Functionalist-Approaches-to-Translation
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第7页，共36页。
HANS J. VERMEER
Three key factors of skopos theory:
✓ The skopos (the purpose of translation),
－ The skopos of the translation determines the translation methods and strategies that a translator may adopt in order to produce a functionally adequate translation. ✓ The addressee (the intended receiver of the target text), who determines the purpose of a translation.
professional practice and the relationship between translation theory and practice.
第1页，共36页。
This shift drew inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories/reception aesthetics (which
It reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and
socioculturally oriented concept of translation. Origin: dissatisfied with the equivalence theory in
✓ The source text (an offer of information) from which a translator selects what is most useful and important to his translation purpose, which enjoys much lower status.
Translation behavior is determined by the prospective function or purpose (skopos) of the target text as expected by the translation initiator.
Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule, and translation strategies
Three principal rules of Skopos Theory: ✓ Skopos rule (目的原则), an overall principle in translation ✓ Coherence rule (连贯原则) ✓ Fidelity rule (忠实原则)
第9页，共36页。
A target text is also an offer of information formulated by a translator in a target culture and language.
第8页，共36页。
Vermeer (1978) puts forward three rules guiding the translator’s decision, in his paper “Framework for a General Translation Theory”.
up the source-text-centered theory.
Put forward famous skopos theory（目的论）
Vermeer: Translation is a type of human action, an intentional,
purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation. The skopos theory holds that “the way the target text
explained in Nord’s book Translating as a Purposeful Activity (1997).
第6页，共36页。
“The prime principle that any translation should
observe is “skopos rule”: the skopos (purpose) of any translation is going to fulfill decides the whole translating process. A skopos is essential to translation and it plays a direct and decisive role in what translation strategies a translator will adopt to fulfill his aim in the whole translation process.” (Vermeer, 1978)
Skopos Rule
"The top-ranking rule” for any translation is the skopos
rule, which means that a translation action is
determined by its skopos; that is, “the end justifies the means” by Reiss and Vermeer.
Functionalist Approaches to Translation
（功能学派）
General Introduction
Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was
developed in Germany in the late 1970s (by Vermeer 1978).
eventually shapes up is determined to a great extent by the function, or ‘skopos’, intended for it in the target context”
(Hatim, 2005: 74).
第5页，共36页。
Skopos theory was first formulated in Vermeer’s paper “Framework for a
General Translation Theory” (1978); further developed in Vermeer and Reiss’s co-authored
book Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation (1984),
whch consists of two parts: Part I: a detailed explanation of Vermeer’s skopos theory (a general theory of translation);
Advertising texts are supposed to advertise; translation of advertising texts is determined by such a goal.
Instructions for use are supposed to describe how an apparatus is to be assembled, handled and maintained; the more smoothly this is done, the better the instructions evidently are.
✓ Hans J. Vermeer, ✓ Christiane Nord.
Working at university translator-training institutions.
第2页，共36页。
MAJOR REPRESENTATIVES
瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss) 贾斯塔·赫兹·曼塔利(Justa Holz - Manttari) 汉斯·费米尔(Hans Vermeer)
and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text.
第10页，共36页。
Pragmatic texts must be goal-oriented, and so are their translations. For examples,
Part II: an introduction of Reiss’s specific theory, in which she tries to adapt functional text-type model to the general theory.
Basic concepts of Vermeer’s skopos theory are extensively
克里斯蒂安·诺德(Christiane Nord)
第3页，共36页。
HANS J. VERMEER
Vermeer’s skopos theory: “Skopos” is a Greek word for “aim” or "purpose”, a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation.
The aim of any translational action, and the mode in which it is to be realized, are negotiated with the client
who commissions the action.
Vermeer’s skopos theory is the most influential functional model of the German school/ the landmark of functional
approaches to translation.
第4页，共36页。
HANS J. VERMEER
Trained as an interpreter by Reiss, hence Reiss’s student. Dissatisfied with the linguistics-oriented translation theory/Gave
Newspaper reports are to inform the recipient, at least; the translation thus has to be comprehensible to the expected readership, i.e. the addressees.
lays great emphasis on the role of readers of literary works) (接
受理论/美学, see for example Iser 1978). Prominent German functionalists:
✓ Katharina Reiss, ✓ Justa Holz-Manttari,
HANS J. VERMEER
Three key factors of skopos theory:
✓ The skopos (the purpose of translation),
－ The skopos of the translation determines the translation methods and strategies that a translator may adopt in order to produce a functionally adequate translation. ✓ The addressee (the intended receiver of the target text), who determines the purpose of a translation.
professional practice and the relationship between translation theory and practice.
