英语国家社会与文化__翻译_第三单元
英语国家社会与文化入门下册unit 3(课堂PPT)
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联邦权力机构 federal executive agency
行政机关:即总统,总统提名和参议院批准的内阁官员及 其下属,负责行使基于联邦法律的治理权;
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联邦权力机构 federal executive agency
即最高法院(the Supreme Judicial Court ( SJC )和下 级的联邦法院, 法官由总统提名 并经参议院批准; 拥有释法权和推 翻违宪的法律的 权力。
Some considered it an honor to be sacrificed
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Incas 印加文化(秘鲁地区)
Largest empire in Pre-Columbian era
Incan Empire broken in civil war and destroyed by Spanish
Nicknames for the flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The StarSpangled Banner
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National anthem:
The Star-Spangled Banner 《星条旗 永不落》
Nev?ada ?
Massachusetts Connecticut
Ma?ine
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Illinois
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New York
Penn?sylvania
California
Texas
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Ge?orgia ?
Florida
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英语国家社会与文化课件Unit 3-4 UK class
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The Constitution
Israel and Britain----the only two Britain----the countries without written consitutions of the sort which most countries have 1. statute law, law passed by Parliament 2. the common law, established through common practice 3. conventions, vital to the working of the government
Unit 3 and Unit 4
Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a consititional monarhy. monarhy. The official head of state is Queen. Queen. (traditional and symbolic power) P42 Represent Britain at home and abroad Set standards of good citizenship and family life.
The constitutional Monarchy
When does it appear? Who started the age of the constitutional monarchy? The Glorious Revolution in 1688 Willaim and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights which confirmed the parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed the free speech with both the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
英语国家社会文化入门下次 第三单元 (人工翻译)
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Unit3:美国的开始什么是美国?这已经变成了一个经典的问题,这个问题不仅是外国人参观美国时会发出的,连美国人自己也在问这个问题。
当美国人感到困惑的时候,当他们处在危机当中时,他们会问他们到底是谁,并且尝试去查明作为一个美国人的意义在哪里。
实际上,这个著名的问题是出自一位名叫赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔的法国人所提出来了,他在18世纪定居于宾夕法尼亚州。
在1782年,这位法国农夫在伦敦出版了一本名为《一封来自美国农民的信》,在这本书中,他提出了这个问题,并且反问他自己:“那美国人呢,他们是新的种族吗?他既不是欧洲人,也不是欧洲人的后裔,他们是一种在任何国家都看不到的强大的血缘融合。
我可以向你例证在一个家庭中,爷爷可能是英国人,他的妻子是荷兰人,他的儿子嫁给了一个法国人,而且他们的儿子娶了4个不同国家的老婆。
美国人是这样的人:他们把所有过去的偏见和习俗抛在脑后,而从他们所热爱的新生活方式、他们所依附的新政府、他享有的新地位中接受新的一套。
来自各个民族的人,在此熔成为一个新的名族,他们的劳动及他们的后代必将给世界带来大的变化......美国人是一种新人,他按新的原则办事,他们因此必须吸取新的思想,形成新的见解......这就是美国人。
”按照德克雷夫科尔所说的,如今的美国人和他们的后裔都是欧洲人混种,但是却没有把美洲印第安人和黑种人考虑在内。
如今,对于美国人的描述越来越复杂。
在美国的家庭中,女婿和儿媳可能是欧洲人的后裔,也可能是非洲美国人或是亚洲移民,尽管这种家庭是由白人黑人亚洲人混血而成,但这毕竟只是少数。
想要去了解美国的话,让我们先回到美国的过去。
新大陆美洲大陆居住的是两次长期人口迁移运动所带来的人民,第一次是从亚洲来的,第二次是从欧洲和非洲。
向美洲的第一次人口迁移运动大约始于25000年之前,当时在西伯利亚的部族为了寻找新的猎场或逃避追赶的敌人越过白令海峡,到达阿拉斯加。
到1492年,大约1000~2000万土生土长的美洲人生活在美洲,他们被哥伦布错认为印度人。
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
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英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom该国,我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。
大多数人都知道做些什么,因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用,只是来到一个在未来数年年底,之后第二次世界大战。
然而,一些市民对英国知道(他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误,英格兰)可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。
一方面,帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前,只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。
英国不再是一个帝国的国家,尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式,而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分,和国家之间的密切关系,至少它通过一个松散的维持(自愿)组织的联系称为英联邦国家。
但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟,其中英国1973年以来的成员,这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家,而不是其英联邦成员资格。
它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家,是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。
另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。
从这些英联邦国家,这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民,已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。
他们自己或其父母或祖父母,出生在印度或巴基斯坦,加勒比国家,这些只是最常见的。
这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题:因为是大多数情况下,或所有,国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。
英国认为谁,很多人认为的英国绅士。
但是,这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说,没有什么真正的有效性今天。
英国是一个国家,一个单一的护照,和一个政府及对其所有的主权,但作为国家的大力顾名思义,它是由不同的元素组成。
它包括4一个国家内的部分国家:大不列颠岛是由英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士,北爱尔兰,一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份,完成设置。
因此,在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑,必须使这些分歧,例如:一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴,如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士?她是苏格兰和女性,并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。
英语国家社会与文化入门unit3
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I The General Elections
• Procedure of the general elections: -- Every one on the “electoral register” gets a voting card in mail with details of when and where to vote. -- The political parties get their electoral campaigns, including advertising in newspapers, on TV, door-do-door campaigning and postal deliveries of leaflets. -- People go to their stations and take a card with the candidates’ names listed on it. Then they put an “X” beside the name of the candidate of their choice and insert it into the sealed box through a slit in the top.
