2【答案】[A]match【解析】本题考查语义理解。
前文说数百万的英国人将在本周末庆祝本国的一个重大传统节日：周日烧烤节。
故英国人民在这一天应该特别欢乐的，因而也就没有什么烹饪乐趣(culinary pleasure)能与之媲美，故本题正确答案为[A]match 031 答案答案]][B] enjoyment【解析】本题考查语义理解。
由空前this可知本空应填名词，且该名词在前文应该出现过或与前文出现过的名词同义，而前文反复出现的名词为pleasureo并且，填入之后本句大意为这种快乐将会被视为是某种快乐，语义上能够说通，故本题正确答案为[B]enjoyment41 答案】[D] guaranteed【解析】本题考查语义理解。
前文说这种快乐将被视为是另一种罪悉的欢愉，并且从语法结构来看本句已完整，故本空及空后内容应该是分词短语作后置定语，修饰前文的guilty pleasure0后文说这种欢愉会损害我们的健康，根据情感一致原则可首先排除privileged,再结合上下文语义，可确定本题正确答案为[D]guaranteed,本句意为：这是一种升级的欢愉，并确定无疑地会损害我们的健康。
51 答案][A]issued公开的警示))为本空的宾语，浏览【解析】本句考查语意搭配。
由结构分析可知，空后名词短语a public waning (公开的警示四个选项可知本题正确答案为[A]issued,填入后意为“发布一则公开的警示”。
61答案】[B]at【解析】本题考查介词搭配的用法。
空前后大意为“在高温下烹饪的食物"，a...temperature表示在……温度下，故本题正确答案为[B]at071 答案][D]avoid【解析】本题考查语义理解。
2020年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg arguesconvincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear powe r plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never real ly intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblictrust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of Americ a’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitu de towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culturerequires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingSome internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
考研政治真题与答案解析(完整版)
2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试《思想政治理论》试题一、单项选择题： 1～ 16 小题，每小题 1 分，共 16 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.恩格斯说：“鹰比人看得远得多，但是人的眼睛识别东西远胜于鹰。
狗比人具有敏锐得多的嗅觉，但是它连被人当做各种物的特定标志的不同气味的百分之一也辨别不出来。
感官的识别能力高于动物，除了人脑及感官发育得更加完善之外，还因为A 人不仅有感觉还有思维B 人不仅有理性还有非理性C 人不仅有知觉还有想象D 人不仅有生理机能还有心理活动”人的2.有这样一道数学题：“90%× 90%× 90%× 90%× 90%=？其答案是约59%。
90分看似一个非常不错的成绩，然而，在一项环环相扣的连续不断的工作中，如果每个环节都打点折扣，最终得出的成绩就是不及格。
这里蕴含的辩证法道理是（）A肯定中包含否定B量变引起事变C必然性通过偶然性开辟道路D可能和现实是相互转化的3、在资本主义社会里，资本家雇佣工人进行劳动并支付相应的工资。
资本主义工资的本质是（）A.工人所获得的资本家的预付资本B.工人劳动力的价值或价格C.工人所创造的剩余价值的一部分D.工人全部劳动的报酬4、 2011 年 9 月以来美国爆发的“占领华尔街”抗议活动中，示威者打出“我们是标语，向极富阶级表示不满。
漫画所显示的美国社会财富占有的两极分化，99%”的是资本主义制度下（）A 劳资冲突的集中体现B 生产社会化的必然产物C 资本积累的必然结果D 虚拟资本泡沫化的恶果5、毛泽东曾在不同场合多次谈到，调查研究由两种方法，一种是走马看花，一种是下马看花。
走马看花，不深入，还必须用第二种方法，就是下马看花，过细看花，分析一朵花。
毛泽东强调“下马看花”的实际意义在于（）A解决实际问题必须要有先进理论的指导B运用多种综合方法分析调查研究的材料C马克思主义理论必须适合中国革命的具体实际D只有全面深入了解中国的实际，才能找出规律6、改革开放以来，我们党对公有制认识上的一个重大突破，就是明确了公有制和公有制的实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。
考研政治真题超详细答案
答案解析一1【答案】C【分析】本题考点：意识的能动性。
题干中引用的是列宁的一句话。
它的意思是意识的能动性不仅在于人们在实践中正确地把握住客观对象，形成思想、理论，更重要的还在于以这些正确的思想和理论为指导，通过实践把观念的东西变成现实。
据此分析，选项C正确。
选项A属于唯心主义观点；B项是由意识反映的主客体关系内容而形成的功能之一；D项则是人对物质世界把握的能动性的具体表现，均不符合题意。
2【答案】A【分析】本题考点：唯物主义和唯心主义的对立；唯心主义在意识能动性上的错误观点。
辩证唯物主义指出，运动是物质固有的根本属性，是物质的存在方式。
物体移动是一种机械运动，物质结构变化是一种物理运动，都是物质运动的具体形式。
唯心主义否认物质的客观存在，也就必然离开物质去看待运动，设想没有物质的运动，把运动都看成是精神的运动。
所谓人的主观意识、意念可以“移物”、“直接改变物质结构”，从认识根源上来说，都是主张精神决定物质的主观唯心主义。
因此选项A正确。
题干中的观点属于夸大意识作用的唯心论，因此C、D两项错误；同时“意念”属于个人的感觉或意识，是主观的东西，因而B项也是错误的。
3【答案】D【分析】本题考点：社会意识的相对独立性。
大众心理影响经济走势，是社会意识反作用于社会存在的一种表现。
可见选项D正确。
选项A、B项都是否认人类社会有其固有的客观必然性，夸大意识作用的唯心主义错误观点。
C项认为只有正确的社会意识才能影响社会发展，是一种片面的观点。
4【答案】D【分析】本题考点：商品的使用价值与交换价值的关系。
商品是使用价值与价值的矛盾统一体。
使用价值与价值的统一表现在，使用价值是价值的物质承担者，价值的存在以使用价值的存在为前提。
作为商品，两者相互依存，缺一不可。
因此选项D正确。
选项A、B、C只是就一般物品的使用价值而非商品使用价值的地位、作用而言的。
5【答案】C【分析】本题考点：剩余价值如何转化为利润。
在资本主义生产中，不仅耗费的资本（生产成本）发挥作用，而且预付资本中没有被消耗的不变资本也参加到商品的生产过程中来。
2020年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析(详细解析)
2020年研究生入学统一考试（英语一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions;the Sunday roast.__1__a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can2it.Yet as we report now,the food police are determined our health.That this__3__should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure__4__to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority(FSA)has__5__a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked__6__high temperatures.This means that people should__7__ crisping their roast potatoes,spurn thin-crust pizzas and only__8__toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?__9__studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no__10__evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is"__11__to be carcinogenic"but have no hard scientific proof.__12__the precautionary principle,it could be argued that it is__13__to follow the FSA advice.__14__,it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a__15__.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be__16__up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?__17__,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods__18__,but to reduce their lifetime intake.However,their__19__risks coming across as exhortation and nannying.Constant health scares just__20__with no one listening.1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed5.[A]issued[B]received[C]ignored[D]canceled6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]inconclusive[D]negative11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow12.[A]On the basis of[B]At the cost of[C]In addition to[D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate14.[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]After all15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used17.[A]To be fair[B]For instance[C]To be brief[D]in general18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition20.[A]follow up[B]pick up[C]open up[D]end upSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）Text1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture"award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in2017and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in£220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain'town,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in1990and Liverpool in2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture,who knows that will follow-village of culture?Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run"year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community. groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today.A"town of culture"could be not just about the arts but about honoring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Copper and her colleague argue that a"town of culture"award would___.A.consolidate the town city ties in BritainB.promote cooperation among Brain's townsC.increase the economic strength of Brain's townsD.focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.22.According to paragraph2,the proposal might be regarded by some as______..A.a sensible compromiseB.a self-deceiving attemptC.an eye-catching bonusD.an inaccessible target23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it______A.endeavor to maintain its imageB.meets the aspiration of its peopleC.brings its local arts to prominencemits to its long-term growth24.