高中英语语法讲解与练习

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第一讲冠词
口诀: 冠词分为定冠、不定冠，不定冠词a和an，“—”的含义表泛指
表示特指要用the，次序、方位、最高级
世上物体独一个，人或事物再次提
以下情况冠词免，学科球类三顿饭
名词复数表泛指，季节星期月份前
不定冠词a/an的用法:不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。

"a"用在以辅音开头的词前，"an"用在以元音开头的词前。

判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。

一般情况下，开头字母是a、e、f、h、j、l、m、n、o、r、s、x前用不定冠词an。

1.在可数名词单数形式前表示"一":There is a tiger in the zoo.动物园里有一只老虎。

2. 表示一类人和东西 A tiger can be dangerous.老虎可能有危害性。

3. 表示"某一个"的意思A gentleman wants to see you.有一位先生要见你。

4. 表示"同一"的意思They are nearly of an age.他们几乎同岁。

5. 表示"每一"的意思We go swimming four times a week.我们每周去游泳四次。

6. 在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业My mother is a teacher.我妈是教师。

7. 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他有一个非常美丽的女儿。

8. 在英国英语中，以"h"开头的多音节词，如第一个音节不重读，其前亦可用"an" There is a/an hotel near here.这附近有一家旅馆。

9. 在such a，quite a句式中He is quite a good actor.他是一个相当好的演员。

Don't be in such a hurry.不要如此匆忙。

10.在感叹句what...的句式What a pretty girl she is!她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！
11.用在某些表示数量的词组中：a lot of 许多，a couple of 一对，a great many 很多，a dozen 一打（但也可以用one dozen）， a great deal of 大量
定冠词the的用法：
1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物This is the house where Luxun once lived.
(这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。

)
2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物Open the door, please.(请把门打开)
3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）
Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him.(从前森林里住着一只狮子。

每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物）。

4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前January is the first month of the year.（一月份是一年当中的第一个月）。

5. 表示宇宙中世界上独一无二的事物the sun 太阳the moon 月亮the earth 地球the sky 天空the world 世界
6. 指由普通名词构成的专有名词the West Lake 西湖the Great Wall 长城
the United States 美国the United Nations 联合国
7. 表示方向、方位in the east 在东方，in the west 在西方，in the front 在前面，at the back 在后面，in the bottom 在底部，at the top 在顶部，on the right 在右边，on the left 在左边。

8. 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Huanghe River 黄河
the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
9. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人The Bakers came to see me yesterday.（贝克一家人昨天来看我）。

10. 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物the poor 穷人，the rich 富人，the sick 病人，the wounded 伤员，the good 好人，the beautiful 美丽的事物。

11. 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前
the working class 工人阶级，the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党
12. 用在the very强调句中This is the very book I want.（这就是我想要的那本书）。

13. 在the more, the more比较级的句式中The more you drink, the more you like it.
（你越喝就越爱喝）。

14. 表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the如：play the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴。

但中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play an erhu(二胡)
15. 某些固定的表达法
in the morning 在早上in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上go to the cinema 去看电影
go to the theatre 去看戏all the year round 一年到头
on the way to 前往...去的路上
16. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物The horse is a useful animal.(马是一种有用的动物)。

注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法:
A horse is a useful animal ; Horses are useful animals.
17.在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用the，而不用人称代词。

take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸
be red in the face 脸红be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸等结构中名词前要用the
零冠词的用法:
1. 专有名词前一般不加冠词China 中国Europe 欧洲Lei Feng 雷锋William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚
2. 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词January 一月份Sunday 星期日Christmas Day 圣诞节Thanksgiving 感恩节National Day 国庆节May Day 劳动节
比较：...on a Sunday morning.在一个星期天的早晨... （表示某一个。

）
注:民族节日前要加the 如:the Spring Festival
3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词I have lunch at school. Summer is the best season for swimming.
比较I had a big lunch yesterday.昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。

（表示某一个）The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice.史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。

（表示特指）
比较I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。

（表示特指）
4. 进行球类运动play basketball打篮球play volleyball 打排球play football 踢足球
5. 没有特指的物质名词This cart is made of wood.
比较The wood outside was all wet.外面的那些木头都湿了。