I The General Elections
• Importance of the general elections -- The citizen’s right to vote for the candidate of their choice to represent them in parliament -- The election seen as an opportunity to influence future government policy
英语国家社会与文化入门Unit3
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Unit3一、判断题1、It is no doubt Britain is the oldest representive democracy in the world.(F)毫无疑问英国是世界上最古老的表现性的民主。
2、In Britain,the Process of state-building has been one of evolution rather revoution,in contrast to France and the US.(T)在英国,国家建设一直是进化的过程,而次大革命,相比之下,法国和美国。
3、The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy.(T)最古老的政府机构在英国是君主制。
4、The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects.(F)国王的神圣权利意味着主权权威来自他的臣民。
5、As the king in theory had God on his side,it was tought that he should exercise absolute power.(F)国王在理论上有上帝在他的身边,想,他应该行使绝对权力。
6、The term"parliament"was first offcially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns.(F)“议会”这个词第一次被据1066年用来描述封建贵族的聚会和代表县和城镇。
7、Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.(T)英国是议会民主和君主立宪制国家。
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Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家,可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史,但这些历史是由突发期显着,而经常是暴力,改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比,说,法国,美国,还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化,而不是革命。
这种长期,不间断的历史仍然十分明显,在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构,是最古老的君主(由国王规则)。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的,直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世,是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特,谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力,主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为,主权来自他从上帝的权威,不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利,尽管有不同的家庭之间,有时谁坚持战斗,他们以合法的王位继承人,君主制的实际存在,很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首,但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”(即所谓的,因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短)由奥利弗克伦威尔,谁想要废除君主制,并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年,成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中,即使在中世纪,人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反,主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大,拥有土地的封建贵族,其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王(1199年至1216年的一些帮派)的政策。
这种反对如此强烈,国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章,但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力,他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”,即,讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会,如果他想筹集资金。
英语国家社会与文化(英文)
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The British society and cultureThe UK is a rich and colorful, with international and multicultural country .Its full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, hereinafter referred to as the United Kingdom or Britain, known as the UK, is on the island of Great Britain by England, Scotland and wales, and Northern Ireland northeast the island of Ireland, and a series of islands of a small island.In Chinese the word "Britain", that is, by "England", the international code for the GB.Britain is located in the northwest of the continent of the British Isles, is the north sea, the English channel, Celtic sea, Irish sea and surrounded by the Atlantic ocean.In addition to Britain, including fourteen overseas territories .Established the "glorious revolution" in 1688 the British constitutional monarchy, Britain was the first to complete the industrial revolution, the national strength growing rapidly.In the 18th century to early 20th century, the rule of the British empire territories across the globe.As the most powerful country.Both after the outbreak of world war ii victory, but seriously damaged national strength, to the disintegration of the British empire in the second half of the 20th century, Britain has lost onceleadership in international affairs.Superpower status be replaced by the United States and the Soviet union.However, the UK is still a worldwide has a strong influence, important economic, cultural, military, science and technology of the world's great powers.About the British people's life custom, British people now pay more attention to the quality of life, the pursuit of spirit to enjoy.Important occasion wear very formal, usually the pursuit of simple, comfortable clothing.Diet style is simple, pay attention to nutrition.The climate is mild and humid, the British people love the sun.Like I'm doing housework at ordinary times, have a passion for sport, like to travel on holiday.In addition the British very hobby cultural activities, such as reading books, writing articles, to the concert, the theatre, etc, also like pets.。
英语国家社会与文化入门Unit3
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Unit3
1、It is no doubt Britain is the oldest representive democracy in the world.(F)
毫无疑问英国是世界上最古老的表现性的民主。
2、 In Britain,the Process of state-building has been one of
它代表着贵族以及社区。 6、 Which of the following is NOT related to the Constitution? A
下列哪个不是与宪法有关吗? A、 It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.
它包括大亨和代表县和小镇。 B、 It was sometimes summoned by the kings to contribute money.
这是有时国王召见了捐款。 C、It later developed into what we now as the Cabinet.
后来发展成我们现在的内阁。 D、It represented the aristocrats what as well as the communities.
