lecture 6 情态Interpersonal meaning modality 系统功能语言学概论课件
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❖ 11)What underlies all this sound and fury? ❖ 12)Is the claim of the G. R C. Merriam
Company, probably the world's greatest dictionary maker, ❖ 13)that the preparation of the work cost $3.5 million, ❖ 14)that it required the efforts of three hundred scholar s over a period of twenty – seven years, working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled in any language – 16)is all this a fraud, a hoax ?
❖ MODALITY is realized by 1. Finite modal operator
It cannot happen without you. to those Americans whose support I have yet to earn, I may not
have won your vote,
Company Logo
The function of yes/no in English
1. As Mood Adjunct
standing alone, for an ellipsed clause Are you one of them? Yes.
2. As Polarity Adjunct
2. modal Adjunct
Absolutely tonight is your answer.
3. both above 4. Metaphor of modality
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modalized negation
❖ Probability:
▪ that can’t be true
Modalization情态
❖The intermediate degrees between asserting （断言）and denying （否定） in proposition. Two types:
▪ 1. possibility (概率): “either yes or no”, different degree of likelihood possibly, probably, certainly It cannot happen without you.
❖ Even a high value modal is less determinate than a polar form.
▪ “certainly tonight is your answer” is less certain than “tonight is your answer”
▪ It rains in summer—higher in usuality than it always rains in summer
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modality
❖ There are intermediate degrees of possibility/usuality…between yes/no.
❖ These intermediate degrees are known collectively as MODALITY.
Are you one of them? Yes, you are right.
3. As textual adjunct:
in unstressed initial position, introducing a clause as continuity items
Mary has come. Yes, she arrived moment ago, but still in time.
❖ Usuality:
▪ that seldom happens
❖ Obligation:
▪ you are not expected to stay
❖ Inclination:
▪ I refrain from the thought of stay
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modality
❖ 8)Life called it "a non-word deluge " monstrous ", " abominable ," and "a cause for dismay."
❖ 9)They doubted that ❖ 10)"Lincoln could have modelled his
▪ I want to/I’d like to/I’m willing to/’m happy to/I’m determined to lend you the book
❖ Modulation allows speakers to express their judgments or attitudes about actions and events.
projecting process I think
younger ones through them. At any
conjunction
if
rate, it was there and I am sure that even then we had begun asking
ourselves the unanswerable question:
4. “not”as Mood Adjunct
She couldn’t possibly not have known about it.
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Yes, we can…
▪ And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her century in America — the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't and the people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes, we can…. A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in Berlin, a world was connected by our own science and imagination. And this year, in this election, she touched her finger to a screen and cast her vote, because after 106 years in America, through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America can change. Yes, we can.
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
MODULLATION意态
❖ The intermediate degrees of prescribing (规 定)and proscribing（禁止）.
1. obligation (义务); in a command allowed to/supposed to/required to
REALIZATION
modal adjunct possibly
of shame in us that our mother should be brought down to so low a position in the town life was due to remarks
epithet
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modulated clauses
1. commands, offers and suggestions
you should be going (commands: obligation) I’ll be waiting for you (offer: inclination) we ought to be going (suggestion: obligation)
▪ 2. usuality（频度）: “both yes or no”, different degree of oftenness
sometimes/usually/always
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modalization情态
❖ METAPHORICAL
❖ Of course it is possible that the feeling
Gettysburg Address" on it – a concept of how tle light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life.
Company Logo
Polarity and Modality
possible
made by other children in our street.
thing
possibility
relational process (suggest)
The same may have come at first into the minds of the two older children, and may have been transmitted to us
❖ Eggins (1994:182)
▪ Modalization is a very rich area of the grammar, allowing great subtlety in the expression of judgment of certainty and usuality. Paradoxically, however, it turns out that : …the more we say something is certain ,the less certain it is.
“Why is it that this one is born in a big
house …” … It was a kind of shame,
and I am quite sure that at a very
early age it took the form of despising
our father. (Sherwood Anderson)
▪ What began 21 months ago in the depths of winter must not end on this autumn night.
2. inclination(意愿):in an offer willing to/anxious to/determined to
▪ …the use of modality at all, however strong it appears, makes our proposition more tentative than it would be without the modality.
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Lecture 6
Interpersonal meaning: modality
Compan钟y 兰凤
LOGO英语系
Polarity and Modality
❖ 7)The Journal of the American Bar Association saw the publication as " deplorable ," "a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility," "a serious blow to the cause of good English."
