高二英语词汇充电知识精讲4 冀教版

高二英语词汇充电知识精讲4 冀教版
一. 本周教学内容：
词汇充电（4）
（一）animal animation animate animated beast claw zoo zoology botany botanical
记忆：
1. animal anima-表示有生命，动的；animal n.动物 To love animals is to love ourselves. 爱动物就是爱我们自己。

2. animation n.活泼，有生气，动画片 His class is full of animation. 他的课堂气氛活泼。

3. animate v.鼓舞 adj.生气勃勃的 A little wine can animate him a lot. 喝一点酒他就会生气勃勃。

4. animated adj.活生生的，活泼的，动的，愉快的 Nearly all children are fond of animated cartoons. 几乎所有的孩子都喜欢动画片。

5. beast b: bear, 熊，east, 东方；beast [ bi:st ] 东方有熊，有野兽 While in forest , you must be careful of beasts. 在森林里你要小心野兽。

6. claw n.爪，脚爪 The cat catches the rat with its claws. 猫用爪抓其老鼠。

7. zoo [ zu: ] 有200多头动物可组建动物园：动物园 The zoo is where children often like to go. 动物园是孩子常想去的地方。

8. –ology 表示学问：zoology n.动物学 His father is an expert in zoology. 他父亲是动物学专家。

9. plant n.植物 vt.种植 We plant different kinds of plants every year. 我们每年种不同的植物。

10. botany bo，音“不”tan，音似“动”botany，不动的，植物是不能自己动的。

n.植物学 We are interested in botany. 我们对植物学感兴趣。

11. botanical adj.植物的 botanical garden 植物园
Animals are often the heroes of the animated cartoons. In the animation, even the beasts outside zoos like tigers, lions and so on are all humanized. Sometimes plants can think and talk too. How wonderful they are!
（二）answer reply ask question request
记忆：
1. answer vt. 回答，答复，接（电话）Can you answer the phone for me? 你能帮我接一下电话吗？
2. re-，回reply vt. 回答（reply to something）I’ve received no reply from him. 我还没有收到他的回复。

3. ask vt. 问，请求 May I ask for a favour? 你能帮我一下忙吗？ ask sb sth问某人某事 ask sb wh- ask sb for sth 向某人要某物 ask sb to do sth 请某人做某事
4. quest，question n.问题vt.提问，询问 The police questioned him carefully. 警察仔细盘问了他。

5. request To express a desire for; ask for, n. & vt. 请求 He was unwilling to refuse her request. 他不愿拒绝她的请求。

另类阅读：
The reply t o the father’s letter said that the teacher was angry because the boy asked a question that his teacher couldn’t answer while he repeatedly request ed an answer.
（三）any anything anyone anybody anywhere anyhow anyway
记忆：
1. anywhere adv.任何地方I can’t find it anywhere.我到处都找不到它。

2. anyhow adv.无论如何，总之 I think they're asleep; anyhow, they're quiet. 我想他们睡着了；总之，他们很安静。

3. anyway adv.无论如何，总之 I don't know if it was lost or stolen; anyway, it's gone. 我不知道是掉了还是被盗了，但无论如何，它不见了。

4. anything pron.任何事 You can take anything that is helpful with you. 你可以随身带上有用的东西。

5. anybody pron.任何人，重要人物Anybody is welcome who is open-minded. 欢迎任何思想开明的人。

6. anyone pron.任何一个I haven’t visited my friends in Chengdu so far. 我还没有去看望我在成都的朋友们。

另类阅读：
Anyhow, anyone is welcome if he has anything interesting to say.
（四）appear disappear appearance disappearance seem
记忆：
1. pear梨，梨形为上小下大，表示渐渐显露，加前缀a（注意要双写辅音字母p），强调“出现”，appear vi. 出现，好象（有假象的含义）It appears that the Tom appears in the classroom earlier than others. 好象汤姆到教室比其他人都早。

2. 加否定前缀dis-, disappear vi. 消失SARS hasn’t disappeared completely, so we can’t relax ourselves.非典还没有完全消失，因而我们不能掉以轻心。

3. 加名词后缀ance: appearance n.出现，出场，外貌We can’t judge
a person by his appearance. 我们以貌取人。

