液固氮混相调剖技术翻译终稿

Liquid-solid Nitrogen Miscible Profile Control Technology
液固氮混相调剖技术
Ⅰ. Corporate Profile 企业简介
山东恒业石油新技术应用有限公司成立于2001年，隶属于山东科瑞控股集团油田服务事业部，地处胜利油田腹地，坐落于山东东营胜利工业园区，占地30多亩，建筑面积约25000平方米。

公司为油气田一体化工程服务商，现设有20个工程服务队伍。

为国内外油田提供注氮、泡沫冲砂、泡沫排液、泡沫酸化、泡沫调驱、稠油热采等一体化工程服务，及相关作业设备的租赁服务。

公司开发研制的多项工艺、技术、产品获得国家专利局十多项发明及实用新型专利，多个项目通过山东省科技厅成果鉴定，荣获教育部、中石化、胜利油田等科技成果奖。

公司与中国石油大学（华东）共建有泡沫流体实验室，致力于泡沫流体的理论研究及油气田现场应用推广，是山东省高新技术企业，中国石油大学泡沫流体研究中心研发基地、中国石油大学教学实习基地、大学生青春创业实践基地。

公司分别通过了ISO9001质量管理体系认证、ISO14001环境管理体系认证、QHSAS18001职业健康安全管理体系认证。

致力于为全世界油田用户提供方案解决和最优质的一体化工程服务。

Shandong Hengye Petroleum New Technology Application Co.LTD is established in 2001 and it’s a branch of oilfield service division department of Shandong Kerui Group. It’s located in the Shengli industrial park in the hinterland of the Shengli oilfield , which is an area of 30 acres and the construction area is about 25000 square meters.
Our company is an integrated oil and gas field engineering service
providers which has 20 engineering service crews. Our major work is to supply nitrogen injection, foam sand-cleaning, foam drainage, foam acidizing, foam profile modification, viscous crude oil production and associated equipment leasing.
Many techniques and products developed by our company have gained a dozen inventive and utility model patents awarded by State Patent Office. Multiple projects have passed through the assessment of results via the Shandong Province Science and Technology Department, which also won the scientific and technological achievements by the Ministry of Education , Sinopec and Shengli Oilfield. Our company and Chinese Petroleum University (at East) build a bubble of fluid laboratory together so as to devoting to the theory research and the application in the gas-oil field scene of the foam fluid. It’s a new high-tech enterprise in Shandong province. Our company is the production base of Chinese Petroleum University foam liquid research center. Our company is the practical teaching base of the Chinese Petroleum University. Our company is the youthful start-up practical base of the university students.
We have gained the ISO9001 Quality Management System Certification, ISO14001 Environment Management System Certification and QHSAS18001 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series Certification. Our company is devoted to providing program resolutions and the best service for the worldwide oilfields.
Ⅱ. Liquid-solid Nitrogen Miscible Profile Control Mechanism:液固氮混相调剖机理
泡沫体系在油藏中，具有良好的封堵能力，能够形成较高的封堵压力，室内实验证明，并且由于泡沫具有遇油破灭的特点，因此对油藏具有选择性，堵水而不堵油。

氮气泡沫流体调剖堵水工作原理是利用稳定泡沫流体在注水层中叠加的气阻效应——贾敏效应作用和地层孔隙中气泡的膨胀，使水流在岩石孔隙介质中流动阻力大大增加，
改变水流的指进或窜流，调整油层吸水剖面，同时液体中的表面活性剂组分能改变岩石表面的性质，并能在一定的条件下使多孔介质的表面增油，便于孔隙表面的油膜剥离，这些作用均能提高驱油效果。

同时，在含油地带泡沫不起作用，不会限制油的流通。

液固氮混相调剖在具有泡沫体系调剖优点的同时，增加了固体颗粒，可以更好地加强泡沫的稳定性和有效期，同时在高渗孔道固体颗粒的堆积，对高渗孔道的封堵起个强化作用，强化了压力波的跃动，改善高低渗分流效果更好，有效期长，更好控制气窜，提高采收率幅度更高。