“Glasgow”is mentioned in Paragraph3to present______A.a contrasting caseB.a supporting exampleC.a background storyD.a related topic25.What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.CriticalText2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis. The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than£900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than£210m in2016to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around￡500to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs”had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money"partly because________[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs2and3,scientific publishers Elsevier have________[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.[B]gone through an existential crisis.[C]revived the publishing industry.[D]financed researchers generously.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A]Relieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concerned[D]Encouraged.29.It can be learned from Paragraphs5and6that open access terms________[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.[C]reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D]free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?[A]Trial subscription is offered.[B]Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.D]The few feed on the many.Text3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure"gender parity"on boards and commissions,provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40percent female.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities,they have proposed imposing government quotas.If the bills become law,state boards and commissions will be required to set aside50percent of board seats for women by2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia,which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law,which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important"policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,even where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of"equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population,but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst,between2010and2015the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by54percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt "phenomenon,where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________[A]help little to reduce gender bias.[B]pose a threat to the state government.[C]raise women's position in politics.[D]greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the California measure?[A]It has irritated private business owners.[B]It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,[C]It may go against the Constitution.[D]It will settle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate____[A]the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C]the pressure on women in global corporations.[D]the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____[A]the underestimation of elite women's role.[B]the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D]the growing tension between labor and management.35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A]Women's need in employment should be considered.[B]Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C]Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D]Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text4Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data,and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,"meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple,Facebook and Amazon-in other words,multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,who has expressed support for the measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy,with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend,with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included Britain's DPT(diverted profits tax),Australia's MAAL(multinational antiavoidance law),and India's SEP(significant economic presence)test,to name but a few. At the same time,the European Union,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.In other words,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures,the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)is currently working with131countries to reach a consensus by the end of2020on an international solution.Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work,but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France`s planned tax is a clear warning:Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system,other nations are likely to follow suit,and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to_____[A]regulate digital services platforms.[B]protect French companies'interests.[C]impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D]curb the influence of advertising.37.It can be learned from Paragraph2that the digital services tax_____[A]may trigger countermeasures against France.[B]is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C]aims to ease international trade tensions.[D]will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38.The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that_____[A]redistribution of tech giants'revenue must be ensured.[B]the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C]tech multinationals'monopoly should be prevented.[D]all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39.It can be learned from Para5that the OECO's current work_____[A]is being resisted by US companies.[B]needs to be readjusted immediately.[C]is faced with uncertain prospects.[D]needs to in involve more countries.40.Which of the following might be the.best title for this text?