格言：Appearances are deceptive. 人不可貌相。

4. disappearance n.消失，失踪 The sudden disappearance of the boy worried the family a great deal. 男孩的突然失踪使全家非常紧张。

5. see 看见，seem vi.好象（有一定依据的推断） It seems that a rain is coming. 好象要下雨了。

另类阅读：
When the sun appears, the moon will disappear. It seems that the appearance of the sun causes the disappearance of the moon.
（五）apple apply applicant application reply supply
记忆：
1. apple n.苹果 The apple is healthy food. 格言：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一个苹果，医生无话可说。

2. 词根ply表示“放”，apply 放下去，应用；申请 I decide to apply for the job. 我决定申请那份工作。

3. applicant n.申请者, 请求者The manager will meet all the applicants. 经理将会见所有的申请者。

4. 加名词后缀-ation，application 应用，申请书 I am sure it will have a wide application. 我肯定它会有广阔的应用前景。

5. re-，回去，reply 放回去，回答，答复 I replied that I was unable to help them. 我回答说我不能帮助他们
6. sup-，下面，supply 放在下面，提供，供给 China is trying to find more oil supply. 中国正在寻求更多的石油供应渠道。

另类阅读：
The applicant applying for the job handed in her application replying to all the questions. The employer found her competent for the job supplying apples to the families around.
（六）April January February March May June July August September October November December
记忆：
1. Jan，联想Japan，日本，太阳初起之意，最早；January 最早的月，一月。

2. f，联想花草，February花草初长的时候，二月
3. 联想有名的植树节：March12，在三月，March 三月
4. April Fool愚人节在四月，April 四月
5. 有句话叫“大战红五月”，说明五月很忙“Mang”，高三学生尤其如此，May五月
6. 对高三学生而言，June 可是终生难忘的，决战高考就（Ju）在六月！June六月。

7. 大学通知书七月就来（July的读音）July 七月
8. 七月得到通知书后，接下来就让人仰慕（august，尊严的；庄严的），August
八月
9. sep，联想separate 分离，九月份要离开父母朋友去读书，September
九月
10. 国庆大假也说可回来一趟，October 十月。

11. 十一月了，北风萧萧，树上已没有（no）绿叶，November 十一月。

12. de，音“底”，十二月，为年底了，December 十二月。

另类阅读：
A new year begins in January; the Spring Festival comes in February; we often plant trees in March; but don’t be a fool in April. Anything is possible in May. We will smile in June. You can fly in July and enjoy your trip into August. The teachers are happy in September, and there are national celebrations in October. There are no leaves in November while the end comes in December.
轻松一刻：
In the bus a man found a thief was picking his pocket, and he said, “My dear, your are too late! Though I got my salary today, my wife picked it much more quickly than you!”
【模拟试题】
第一部分：听力略
第二部分：英语知识运用
单项填空
从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

21. —It’s no use ______ such a rude woman.
—I don’t think so. After all, we have done wrong.
A. to make an apology to
B. to make an apology for
C. making an apology to
D. making an apology for
22. —You can’t walk yo ur dog in the park.
—. I’ll never do it again.
A. Really
B. I’m sorry
C. Never mind
D. OK
23. The girl was pretending ______ when the parents came in.
A. to be reading
B. to read
C. reading
D. being reading
24. Mr. Lee thinks ______ the rules of schools should be one of the most important awareness of the students.
A. having obeyed
B. to obey
C. obey
D. obeying
25. The girl was reported to have won the gold medal at ______ World Table Tennis Championship with ______ score of 11:6.
A. a; a
B. /; the
C. a; /
D. the; a
26. ______ made the villagers very reliable was ______ Mr. Mark brought the whole village lots of food and clothes.
A. What; what
B. What; that
C. That; what
D. That; that
27. It’s reported that the driver tried to escape _______ after knocking 4 people to death.
A. being punished
B. to punish
C. being punishing
D. to be punished
28. This western restaurant the one we went to last week. Let’s go to that one today.
A. is equal to
B. is similar to
C. is superior to
D. is inferior to
29. —Carl is such a(n) ______ person in our office, isn’t he?
— Yes. Once he promises to do something, he’ll make it.
A. independent
B. reliable
C. able
D. capable
30. Winter coming, John and his father started to _______ their young plants from cold by covering them some plastic.
A. prevent
B. protect
C. keep
D. stop
31. The new application program can keep you with timely information from the Internet.
A. in fashion
B. out of fashion
C. up to date
D. out of date
32. — Could you tell me about the robbery in your school last Friday, Rose?
— Sorry, sir. I know nothing about it _______ my desk-mate told me.
A. except
B. except for
C. except that
D. except what
33. It indeed makes the young lady annoyed when people expect her to tip _______ pay a service charge in a restaurant.
A. as far as
B. as long as
C. as well as
D. as soon as
34. A recent report said that the number of Russian speakers in China the same as the number of French speakers by the year 2050.
A. would be
B. was
C. had been
D. will be
35. —Many students in our class think Confucius’ thoughts are outdated.
—________. Actually many of his thoughts still do good to us and our society.
A. I believe so
B. I couldn’t agree more
C. I don’t think so
D. I should think so
第三部分：阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出最佳选项。