The foam system in the reservoir has a good ability of plugging and forms a relatively high plugging pressure.The laboratory experiments identify that the foam has selectivity for the oilfield which shut off the water but don’t shut off the oil because foam has a character of protecting the oil. The working principle for the nitrogen foam liquid profile control and water plugging is to use the stable foam liquid’s superposition gas lock effect-Jamin effect and the bubble’s expansion in the pore- in the water up-take layers. It greatly increased the flow resistance of the water in the rock porous media. It changes the fingering or channeling of the stream and adjusts the input profile. At the same time, the component of the surface active agent changes the property of the rock surface. It can increase oil on the surface of the porous media to make the film strip of the pore surface become easier. These effects all can improve displacement efficiency. Meanwhile, foam don’t work in the oil-bearing area so that it can’t restrict the flow of the oil.
Not only does the liquid-solid nitrogen miscible profile control have advantages of the foam profile control system, but also it increases the solid particles. It can better enhance the stability and validity of the
bubble. The solid particles gather in the high permeable zone. It strengths the plugging effect in the high permeable zone and enhances the movement of the pressure waves. It can better improve the high-low permeable shunt effect within a long effective period. It can better control the blowing of the steam and increase the oil production.
1、微观方面，泡沫驱油大致可以分为三个带：前沿地带、中部地
带和后沿地带。

From a microscopic perspective, foam flooding
can be divided three zones: the front zone, the central zone, the back zone.
Back zone Central zone Front zone
2、宏观方面，氮气泡沫调驱提高采收率与水气交替注入提高采收率机理有很多类似之处，下图表示出了正韵律油层水驱阶段和水气交替注入后的油、气、水的分布。

From a macroscopic perspective, Nitrogen Foam Profile Control Technology has lots of resemblance to the Water and Gas Alternate Injection Technology. As is shown in the following picture, the distribution of the oil, gas, water after alternate injecting the water and gas in the stage of the right rhythm oil layer water-flooding.
（b ）Water and Gas Alternate Injection :水气交替注入
综合来讲，泡沫调驱提高采收率机理主要有以下几个方面:In comprehensive speaking, the mechanism of foam profile control to EOR mainly include these aspects.
(1) Adjust the mobility ratio and input profile, increase the sweep area :改善流度比，调整注入剖面，扩大波及体积。

泡沫能够大幅度的降低驱替体系的流度，改善流度比。

泡沫首（a ）Water-flooding :水驱
Pure oil area : 纯油带
Oil-water flowing area ：油水流动带
Oil-gas-water mixture
flowing area ：油气水混合
流动带 Pure oil area : 纯油带
Oil-water flowing area ：油水流动带
Oil-gas flowing area ：油气流动带
先进入高渗透大孔道，随着注入量的增多，逐步形成堵塞，使高渗透层的渗流阻力增大，迫使后续注入的流体更多的进入中低渗透层，驱动流体便能比较均匀地推进，从而调整层间或层内关系，提高油层的波及体积。

Foam can greatly low the mobility of the driving system and improve the mobility ratio. The foam firstly enter the high-permeability large pore. With injecting quantity increasing, it gradually forms plugging to larger the permeable resistance in the high-permeable layer, which forces the following injected liquids to enter into the middle-to-low permeable layer. So the flooding liquid can evenly advance and also can adjust the interlayer or intralayer relationship. Finally, it can increase the sweep area.
（2）Foam is suitable for water and the oil can be protected: 遇油消泡，遇水稳定。

泡沫在含油饱和度较高的油层会发生破裂，但在含水饱和度较高的地层则相对稳定。

这样含水较高的地方泡沫大量存在，降低水相渗透率，从而阻止了水的进一步流动，使含水率下降；而原先注入载体不能波及到的地方，含油饱和度较高，泡沫易于破裂，阻力相对减小，从而有效扩大了波及体积，有利于提高采收率。

如图所示。

Foam will fracture in the relative high oil saturation oil layer, while foam can keep stable in the relative high water saturation layer. Therefore, foam will largely exist in the high water saturation layer and low the water phase permeability with the result of preventing the flowing of water and low the water cut. In the primary not swept area, the oil saturation is high , foam is easy to fracture, resistance is relatively small, so the sweep area has been increased and the oil production has been improved. As is shown in the picture.
(3) Increase the energy of the head oil layer: 气体的上浮作用，提高了顶部油层的动用程度。

注入到油层内的泡沫破裂之后，分离出来的气体在重力的作用下上浮至油层顶部，起到驱替低渗透的顶部油层、提高波及体积的作用。

When foam injected into the oil layer is fractured, the isolated gas floats upward the top oil layer in the gravity action so as to play the effect of driving the top oil layer of the low permeability and increase the sweep area.
(4) Better oil cleaning: 提高洗油效率。