Company, probably the world's greatest dictionary maker, ❖ 13)that the preparation of the work cost $3.5 million, ❖ 14)that it required the efforts of three hundred scholar s over a period of twenty – seven years, working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled in any language – 16)is all this a fraud, a hoax ?
❖ MODALITY is realized by 1. Finite modal operator
It cannot happen without you. to those Americans whose support I have yet to earn, I may not
have won your vote,
Company Logo
The function of yes/no in English
1. As Mood Adjunct
standing alone, for an ellipsed clause Are you one of them? Yes.
2. As Polarity Adjunct
2. modal Adjunct
Absolutely tonight is your answer.
3. both above 4. Metaphor of modality
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modalized negation
❖ Probability:
▪ that can’t be true
Modalization情态
❖The intermediate degrees between asserting （断言）and denying （否定） in proposition. Two types:
▪ 1. possibility (概率): “either yes or no”, different degree of likelihood possibly, probably, certainly It cannot happen without you.
❖ Even a high value modal is less determinate than a polar form.
▪ “certainly tonight is your answer” is less certain than “tonight is your answer”
▪ It rains in summer—higher in usuality than it always rains in summer
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modality
❖ There are intermediate degrees of possibility/usuality…between yes/no.
❖ These intermediate degrees are known collectively as MODALITY.
Are you one of them? Yes, you are right.
3. As textual adjunct:
in unstressed initial position, introducing a clause as continuity items
Mary has come. Yes, she arrived moment ago, but still in time.
❖ Usuality:
▪ that seldom happens
❖ Obligation:
▪ you are not expected to stay
❖ Inclination:
▪ I refrain from the thought of stay
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modality
❖ 8)Life called it "a non-word deluge " monstrous ", " abominable ," and "a cause for dismay."
❖ 9)They doubted that ❖ 10)"Lincoln could have modelled his
▪ I want to/I’d like to/I’m willing to/’m happy to/I’m determined to lend you the book
❖ Modulation allows speakers to express their judgments or attitudes about actions and events.
projecting process I think
younger ones through them. At any
conjunction
if
rate, it was there and I am sure that even then we had begun asking
ourselves the unanswerable question:
4. “not”as Mood Adjunct
She couldn’t possibly not have known about it.
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Yes, we can…
▪ And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her century in America — the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't and the people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes, we can…. A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in Berlin, a world was connected by our own science and imagination. And this year, in this election, she touched her finger to a screen and cast her vote, because after 106 years in America, through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America can change. Yes, we can.
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
MODULLATION意态
❖ The intermediate degrees of prescribing (规 定)and proscribing（禁止）.
1. obligation (义务); in a command allowed to/supposed to/required to
REALIZATION
modal adjunct possibly
of shame in us that our mother should be brought down to so low a position in the town life was due to remarks
epithet
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modulated clauses
1. commands, offers and suggestions
you should be going (commands: obligation) I’ll be waiting for you (offer: inclination) we ought to be going (suggestion: obligation)
▪ 2. usuality（频度）: “both yes or no”, different degree of oftenness
sometimes/usually/always
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Modalization情态
❖ METAPHORICAL
❖ Of course it is possible that the feeling
Gettysburg Address" on it – a concept of how tle light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life.
Company Logo
Polarity and Modality
possible
made by other children in our street.
thing
possibility
relational process (suggest)
The same may have come at first into the minds of the two older children, and may have been transmitted to us
❖ Eggins (1994:182)
▪ Modalization is a very rich area of the grammar, allowing great subtlety in the expression of judgment of certainty and usuality. Paradoxically, however, it turns out that : …the more we say something is certain ,the less certain it is.
“Why is it that this one is born in a big
house …” … It was a kind of shame,
and I am quite sure that at a very
early age it took the form of despising
our father. (Sherwood Anderson)
▪ What began 21 months ago in the depths of winter must not end on this autumn night.
2. inclination(意愿):in an offer willing to/anxious to/determined to
▪ …the use of modality at all, however strong it appears, makes our proposition more tentative than it would be without the modality.
CMomopdaanlyitLyogo
Lecture 6
Interpersonal meaning: modality
Compan钟y 兰凤
LOGO英语系
Polarity and Modality
❖ 7)The Journal of the American Bar Association saw the publication as " deplorable ," "a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility," "a serious blow to the cause of good English."