高中英语阅读理解(科普环保)解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)

高中英语阅读理解(科普环保)解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)
一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

When athletes at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics collect their medals, they'll not only be wearing something that celebrates their sporting performance, but something that symbolizes lastingness. For both the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics, organizers aim to make all of the gold, silver, and bronze medals out of used electronics. This strong message about how to make use of e-waste has gotten a lot of Japan involved.
Starting in April 2017, the Japanese Olympic Committee began collecting old laptops, digital cameras, smartphones, and other abandoned electronics. The initiative (倡议) has achieved great success. Already, the quantity needed for bronze medals has been met, and they're in the homestretch for silver and gold medals, meaning the collection process can pack up at the end of March.
When looking just at the number of cell phones collected, the amount of waste is shocking. In a period of about 18 months, a little over 5 million smartphones were collected thanks to cooperation with NTT DOCOMO. Japan's largest mobile phone operator allowed the public to turn in phones at their shops, which counted a lot in the project's success.
After being taken apart and sorted, the small electronics underwent a smelting process to extract (提炼) all the gold, silver, and bronze elements. Thanks to this initiative, the worldwide struggle with e-waste will have a global platform. According to a study published by the United Nations University—44.7 million metric tons of e-waste were made in 2016. Only 20% of that was actually recycled. Unfortunately, this figure is set to rise significantly in the coming years, moving to 52.2 million metric tons by 2021. So while the Tokyo Olympics initiative might be just a drop in the bucket, it's a good start in showing what the public can do if they're made more aware of the issue.
（1）What can be learnt about Tokyo Olympics initiative from the passage?
A. E-waste in the world is increasing significantly.
B. It is easy to get elements needed from the used electronics.
C. Only producers of electronics participated in the project.
D. NTT DOCOMO contributed to the success of the project.
（2）Which can best replace the underlined word "homestretch" in Paragraph 2?
A. starting period
B. collection effort
C. final stage
D. hard search
（3）What influence does the Tokyo Olympics initiative have?
A. It offers an effective method to solve the problem of e-waste.
B. It shows the power of advanced technology in daily life.
C. It saves the expense spent in making all the medals.
D. It encourages the public's involvement in dealing with e-waste.
（4）What is the writer's attitude to the Tokyo Olympics initiative?
A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Ambiguous
D. Indifferent
【答案】（1）D
（2）C
（3）D
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了日本将回收利用废弃的电子产品中的金属，用于制作2020年奥运会奖牌。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第三段中的" In a period of about 18 months, a little over 5 million smartphones were collected thanks to cooperation with NTT DOCOMO. "在大约18个月的时间里，由于与NTT Docomo的合作，收集了500多万部智能手机，故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。

根据第二段中的"Already, the quantity needed for bronze medals has been met, and they're in the homestretch for silver and gold medals, meaning the collection process can pack up at the end of March. "铜牌所需要的数量已经达到了，并且到了最后关头，也就是说，收集过程可以在3月底完成。

in the homestretch 固定短语，“最后关头”，故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的" So while the Tokyo Olympics initiative might be just a drop in the bucket, it's a good start in showing what the public can do if they're made more aware of the issue. "所以尽管东京奥运会的提议只是杯水车薪，这是一个很好的开始，展示了如果公众对这个问题有了更多的认识，他们能做些什么。