发泡剂是一种活性很强表面活性剂，能大幅度降低油水界面张力，改善岩石表面的润湿性，使原来呈束缚状态的原油通过油水乳化、液膜置换等方式成为可流动的油；另外，泡沫流动需要很高的压力梯度，高压力梯度能克服毛管力作用，把小孔隙中原来呈束缚状态的原油驱出；同时，由于泡沫液膜的高剪切力，使原来附着在岩石表面的油膜受剪切作用而成为可流动的原油。

The blowing agent is a strong active surface active agent, which can greatly low the oil-water tension and improve the rock surface’s wettability through oil-water emulsification and liquid film exchange to make the bound state oil to the liquid oil. In addition, foam flowing need high pressure gradient. The high-pressure gradient can overcome the capillary force to drive the bound state oil in the small pore. Meanwhile, because of the high shear stress of foam liquid film, it makes the oil film attached on the rock surface become flowing oil.
(5) Larger energy: 增加弹性能量
大量气体注入后，增加了地层的弹性能量，有利于提高采收率。

When a great number of gas has been injected into the layer, it will
larger energy of the layer so as to increase the oil production.
(6) Adding the solid particles can intensify and stable the effective time of the bubble: 加入的固体颗粒能够强化和稳定泡沫的有效时间
Ⅲ.The influencing factors of Liquid-solid Nitrogen Miscible Profile Control : 液固氮混相调剖的影响因素
1、含气量的多少，直接影响着生成泡沫的泡沫质量，进而影响泡沫的表观粘度。

大量实验表明：随着气液比的升高，泡沫的屈服应力和表观粘度也逐渐升高，泡沫的封堵能力增强，但气液比较大时，泡沫破裂后产生的气体也多，容易形成气窜。

气液比越大，泡沫的封堵能力和屈服应力越大；同时，气液比越高，泡沫的被捕集速度越快，注入压力升高的速度也越快，驱替达到相对稳定状态需要注入泡沫的量越少。

The amount of gas content, generates a direct impact on the quality of the foam bubbles, thereby affecting the apparent viscosity of foam. Experiments show that: With the gas-liquid ratio increases, the foam yield stress and apparent viscosity gradually increased, the ability to enhance the foam block, but the liquid is relatively large, the bubble burst after the gas is also more easy to form a gas channeling. Liquid than larger bubbles blocking ability and the greater the yield stress; the same time, the higher the gas-liquid ratio, the faster the bubble is captured, the injection pressure increases, the faster, drive to achieve a relatively stable state for requires less amount of injected foam.
2、在水驱过程中，水的粘度是不变的，不同渗透率条件下流度差异很大，流度与渗透率基本成正比关系，而泡沫的表观粘度是随着渗透
率的增大而增大的，这就使得不同渗透率条件下的流度差异减小，基本处在同一数量级，如图所示。

During the water flooding process, the viscosity of water is constant, in the different degree of penetration conditions fluidity varies widely, and permeability has a direct ratio with it, and the apparent viscosity of foam with the penetration of increases, which makes the difference of the flow under different degree of penetration decreases, the basically in the same order of magnitude, as shown.
3、原油对泡沫稳定性具有很大的影响，降低泡沫的封堵能力，进而会影响到泡沫在多孔介质中的渗流规律。

通过残余油岩心和饱和水岩心的泡沫驱替压力变化曲线分析了原油对泡沫封堵能力和稳定性的影响，通过残余油岩心与饱和水岩心的并联驱替实验分析了原油对泡沫调剖效果的影响。

注泡沫后，含油岩心分流量迅速增加，饱和水岩心分流量则迅速降低，并低于含油岩心分流量。

O il has a great impact on foam stability. It reduces the foam’s shut-off capacity, and thus will affect the law of the foam flow in porous media. Core and the residual oil saturation by water displacement pressure of the foam core curve analysis of the crude oil capacity and stability of the foam block the effects of residual oil through the core in parallel with the water-saturated core flooding experiment analyzed the effect of crude oil to the foam profile control impact.After injection of the foam, the fractional flow of oil core rapid increase ,while in core of sub-saturated water it decreased rapidly, and below the core of sub-flow oil
4、随着含油饱和度降低，分流量的差别逐渐减小，但含油岩心的泡沫分流量始终大于饱和水岩心分流量。

With lower oil saturation, the difference of the fractional flow
gradually decreases, but the fractional flow of oil core of the foam core is always greater than the sub-saturated water flow.
5、在后续注水阶段，由于含油岩心中泡沫稳定性较差，渗流阻力大
大降低，而在饱和水岩心中，泡沫稳定性较好，当驱替压力不足以克
服泡沫的屈服应力时，岩心中的泡沫处于不流动状态，饱和水岩心的
分流量几乎0。

