英文IE知识课件

Anthropometric Data
Static measures – are used to determine size and spacing requirements of work space, eg., height, weight, seat to elbow height, and wing span.Dynamic measures – are used to match the dynamic characteristics of controls to user, eg., range of motion for various joints, and strength of fingers.
Ergonomics Principles
3. Keep everything in easy reacheg. Keep materials within the “reach envelope” of the arm.
Ergonomics Principles
4. Work at proper heightseg. Heavy work should be performed lower than elbow height; precision work should be higher.
Ergonomics Principles
5. Reduce excessive motions eg. Use power screwdriver.6. Minimize static load eg. Use a pencil grip.
Ergonomics Principles
7. Minimize pressure points eg. Provide padding for hand grips.8. Provide clearanceeg. Provide visual access (carton delivery).
Objectives
To enhance the work effectiveness and efficiency.Increased convenience of use Reduced errors Increased productivity To enhance human values.Improved safetyReduced fatigue and stressIncreased comfortGreater user acceptanceIncreased job satisfaction Improved quality of life
Smallest user:5th percentile
Adequate clearance to avoid unwanted contact or trapping
Cinema seats
Shoulder or hip width, thigh length
Largest user: 95th percentile
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2
3
4
Items for Assembly Line Balancing Table
% Load: Tell how busy each work station is compared to the busiest work station.% Load = Avg. cycle time / highest avg. cycle time.Highest avg. cycle time (100% station) is the bottleneck.100% station is reduced by 1%, then we will save 1% for all stations.The less percent loaded, the more desirable to be sub-assembled or combined.
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Items for Assembly Line Balancing Table
Hours / 1000 : The hours per 1000 units produced.Choose the bottleneck station.= (Avg. cycle time / 60 mins) x 1000 For more than one workers at the station, “hrs/1000” = # workers x “hrs/1000” of bottleneck.Because everyone on an assembly line must work at the same rate.Pcs. / hr :Number of units produced hourly by one worker at the station.= 1 / “Hrs/1000” X 1000
Anthropometry
DefinitionMeasurement of the human body and its biomechanical characteristics.Biomechanical refers to the mechanical (machine-like) capabilities of the human skeleton-muscular systems.Measures our sizes and how we move and move easily.Need of AnthropometryWe are not in the same size.Poor design for mechanical abilities of the human body can lead to discomfort or injury.Eg. Height of keyboard for a computer.
Ergonomics Principles
9. Move, exercise, and stretch eg. Change adjustments of the chair for those sit for a long time.10. Maintain a comfortable environment eg. Consider the quantity and quality of light at the workstation.
Table for Assembly Line Balancing
No.
Operation
R-Value
Cycle time
# stations
Avg. cycle tiபைடு நூலகம்e
% Load
Hrs / 1000
Pcs. / hr
A1
Sub-assembly
0.216
0.21
1
0.21
100
3.5
285
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Items for Assembly Line Balancing Table
R-value (plant rate): Takt time or time needed to produce a product.= effective production time / required production volume.Cycle time:Standard time for operation.Collected from time study.# stations:= Cycle time / R-valueAverage cycle time:= Cycle time / # stations
Ergonomics
DefinitionApply information about human behavior, abilities, limitations, and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, system, tasks, jobs, and environments for productive, safe, comfortable, and effective human use.
Examples
Design aims
Design examples:
Examples of measurements to consider:
Users that the design should accommodate:
Easy reach
Shelving
Arm length, shoulder height
A2
Assembly
0.216
0.441
3
0.147
70
10.5
95
Major items: operation description, R-value, cycle time, number of stations, average cycle time, percent load, hours per 1000 pieces, and number of pieces per hour. An example is as follows.
Special fitting
Headphones
Head circumference
Maximum range:5th to 95th percentile (adjustable design)
Assembly Line Balancing
Equalize workload among the assemblies.Identify the bottleneck operation.Establish the speed of the assembly line.Determine the number of work stations.Determine the labor cost of assembly.Establish the percent workload of each operator.Assist in plant layout.Reduce production cost.
Anthropometric Data
The anthropometric data is performed in normal distribution.50th percentile is the most of the population.5th and 95th percentiles are the extremes.
How to use anthropometric data
Design for extremesA standard is to design to fit 5th or 95th percentiles of the population.Design for most of the population 50th percentile of the population should be used.Make the design adjustable The design can fit 5th to 95th percentiles of the population.
Work Design
Methods ImprovementErgonomicsAssembly line balancingPrinciples of motion economyVarious type of chartsWork measurementTime studyActivity sampling
Twelve Principles of Ergonomics
1. Work in neutral postureseg. Wrist rests for keyboard and mouse.2. Reduce excessive forceseg. Boxes with handholds for carrying.
A comfortable and safe posture
Worksurface heights
Elbow height, sitting eye height, elbow height (sitting or standing)
Most of the users:50th percentile
Ergonomics Principles
11. Make displays and controls understandable eg. Clicking is easier than memorizing commands.12. Reduce stress eg. Design task to fit people.