这是一个书面文件列出了政府的基本原则。 B、 It is the foundation of Britain government today.
今天是英国政府的基础。
C、 Conventions and Laws are part of the Parliament and part of
the Constitution. 约定和法律的议会和宪法的一部分。
(完整word版)英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
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大多数(名英国人至少)是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实,男人
和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外,英国经济分为:它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可
能夸大了这个阶级的重要性,因为结构的过程中,大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度,但它
地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义,例如:北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文
化不同,但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图,只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而,
有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础,南部平均较富裕的北方。
部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别,这标志着英国社会,一个可以看到在许多社会中,
但有可能尤其明显,在英国,也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom
该国,我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面
是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么,因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一
个重要的国际作用,只是来到一个在未来数年年底,之后第二次世界大战。然而,一些市民
对英国知道(他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误,英格兰)可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天
过自己的生活。
一方面,帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前,只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的
重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家,尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式,而不
是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分,和国家之间的密切关系,至少它通过一个松散的
统一了英国人,他的神奇的剑,神剑,推动了撒克逊人回来。这是亚瑟王的故事,并已通过
英语国家社会和文化入门课文翻译
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第3单元英国的政府英国可以说是世界上最古老的代议民主制国家主,其代议民主制度起源于1000多年以前。
其它一些国家也有如此悠久的政治历史,但这些历史往往经受突然的暴力性剧变。
尽管英国历史上也曾有过政治不稳定时期,但相对于法国、美国或中国而言,英国的建国历史是一个逐渐演变而不是革命性剧变的过程。
这样长久持续的历史在英国现今的政治体制和政治文化中仍然有所体现。
(政治文化是一个国家有关政权、政府制度及政策制定的理论和价值观等。
)君主政体最古老的政府制度是君主政体(由国王统治)。
这可以追溯到从公元5世纪开始统治英国直到1066年被诺曼人征服的撒克逊人。
埃格伯特国王于公元829年将英格兰统一在自己的统治之下,而现在的女王伊丽莎白二世是他的直系后代。
君王的权利主要来自古老的信条“君权神授”。
它认为君主的权威性是来自上帝的,而不是来自他的臣民们。
虽然有时不同的家庭之间有王位之争,都坚持说自己是王位的合法继承人,但由于有这种神圣的权利,很少有人质疑过君主制是否应该存在。
1000多年来,英国一直是由世袭国王和女王统治。
但有一次短暂的例外。
在17世纪,英格兰共和派“圆颅党人”(之所以称“圆颅党人”是因为这些人公然藐视流行时尚,而把头发剪得非常短)和保皇派之间有一次内战。
圆颅党人由奥列佛·克伦威尔,他想废除君主制,而保皇派卢继续维持它。
1642年,圆颅党人成功地罢黜了国王查理一世,统治了整整11年之后,王朝复辟了。
虽然在理论上,君主有上帝撑腰,但实际上,甚至是在中古时代,人们就认为君主不能无限先例权力,而是应该乐于接受杰出人物的建议。
一群封建地主和都会反对约翰国王(1199-1216)的一些政策。
这种反对势力如此强大以致于国王最终同意给予他们一个自由宪章和一些政治权利,这个自由宪章现在仍然用的是中古时代的拉丁文名称“Magna Carta”(“大宪章”)。
大宪章对于国王进行一些限制,使他不能滥用皇家的权利,这仍然被看作是英国市民有权反对王室的一次典型表现。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案!!!
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英国Unit 3第6题What kind of institution(部门is the House of Lords(上议院)? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门(上议院)British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent (杰出的、卓越的)bishops (主教)of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员),which refers to everyone else。
②They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign (郡主、最高统治者)parliament 议会)they speak and vote .In (as individuals (个人),not as representatives (代表)of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.unit53.What are the three main areas in national economies?Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案National economies can be broken down into three main areas,”primary”industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,”second-ary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s agricultural sector is small (producing 1.4%of the national wealth )but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in (size in the world)and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). )unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?答:(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.(3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and ‘arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text toillustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ。
英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元
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英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元第一篇:英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元Unit 31.The first english settlement: was founded in1607in virginia, and it was organized by the London Company with a charter from the English king James I.2.Puritanism: in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America.3.The declaration of independence: written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, proclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies.4.George Washington: is the first president of the United states, from 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, he managed his lands around Mount Vernon.5..Benjamin Franklin: was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.he is credited as being foundational to the roots of American values and character.Unit 4The Articles of Confederation: After the War was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the congress and with each other.The congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.A federal system: It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.The making of the U.S Constitution:The Articles of Confederation failed.The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation.The delegates from 12 states(Rhode Island refused to