故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。

根据全文的描述，可知作者对于东京奥运倡议是持积极的态度，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解
Slowly but surely we're moving closer and closer to 5G world. From smart-home security to self-driving cars, all the internet-connected devices in your life will be able to talk to each other at lightning-fast speeds with reduced delay, Objectively speaking, the fastest 4G download speeds in the U. S. top out at an average of 19.42 Mbps. But by comparison 5G promises gigabit (千兆) speeds.
“5G is one of those signs, along with artificial intelligence, of this coming data age,” said Steve Koenig, senior director of market research for the Consumer Technology Assoc iation. “The self-driving vehicle is a great emblem of this data age, and that is to say, it is a sign of time, because with one single task, driving, you have massive amounts of data coming from the vehicle itself, and a variety of sensors are collecting a lot of information to model its environment as it moves. It's pulling in data from other vehicles about road conditions down the lane. It could be weather information, but also connected infrastructure (基础设施) construction. There's lots of data behind that task, which is why we need high speed.
Augmented reality glasses and virtual headset haven't yet broken the mainstream, but tech companies are joyfully betting that these devices will eventually replace our smartphones. With 5G, that could actually happen. This is notable because companies such as Apple are reportedly developing AR glasses to assist — or perhaps even replace — smartphones.
Ericsson stated at February's Mobile World Congress how smart glasses could become faster and lighter with a 5G connection, because instead of being weighed down with components, the glasses could rely on hardware for processing power.
But don't get too excited. There's still a lot of work to be done in the meantime, including various trials to make sure the radios play nicely with hardware and infrastructure construction so 5G isn't concentrated only in big cities.
（1）What does the author want to stress in Paragraph 1?
A. The lighting-fast speed of 5G.
B. The expectation of 5G world.
C. The difference between 4G and 5G.
D. The internet-connected devices in our life.
（2）What does the underlined word "emblem" in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Exhibition.
B. Success.
C. Symbol.
D. Explanation.
（3）We can infer from the text that ________.
A. 5G world won't come without AR glasses
B. 5G helps to create the artificial intelligence vehicle
C. Apple company is developing AR glasses worldwide
D. Tech companies will face the fact that smartphones may be replaced
（4）What will the author probably tell us next?
A. How to fully expand 5G coverage.
B. Smart glasses will become faster and lighter.
C. Why 5G isn't concentrated in big cities.
D. The importance of infrastructure construction.
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）D
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了我们离5G世界越来越近了。

（1）考查段落大意。

根据第一段中的“Slowly but surely, we're moving closer and closer to 5G world.”缓慢但肯定的是，我们离5G世界越来越近了。

可知，作者在第一段想强调“5G光速快。

”故选A。

（2）考查词义猜测。

根据第二段中的“and that is to say, it is a sign of tim”也就是说，这是时间的标志，”可知，划线词的意思是“标志，象征”。

故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据第三段中的“This is notable because companies such as Apple are reportedly developing AR glasses to assist — or perhaps even replace —smartphones.”这一点值得注意，因为据报道，苹果(Apple)等公司正在开发增强现实眼镜，以帮助——甚至取代——智能手机。

” 可知，我们可以从文中推断，科技公司将面临智能手机可能被取代的事实。

故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“But don't get too excited. There's still a lot of work to be done in the meantime, including various trials to make sure the radios play nicely with
hardware and infrastructure construction so 5G isn't concentrated only in big cities.”但是不要太激动。

与此同时，仍有很多工作要做，包括各种试验，以确保收音机能很好地配合硬件和基础设施建设，这样5G就不会只集中在大城市。

”可知，作者接下来可能会告诉我们“如何全面扩大5G覆盖。

”故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及段落大意，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解
Kaitlin Woolley and Ayelet Fishbach report in Psychological Science that a meal taken "family-style" from a central plate can greatly improve the outcome of later negotiations.
Having conducted previous research in 2017 revealing that eating similar foods led to people feeling emotionally closer to one another, Dr Woolley and Dr Fishbach wondered whether the way in which food was served also had a psychological effect. They theorized that, on the one hand, sharing food with other people might indicate food scarcity（短缺）and increase a feeling of competition. However, they also reasoned that it could instead lead people to become more aware of others' needs and drive cooperative behavior as a result. Curious to find out, they did a series of experiments.
For the first test they recruited 100 pairs of participants from a local cafe, none of whom knew each other. The participants were seated at a table and fed tortilla chips with salsa. Half the pairs were given their own basket of 20 grams of chips and a bowl of 25 grams of salsa, and half were given 40 grams of chips and 50 grams of salsa to share. As a cover for the experiment, all participants were told this snack was to be consumed before the game began.
The game asked the participants to negotiate an hourly wage rate during a fictional strike. Each person was randomly assigned to represent the union or management and follow a set of rules. The researchers measured cooperation by noting the number of rounds it took to reach an agreement, and found that those who shared food resolved the strike significantly faster（in 8. 7rounds）than those who did not（13.2 rounds）. A similar experiment was conducted with 104
participants and Goldfish crackers（饼干）, this time negotiating an airline's route prices. The results were much the same, with the food-sharers negotiating successfully 63. 3%of the time and those who did not share doing so 42. 9%of the time.
（1）What does the "family-style" meal in the report refer to？
A. A meal taken at home.
B. A meal shared with others.
C. A meal consumed by oneself.
D. A meal taken in a family atmosphere.
（2）For what purpose did the researchers carry out the present experiments?
A. To show the way food is served.
B. To prove sharing food increases competition.
C. To confirm sharing food can promote cooperation.
D. To find out whether sharing food can get people close emotionally.
（3）Why were participants asked to eat up the snack before the game?
A. To add to their energy.
B. To reward them for their participation.
C. To hide the intention of the experiment.
D. To avoid the distraction during the game.
【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了外交宴席的心理学，研究表明，从中间菜采取的“家庭式”餐，可以大大改善后续谈判的结果。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“They theorized that, on the one hand, sharing food with other people might indicate food scarcity（短缺）and increase a feeling of competition. However, they also reasoned that it could instead lead people to become more aware of others' needs and drive cooperative behavior as a result.”他们形成了一套理论，认为一方面，与他人一起吃饭可能表明粮食短缺，并加强了竞争的概念。