（表示特指）
6. 没有特指的不可数抽象名词Time is precious.时间是宝贵的。

比较The time of the play was 1990s.这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代（特指）
7. 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后I like tomatoes.我喜欢西红柿。

8. 山峰Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰
9. 固定词组go to school 去上学go to bed 上床睡觉go by train 乘火车去go by boat 乘船去at table 在用餐in hospital 住院at school 求学in school 求学at noon 在中午at night 在晚上at midnight 在半夜in town 在城里
10. 独立结构中的名词不加冠词A boy came in, book in hand.一个男孩进来，手上拿着书。

11. 泛指人类Man is mortal.人必有一死。

12. 在"kind of＋名词sort of＋名词"句式中What kind of flower is it?这是什么花
I like this sort of book.我喜欢这种书。

13. 指职位、头衔的词，如king，captain，president，chairman 等。

He is (the) captain of the team.他是球队的队长。

As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare the meeting open.作为委员会主席，我宣布会议开始。

冠词和三餐的搭配:三餐名词单独使用时，之前通常不加冠词;三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外：We have breakfast at eight．我们8点钟吃早饭。

He gave us a good breakfast．他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐。

I was invited to dinner．他们邀请我吃饭。

I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador．
我被邀请参加欢迎新任大使的宴会。

The Scots have porridge for breakfast．苏格兰人早餐吃粥。

The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house．婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。

专题练习:
1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.
a. the breakfast in
b. the breakfast in the
c. breakfast in
d. breakfast in the
2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times.
a. a tobacco
b. tobacco
c. the tobacco
d. tobaccos
3._____ usually go to church every Sunday.
a. The Brown
b. A Brown
c. Browns
d. The Browns
4. The train is running fifty miles ______.
a. an hour
b. one hour
c. the hour
d. a hour
5. He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.
a. at the flute(笛子)
b. at flute
c. at a flute
d. at that flute
6. The investigators（调查者） found that more should be done for ______ in India.
a. those poor
b. a poor
c. poor
d. the poor
7. You look in high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday.
a. wonderful time
b. a wonderful time
c. the wonderful time
d. some wonderful time
8. The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy. a. a b. an c. the d. one
9. A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired.
a. a
b. the
c. an
d. its
10. Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery.
a. the former…latter
b. a former…a latter
c. the former…the latter
d. former…latter
11.The children in the kindergarden soon took ______ to their teachers.
a. quite fancy
b. a quite fancy
c. quite a fancy（想像）
d. the quite fancy
12.______ tend to bemoan（悲叹）the lack of character in the young generation.
a. The old
b. Old
c. Elderly
d. Older
13. A man suffering from a chock should be given ______.
a. hot sweet tea
b. a hot sweet tea
c. the hot sweet tea
d. one hot sweet tea
14.He answered my questions with ______ not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy.
a. his accuracy
b. a accuracy（准确）
c. the accuracy
d. an accuracy
15. If you go by train you can have quite ______ comfortable journey.
a.the
b. one
c. a
d. that
16. We’re going to ______ with ______ today, aren’t we?a. the tea…the Smiths
b. tea…those Smiths
c. a tea…a Smith
d. tea…the Smiths
17. I want an assistant with ______ knowledge of French and ______ experience of
office routine.
a.the…the
b. a…the
c. a…an
d. the…an
18. Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning
annoyed the neighbors and ______ they took her to the court.
a. in the end
b. at the end
c. in an end
d. in end
19. It is reported that today ____ president will have lunch with ___ President Omon.
a. the…the
b. a…a
c. the…/
d. /…/
20. Tianan Men Square and ______ Great Wall are two of the places everyone should see in ______ People’s Republic of China.
a. the…the
b. /…/
c. the…/
d. /…the
第二讲谓语动词语态和时态
谓语动词的时态和语态以及人称和数是谓语动词的三大特征。

动词语态分为主动和被动
两种。

1.主动语态的形式和意义：
主动语态句子结构是：施动者作主语+谓语动词do，表示“某人某物做……”。

2.被动语态句子结构是：受动者作主语+谓语动词be done，表示“某人某物被……”。

不及物动词是没有被动语态的。

被动语态中的be 在不同时态中形式不同。

2.陈述语气的谓语动词时态的形式和意义：
1) 一般现在时态
(1) 形式：
①主动：
肯定：动词原形或动词原形+s/es；be (三单is，一单am，其余人称和数are)+表语。