participated)gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government.The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up.This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.The executive: The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four year term.A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951.The president can propose legislation to Congress.He can veto any bill passed by Congress.The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.The bill of rights: It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.Homeland security is short for the United States Department of Homeland Security(abbreviated as DHS).It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.With more than 200,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and HumanServices, and Energy.Unit 51.Eli Whitney: made cotton production more efficient by inventing the cotton gin, which rapidly removed the seeds from the bolls of cotton.2.Samuel Slater: built a cotton cloth factory, which started a process of chang that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center.3.Industrial revolution In England, especially machinery run by water power and later by steam power was used to manufacture cloth, this changed the ways that people worked.4.Corporation:In the early years of the United States , banks were one of the few businesses organized in the form of corporations, the creation survived the death of its founder of founders.5.Service industries: industries that sell a service rather than make a product , and now dominate the economy.6.Agribusiness: has been coined to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprise in the modern US economy.7.Stock:very early, people in the United States saw that they could make money by lending it tothose who wanted to start or to extend a business.That led to a creation of an important part of the current economic scene.8.Migrant workers: on large farms ,many of the workers are hired only for a specific chore, many of these seasonal workers travel form farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked.Unit 61.Religious liberty in the US: the great awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines ofprotestant religious group.2.The baptists in the US: are the largest protestant group.They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience.3.Catholic in the US :the largest single religious group , about one-quarter of all Americans are of the Roman Catholic faith, and the majority of them are descendants of immigrants from Ireland.4.Three faiths: by the 1950s, it had developed, Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.5.Religious diversity:since the US has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements, many religious communities and secular utopias in new forms of social living were founded in 18th and 18th century American.unit 7Transcendentalists In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion..A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered aroun d Emerson.They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence.They are known as Transcendentalists.The Scarlet Letter 红字was published in 1850.Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery.In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotionalrepression.3 Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece.Throughthe poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy andcelebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of thecommonman.Unit 81.Elementary school: it usually means grades kindergarten(K)through 8, but in some places, the elementary school includes only grades K to 62.Higher education: the system of higher education in the US is complex, it comprises four categories of institutions:1 the university 2 the four-year undergraduate institution 3 the technical training institution 4 the two-year or community college.3.ACT: in 1944, congress passed the servicemen' s readjustment ACT, it promised financial aid, including aid for higher education , to member of the armed forces after the end of World War 2.4.affirmative action programs: by the end of 1960s, some colleges introduced special plans and programs to equalize educational opportunities, some of these plans were called“..”.Their goal was to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.Unit 9The Greensboro sit-in was an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history.It was a series of nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States.The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.3.The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browderv.Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional..Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 –April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[1] He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[2] King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.