然而，他们还推断，这种方式可能会导致人们更加了解他人的需求，从而推动合作性的行为。

可知family-style指的是与别人一起用餐，故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“However, they also reasoned that it could instead lead people to become more aware of others' needs and drive cooperative behavior as a result. Curious to find out, they did a series of experiments.”然而，他们还推断，这种方式可能会导致人们更加了解他人的需求，从而推动合作性的行为。

出于好奇心，他们做了一系列实验。

可知选C。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“As a cover for the experiment, all participants were told this snack was to be consumed before the game began.”作为实验的掩护，所有受试者都得告在游戏开始前就要吃完这些零食。

可知选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解
A robot created by Washington State University (WSU) scientists could help elderly people with dementia (痴呆) and other limitations live independently in their own homes.
The Robot Activity Support System or RAS, uses sensors installed in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位) through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple tasks and can even lead its owner to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen.
"RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected," said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
Currently, an estimated 50 percent of adults over the age of 85 need assistance with every day activities such as preparing meals and taking medication and the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050,
researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU smart home will relieve some of the financial strain on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to live alone.
RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to incorporate into their smart home environment. They recently published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that demonstrates how RAS could make life easier for older adults struggling to live independently.
"While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising," Minor said. "The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance with a group of older adults to get a better idea of what prompts, video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot."
（1）How does RAS serve elderly people?
A. Through sensors.
B. Through objects.
C. Through a mobile robot.
D. Through their daily activities.
（2）What can we know about RAS?
A. It is the first robot used in daily life.
B. Its function remains to be tested.
C. It can locate people and do any task.
D. It can cook for owners on its own.
（3）What's Minor's attitude toward the future of RAS?
A. Doubtful.
B. Negative.
C. Optimistic.
D. Uncertain.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Elderly people leave the nursing home.
B. Smart Home Tests first elder-Care robot.
C. RAS, the first robot to make home smart.
D. Older adults have benefited from RAS.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人，可以帮助那些痴呆或有身体缺陷的老年人在家里过上自立的生活。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据章第二段中的“ Th e Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors （传感器）equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities”可知机器人活动支持系统（RAS）使用WSU智能家居中配备的传感器（传感器）来确定其居民在哪里，他们在做什么以及何时需要日常活动的帮助，说明传感器起到了重大的作用，故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance…”可知，这台机器人的表现还要经过进一步的测，说明正在测试阶段，故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“ While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have b een promising”可知，Minor对这款机器人的未来发展充满信心、非常乐观，故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。

纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人。

再根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance ”可知，机器人目前还在华盛顿州立大学的智能屋里进行测试，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．Directions: Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland's past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods(间冰期)in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. "As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there," Axford said. "We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated (迁徙)."
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland's ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. "Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world," said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. "One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today," said Axford.
People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores (冰核) and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
（1）Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs?
A.They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland.
B.They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud.
C.They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought.
D.They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic.
（2）The new information about Greenland is important because______________.
A.researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland's warming speed
B.it can help researchers better predict Greenland's response to warming
C.people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland
D.it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming
（3）Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A.It is easier for today's scientists to find ancient lake deposits.
B.People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today.
C.Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud.
D.Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities.
（4）Which do you think is the best title of the passage?
A.Greenland Used to Be Much Greener
B.Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods
C.Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters
D.Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）D
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在古代沉积物中发现的一条微小线索揭开了格陵兰岛过去和未来气候的大秘密。

就在广阔的格陵兰冰原的西北边缘，研究人员发现了在最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥。

现在研究人员认为，格陵兰北部的冰盖经历了比之前认为的更强烈的变暖。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第一段中的“The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland.”在格陵兰岛西北部，泥浆和常见苍蝇的残骸记录了两次间冰期；以及第二段中的“Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. ”尽管研究人员很早就知道这两个时期——全新世早期和最后一次间冰期——在北极经历了变暖，但混合的蝇类表明格陵兰岛甚至比之前认为的还要热。

可知，在前两段中提到苍蝇的残骸是为了证明格陵兰岛的温度比之前认为的要高得多。

故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“This new information co uld help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. ”可知，这些新信息可以帮助研究人员更好地测量格陵兰岛对气候变暖的敏感性。

故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic co untry and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. ‘Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,’” 可知，格陵兰岛覆盖了这个北极国家的80%，拥有相当于全球海平面20英尺的冰。

“格陵兰西北部可能真的感觉很遥远，但冰盖的变化将关系到世界上每个沿海城市的每个人。

”故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。

本文通过最新的发现——最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥及湖泥中
的苍蝇残骸及其相关研究说明格陵兰岛之前可能更暖和。

因此，本文的最佳标题应为“格陵兰岛曾经更加绿色”。

故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解
According to a team of researchers, an animal's ability to perceive(感知)time is linked to their pace of life.
"Our results lend support to the importance of time perception in animals where the ability to perceive time in a very short time may be the difference between life and death for fast moving creatures." commented lead author Kevin Healy from Trinity College Dublin.
The study was done with a variety of animals using phenomenon based on the maximum speed of flashes of light an individual can see before the light source is seen as constant. Dogs, for example, have eyes with a refresh rate higher than humans.
One example of this phenomenon at work, the authors say, is the housefly and its ability to avoid being hit. The research showed flies "observe motion in a shorter time than our own eyes can achieve, "which allows them to avoid being hit.
Professor Graeme Ruxton of the University of St Andrews in Scotland, who worked jointly on the research project, said in a statement, "Having eyes that send updates to the brain at much higher frequencies than our eyes do is of no value if the brain cannot process that information equally quickly. Thus, this work highlights the impressive abilities of even the smallest animal brains. Flies might not be deep thinkers, but they can make good decisions very quickly."
In comparison, the tiger beetle(虎甲虫)runs faster than its eyes can keep up, basically becoming blind, which requires it to stop periodically to re-evaluate its prey's(猎物)position.
Our results suggest that time perception offers an as yet unstudied dimension along which animals can specialize and there is considerable range to study this system in more detail.
（1）What is the research mentioned in the passage mainly about？
A. Pace of life of animals.
B. Impressive abilities of animals.
C. Lifetime of small animals.
D. Time perception of animals.
（2）What does Kevin Healy's comment mean in Para.2？
A. The survival of fast moving animals relies on their ability to perceive time.
B. Animals with quicker pace of life have better perception of time.
C. The ability of animals to perceive time depends on their high moving speed.
D. Animals with poor ability of time perception have a shorter life.
（3）Why can houseflies avoid being hit?
A. They can think very deeply before they act.
B. They can process the information as quickly as they receive it.
C. They can fly much faster than their eyes can keep up.
D. They can send information to brain more quickly than to their eyes.
（4）What will a tiger beetle have to do to catch a moving prey?
A. Slow down to gain its time perception.
B. Prevent itself from becoming blind.
C. Stop occasionally to spot the prey again.
D. Try to run as fast as it can.
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）B
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了对动物时间感知的研究。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“According to a team of researchers，an animal's ability to perceive（感知）time is linked to their pace of life.”可知，据一组研究人员称，动物感知时间的能力与它们的生活节奏有关，由此可知，文中提到的这个研究是关于动物的时间感知的，故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第二段中的“the importance of time perception in animals where the ability to perceive time in a very short time may be the difference between life and death for fast moving creatures.”可知，对于能快速移动的动物而言，在极短的时间内感知时间的能力可能是生与死的区别，由此可知，Kevin Healy说的意思是快速移动的动物的生存依赖于它们对时间的感知能力，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第四段中的“The research showed flies ‘observe motion in a shorter time than our own eyes can achieve，’which allows them to avoid being hit.”可知，家蝇观察物体运动的时间比我们人眼所能达到的时间要短，这使得它们能够避免被击中；再结合第五段中的“but they can make good decisions very quickly.”可知，它们可以很快做出好的决定，也就是说它们可以尽快处理收到的信息，故选B。