否定和疑问式：用助动词do(第三人称单数为does) 或连系动词be 帮助构成。

We live here. Do you live here? We don’t live here.Where is she? I s she in? She isn't in.
②被动：is / am / are+动词-ed 分词。

(2) 意义：
①表示不受时间限制的永恒客观存在或客观规律。

Nothing travels faster than light. Knowledge derives from practice.
②包括当前一定时间段内比较稳定的状态或习惯，常与every day, always 等频度状语连用。

John always wakes up at six. Father doesn’t smoke as much as before.
③表示说话时的状态，一般用于状态动词(不能用现在进行时态)。

It concerns everybody. 它关系到所有人。

She loves this music.
④表示将来时间：
A.按时间表将要发生的动作或事态(不强调是主语的意图，指照时间计划执行)。

The train leaves for Shanghai at ten p.m. tonight.
(火车时刻表规定)这趟火车今晚十点开往上海。

We start next week.(时间计划安排好了)我们下周动身。

B.用在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来。

如：
We will go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will have the football match.
2) 现在进行时态：
(1) 形式：
①主动：肯定is / am / are +doing；否定疑问略。

②被动：肯定is / am / are +being +done；否定疑问略。

(2)意义：
①表示说话时正在进行的动作。

可用时间状语now, at the moment 等。

What are you doing? I’m writing a letter.
②表示现阶段正进行而说话时刻不一定进行的动作。

He is teaching physics this term.
③表示按计划、安排很快就会发生的动作，通常要与将来时间状语连用，以示和正在发生的
动作的区别。

如：He is washing the dishes later. = He is going to wash…
但：We are going/coming to Shanghai tomorrow.不能说We’re going to go / come to Shanghai…
④含有感情色彩的叙述一个经常发生的行为，常和continually, constantly, forever, always
等状语连用。

John is always asking me some stupid questions.(恼火) 而John always asks me some stupid questions.(客观事实)
3) 现在完成时态：
(1) 形式：
①主动：肯定式：have / has(三单) + done
②被动：肯定式：have/ has been +done
(2) 意义：
现在完成时态是和现在有关的时态。

①已完成用法：表示发生在过去的动作行为对现在造成的影响或结果。

这种用法多用于瞬间性动词。

它不关注此动作过去发生的细节（时间、地点、方式、环境等），关注的是现在的情况，因此不能与和具体过去时间短语(yesterday, last week, …ago, then, at that moment, in the past 等)连用，但可以和以下时间状语连用：
A.模糊的过去时间，它们和现在结果有关。

如：just(刚刚已经), already, yet , recently 和lately。

Have you eaten yet? (= Are you hungry?)
He’s just turned off the light.(= The light is off now.)
B.表示现在或说话时还未结束的时段，如：now, this morning / afternoon…, tonight, today, since+过去时点, so far 等。

(但如果this mornig / afternoon / evening 说话时已经过去，就不能用现在完成时，而要用一般过去时。

)
Has he come this morning? 到现在为止的早晨这段时间他来了没有？
I’ve had many falls since I began to ride a bike.(现在结果：我还在骑车。

到现在已经摔过很多次了。

)
②未完成用法：过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作/状态，可能还要延续，也可能刚刚结束。

注意点：
A.要用延续性动词，但否定可以用瞬间性动词。

B.要用表示延续到现在的时间段状语，如：for+时段(有时不表示延续到现在的时段，则不能用现在完成时)，since+过去时点，so far, until / till now, up to now, during / for / in / over
+ the past / last / recent +时段。

如：
Where have you been?Ｉhave waited here since 8 a.m. (wait 动作刚刚结束。

)
Look at the busy cleaners! They’ve worked in the wind for quite a few hours.(work 动作还要延续)
I’ve taught English in this school for / during / in / over the past / last / recent 10 years.
4)现在完成进行时态：
(1)形式：主动have / has been doing。

无被动。

(2)意义：过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作/状态，可能还要延续，也可能刚刚结束。

意义和现在完成时态的未完成用法相似，但可不和延续到现在的时段短语连用。

注意点：
①很多延续性动词用于现完和现在完成进行时态含义一样，都表示不停的持续到现在(一种“实线式”延续)，如expect，hope，learn，lie，live，look，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand，stay，study，teach，wait，want，work 等。