In the subsequent water flooding stage, because the foam of the oil-bearing rock core is less stable, greatly reduce the flow resistance, and in water saturated rock core, foam stability is better, when the driving pressure is not sufficient to overcome the yield pressure of foam, the foam of the rock core is in non-flow state, the flow distribution of water-saturated core is almost zero.
6、Comparison of flooding effect: 驱替作用的对比
由此可见，在驱替中，液固氮混相驱替在中低渗地层中的作用
明显，在高渗地层中，低于聚合物驱，但液固氮混相调剖对地层无污
染，无聚合物反吐和油井见聚后处理等麻烦。

Thus, in the flooding, the role of the liquid nitrogen miscible flooding is evident in low-permeability formations，in high permeability formations，less than polymer flooding，but the liquid nitrogen miscible flooding profile control is no damage to the formation，no polymer anti vomiting and no trouble of dealing with that after the well encounter the polymer.
四、液固氮混相调剖的适用性
（1）affects of inter zone communication：层间连通性的影响层间连通性主要影响泡沫在垂向上的运移，对于层间不连通模型，无论是水驱采收率还是进行氮气泡沫调驱后的采收率都要低于层间连通模型。

层间连通性在氮气泡沫调驱过程中起到了重要作用。

Inter zone communication has a significant influence on foam’s vertical migration. For a non-communication inter zone model, it has a lower recovery efficiency compared with a communication inter zone model whether it is a water flooding or nitrogen foam flooding later to coordinate intake profile. The inter zone communication state plays an important role in the process of nitrogen foam coordinating injection profile.
（2）affects of layer rhythm distribution：地层韵律分布的影响韵律分布的差别主要影响水驱后的剩余油分布、液固氮混相调剖过程中泡沫的分布和驱替效果。

Rhythmic differences mainly affect the distribution of residual oil after water flooding, the foam distribution and displacement effect in the miscible liquid -solid nitrogen flooding procedure.
（3）affects of formation anisotropy：地层非均质性的影响地层非均质性是影响驱油效果的重要因素。

在一定范围内地层非
均质性的增加对氮气泡沫调驱的提高采收率的效果影响不大，可见泡沫具有很好的自适应性，对流度的调节能力非常强，这是其它提高采收率方法所不具备的优点，特别适合非均质油藏提高采收率。

Formation anisotropy is a prominence factor in the displacement characteristics. In a certain range, increased heterogeneity did not have an obvious effect on nitrogen foam EOR, showing that bubble has good adaptive ability and strong capability of accommodating mobility, which is a unique property , especially for heterogeneous reservoirs to enhance oil recovery, compared to other EOR methods.
（4）affects of oil viscosity ：原油粘度的影响
原油粘度对液固氮混相调剖的影响远小于对水驱的影响，进行液固氮混相调剖后提高采收率幅度随着原油粘度的增加而增大，特别是在原油粘度小于50mPa·s时，这种效果尤为明显。

The affect of Crude oil viscosity toward profile control of mixed phase is much slighter than water flooding., especially in the oil viscosity in 50mPa • s, this effect is particularly evident. Enhanced oil recovery degree increased with increasing oil viscosity after profile control of mixed phase, which is remarkable when the oil viscosity is less than 50mPa·s.
（5）affects of injection time：注入时机的影响
在含水率为60%~70%时进行氮气泡沫调驱可以取得比较好的效果。

如果太早注入泡沫则注水井附近含油饱和度比较高，对泡沫影响大，不能有效地提高驱替压力，含水降低幅度不明显，增产幅度较小；太晚则注入泡沫后低含水生产阶段较短，含水恢复较快，不能较大幅度的提高采收率。

When water cut is between 60% and 70%, profile control of mixed nitrogen phase could get a better effect. If injection time is too early, for
the oil saturation near injection wells is relatively high, which will significantly affect the foam, it will not be able to effectively improve the displacement pressure, leading to indistinct water cut decrease and slighter increased yield. On the other hand, if injection time is too late, the stage of low water cut is relatively low, water recovery is rapid and enhanced oil recovery degree is not obvious.
（6）affects of injection quantity：注入量的影响
随着注入体积的增加，提高采收率幅度逐渐增大，特别是在注入体积从0.1PV增大到0.3PV这一阶段，采收率提高幅度较为明显；当注入体积大于0.3PV后，采收率提高幅度减缓。