[3]Counterculture: Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Unit 101.the black “underclass”:some blacks have been left behind, and urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.2.Poverty as a social problem: it means greater susceptibility to disease , to alcoholism, to victimization by criminals, and to mental disorders.Poverty can mean low self-esteem, despair,and stunting of human potential.poverty raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.3.Socially stratified American society: it is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the rewards the society offers.4.Drug abuse as a social problem: it is in the US has come to be regarder as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.the “drug problem” is perceived by most Americans as a major threat to our society, particularly to its younger members.5.White-collar crimes: theyare affected by police reporting practices and have to be viewed against the fact that many crimes are unreported.since higher-income classes are far more involved in white-collar crime, the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.6.The abuse of power by government: it has been apparent that the major organizations in American society sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.The lack of public answerability of these organizations has become a major social problem.,7.The power by corporations:they argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials, block reforms they consider undesirable.8.Richard Nixon: he was marked by a well-founded public belief that his administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people.He was pardoned by his successor and escaped accountability for his acts in office.第二篇:英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释1.American IndiansAmerican Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to theAmericas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting fortheir freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The documentdeclared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of ConfederationAfter the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak nationalgovernment called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contributemoney to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli WhitneyEli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which maderemoving the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of massproduction.9.service industriesService industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stockWhen starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,JrMartin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter CultureIn the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared aphenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward socialmores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimesWhite-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as thecrimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion andso on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by governmentPeople believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the ernment in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard NixonRichard Buxib was the former P resident of the United states… Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racialand religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeentCanada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976 The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, itmeaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarchingCanadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the FirstNation s”because they are the original inhabitants of thecountry, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workersMany big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process ofchange that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.第三篇:英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门节日蒙特利尔爵士音乐节世界上最有名的国际爵士音乐节之一。
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)
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英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)第三单元American Beginnings什么是美国的?这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人,更是美国人常常问自己。
当美国人感到困惑,或者当他们在危机时,他们问他们是谁,并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。
事实上,这个著名的问题时,首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。
在1782年,这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书,从美国的农民,他所提出的问题,并回答了自己提出的信:“那么,什么是美国,这个新好男人?他要么是欧洲,或子孙欧洲,因此,随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起,你会发现在没有其他国家。
我可以向你指出,一个家庭,其祖父是英国人,他的妻子是一位荷兰人,他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女,其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。
他是美国人,谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式,收到他的生活已经接受,他的新政府遵循的新模式新,而新职,他认为。
· · ·在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人,他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。
· · ·美国是一个新好男人,谁原则的行为后,新的巨大变化,他因此必须招待新的想法,和形式。
· ·新意见·这是一个美国人。
“据克雷弗克,在那些日子里,美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿,如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。
今天,美国情况较为复杂。
在美国家庭中,有可能是儿子,儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。
为了理解这一点,美国,让我们回到美国的过去。
A New Land美国大陆的人居住,作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动,第一个来自亚洲,欧洲和非洲的第二位。
第一乐章开始大概25 000年前,当西伯利亚部落,在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人,在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。
西方国家社会与文化入门Unit Three
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The Birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1. the Cabinet ※ How: To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament ※ Who: a group of important Parliamentarians the king or queen met regularly. (Cabinet minister were appointed by the sovereorced by some feudal barons and the Church, Signed by King John ※ Function: place some limits on the King's power ; It's regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.