[A]France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B]France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C]France Says"NO"to Tech Multinationals[D]France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Eye fixactions are brief[B]Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C]Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D]Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E]Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F]Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G]Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation,eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way.But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41.________________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes,and she will look back.This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child.In adulthood,looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile"can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.________Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded.This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms,who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches,using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.________With the use of eye-tracking technology,Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations,it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations.Whether you're a politician or a parent,it might be helpful to keep'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,"said Minson.44.________When we look at a face or a picture,our eyes pause on one spot at a time,often on the eyes or mouth.These pauses typically occur at about three per second,and the eyes then jump to another spot,until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.________In people who score high in a test of neuroticism,a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety,eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues.Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-"A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the14th century known as the Renaissance,the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.46.With（the gap between）the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged,leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance,the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus,Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery.47.Before each of their revelations,many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking,including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.Copernicus theorized in1543that in actual fact,all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth,but the Sun,a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense.Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.48.Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists,more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists.This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the17th century.49.As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world.The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The17th and18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity.Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged,as were ideas of liberty,tolerance and progress.50.Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or'dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question:What is Enlightenment?It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth,which they believed to be founded in knowledge.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest.Write a notice in about100words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name in the notice.Part B52:Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the picture below.In your essay,you should:1)Describe the picture briefly;2)Interpret the implied meaning,and3)Give your comments答案及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，虽然话题不难理解，但不易把握上下文的线索。
考研政治真题与答案解析 完整版
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试《思想政治理论》试题一、单项选择题：1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.有一幅对联，上联“桔子洲，洲旁舟，舟行洲不行，”下联“天心阁，阁中鸽，鸽飞阁不飞。
”这形象的说明了运动和静止是相互依存的静止是：A．运动的衡量尺度B．运动的内在原因C．运动的普遍状态D．运动的存在方式2.一位机械工程专家讲过这样一件事：“文革”中，他在农场劳动，有一天领导要他去割羊草，他没养过羊，怎么认得羊草呢？但脑子一转办法就来了，他把羊都赶去看羊吃什么就割什么。
不到半天就割回了羊草。
这位专家之所以这样做是因为他意识到“羊吃草”与“割羊草”两者之间存在：A．主观联系B．必然联系C．因果联系D．本质联系3.《资本论》中有这样的表述“对上衣来说，无论是裁缝自己穿还是他的顾客穿，都是一样的”，这样只有因为无论谁穿：A．上衣都起到着使用价值的作用B．上衣都起到着价值的作用C．上衣都是抽象劳动的结果D．上衣都是社会劳动的结果4.某资本家投资100万元，每次投资所得的利润是15万元，假定其预付资本的有机构成是4:1，那么该资本家每次投资所实现的剩余价值率为：A．15%B．75%C．100%D．125%5.当今世界是开放的世界，中国的发展离不开世界，实行对外开放是我国的一项基本国策，坚持这一国策的基本立足点是：A．内外联动，互惠互利B．多放平衡，共同发展C．相互借鉴，求同存异D．独立自主，自力更生6.公益性文化事业是保障公民基本文化权益的重要途径，大力发展公益文化事业始终坚持放到首位的是：A．社会效益B．经济效益C．繁荣文化市场D．创新文化体制7.近年来为了缩小我国居民在收入分配方面的差距，党和政府做出了巨大的努力，如提高个税起证点，提高企业退休人员基本养老金，提高国家扶贫标准和城乡低保补助水平等，这些举措体现了：A．初次分配注重效率B．再次分配更注重公平C．劳动报酬在初次分配中比重提高D．各种生产要素都能按贡献参与分配8.党的十八大报告提出为确保实现全面建成小康社会的宏伟目标到2020年，在实现国内生产总值比2010年翻一番的同时，还要实现翻一番的是：A．城乡居民人均收入B．城乡居民可支配收入C．国民收入D．财政收入9.甲午战争后，维新运动迅速兴起，针对洋务派提出的“中体西用”的方针，维新派指出，“体”与“用”是不可分的。
2020年考研英语真题答案及解析
2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）答案及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，虽然话题不难理解，但不易把握上下文的线索。
需要对文章内容有全面和精准的把握才能做好。
主要内容讲的是虽然烤肉之类的食品是会对健康带来危害，我们对这些健康方面的危言耸听也不可过度恐慌。
属于比较生活的话题。
下面我们一起来看一下答案及解析。
1.【答案】C On【解析】此处考察介词词义辨析。
On a cold winter's day意思是在一个寒冷冬日。
介词on后加具体的某一天；in后加一段时间，例如in winter，in2002；toward表方向，不与时间搭配；till意思是直到，例如till tomorrow，till next week，与句意不符。
故正确答案为on。
2.【答案】A match【解析】此处考察动词词义辨析。
文章的首段首句提到：即使家庭成员不太可能经常坐下来一起吃饭，但数百万英国人将在这个周末参加这个国家最伟大的传统活动之一：星期日烤肉。
On a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can__2__it.在一个寒冷的冬日，很少有什么乐趣与之匹配。
match匹配。
express 表达。
satisfy满足，满意；确信；符合。
influence影响。
3.【答案】B enjoyment【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。
上文说到星期日烤肉是一项开心的活动。
后文Yet进行语义转折：然而正如现在报道的那样，食品卫生部门认为这种3会导致另一种有罪的快乐4损害我们的健康。
考研《政治》马原真题及答案解析
2016年考研《政治》马原真题及答案解析一、单选题1.《百喻经》中有一则寓言：有一个愚人到别人家去做客，他嫌菜没有味道，主人就给他加了点盐。
菜里加盐以后，味道好极了。
愚人就想：“菜之所以鲜美，是因为有了盐。
加一点点就如此鲜美，如果加更多的盐，岂不更加好吃?”回家以后，他把一把盐放进嘴里，结果又苦又咸。
这则寓言给我们的启示是A.持续的量变会引起事物发生质的变化B.在认识和处理问题时要掌握适度的原则C.不可能通过一些现象而去认识某个事物的本质D.在事物的发展过程中要时时注意事物的自我否定答案：B【解析】此题考查的是适度原则。
AC选项表述正确但与题目无关。
D表述错误，现象表现本质的。
只有B与题干相符，所以答案为B。
2.有一种观点认为，“自由不在于幻想中摆脱自然规律而独立，而在于认识这些规律，从而能够有计划地使自然规律为一定的目的服务”。
还有一种观点认为，“‘自由’倒过来就是‘由自’，因此‘自由’等于‘由自，‘由自’即是随心所欲”。