As the injection volume increases, the amplitude of EOR gradually increases, especially in the stage of injection volume increasing from 0.1PV to 0.3PV, the amplitude of EOR is relatively obvious. When the injection volume is larger than 0.3PV, recovery increase rate begins to slow.
（7）affects of injection slug combination：注入段塞组合的影响分段塞注入还是整体注入对氮气泡沫调驱效果的影响不是很明显。

相比较而言，方案0.2PV+0.1PV效果稍微好一点。

不过氮气泡沫调驱在实际应用过程中可能会遇到注入困难的问题，当注入压力过高时，可以考虑注水以降低注入压力，而对调驱的总体效果则影响不大。

综上所述，我们可以看出，液固氮混相调剖技术更适合应用于正韵律、层间连通性好的非均质油藏，在一定范围内，可有效的改善油层非均质性，使波及面扩大，提高采收率
注入时机和注入量对氮气泡沫调驱效果影响较大，相对来说段塞组合方式对调驱效果影响不大；在含水为60%~70%时进行氮气泡沫调驱可以获得较好的效果；注入体积从0.1PV增大到0.3PV这一阶段，
采收率提高幅度较为明显，当注入体积大于0.3PV后，采收率提高幅度减缓。

Segmental or whole slug injection did not have an obvious influence on the effect of profile control of mixed nitrogen phase. Among all the experiments, the effect of case 0.2PV+0.1PV was a little better. But in practical application, profile control of mixed nitrogen phase might encounter with injection problems. When the injection pressure is too high, it is alterative to considering of injecting water in order to lower the injection pressure, which will not cause a big affect on the whole effect.
In summary, it can be seen that the profile control of mixed nitrogen phase technology is more suitable for positive rhythm and good inter zone communication heterogeneous reservoirs for it can effectively improve the reservoir heterogeneity, enlarge swept area and enhance recovery efficiency.
Injection time and quantity have a greater affect on profile control of mixed nitrogen phase effect, while injection slugs combination relatively does not impose important affect. When water cut is between 60% and 70%, profile control of mixed nitrogen phase could get a better effect. In the stage of injection volume increasing from 0.1PV to 0.3PV, the amplitude of EOR is relatively obvious and when the injection volume is larger than 0.3PV, the recovery increase rate begins to slow.
Ⅴ. Case：案例
关48-52井组位于白豹白157区，该区油层主要受岩性控制，油层横向展布受沉积相带控制，呈层状大面积分布，与砂体展布形态一致，属岩性构造油藏。

该井组地层物性较差，储层孔隙性和渗透率较低，属于典型的特低渗透油藏，平均油层厚度21.4m，试油日产油11.4t，日产水12.9m3;
井组平均日产液由2008年12月5.92m3↓目前4.77m3，含水由50.0 %↑92.8%；该井组目前7口井均为高含水。

该井4月15日开始施工，5月12日结束，历经27天。

共注入氮气11万方，液800方，施工整个施工过程中，压力变化表明，地层处于近井地带解堵后补充地层能量，然后开始迅速封堵高渗孔道的过程，对地层的非均质性具有很好的改善。

井对应的7口井中，5口井含水均有不同程度下降，其中3口井的含水下降在8%左右。

The GUAN48-52 wells are in the 157 district of Baibaobai. The oil layers in this district are mainly controlled by the litho logy. The transverse of reservoir is controlled by sedimentary facies belt,the distribution of it is layered in large area , and it is consistent with sand body layout morphology ,which belongs to lithologic structrual reservoir.
The formation physical of the well group is poor. The reservoir porosity and permeability is low. It belongs to the typical extra-low permeability reservoir.The average reservoir thickness is 21.4 meter, the daily output of test oil is 11.4 ton, daily output water is 12.9 cubic meter. The average daily output liquid of that well group is decreased from 5.92 cubic meter in December to 4.77 cubic meter now and water cut is increased from 50.0% to 92.8%. The well group’s seven wells now are high water cut.
The well began to construct on April 15 and ended on May 12, which experienced 27 days. It totally injected 110000 square nitrogen, 800 square liquid. During the whole construction process, the pressure change showed that formation near wellbore added formation energy after plugging removal and then started to sealing the process of high permeability channel rapidly, which had the improvement on heterogeneity of formation. In the corresponding 7 wells, water cut of 5
wells all had different degree decrease, among them water cut of 3 wells is 8%.。