但延续动词中的状态动词不能用于进行和完成进行时态，如be，have (拥有), own, belong to, know, understand, believe, love, like, concern(关系到)等，所以这些动词只能用于现在完成时表示持续到现在。

I’ve had this for years. 不能说I’ve been having this for years.
She’s always believed in God. 不能说She’s always been believing in God. I’ve been waiting (since 9 a.m.) = I’ve waited since…
②瞬间性动词用于现在完成进行时表示“虚线式”延续含义，即一次一次的反复发生到现在。

而它们用于现在完成时则表示过去的一次性动作对现在造成的影响或者到现在做了好多次或好多量了。

He’s been jumping onto and off the table (for half a hour). 他跳上桌子又跳下来，这样一直跳(了半小时了)。

但：He’s jumped onto the table (many times).他已经跳上了桌子（现在的结果
是：他在桌子上）。

/ 他已经跳上桌子很多次了。

③还有些动词在现在完成时中是瞬间含义，在现在完成进行时中是延续含义，如：do, read, write, paint, build 等。

She’s been painting the wall.她一直刷墙来着。

She’s painted the wall.她已经刷了那面墙。

5)一般过去时态：
(1)形式：
①主动：肯定式使用动词的一般过去式构成。

否定和疑问用助动词did 或连系动词was(一三单)/ were 帮助构成。

②被动：was / were done。

(2)意义：过去发生过的行为或存在过的状态，只关注过去，不暗示现在还是否有此行为或状态。

大多表示此行为或状态已不再存在。

可以和具体过去时点或不延续到现在的时段连用，如yesterday, last week, …ago, then, at that moment, in the past, for+时段, that night / morning…, those days / years…, this morning/morning(表示已经过去的时段时)等。

如：
①A: Have you eaten yet? B: Yes, I have. I ate an hour ago.
②I lived in Guangzhou for five years. 我在广州住过五年。

现在住哪里不知道。

I have lived / been living in Guangzhou for five years. 我在广州住了五年了。

现在还住在广州(或就要搬了)。

6)过去进行时态：
(1)主动形式和现在进行时态类似，只是be 的形式为was / were。

被动为was / were being done。

(2)意义：和现在进行时完全对应，只是往过去推一步。

7)过去完成时态：
(1)主动形式为had done；被动形式为had been done
(2)意义：和现在完成时态类似，只是往过去推一步。

使用过去完成时的关键是：要有一个更晚的时间点(一个时间状语或一个过去时动作)和
那个过去完成时态动作或状态对比存在。

①已完成用法：过去A 点之前就已经发生的行为B，对A 点造成影响或结果。

行为B 就用过去完成时态。

多用瞬间性动词。

They had finished the job when I got there. We had had lunch by twelve o’clock
yesterday.但是相继发生的过去动作用表示承接关系的连词连接，都用一般过去时。

She went to the baby and undressed him. She went to the baby, undressed him and put
him in bed.
另外，表示两个几乎同时发生的瞬间动作的分句用表示“一…就…”的连词when/ the moment(minute) / as soon as 连接起来，两个动作也都用一般过去时。

When he opened the door, the bird flew out. 他开门的时候，鸟飞了出去。

如果要强调两个动作之间的时间差，先发生的就用过去完成时。

如：
When he had opened the door, the bird flew out. 他把门打开之后，鸟飞了出去。

这里的when = after。

②未完成用法：一个动作行为B 在过去A 点之前就开始一直持续到A 点，还要继续持续或刚刚结束。

行为 B 就用过去完成时态。

要用持续性动词，并且和表示持续到过去某点的时段状语连用，如：by+过去时点，since+过去时点；(un)til then, up to then, for+时段等。

如：By
six o’clock they had worked for five hours. They had known each other for eight years when they got married.
8)过去完成进行时态：类似于现在完成进行时态，只是往过去推一步。

9)将来表达法：
(1)形式：主动1) will do 2) is / am / are going to do 3) is / am / are doing 4) will be doing 5) is / am / are to do 6) is / am / are (just) about to do 7) do / does
(2)意义：
①will do
will 可以作情态助动词表示坚决的意志、意愿等，也可以作时态助动词表示未来会发生的事情。