第1页，共36页。
This shift drew inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories/reception aesthetics (which
It reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and
socioculturally oriented concept of translation. Origin: dissatisfied with the equivalence theory in
✓ The source text (an offer of information) from which a translator selects what is most useful and important to his translation purpose, which enjoys much lower status.
Translation behavior is determined by the prospective function or purpose (skopos) of the target text as expected by the translation initiator.
Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule, and translation strategies
Three principal rules of Skopos Theory: ✓ Skopos rule (目的原则), an overall principle in translation ✓ Coherence rule (连贯原则) ✓ Fidelity rule (忠实原则)
第9页，共36页。
A target text is also an offer of information formulated by a translator in a target culture and language.
第8页，共36页。
Vermeer (1978) puts forward three rules guiding the translator’s decision, in his paper “Framework for a General Translation Theory”.
up the source-text-centered theory.
Put forward famous skopos theory（目的论）
Vermeer: Translation is a type of human action, an intentional,
purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation. The skopos theory holds that “the way the target text
explained in Nord’s book Translating as a Purposeful Activity (1997).
第6页，共36页。
“The prime principle that any translation should
observe is “skopos rule”: the skopos (purpose) of any translation is going to fulfill decides the whole translating process. A skopos is essential to translation and it plays a direct and decisive role in what translation strategies a translator will adopt to fulfill his aim in the whole translation process.” (Vermeer, 1978)
Skopos Rule
"The top-ranking rule” for any translation is the skopos
rule, which means that a translation action is
determined by its skopos; that is, “the end justifies the means” by Reiss and Vermeer.
Functionalist Approaches to Translation
（功能学派）
General Introduction
Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was
developed in Germany in the late 1970s (by Vermeer 1978).
eventually shapes up is determined to a great extent by the function, or ‘skopos’, intended for it in the target context”
(Hatim, 2005: 74).
第5页，共36页。
Skopos theory was first formulated in Vermeer’s paper “Framework for a
General Translation Theory” (1978); further developed in Vermeer and Reiss’s co-authored
book Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation (1984),
whch consists of two parts: Part I: a detailed explanation of Vermeer’s skopos theory (a general theory of translation);
Advertising texts are supposed to advertise; translation of advertising texts is determined by such a goal.
Instructions for use are supposed to describe how an apparatus is to be assembled, handled and maintained; the more smoothly this is done, the better the instructions evidently are.
✓ Hans J. Vermeer, ✓ Christiane Nord.
Working at university translator-training institutions.
第2页，共36页。
MAJOR REPRESENTATIVES
瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss) 贾斯塔·赫兹·曼塔利(Justa Holz - Manttari) 汉斯·费米尔(Hans Vermeer)
and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text.
第10页，共36页。
Pragmatic texts must be goal-oriented, and so are their translations. For examples,
Part II: an introduction of Reiss’s specific theory, in which she tries to adapt functional text-type model to the general theory.
Basic concepts of Vermeer’s skopos theory are extensively
克里斯蒂安·诺德(Christiane Nord)
第3页，共36页。
HANS J. VERMEER
Vermeer’s skopos theory: “Skopos” is a Greek word for “aim” or "purpose”, a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation.
The aim of any translational action, and the mode in which it is to be realized, are negotiated with the client
who commissions the action.
Vermeer’s skopos theory is the most influential functional model of the German school/ the landmark of functional
approaches to translation.
第4页，共36页。
HANS J. VERMEER
Trained as an interpreter by Reiss, hence Reiss’s student. Dissatisfied with the linguistics-oriented translation theory/Gave
Newspaper reports are to inform the recipient, at least; the translation thus has to be comprehensible to the expected readership, i.e. the addressees.
lays great emphasis on the role of readers of literary works) (接
受理论/美学, see for example Iser 1978). Prominent German functionalists:
✓ Katharina Reiss, ✓ Justa Holz-Manttari,