这两种关于自由的观点A.前者是唯物辩证法的观点，后者是唯意志论的观点B.前者是机械唯物主义的观点，后者是唯心主义的观点C.前者是主观唯心主义的观点，后者是唯物辩证法的观点D.前者是历史唯心主义的观点，后者是历史唯物主义的观点答案：B【解析】前一句话"自由不在于幻想中摆脱自然规律而独立，而在于认知这些规律，从而能够有计划地使自然规律为一定的目的服务"。
体现的是辩证法的思想。
后一句'自由'倒过来就是'由自'，因此'自由'等于'由自'，'由自'即是随心所欲"体现出来的是唯意志论，所以正确答案为A。
3.某资本家投资100万元创办企业从事生产，60万元用于固定资本、以购买机器设备等，40万元用于流动资本、以购买原材料和劳动力等(其中购买劳动力支付了10万元)。
一轮生产结束后，该企业的总资本达到了120万元。
2024年考研英语一真题答案及解析：阅读理解一
2024年考研英语一真题答案及解析：阅读理解一业务课名称：英语考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
2024年考研英语一真题答案及解析:阅读理解一(回忆版)Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard wasdiscovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the creditgoes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of everyday objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world. The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost —and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had a few niche uses until they became cheap;now they are transforming the global energy system.21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake ofA. saving them for future use.B. keeping them from rusting.C. letting them grow in value.D. hiding them from the locals.22. The example of early 17th century Virginians is used toA. highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.B. illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.C. contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.D. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time.23. What played the major role in lowing the price of nails after the late 1700s?A. Increased productivity.B. Wider use of new energies.C. Fiercer market competition.D. Reduced cost of raw materials.24. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nailsA. have undergone many technological improvements.B. have remained basically all the same since Roman times.C. are less studied than other everyday products.D. are one of the world’s most significant inventions.25. Which of the following best summaries the last two paragraphs?A. Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.B. Technological innovation is integral to economic success.C. Technology defines people’s understanding of the world.D. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.。
考研英语1真题答案及解析
2021 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that aninability to consider the big3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the dailysamles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 ofapperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7 he hadalready sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interview during the sameday, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was11。
考研政治真题及答案(完整版)
考研政治真题及答案(完整版)考研政治真题及答案(完整版)一、单项选择题：1～16 小题，每小题 1 分，共 16 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1. 恩格斯于 1820 年 11 月 28 日诞生在德国巴门市的一个工厂主家庭。
他称自己一生所做的事就是"拉其次小提琴。
恩格斯不仅与马克思一起创立马克思主义，参加并指导国际工人运动,而且在传播和进展马克思主义方面作出了杰出的贡献。
恩格斯全面阐述马克思主义理论体系的著作是( )A《共产党宣言》B.家庭、私有制和国家的起源C.《反杜林论》D.《自然辩证法》【答案解析】本题正确选项为 C 选项，《共产党宣言》是恩格斯与马克思合作拟定的;《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》是用唯物史观阐明白国家的实质和其消亡的必定性;《反杜林论》总结了马克思主义诞生后无产阶级革命的阅历和自然科学进展的成就，第一次全面系统地阐述了马克思主义的三个组成部分，是一部马克思主义的百科全书;《自然辩证法》是恩格斯多年来对自然科学争论的总结。
2.慢慢"飞入寻常百姓家"的人工智能对人类的社会生活产生了巨大影响，对此，技术乐观派认为人工智能为人类进展更新了"发动机"，悲观派则认为人工智能的进展可能导致"人类的终结"。
对人工智能社会效用的评价是( )A.对客观事物进展规律的真理性评价B.对主体需要进展程度的认知性评价C. 受主体情感、爱好和爱好影响的主观性评价D. 对客观事物的属性及其满足主体需要的价值性评价【答案解析】本题正确选项为 D 选项，对人工智能的评价需要主体的参与，是对客观事物的属性及其满足主体需要的价值性评价。
3. 在相同的劳动时间里，简洁劳动制造的价值大于简洁劳动制造的价值。
在以私有制为基础的商品经济条件下，简洁劳动转化为简洁劳动( )A.是商品生产者自觉计算出来的B.是市场管理部门事先规定的C.是商品生产者协商出来的D.是商品交换过程中市场机制自发实现的【答案解析】本题正确选项为 D 选项，商品价值量是以简洁劳动为尺度计算的，简洁劳动等于自乘的或多倍的简洁劳动，简洁劳动转化为简洁劳动是在商品交换过程中市场机制自发实现的。
2020年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C],or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation s great traditions:the Sunday roast.1____a cold winter's day,few culinary pleasures can2____it.Yet as we report now.The food police are determined our health. That this 3____should be rendered yet another quality pleasure 4___to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6____high temperatures.This means that people should 7____ crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin- crust pizzas and only_ 8____toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no 10____ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11____to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12____the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13____to follow the FSA advice.14____,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15____.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17____,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods18____,but reduce their lifetime intake.However its 19____risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20____ with one listening.1.[A]In [B]Towards [C]On [D]Till2.[A] match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence :3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concern4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C]compelled [D]guaranteed5.[A]isued [B]received [C]compelled [D] guaranteed6.[A]under [B]at [C]for [D]by7.[A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D]avoid8.[A]partially [B]regular [C]easily [D]intally9.[A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D] While10.[A]secondary [B]external [C]conclusive [D]negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D] slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C]In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C]connection [D]patterm16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C]gradually [D]carefully19.[A]promise [B]experience [C]campaign [D]competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C]open up [D]end up .Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below cach text bychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK“town of culture"award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in 220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town,it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.Some 1might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of Furopean capital of culture,a sough after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever ofself-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: aftertown of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture?Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a cure-al1.A badly run“year of culture"washes in and out ofa place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A“town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture" award could_____[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as______[A]a sensible compromise.[B]a self-deceiving attempt.[C]an eye catching bonus[D]an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful onlyif it_____[A]endeavours to maintain its image.[B]meets the aspirations of its people.[C]brings its local arts to prominence.[D]commits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present_____[A]a contrasting case.(B]a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D]a related topic.25.What is the author 's attitude towards the proposal?[A]Skeptical.[B]Objective.[C]Favourable.[D]Critical.Text 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also forfree,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than f900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than f210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all Brtish scientificresearch is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to S5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because______[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier have_____[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.[B]gone through an existential crisis.[C]revived the publishing industry.[D]financed researchers generously.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?______[A]Relieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concermed.[D]Encouraged.29.It can be learmned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms_____[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.[C]reduce the cost of publication subtantially[D]free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?______[A]Trial subscription is offered.[B]Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D]The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form ofvirtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure “gender parity"on boards andcommissions, provide a case in commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the irst state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California Govermor Jery Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an“important"policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,ever where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equal protection”.But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women.in the general population,but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without govenment interference.According to a study by Catalyst,between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent. Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota. Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt"phenomenon. where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will_____[A] help lttle to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the Califomnia measure?____[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C]It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will setle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate_____[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to_____[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.[B] the objection to female participation on bards.[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between Labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?_____IAI Women's need in employment should be considered[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,"meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon-in other words,mutinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite States trade representative opening a investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in tum could lead to trade sanctions against France. The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need ofrevenue.Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countriesover the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law),and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, but a few.At the same time,the European Union,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if intermnational tax rules do not grant them that right.In other words,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution.Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the interational tax system.France's planned tax is a clear waning:Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system.other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36. The French Senate has passed a bill to____[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies' interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learmned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax_____[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease intermational trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that_____[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current intermational tax system needs upgrading[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECO'S current work_____[A] is being resisted by Us companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?_____[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C]France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41 -45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Eye fixations are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way.But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41._________________________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back.This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood,looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.It can catch someone 's attention in a crowded room,“Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42._________________________Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found inhigh-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms,who may tend to avoid eye contact.Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.