A
The Analects is believed to have been written over a period of 30 to 50 years. Begun sometime during the Spring and Autumn Period, it was probably finished during the Warring States Period, though the exact publication date of the first complete Analects can’t be exact. Since Confucius’ time, the Analects has heavily influenced the philosophy and moral values of China and later other East Asian countries as well. It taught the basic Confucian values including propriety （礼）, righteousness （义）, loyalty （忠） and filial piety （孝）. All were about the central thought of Confucius – humanity （仁）.
For almost two thousand years, the Analects had also been the fundamental course of study for any Chinese scholar. A man was not considered morally upright if he did not study Confucius’ works. The royal examination, started in the Jin Dynasty and eventually abolished with the founding of the Republic of China, emphasized Confucian studies and expected people to quote and apply the words of Confucius in their essays.
The Analects has also been translated into many languages, most into English. Part of it was translated into Latin in the 17th century.
A particular point of interest lies in Chapter X of the book, which contains detailed descriptions of Confucius’ behaviors in various daily activities. This has been pointed at to show how much Confucius was just a human. Simon Leys, who translated Analects into French and English, said that the book may have been the first in human history to describe the life of an individual, historic well-known
man.
36. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The influence and importance of Analects.
B. The necessity of learning the Analects.
C. The Analects is a famous book in the world.
D. It took a period of 30 to 50 years to finish writing the Analects.
37. According to the passage, the Analects .
A. was finished exactly in the Warring States Period
B. influenced the philosophy and moral values of the whole world
C. was ever the fundamental course for the royal examination
D. the Analects has ten chapters in total
38. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The whole Analects was translated into Latin in the 17th century.
B. The content of Chapter X indicates that Confucius is just a common man.
C. Chinese scholar must study Confucius’work in the past two thousand years.
D. The author think the Chapter X of the Analects is the most important in the book.
B
The son of wealthy and influential Athenian parents, Plato began his philosophical career as a student of Socrates. When the master died, Plato traveled to Egypt and Italy, studying with students of Pythagoras. Eventually, he returned to Athens and established his own school of philosophy at the Academy. For all the students there, Plato tried to pass on the heritage of a Socratic style of thinking and to guide their progress through mathematical learning to the achievement of philosophical truth.
In his earliest literary efforts, Plato tried to spread the spirit of Socrates’ teaching by presenting accurate reports of the master’s thought. Thus, the Euthyphro raises an important doubt about whether morally right action can be defined by pointing out an important dilemma（困难的选择）about any appeal to authority in defense of moral judgments. The Apology offers a description of the philosophical life as Socrates presented it in his own defense before the Athenian jury. The Crito uses the condition s of Socrates’ imprisonment（关押） to ask whether an individual citizen is ever justified in refusing to obey the state.
Although they continue to use the talkative Socrates as a fictional character, the middle dialogues of Plato develop and defend his own special conclusions about central philosophical issues. Plato not only reports the Socratic opinion that no one knowingly does wrong, but also introduces the doctrine（学说） in an attempt to discover whether virtue can be taught. The Phaedo continues development of Platonic opinions by presenting the doctrine of the forms in support of a series of arguments that claim to perform the immortality of the human soul.
39. In the passage the underlined words “the master”probably refers to ______.
A. Plato’s mother
B. Pythagoras
C. Socrates
D. Plato’s father
40. What happened to Socrates according to the second paragraph?
A. Socrates had the opposite doctrine of others.
B. Socrates got into an important dilemma about morals.
C. Socrates doubted the nation’s morally right action.
D. Socrates was put into prison.
41. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. The Apology is a book about development of Platonic notions about the immortality of the human soul.
B. Socrates had the notion that no one intentionally did wrong.
C. Plato spread the spirit of Socrates’teaching by presenting the exact reports, with many books written.
D. Plato was good at guiding his students progress from practice to truth.
C
Moral science is taught as a subject in most schools, not always with a great deal of effectiveness. Perhaps, part of the problem lies in the fact that morality is not a science, strictly speaking. It is a social phenomenon and there is too much of the personal and subjective mixed within, morality itself changes down the generations.
I remember sitting through forty minutes of moral lessons, which told stories about little children who never told lies and were rewarded for their goodness. It had little impact, though. And I can’t recall even one lesson or story from those days. Moral science, if it has to be dealt with as a subject in schools, needs a particular method. When you tell a child about morals, you also have to deal with social norms and cultural differences. You have to explain that morality can be subjective, but co-exist in society. You will probably have to stick to the currently main morals. The best way to tell a child how to live is to show him what is value. If a child likes his friend, you have to make the child think why. Once the child notices and recognizes goodness in others, he is likely to develop it as well.
In fact, children learn most of the morals by watching people around them. They learn behavior patterns from teachers and older students. They see what is rewarded and who is punished. They learn it through social work. Moral science lessons should simply consist of letting them live and interact, and watch you have correct values and reward good behavior.
42. The passage mainly tells us _____.
A. one science subject — morality
B. many ways to have morality education
C. the importance of morality education
D. why morality is effective and how to have morality education
43. What is the use of the example that the author gives in the second paragraph?
A. It is an example how the writer had morality course.
B. It is an example to show the effectiveness of morality in the school.
C. It is an example how morality should be taught in the school.
D. It is an example that morality is not necessary in the school.
44. What of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Morality is a difficult subject in the school education.
B. One good way to teach children morals is to let them live and interact in the real society.
C. When teaching children morals, you should explain them to children in detail.
D. Morality changes from generation to generation.
45. What is the author’s opinion about morality education according to passage?
A. The morality education is a complex subject.
B. The morality education is an easy subject.
C. The morality education is an important subject.
D. The morality education is not necessary to teach in the school.
第四部分：写作
第一节单词拼写
请根据首字母或中文提示，填写所缺单词的适当形式。