The Parliament
1. The term was first used offically in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money. ※"parliament" comes from the verb "to parley"-------to discuss or talk
3. The civil war ※ Time: in the 17th century ※ Root: a dispute over the power of the king and Parliament; the effort to reassert the rights of Parliament ※ Both sides: republican "Roundheads" led by Oliver Cromwell VS royalists; Parliament VS the King
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Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家,可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史,但这些历史是由突发期显着,而经常是暴力,改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比,说,法国,美国,还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化,而不是革命。
这种长期,不间断的历史仍然十分明显,在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构,是最古老的君主(由国王规则)。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的,直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世,是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特,谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力,主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为,主权来自他从上帝的权威,不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利,尽管有不同的家庭之间,有时谁坚持战斗,他们以合法的王位继承人,君主制的实际存在,很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首,但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”(即所谓的,因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短)由奥利弗克伦威尔,谁想要废除君主制,并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年,成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中,即使在中世纪,人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反,主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大,拥有土地的封建贵族,其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王(1199年至1216年的一些帮派)的政策。
这种反对如此强烈,国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章,但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力,他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”,即,讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会,如果他想筹集资金。
传统上,中世纪国王本应继续以自己的财富,他们自己的王室开支。
如果需要额外的资源-例如,如果一个国王要发动一场战争,他经常做-他将试图说服大议会,是一种收集领先,富有贵族几次开会一年,让他提供了一些额外的钱。
到了13世纪,国王发现,他们不能入不敷出的要钱此相当小,所以他们大议会扩大到包括县,市,镇的代表,让他们协助他的项目。
正是在这样的大会来到既包括那些被传唤谁的名字“”(即上议院)和社区的代表(下议院)。
这两个房子今天存在的和集体的,我们称他们为议会。
下议院很快就政治力量。
他们愿意帮助提高税收和通过法律的国王,但作为回报,他们希望越来越国王的是什么,在做说。
认识到这一点,亨利四世下令在1407年,所有的钱补助应在审议和下议院批准,然后由上议院,一个公式,这几乎是一致的今天审议。
英国下议院还获得制定法律的由15世纪的权力,特权是曾经只属于国王和他的委员。
内战使17世纪的圆颅党的权力植根于一种对国王相一相对于议会的权力纠纷。
詹姆斯一世和他的继任者查尔斯我都坚持自己的君权神授。
他们认为议会,代表社会,没有真正的政治权利的存在,但只存在因为国王允许它这样做。
这是为了重申议会是导致内战的权利。
在保皇党军队被击败,国王查尔斯一世在1649年执行。
但到1660年,查理一世的儿子恢复到查尔斯二世。
下一个国王詹姆斯二世,有一点显然吸取了前几十年的经验,还试图执政未经议会同意。
领先的政治家和教会当局问詹姆斯的儿子,女婿,奥兰治的威廉,代替他。
作为回报,这些代表威廉承诺,他将宣布执政未经议会同意,是非法的。
这可能导致另一场内战,但詹姆斯和威廉跑了接管。
在1689年议会通过的人权法案,确保国王将永远无法忽视议会。
The Birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 为了确保王国政府与议会之间的国王或王后的良好关系,定期会晤的重要议员小组,一而成为内阁称为组。
虽然内阁部长被任命的主权,他们不得不在下议院足够的支持,使他们能够说服国会通过的法律和税收投票。
在1714年,执政的王后去世不会产生王位继承人,因此英国在“进口”从德国的皇室成员,英国统治。
新国王乔治一世的英语很蹩脚,而并非对政治很感兴趣无论如何,因此他离开了主持内阁会议,他的一名部长的工作。
随着时间的推移,他后来被称为总理。
虽然国王或王后谁是对政治有兴趣仍然非常有影响力,议会正在慢慢地成为更强大,特别是当它变得更有组织。
在1832年,当选择由普选下议院系统取代了国王的任命代表的工作,现代政治制度的诞生。
国会议员(国会)组装成团体,它最终将成为政党,其中提出的政策,并批准举办的团体选民的想法。
同在下议院的大多数支持者党组成政府,并按照传统,该党魁成为总理。
The British Government Today从这个简短的历史中,我们可以看出,英国政府今天是深受其影响早已过去。
英国既是一个议会民主制和君主立宪制。
尽管国家主管的是女王,她的权力,主要是传统和象征。
在国家和当地各级人民和当选执政根据英国宪法原则的政府。
由于英国的帝国的过去,当世界上许多其他角落都来自伦敦的统治,我们发现在许多前殖民地政府的类似系统。
这是根据管辖英国议会民主的原则的国家有澳大利亚,加拿大,新西兰和印度。
但印度承认所有作为国家元首的女王,以及官方代表,被称为总督,是在目前这种君主立宪制,以实现对君主的作用。
The Constitution今天是英国的管治后的条款和条件为基础的宪法。
以色列和英国是仅有的两个没有的那种,大多数国家有成文宪法的国家。
而不是让一个特定的文件,列出了一个国家应该如何管治,英国国家的基础是成文法规定,即由议会通过的法律的基本原则清单;的共同规律,这是法律的通过共同建立了在法庭上的做法,不是因为他们已致函议会;和公约,这些规则和做法不合法存在,但他们却是至关重要的政府工作视为。
Parliament议会有不同的作用。
首先,它通过法律。
另一个重要的功能是,它提供了对政府的工作由投票方式来征税。
它的其他角色,负责审核政府的政策,行政和开支,并进行辩论当天的重大问题。
议会是最高权力在英国状态,因为它本身就有权改变宪法的条款。