__________________________With the use of eye-tracking technology,Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation.While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations,it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations.“Whether you're a politician or a parent,it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,"said Minson.44.___________________________When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time,often on the eyes or mouth.These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.____________________________In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ."A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations. many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the Ptolemaic and Aristotlean geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.Copernicus theorised in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense.Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentricprinciple.48.Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a ratethat the people一including the Church一could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase 'sapere aude' or'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.48. Despite attempts by the Church to sop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's 'Sapere aude’or ’dare to know’.SectionⅢwritingPart AThe student union of your university has assigned you to inform the international studentsabout an upcoming singing contest.Write a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning. am3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题答案一：完型填空答案解析：今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，虽然话题不难理解，但不易把握上下文的线索。
2023考研数学一真题试卷+详细答案解析
2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（一）试题及答案考试时间：180分钟，满分：150分一、选择题：1～10小题，每小题5分，共50分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上．（1）曲线1ln()1yx e x =+−的斜渐近线方程为（ ） （A）y x e =+ （B）1y x e=+（C）y x = （D）1y x e=−【答案】B 【解析】1limlimln()11x x y ke x x →∞→∞==+=−，11lim()lim()lim[ln(]lim [ln(ln ]11x x x x b y kx y x x e x x e e x x →∞→∞→∞→∞=−==−=+−=+−−−111lim ln(1lim (1)(1)x x x x e x e x e→∞→∞=+==−−，所以渐进线方程为1y x e =+，答案为B（2）若微分方程0y ay by ′′′++=的解在(,)−∞+∞上有界，则（ ） （A ）0,0a b <>（B ）0,0a b >>（C ）0,0ab =>（D ）0,0ab =<【答案】C 【解析】0y ay by ′′′++=的解一共三种情形：①240a b Δ=−>，1212x xy C e C e λλ=+，但此时无论12,λλ取何值，y 在(,)−∞+∞上均无界；②240a b Δ=−=，12()xy C C x eλ=+，但此时无论λ取何值，y 在(,)−∞+∞上均无界；③240a b Δ=−<，12(cos sin )xy e C x C x αββ=+，此时若y 在(,)−∞+∞上有界，则需满足0α=，所以0,0a b =>，答案为（C）（3）设函数()y f x =由2sin x t ty t t⎧=+⎪⎨=⎪⎩确定，则（ ） （A）()f x 连续，(0)f ′不存在（B）(0)f ′不存在，()f x ′在0x =处不连续（C）()f x ′连续，(0)f ′′不存在（D）(0)f ′′存在，()f x ′′在0x =处不连续【答案】C【解析】当0t =时，有0x y ==①当0t >时，3sin x t y t t=⎧⎨=⎩，可得sin 33x xy =，故()f x 右连续；②当0t <时，sin x ty t t=⎧⎨=−⎩，可得sin y x x =−，故()f x 左连续，所以()f x 连续；因为0sin 033(0)lim 0x x x y x ++→−′==；0sin 0(0)lim 0x x x y x −−→−−′==，所以(0)0f ′=；③当0x >时，1sin sin cos 333393x x x x x y ′⎛⎫′==+ ⎪⎝⎭，所以0lim ()0x y x +→′=，即()f x ′右连续；④当0x <时，()sin sin cos y x x x x x ′′=−=−−，所以0lim ()0x y x −→′=，即()f x ′左连续，所以()f x ′连续；考虑01sin cos 23393(0)lim 9x x x xf x ++→+′′==；0sin cos (0)lim 2x x x x f x −−→−−′′==−，所以(0)f ′′不存在，答案为C（4）已知(1,2,)nn a b n <= ，若级数1n n a ∞=∑与1n n b ∞=∑均收敛，则“1n n a ∞=∑绝对收敛”是“1n n b ∞=∑绝对收敛”的（ ）（A ）充分必要条件（B ）充分不必要条件（C ）必要不充分条件（D ）既不充分也不必要条件【答案】A 【解析】因为级数1nn a ∞=∑与1nn b ∞=∑均收敛，所以正项级数1()nn n ba ∞=−∑收敛又因为()()n n n n n n n n n nb b a a b a a b a a =−+≤−+=−+所以，若1nn a∞=∑绝对收敛，则1n n b ∞=∑绝对收敛；同理可得：()()n n n n n n n n n na ab b a b b b a b =−+≤−+=−+所以，若1nn b ∞=∑绝对收敛，则1nn a∞=∑绝对收敛；故答案为充要条件，选（A）（5）已知n 阶矩阵A ，B ，C 满足ABC O =，E 为n 阶单位矩阵，记矩阵OA BC E ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭，ABC O E ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭，E AB AB O ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭的秩分别为123,,r r r ，则（ ） （A ）123r r r ≤≤（B ）132r r r ≤≤（C ）321r r r ≤≤（D ）213r r r ≤≤【答案】B【解析】根据初等变换可得：OA O O O O BC E BC E O E ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎯⎯→⎯⎯→⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭行列，所以1r n =；AB C AB O O E O E ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎯⎯→ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭行，所以2()r n r AB =+；2()E AB E O E O AB O AB ABAB O AB ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎯⎯→⎯⎯→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭行列，所以23()r n r AB ⎡⎤=+⎣⎦；又因为20()()r AB r AB ⎡⎤≤≤⎣⎦，所以132r r r ≤≤（6）下列矩阵中不能相似于对角矩阵的是（）（A ）11022003a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ （B ）1112003a a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ （C ）11020002a ⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭（D ）11022002a ⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭【答案】D【解析】（A ）特征值互异，则可对角化；（B ）为实对称矩阵，必可对角化； 选项（C ），特征值为1，2，2，且特征值2的重数（代数重数）2(2)312n r E A =−−=−=（几何重数），故矩阵可对角化；选项（D ），特征值为1，2，2，且特征值2的重数（代数重数）2(2)321n r E A ≠−−=−=（几何重数），故矩阵不可对角化；（7）已知向量1123α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，2211α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，1259β⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，2101β⎛⎫⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭，若γ既可由12,αα线性表示，也可由12,ββ线性表示，则γ=（ ）（A ）33,4k k R ⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭（B ）35,10k k R ⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭（C ）11,2k k R −⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭（D ）15,8k k R ⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭【答案】D 【解析】令γ11221122k k l l ααββ=+=+，则有112211220k k l l ααββ+−−=，即12121212(,)0k k l l ααββ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪−−= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭而121212211003(,)2150010131910011ααββ−−⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪−−=−→− ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪−−⎝⎭⎝⎭所以1212(,,,)(3,1,1,1),TT k k l l c c R =−−∈，所以12(1,5,8)(1,5,8),T T c c c k k R γββ=−+=−=∈，答案为D（8）设随机变量X 服从参数为1的泊松分布，则()E X EX −=（ ）（A）1e（B）12（C）2e（D）1【答案】C【解析】因为(1)X P ，所以1EX =，()()1110022112(1)(1)!0!!k k e e e E X EX E X k k E X k k e e−−−∞∞==−=−=−=+−=+−=∑∑，答案为C（9）设12,,,n X X X 为来自总体21(,)N μσ的简单随机样本，12,,,m Y Y Y 为来自总体22(,2)N μσ的简单随机样本，且两样本相互独立，记11n i i X X n ==∑，11m i i Y Y m ==∑，22111()1n i i S X X n ==−−∑， 22211()1mi i S Y Y m ==−−∑，则（ ） （A）2122(,)S F n m S （B）2122(1,1)S F n m S −−（C）21222(,)S F n m S （D）21222(1,1)S F n m S −− 【答案】D【解析】由正态分布的抽样性质可得，2212(1)(1)n S n χσ−− ，2222(1)(1)2m S m χσ−− 又因为2212,S S 相互独立，所以212222(1)1(1,1)(1)21n S n F n m m S m σσ−−−−−− ，即21222(1,1)S F n m S −− ，答案为D （10）设12,X X 为来自总体2(,)N μσ的简单随机样本，其中(0)σσ>是未知参数，记12a X X σ=−,若()E σσ=，则a =（ ）（A）2π（B）2π【答案】A【解析】由已知可得，令212(0,2)Z X X N σ=− ，所以22221212()()()z Z E E a X X aE X X aE Z az f z dz a dzσσ−+∞+∞⋅−∞−∞=−=−===⎰⎰2222440z z a zdz aσσ−−+∞+∞==−=⎰若()E σσ=，则有2a π=，答案为A二、填空题：11～16小题，每小题5分，共30分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上． （11）当0x →时，函数2()ln(1)f x ax bx x =+++与2()cos x g x e x =−是等价无穷小，则ab =________【答案】2−【解析】由已知可得：2222200022221(())()ln(1)2lim lim lim 1()cos (1())(1())2x x x x ax bx x x o x f x ax bx x g x e x x o x x o x →→→++−++++==−++−−+220221(1)(()2lim 13()2x a x b x o x x o x →++−+==+所以1310,22a b +=−=，即1,2a b =−=,所以2ab =− （12）曲面222ln(1)z x y x y =++++在点(0,0,0)处的切平面方程为________【答案】20x y z +−=【解析】两边微分可得，222221xdx ydydz dx dy x y +=++++，代入(0,0,0)得2dz dx dy =+，因此法向量为(1,2,1)−，切平面方程为20x y z +−=（13）设()f x 是周期为2的周期函数，且()1,[0,1]f x x x =−∈，若01()cos 2n n a f x a n x π∞==+∑，则21nn a∞==∑_________【答案】0【解析】由已知得01(0)12n n a f a ∞==+=∑，01(1)(1)02n n n a f a ∞==+−=∑ 相加可得021(0)(1)21nn f f a a∞=+=+=∑显然()f x 为偶函数，则(0,1,2,)n a n = 为其余弦级数的系数，故1002()1a f x dx ==⎰，因此210n n a ∞==∑.（14）设连续函数()f x 满足：(2)()f x f x x +−=，2()0f x dx =⎰，则31()f x dx =⎰_______【答案】12【解析】323211121()()()()(2)f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx=+=++⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰[]2121111()()()022f x dx f x x dx f x dx xdx =++=+=+=⎰⎰⎰⎰（15）已知向量11011α⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，21101α−⎛⎫ ⎪− ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，30111α⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪− ⎪⎝⎭，1111β⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭，112233k k k γααα=++，若(1,2,3)T T i i i γαβα==，则222123k k k ++=_______【答案】119【解析】由已知可得，123,,ααα两两正交，通过计算可得：11113TT k γαβα=⇒=；2221T T k γαβα=⇒=−；33213T T k γαβα=⇒=−，则222123k k k ++=119（16）设随机变量X 与Y 相互独立，且1(1,3X B ，1(2,2Y B ，则{}P X Y ==________ 【答案】13【解析】212211111{}{0}{1}(323223P X Y P X Y P X Y C ====+===⋅+⋅⋅=三、解答题：17～22小题，共70分.请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（17）（本题满分10分）设曲线:()(0)L y y x x =>经过点(1,2)，该曲线上任一点(,)P x y 到y 轴的距离等于该点处的切线在y 轴上的截距（1）求()y x ；（2）求函数1()()xf x y t dt =⎰在(0,)+∞上的最大值【答案】（1）()(2ln )y x x x =− （2）454e −【解析】（1）曲线L 上任一点(,)P x y 处的切线方程为()Y y y X x ′−=−，令0X =，则y 轴上的截距为Y y xy ′=−，由题意可得x y xy ′=−，即11y y x′−=−，解得(ln )y x C x =−，其中C 为任意常数，代入(1,2)可得2C =，从而()(2ln )y x x x =−（2）()(2ln )f x x x ′=−，显然在2(0,)e 上()0f x ′>，()f x 单调递增；在2(,)e +∞上()0f x ′<，()f x 单调递减，所以()f x 在(0,)+∞上的最大值为22422211515()(2ln )ln 424e e ef e t t dt t t t −⎛⎫=−=−=⎪⎝⎭⎰（18）（本题满分12分）求函数23(,)()()f x y y x y x =−−的极值【答案】极小值为2104(,)327729f =−【解析】先求驻点42235(32)020xy f x x x y f y x x ⎧′=−+=⎪⎨′=−−=⎪⎩，解得驻点为(0,0)，(1,1)，210(,327下求二阶偏导数，3220(62)322xx xy yyf x x yf x xf ⎧′′=−+⎪⎪′′=−−⎨⎪′′=⎪⎩①对于点(0,0)，(0,0)0f =，5(,0)f x x =，由定义可得(0,0)不是极值点；②代入点(1,1)，解得1252xxxy yy A f B f C f ⎧′′==⎪⎪′′==−⎨⎪′′==⎪⎩，210AC B −=−<，所以(1,1)不是极值点；③代入点210(,)327，解得10027832xx xy yyA fB fC f ⎧′′==⎪⎪⎪′′==−⎨⎪⎪′′==⎪⎩，2809AC B −=>且0A >，所以210(,)327是极小值点，极小值为2104(,)327729f =−（19）（本题满分12分）设空间有界区域Ω由柱面221x y +=与平面0z =和1x z +=围成，Σ为Ω的边界曲面的外侧，计算曲面积分2cos 3sin I xzdydz xz ydzdx yz xdxdy Σ=++⎰⎰【答案】54π【解析】由高斯公式可得，2cos 3sin (2sin 3sin )I xzdydz xz ydzdx yz xdxdy z xz y y x dvΣΩ=++=−+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 因为Ω关于平面xoz 对称，所以(sin 3sin )0xz y y x dv Ω−+=⎰⎰⎰所以1222022(1)(:1)xyxyxxy D D I zdv dxdy zdz x dxdyD x y −Ω===−+≤⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰22221(21)()2xyxyxyD D D x x dxdy x dxdy x y dxdy ππ=−+=+=++⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 2130015244d r dr πππθππ=+=+=⎰⎰（20）（本题满分12分）设函数()f x 在[,]a a −上具有2阶连续导数，证明： （1）若(0)0f =，则存在(,)a a ξ∈−，使得21()[()()]f f a f a aξ′′=+−（2）若()f x 在(,)a a −内取得极值，则存在(,)a a η∈−，使得21()()()2f f a f a aη′′≥−−【答案】（1）利用泰勒公式在0x =处展开，再利用介值性定理； （2）利用泰勒公式在极值点处展开，再利用基本不等式进行放缩；【解析】（1）在0x =处泰勒展开，22()()()(0)(0)(0)2!2!f c f c f x f f x x f x x ′′′′′′=++=+， 其中c 介于0与x 之间；代入两个端点有：211()()(0),(0,)2!f f a f a a a ξξ′′′=+∈222()()(0)(),(,0)2!f f a f a a a ξξ′′′−=−+∈− 两式相加可得：212()()()()2f f f a f a a ξξ′′′′++−=即122()()1[()()]2f f f a f a a ξξ′′′′++−= 因为()f x 在[,]a a −上具有2阶连续导数，所以()f x ′′存在最大值M 与最小值m ， 根据连续函数的介值性定理可得，12()()2f f m M ξξ′′′′+≤≤，所以存在(,)a a ξ∈−，使得12()()()2f f f ξξξ′′′′+′′=，即21()[()()]f f a f a a ξ′′=+−成立；（2）若()f x 在(,)a a −内取得极值，不妨设0x 为其极值点，则由费马引理可得，0()0f x ′=将()f x 在0x 处泰勒展开，22000000()()()()()()()()()2!2!f d f d f x f x f x x x x x f x x x ′′′′′=+−+−=+−其中d 介于0x 与x 之间； 代入两个端点有：210010()()()(),(,)2!f f a f x a x x a ηη′′=+−∈ 220020()()()(),(,)2!f f a f x a x a x ηη′′−=+−−∈−两式相减可得：221200()()()()()()22f f f a f a a x a x ηη′′′′−−=−−−−所以22120022()()11()()()()2222f f f a f a a x a x a a ηη′′′′−−=−−−− 22102021[()()()()]4f a x f a x aηη′′′′≤−++，记112()max[(),()]f f f ηηη′′′′′′=， 又因为22220000()()[()()]4a x a x a x a x a −++≤−++=，所以21()()()2f a f a f a η′′−−≤成立 （21）（本题满分12分）已知二次型2221231231213(,,)2222f x x x x x x x x x x =+++−，22212312323(,,)2g y y y y y y y y =+++（1）求可逆变换x Py =，将123(,,)f x x x 化成123(,,)g y y y ； （2）是否存在正交变换x Qy =将123(,,)f x x x 化成123(,,)g y y y ?【答案】（1）111010001P −⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭（2）不存在（二者矩阵的迹不相同）【解析】（1）利用配方法将123(,,)f x x x 化成123(,,)g y y y ， 先用配方法将123(,,)f x x x 化成标准形：22222212312312131232323(,,)2222()2f x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x =+++−=+−+++2212323()()x x x x x =+−++再用配方法将123(,,)g y y y 化成标准形：2222212312323123(,,)2()g y y y y y y y y y y y =+++=++令11232233y x x x y x y x =+−⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩，即11232233x y y y x y x y=−+⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩， 则在可逆变换112233*********x y x y x y −⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭下，其中111010001P −⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，二次型123(,,)f x x x 即可化成123(,,)g y y y （2）因为二次型123(,,)f x x x 与123(,,)g y y y 的矩阵分别为111120102A −⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭，100011011B ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭显然()5tr A =，()3tr B =，所以矩阵A ，B 不相似，故不存在正交矩阵Q ，使得1T Q AQ Q AQ B −==， 所以也不存在正交变换x Qy =，将123(,,)f x x x 化成123(,,)g y y y .11 /11 （22）（本题满分12分）设二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率密度为22222(),1(,)0,x y x y f x y else π⎧++≤⎪=⎨⎪⎩，求 （1）求X 与Y 的斜方差；（2）X 与Y 是否相互独立？（3）求22Z X Y =+概率密度【答案】（1）0 （2）不独立 （3）2,01()0,z z f z else <<⎧=⎨⎩【解析】（1）由对称性可得：222212()0x y EX x x y dxdy π+≤=+=⎰⎰，同理0EY =，0EXY =所以(,)()()()0Cov X Y E XY E X E Y =−=； （2）22)11()(,)0,X x y dy x f x f x y dy else +∞−∞⎧+−≤≤⎪==⎨⎪⎩⎰24(121130,x x elseπ⎧+−≤≤⎪=⎨⎪⎩同理可得，24(1211()30,Y y y f y else π⎧+−≤≤⎪=⎨⎪⎩所以(,)()()X Y f x y f x f y ≠，X 与Y 不独立 （3）先求分布函数22(){}{}Z F z P Z z P X Y z =≤=+≤ 当0z <时，()0Z F z =；当01z ≤<时，2222222320022(){}()Z x y z F z P X Y z x y dxdy d dr z πθππ+≤=+≤=+==⎰⎰⎰；当1z ≤时，()1Z F z =；所以22Z X Y =+概率密度为2,01()()0,Z Z z z f z F z else <<⎧′==⎨⎩。