46. That man who is a Christian has a strong b______ in God.
47. He p_______ to be reading an important paper when the boss entered.
48. He’s better at d_______ than attacking in playing basketball.
49. It is good manners to make an a________ to others for your mistakes in every country.
50. This western restaurant is s________ to the one we went to last week.
51. The building looked beautiful from any _______（角度）.
52. I looked at him in _____（吃惊）—I didn’t expect to see him again.
53. The men who work in the Disneyland are not allowed to have ________（胡子）.
54. The poet ________（比作） his lover to a rose in his poem.
55. Our company is_________（优越） of other makers of spare parts for the airplane. 第二节综合填空
disbelief, equal, connect, word, obey,
understand, experience, duty, justice,
reliable, guilt, nature
Another way to determine whether you believe in natural law is to consider your conscience. If you have a conscience, you will be able to remember having experienced guilt, shame and 56 . If you have no conscience, you will not be able to 57 these emotions, and you will probably have difficulty 58 what these words mean. Most human beings have consciences, and they experience the emotions 59 with consciences. Most people feel that some actions are right and others are wrong. In other 60 , they believe in 61 law. They may disagree about what is right and what is wrong. Some may think it is right to 62 the laws of the state at all times, and they will feel guilty if they break any law. The 63 implies that they have a concept（概念）of 64 that is higher than the state, but that morally obligates them to obey the state’s laws. This is a particular belief about natural rights and duties rather than a 65 in their existence.
第三节书面表达
国家教育部最近颁发了一套教学法规：小学生不能有太多的家庭作业；上学时间应该是从上午9点到下午5点；初中生不能在星期六和星期天上课等等。