例如,英国决定加入欧洲联盟(欧盟)需要修改宪法,因为这意味着承认,欧盟的法律将在特定情况下超过英国法的重要。
根据议会目前没有法律限制。
它可以制作或修改法律,改变或推翻既定的常规,甚至没有咨询延长选民自己的生命。
但是,它不维护其霸权地位,但考虑到熊普通法和行为根据先例。
严格来说,今天的议会由英国女王,上议院和下议院组成。
这三个机构都必须同意通过任何法律。
但是,大多数日常提到议会指上议院的运作和/或风景,与君主视为一个单独的机构。
这是因为即使女王必须同意通过一项法律,这种同意是理所当然给。
最后王室拒绝是在1707年。
The role of the monarch today在今天的君主的角色主要是象征传统和英国的国家统一。
显然,总理和执政在任何时候,党就只占人口的一部分,在他们投了赞成票。
女王,但是,因为她是非政治性的,属于大家。
根据宪法,她的其他角色的范围如下:她是合法的行政负责人,对立法,司法机构负责人,司令,武装部队总参谋长和“最高州长英国教会”的一个组成部分。
在1988年调查显示,大多数英国人认为,英国女王最重要的工作是代表在国内外英国,她的第二个最重要的工作是建立良好的公民和家庭生活标准。
虽然女王,其实是制造一种模范生活,她的孩子已经被批评为他们贫困的行为。
她的继任者和儿子,查尔斯王子,他的妻子离婚,戴安娜王妃。
故事开始在报章上指出,声称他们两人都发生婚外情。
她的儿子中,安德鲁,他的妻子也离婚,莎拉弗格森(通称弗格森称)。
安德鲁和弗格森特别都是批评的喷气制定的生活方式和他们浪费金钱的方式。
虽然女王是独立的富裕,在英国皇家家庭提供大量财政支持来自纳税人,据说在事实王室履行对英国人民的名义担保的作用。
这导致了极大的争议,近年来。
1992年,经过了安德鲁和弗格森分开,报纸发表了一名半裸姬和她的“财务顾问”,一个富有的德克萨斯围绕一个游泳池边,图片。
人们被激怒了,因为他们的税钱是用来支持这种颓废。
不久之后,查尔斯和戴安娜还宣布,他们分离和他们婚外情的指控开始出现在报刊上。
女王的孩子批评导致对君主制更普遍的批评和辩论来1992年11月1头火灾做了温莎城堡的损害很大。
政府立即提出五零零零零零零零英镑'纳税人的金钱价值来支付维修。
选民非常生气:英国在经济衰退和医院,学校等基本的东西,是被迫削减他们的服务,因为公众的钱是如此稀少。
他们认为这是非常不公平的女王,谁是令人难以置信的富裕,没有自己纳税,不应该支付至少修理的一部分。
纳税人已经支付的白金汉宫,温莎城堡,其他三个宫殿,皇家游艇,皇室的火车和皇家飞机的运行费用。
作为争论的结果,提供给女王开始纳税,并接受公众的钱不支持她的家人。
她也开始公开在夏季白金汉宫游客,以筹集资金来支付维修。
她愿意在流行的再次要求爱戴她的子民,虽然她的孩子仍然相当不受欢迎。
阿的女王,这是非常重要的但英国政坛鲜为人知的作用,是一名亲信向总理。
每周星期二,总理出席了女王在白金汉宫的私人。
在她登基40年来,英国女王已与9个不同总理每周聊天,他们说,她的长期经验和政治中立,她就在一天的治理问题,一天她知情观察好来源。
有趣的是,女王说,与工党的大部分比总理与首相的保守党获得。
The House of Lords andThe House of Commons 下面是英国女王的上议院。
它由上议院精神,谁是大主教和英国圣公会主教最突出的,以及上议院时空,这是指每个人。
上议院,通常称为同龄人,是不是选举出来的,不能视为代表除了自己的任何人。
他们坐在上议院是因为它们继承了他们祖先座位(贵族身份只能通过父系传递),或者因为他们任命了主权,在总理的建议(1958年创建的做法)。
后面这些被称为终身贵族。
因为同龄人的任命或给予其出生到一个特殊的家庭权利,在议会发言的,作为个人投票,作为国家的更大利益的代表不收,当然公民意识的同伴都尽力为自己的国家,而牺牲自己的利益。
不像那些谁在下议院任职,他们不领取的工资,许多人没有参加议会的。
1993年有1 213上议院:776人世袭贵族,391名终身贵族,20名上议院(选择一个特别小组,以协助其司法职责,院),其余的上议院精神。
平均只有375定期出席了会议。
如今的英国上议院的组成被认为是一种性别歧视,同时由于在上议院席位的多数通过父系线下来的贵族精英的方式。
这很可能将作出努力,改革上议院,使之更有效和更现代的未来10年的机构。
最后,还有下议院目前的约650位国会议员(国会议员),由人民选出他们的代表组成。