（4）考查细节理解。

根据倒数第二段中的“the tiger beetle（虎甲虫）runs faster than its eyes can keep up，basically becoming blind，which requires it to stop periodically to re-evaluate its prey's（猎物）posi tion”可知，虎甲虫的移动比眼睛快，基本上是盲目的，这就要求它不时地停下来，重新评估猎物的位置，由此可知，为了抓住移动的猎物，虎甲虫需要不时地停下来确定猎物的位置，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解
Like many other people who speak more than one language, I often have the sense that I'm a slightly different person in each of my languages-more confident in English, more relaxed in French, more emotional in Czech. Is it possible that, along with these differences, my moral compass (指南针) also points in somewhat different directions depending on the language I'm using at the time?
Psychologists who study moral judgments have become very interested in this question. The findings of several recent studies suggest that when people are faced with moral dilemmas (困境), they do indeed respond differently when considering them in a foreign language than when using their native tongue.
In a 2014 paper led by Albert Costa volunteers were presented with a moral dilemma known
as the "trolley problem": imagine that a runaway trolley is moving quickly toward a group of five people standing on the tracks, unable to move. You are next to a switch that can move the trolley to a different set of tracks, therefore sparing the five people, but resulting in the death of one who is standing on the side tracks. Do you pull the switch?
Most people agree that they would. But what if the only way to stop the trolley is by pushing a large stranger off a footbridge into its path? People tend to be very hesitant to say they would do this, even though in both situations, one person is sacrificed to save five. But Costa and his colleagues found that presenting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the footbridge, from fewer than 20% of respondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.
Why does it matter whether we judge morality in our native language or a foreign one? According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing ways of thinking-one of these, a quick, natural "feeling," and the other, careful deliberation about the greatest good for the greatest number. When we use a foreign language, we unconsciously sink into the more careful way simply because the effort of operating in our non-native language signals our cognitive (认知的) system to prepare for difficult activity.
An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are filled with greater emotions than are those learned in more academic settings. As a result, moral judgments made in a foreign language are less filled with the emotional reactions that surface when we use a language learned in childhood.
There's strong evidence that memory connects a language with the experiences and interactions through which that language was learned. For example, people who are bilingual (双语的) are more likely to recall an experience if reminded in the language in which that event occurred. Our childhood languages, learned in the middle of passionate emotion, become filled with deep feeling. By comparison, languages acquired late in life, especially if they are learned through limited interactions in the classroom or dully delivered over computer screens and headphones, enter our minds lacking the emotionality that is present for their native speakers.（1）What does "this question" in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. What contributes to one's language improvements?
B. Is it necessary to learn more than one foreign language?
C. Does the language one uses influence one's moral judgments?
D. How do people deal with moral dilemmas in a foreign language?
（2）When the "trolley problem" was presented in a foreign language, volunteers were more likely to .
A. care less about the five people
B. pull the switch to the side tracks
C. remain hesitant about what to do
D. sacrifice the stranger on the footbridge
（3）The underlined word in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to .
A. consideration
B. guidance
C. selection
D. arrangement
（4）What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A.Bilingual people are less emotional than others.。