人们就此各说不一。

请根
赞成学生们有足够的时间进行课外阅读；学生有时间参加社会活动。

反对很多学生利用时间去网吧玩游戏；
学生的上学时间和放学时间不方便家长接送。

参考词汇：网吧cyber cafe。

开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear editor,
I write to you to talk about the educational laws lately issued for primary schools and junior middle schools.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Your sincerely,
Li Ping 附加题
阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出最佳选项。

In the Chinese language the word “tao” means “way”, indicating a way of thought or life. In about the 6th century B.C., under the influence of ideas of Lao-tzu, Taoism became “the way”. It has influenced every aspect of Chinese culture.
Taoism began as a complex system of philosophical thought that could be indulged in （沉溺于）by only a few individuals. In later centuries it appeared, perhaps under the influence of Buddhism, as a common religion. It later developed as a popular folk religion.
Philosophical Taoism speaks of a permanent Tao in the way that some Western religions speak of God. Everything is basically one despite the appearance of differences. Because all is one, matters of good and evil and of true or false, as well as differing opinions, can only arise when people lose sight of the oneness and think that their private beliefs are absolutely true. This can be compared to a person looking out a small window and thinking he sees the whole world when all he sees is one small portion of it. They are not in opposition to one another but are only two aspects of a single reality. The life of the individual comes from the one and goes back into it.
The goal of life for a Taoist is to develop a mystical relationship to the Tao. By avoiding every earthly （俗世的） affair, the Taoist is able to concentrate on life itself. The longer the believer’s life, the more saintly（圣洁的） the person is supposed to have become. Eventually the hope is to become immortal.
1. How long has Taoism been in Chinese history?
A. about 1400 years
B. about 2600 years
C. about 1600 years
D. about 2000 years
2. What does the second passage talk about?
A. What is the Taoism.
B. Taoism is a popular folk religion.
C. Taoism is a complex philosophy.
D. The development of Taoism.
3. In the passage we can find the word ______ that has the similar meaning to “immortal”.
A. permanent
B. philosophical
C. complex
D. saintly
4. What is the idea of Taoism?
A. Avoiding every earthly affair is most important in the life.
B. The most important thing is individual.
C. Everything has two aspects and they can exchange.
D. One aspect of matters is always compared to a person seeing the whole world through a small hole.
[参考答案]
21—25 CBBDD 26—30 BADBB 31—35 CDCAC
36—40 ACBCD 41—45 ADBCA
46. belief 47. pretended 48. defending 49. apology
50. superior
51. angle 52. surprise 53. beards 54. compares
55. ahead
56. duties 57. experience 58. understanding 59. connected 60. words
61. natural 62. obey 63. guilt 64. justice 65. disbelief
书面表达（One possible version）
Dear editor,
I am writing you to talk about the educational laws lately issued for primary schools and junior middle schools.
Many people agree with it. In their view, if so, children have enough time to read extensively and do other activities. They can widen their knowledge of all kinds and develop the capacity of doing things by themselves. Therefore students can learn to care about and love others and nature through the real society movements. But some people have different opinions. They think students have more chances to go to cybercafes to play games, which has bad effect on their subjects. Furthermore, some parents feel that it is not convenient for them to send and meet their children because of the timetable. However, I think it is good for students both in their health and in minds.
Your sincerely,
Li ping 附加题
1—4 BDAC
答案详解
21. C。

It’s no use后面接动词的-ing形式，意为“做……是没有用的”。

make an apology to sb. 意为“向某人道歉”；而make an apology for后面常接something，表示“为某事道歉”，故答案应为C。

22. B。

根据下文的“我不会再这样做了”说明说话人对此表示抱歉，最佳答案应为B。

23. B。

此题考查pretend的用法。

pretend后接不定式作宾语，to不是介词，故答案应选B。

24. D。

think后面引导的是一个宾语，空白处在从句中作主语。

动词的-ing形式可以作主语，答案应选D。

25. D。

此题考查冠词的用法。

由普通名词构成的专有名词前习惯上加定冠词the，with a score of …是习惯用法，意为“以……的比分”，故答案应为D。

26. B。

was之前的部分是由what引导的主语从句；was之后的部分在句中作表语，该表语从句中不缺任何成分，故使用连词that，因此答案为B。

27. A。

此题考查escape的用法。

escape表示“逃避；避免”时后面接动词的-ing形式，即构成escape doing sth.结构，driver和punish 之间是被动关系，因而使用动名词的被动形式。