考研数学一真题及答案
考研数学一真题（一）一、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分。
答案写在题中横线上）(1)曲线的斜渐近线方程为。
【答案】【解析】所以斜渐近线方程为。
综上所述，本题正确答案是。
【考点】高等数学—一元函数微分学—函数图形的凹凸性、拐点及渐近线(2)微分方程满足的解为。
【答案】【解析】原方程等价于所以通解为将代入可得综上所述，本题正确答案是。
【考点】高等数学—常微分方程—一阶线性微分方程(3)设函数,单位向量，则。
【答案】【解析】因为所以综上所述，本题正确答案是。
【考点】高等数学—多元函数微分学—方向导数和梯度(4)设是由锥面与半球面围成的空间区域，是的整个边界的外侧，则。
【答案】。
【解析】综上所述，本题正确答案是。
【考点】高等数学—多元函数积分学—两类曲面积分的概念、性质及计算(5)设均为三维列向量，记矩阵如果，那么。
【答案】2。
【解析】【方法一】【方法二】由于两列取行列式，并用行列式乘法公式，所以综上所述，本题正确答案是2。
【考点】线性代数—行列式—行列式的概念和基本性质，行列式按行(列)展开定理(6)从数中任取一个数，记为，再从中任一个数，记为,则。
【答案】。
【解析】【方法一】先求出的概率分布，因为是等可能的取，故关于的边缘分布必有,而只从中抽取，又是等可能抽取的概率为所以即：X Y12341000200304所以【方法二】1综上所述，本题正确答案是。
【考点】概率论与数理统计—多维随机变量及其分布—二维离散型随机变量的概率分布、边缘分布和条件分布二、选择题（本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求。
）(7)设函数,则(A)处处可导 (B)恰有一个不可导点 (C)恰有两个不可导点 (D)恰有三个不可导点 【答案】C 。
【解析】 由知由的表达式和其图像可知在处不可导，在其余点均可导。
综上所述，本题正确答案是C 。
【考点】高等数学—一元函数微分学—导数和微分的概念 (8)设是连续函数的一个原函数，表示的充分必要条件是，则必有(A)是偶函数是奇函数 (B)是奇函数是偶函数 (C)是周期函数是周期函数 (D)是单调函数是单调函数【答案】A 。
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徐之明权威解析2013年考研政治试题马原客观题答案解析一、单项选择题马原部分1.有一副对联，上联是“桔子洲，洲旁舟，舟行洲不行”，下联是“天心阁，阁中鸽，鸽飞阁不飞”。
这形象地说明了运动和静止是相互联系的。
静止是（）A.运动的普遍状态B.运动的内在原因C.运动的衡量尺度D.运动的存在方式【答案】C【思路剖析】本题属于案例型考题，即通过一个具体的事例，去探究其中所包含的哲理。
题干所引对联的作者，是毛泽东和周恩来。
1960年5月，毛泽东、周恩来一行视察长沙，工作之余，到江边散步。
遥望橘子洲头，百舸争流，万帆竞发，毛泽东逸兴遄飞，口占一上联：“橘子洲，洲旁舟，舟行洲不行”，此联动静相对，意境悠远，三个断句，两处“顶针”，“洲”和“舟”又是谐音，应对难度极大。
毛泽东对身边的周恩来说：“恩来，我一时江郎才尽，请你来个锦上添花如何？”周恩来才思敏捷，了解长沙，应声对道：“天心阁，阁中鸽，鸽飞阁不飞。
”天心阁系长沙市内一景，与橘子洲相对。
整个对联工整流畅、浑然一体，留下一段佳句和佳话。
从考试答题的角度论，最关键的是抓住题干中的最后一句：“这形象地说明了运动和静止是相互联系的。
静止是（）。
“.运动的普遍状态”是胡编的干扰项，学术上没有这个说法。
故A.项错误。
“.运动的内在原因”是矛盾，故B项为错误。
物质的存在方式是运动；没有“运动的存在方式”这个说法。
C. 项“静止是运动的衡量尺度”是正确的说法。
该说法的出处是马克思、恩格斯的话：“运动应当从它的反面即从静止找到它的量度”。
所包含的深层哲理是在对立中认识同一。
【必背考点】《马原》第2章之“运动和静止”。
【应试对策】本题的难度，主要不是来自考查的内容，而是来自于干扰项的设定。
“运动”、“普遍”、“内在原因”、“存在方式”等，都是我们学习哲学中经常碰到的基本概念。
如果没有理解作为支撑，并且采取临时抱佛脚的突击记忆方式，比较难做出正确的决断。
2.一位机械工程专家讲过这样一件事：“文革”中，他在某地劳动，有一天公社派他去割羊草。
他没养过羊，怎么认得羊草呢？但终于一个办法出来了。
他把羊牵出去，看羊吃什么就割什么。
不到半天就割回了羊草。
这位专家之所以这样做是因为他认识到，“羊吃草”与“割羊草”两者之间存在着（）A.因果联系B.必然联系C.主观联系D.本质联系【答案】B【思路剖析】本题是案例型考题。
通过一个生活中的故事，考查所其中所包含的哲理。
题干中的“羊吃草”是指羊的行为；“割羊草”是指人的行为。
连起来看，就是“羊吃哪种草，人就割哪种草。
”因果联系是指引起和被引起的关系。
专家之所以去割草，原因是公社的安排，而不是羊吃草。
故A项不符合题意。
“羊吃草”和“割羊草”都是客观事件，不是主观现象。
故C项不能选。
本质是指根本性质；“羊吃草”是动物行为；“割羊草”是人的行为即实践，二者之间存在本质的不同，故D项不能选。
所谓“必然”就是确定的意思，结合题干，可知：凡是羊吃的草，确定是羊草。
故B项符合题意。
【必背考点】《马原》第2章之“规律及其客观性”；“原因和结果”。
【应试对策】本题考察的目标是能力。
关键点是三个：其一，把ABCD四个选项中每个选项的含义要理解到位；其二，把题干中的核心信息把握正确。
本题题干的核心信息是“看羊吃什么就割什么”，即“羊吃什么”草和人“割什么”草之间的关系。
其三，在此基础上，寻找题干和题肢二者之间的吻合性。
3.《资本论》中有这样的表述：“对上衣来说，无论是裁缝自己穿还是他的顾客穿，都是一样的。
”这主要是因为无论谁穿（）A.上衣都是抽象劳动的结果B.上衣都起着价值的作用C.上衣都起着使用价值的作用D.上衣都是社会劳动的结果【答案】C【思路剖析】本题是案例型考题，通过马克思在《资本论》论中一段话，考查政治经济学中关于商品的原理。
世界上的万事万物，由商品和非商品构成，二者的区别在于是否用于交换。
商品有价值和使用价值两重性；非商品只有使用价值一重性。
价值的源泉是抽象劳动；使用价值的源泉是具体劳动。
私人劳动与社会劳动是商品经济的基本矛盾。
从题干给定的信息看，“上衣”没有进行买卖或交换，所以它是非商品。
所以，一切与商品相关的，如价值、抽象劳动、私人劳动和社会劳动的矛盾等，都要排除。
故只有C项符合题意。
【必背考点】《马原》第5章之商品的二因素和生产商品的劳动的二重性。
【应试对策】做对本题的关键在于构建知识体系。
比如，哪些概念与商品相关；这些概念之间是什么逻辑关系。
又如，哪些概念与非商品相关。
4.某资本家投资100万元，每次投资所获得的利润为25万元，假定其资本有机构成为4：1，那么该资本家每次投资所实现的剩余价值率为（）A.100%B.75%C.50%D.125%【答案】D【思路剖析】本题为数字型案例题，俗称计算题。
实际上是用计算的方式，考查相关概念之间的关系。
“资本家投资”即不变资本与可变资本的总和；资本有机构成是不变资本和可变资本的比率；剩余价值和利润是同一个东西的不同名称；剩余价值率是剩余价值与可变资本的比率。
把以上概念弄明白后，把题目给定的数字带入。
思路如下：根据“.某资本家投资100万元”和“资本有机构成为4：1”，可得出该资本家的不变资本为80万，可变资本为20万。
剩余价值率为剩余价值：可变资本=25万：20万=125%【必背考点】《马原》第5章之“不变资本和可变资本的区分及意义”、“剩余价值率”、“资本有机构成”。
【应试对策】在考研政治中，马原是最难的；在马原中，政治经济学部分是最难的。
难在何处？我的看法是，一来概念比较多比较细；二来同学们平时接触得少，相对陌生。
所以，最根本的对策，还是要回归学习知识的本位，早着手、踏实学；靠突击、迷信押题，恐怕于事无补。
二、多项选择题马原部分17.马克思主义是关于无产阶级和人类解放的科学，实现共产主义是全人类解放的根本体现。
人类解放包括（）A.从自然的压迫下解放出来B.从客观规律的制约下解放出来C.从旧的社会关系的束缚下解放出来D.从旧的传统观念的禁锢下解放出来【答案】ACD【思路剖析】本题为理解型考题，考查“人类解放”的具体含义。
在马克思主义的语境中，“人类解放”、“共产主义社会”、“自由王国”是同等或类似的概念。
按照恩格斯的论述，当共产主义实现的时候，当人类从必然王国进入自由王国的时候，人类将最终从支配他们生活和命运的异己力量中解放出来，“成为自然界的自觉的和真正的主人，”“成为自身的社会结合的主人”。
“ 从自然的压迫下解放出来”即“成为自然界的自觉的和真正的主人”的意思，故项为正确。
“从旧的社会关系的束缚下解放出来”和“从旧的传统观念的禁锢下解放出来”，就是“成为自身的社会结合的主人”的意思。
故CD可选。
人必须尊重客观规律，按照客观规律的制约行事，否则就会犯唯意志论的错误。
故“从客观规律的制约下解放出来”为错误的说法。
【必背考点】《马原》第8章之“共产主义社会的基本特征”。
【应试对策】本题所考查的知识点属于马原中的科学社会主义部分的内容。
该知识点本身比较偏，可以说是非重点；而且考查的方式比较难，不仅在教材中无法找到现成的答案；并且干扰项的设定中还加入了哲学方面的论断。
从这个题目可以看出今年马原部分命题的一个偏好：比较爱用经典作家的言论作为材料和依据。
所以，对教育部考试中心组织编写的《思想政治理论大纲解析》中所涉及的经典作家的语录，应当给予重点关注。
18.唯物史观第一次科学地解决了历史创造者的问题，认为人民群众是历史的创造者。
人民群众( )A.从量上说是指社会人的绝大多数B.从质上说是一切对社会历史发展起推动作用的人们C.在任何历史时期都不包括剥削阶级D.最稳定的主体部分始终是从事物质资料生产的劳动群众及其知识分子【答案】ABD【思路剖析】本题属于记忆型考题。
【必背考点】《马原》第4章之“人民群众在创造历史过程中的决定作用”；【应试对策】准确记忆。
19.美国导演迈克尔•穆尔在他的最新记录片《资本主义：一个爱情故事》问世以来，一直颇受关注。
“资本主义”为何与“爱情故事”联系起来呢?穆尔解释说，这是一种“贪欲之爱”，喜爱财富的人不仅爱他们自己的钱，也爱你口袋中的钱……很多人不敢说出它的名字，真见鬼，就说出来吧。
这就是“资本主义”。
对金钱的“贪欲”与资本主义连为一体，是因为(ACD)A.资本家就是人格化的资本B.赚钱体现了人的天然本性C.资本的生命在于不断运动和不断增殖D.追逐剩余价值是资本主义生产方式的绝对规律【答案】ACD【思路剖析】本题属于串联型考题，将若干知识点整合起来，统一呈现于一道题目中。
题干所问的“对金钱的‘贪欲’与资本主义连为一体，是因为”，实际上是问“在资本主义社会中，为什么会存在这种对金钱的‘贪欲’的现象”。
“资本家就是人格化的资本”，典出马克思的“资本家是资本的人格化”，意思是资本家身上体现了资本的本质；而资本的本质就是追求剩余价值即追求财富、金钱的不断增加。
故A符合题意。
“资本的生命在于不断运动和不断增殖”，“不断增殖”就是不断追求剩余价值的意思。
故C可选。
“追逐剩余价值”就是“对金钱的‘贪欲’”，而“规律”就是必然、肯定如此的意思。
故D项可选。
按照马克思主义的观点，人的属性由自然属性和社会属性构成；其中社会属性是人的本性；而社会属性是在社会实践中形成的。
所以C项本身为错误观点，属于唯心史观的抽象人性论。
【必背考点】《马原》之“剩余价值的实质”、“资本的本质”、“剩余价值规律”【应试对策】在理解基本概念含义的基础上，将相关联的知识融会贯通。
如果在对题目没有十足把握的情况下，可以使用“排谬法”，即将选项中错误的论述排斥掉，选择剩余的。
20.伴随着生产力发展，科技进步及阶级关系调整，当代资本主义社会的劳资关系和分配关系发生了很大变化。
其中资本家及其代理人为缓和劳资关系所采取的激励制度有（）A.职工参与决策制度B.职工终身雇佣制度C.职工选举管理制度D.职工持股制度【答案】ABD【思路剖析】本题属于记忆型考题。
【必背考点】《马原》第6章之“当代资本主义经济、政治新变化的表现和特点”。
【应试对策】马原的考题，通常以能力型居多。
在所考查的有限的记忆型题目，一般都为比较细小的知识点。
从学术上讲，知识点孰重孰轻，挺容易区分；但从考试的角度上讲，就令人比较纠结。
只能说考什么，什么就重要。
所以，全面复习才是王道。
21.自第一个社会主义国家建立以来，社会主义事业的发展并不是一帆风顺的，社会主义发展道路的多样性以及发展过程中的前进性和曲折性的实践告诉我们( )A.坚持社会主义，不等于照搬某种单一的社会主义模式B.发展社会主义，不等于不借鉴西方资本主义的文明成果C.改革或抛弃某种社会主义模式，不等于改掉或抛弃社会主义D.某种社会主义模式的失败，不等于整个社会主义事业的成败【答案】ABCD【思路剖析】本题属于串联型考题。