28. D。

根据下文的“我们今天去那家饭店吧”说明那家更好些，所以应该是“这个不如那个好”，应该用be inferior to，意为“比……差；不如……”。

29. B。

根据下句语境“只要他答应做的事情，他一定能做到”可判断，Carl是个可信赖的人，故答案应选B。

30. B。

表示“保护……不受/免于……”应用protect …from …。

prevent / keep / stop …from doing ...意为“阻止……做某事”。

31. C。

根据句中的关键词“new”和“timely”的暗示可知，“新的应用程序可以让你得到最新的资讯”，up to date意为“最新的”；out of date意为“过时的”；in fashion意为“流行的”；out of fashion意为“过时的；不流行的”。

32. D。

what引导名词性从句作介词的宾语，表示“除了同桌告诉我的情况，我一无所知”，因而答案应选D。

33. C。

句中tip和pay是并列关系，因而应使用连词as well as。

34. A。

全句的时态为过去时，而said后面的从句中的时间界限是“到2050年”，所以这里应该用过去将来时，故答案为A。

35. C。

由下文的内容可判断，说话者不赞同对方的观点，答案应选C。

36. A。

主旨大意题。

从文中的句子“the Analects has heavily influenced the philosophy and moral values of China and later other East Asian countries as well”以及下文的内容可以知道，本文主要是谈论《论语》的影响和重要性。

37. C。

细节题。

文章中说《论语》的完成时间很有可能是在战国时期，而并不是确定的；《论语》只影响了中国和其他东亚国家；文章提到了《论语》的第十章，但并不是说《论语》只有十章。

A是正确的，《论语》曾经是皇家考试的基础课程。

38. B。

综合判断题。

根据文章第三段可知，只有部分《论语》被翻译成拉丁文；从文章最后一段可以看出，《论语》的第十章记载了孔子在日常生活中的行为，表明他也只是一个普通人。

39. C。

推测词义题。

上文说到柏拉图师从苏格拉底，而且下文多次提到“master’s thought”，所以这里the master是指苏格拉底。

40. D。

细节题。

从Plato的几篇文章中可以了解苏格拉底的主张和事迹。

根据文章中“imprisonment”可知，苏格拉底曾经被判入狱。

41. A。

综合判断题。

根据最后一段可知，介绍柏拉图的主张的发展的文章应该是Phaedo。

42. D。

主旨大意题。

这篇文章主要是讲，道德课无效的原因以及怎样进行道德教育。

43. B。

细节题。

文章第二段是对第一段进一步的说明。

这个例子可以证明“Moral science is taught as a subject in most schools, not always with a great deal of effectiveness.”，所以B为正确答案。

44. C。

综合判断题。

作者认为以课堂传授的方式进行的道德教育（也就是言传）不是很有效果，而身教则是很好的方式，所以应该选C。

45. A。

作者认为道德教育因为它的特殊性从根本上来说是非常难的学科，就整篇文章来说，道德教育应该是非常复杂的一门科学。

56. 从下文的暗示“rather than…” “obligates them to obey the state's laws.”可以推断应该是“duties”。

57. 从第二段的第一句就知道答案。

58. 从第二段的意义看，对这问题的理解有困难用difficulty doing sth 的结构。

59. 与什么有关的，此句中又是做定语的。

所以就只能用“connected”。

60. 短语的考查。

从意思上很容易就知道答案。

61. 与下文对比也与最后一句的暗示。

应该用nature 的形容词形式。

62. 从“obligates them to obey the state's laws.”就找到了答案了。

63. 前文的“they will feel guilty if they break any law.”。

从而为guilt
64. 从谈论的话题看应该是法律的公正性。

65. 与前句对应“This is a particular belief about natural rights and duties ”
附加题
1. B。

细节题。

从文章第一段给出的具体时间“公元前6世纪”到现在大约有2600年，所以B是正确答案。

2. D。

主旨大意题。

根据第二段出现的两个“later”，可以看出这一段主要是讲道教的发展。

3. A。

推测词义题，考查两个不同的词的理解。

理解本文介绍的道家思想就可以得出答案。

4. C。

细节题。

本题是对第三段的理解，关键是对道家思想的理解。

道家认为“物有两极，相生相克”。