这里讨论的是后者。

前者会在情态助动词章节处理。

A.表示说话时才做出的临时决定，多用于对别人的话或周围环境做出的反应。

Tom: The phone is ringing. Lucy: I’ll go and answer it.
B.表示说话人根据自己的主观经验或知识对将来的客观事情的预测。

Take this medicine and you will get better soon.
②is / am / are going to do
A.表示说话之前经过考虑的意图，如：从下面语境看得出，明显说话前就已经做了准备。

I’ve bought some bricks. I’m going to build a house.
B.表示说话时已有迹象表明某客观事情会很快发生。

如：Noticing the photocopy(复印) machine working very slowly, John knows that it’s going to take a long time to photocopy all the documents.
③is / am / are doing
表示按计划，安排很近的将来会发生某事。

如：I am meeting Tom tonight. He’s taking
me to the theatre.今晚我要见Tom。

他要带我去看戏。

(和Tom 已经安排约好见面和他带我去看戏。

)
④will be doing
A.在将来某一时点或某一时段会正在发生的事情，即所谓将来进行时。

What will you be doing at 8 a.m. tomorrow morning?
B.纯粹客观的谈将来会发生的事情。

不含主语的意图。

如：
I’ll be seeing Tom tomorrow. 明天我会见到Tom. (意指“我们会参加同一个会议或我们在一个办公室上班，所以会发生明天我见到Tom 的客观事情。

)
Tom won’t be cutting grass (because he is ill or he has another job to do). Tom 不会割草(不是不愿意而是他生病了或者他有另外的工作要做)。

⑤is / am / are to do
A.传达第三方的命令或指示(主语的责任或义务)。

如：No one is to leave the room without the permission of the police.
B.计划安排。

如：They are to get married next week. 预定他们下周结婚。

⑥is / am / are (just) about to do = is / am / are on the point of sth / doing sth
表示即刻就要发生的事情。

I am about to leave.我马上要动身了。

⑦do / does
一般现在时表将来已经在前面谈过。

9）将来完成时态
A. 形式：主动will have done；被动will have been done。

B. 意义：
将来某一点会已经发生的动作行为或会已经延续多久。

如：We will have worked for ten hours when she comes back.
10) 过去将来表达法：
(1) 形式：1) would do2) was / were going to do 3) was / were doing 4) would be doing 5) was / were to do 6) was / were (just) about to do 7) did
(2) 意义：和7 种将来表达法对应的过去形式。

只是：were / was to do 还可以表示“过去没想到会发生的事情”，所谓“过去命中注定的事”。

如：
The two young men joined in the cycling race, who were to be killed in a road accident. ……没想到竟然出了交通事故丢了命。

I lost my wallet, not knowing it was never to be found again…….以后再也没找到了。

练习选择正确答案完成句子：
1.I can guess you were in a hurry. You ＿＿your sweater inside out.
A had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing
2. — We ＿＿that you would fix the TV set this week.
—I’m sorry. I ＿＿to, but I’ve been too busy.
A. had expected；had intended
B. are expecting；had intended
C. expect；intend
D. expected；intend
3. He will stop showing off, if no notice ＿＿of him.
A.is taken
B. will be taken
C. takes
D. has taken
4. — It is said that another new car factory＿＿now.
— Yeah. It ＿＿one and a half years.
A. is building；takes
B. is being built；will take
C. is built；will take
D. is being built；takes
5. —I’m sorry, but I shouldn’t have been so rude to you.
— You ＿＿your temper but that’s OK.
A. have lost
B. had lost
C. did lose
D. were losing
6. — Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty!
— Mum, I ＿＿my storeroom downstairs。

A. cleaned
B. have worked
C. was cleaning
D. have been cleaning
7. They won’t buy new clothes because they＿＿money to buy a color TV set.
A. save
B. are saving
C. has saved
D. were saving
8. Good heavens!There you are! We＿anxious about you, and we＿you back throughout the night.
A. are；expect
B. were；had expected
C. have been；were expecting
D. are；were expecting
9. I’ve finally finished my paper and it ＿＿me an entire month.
A. takes
B. took
C. was taken
D. had taken
10. The traffic in our city is already good and it ＿＿even better.
A. gets
B. got
C. has got
D. is getting
11. — Has Jack finished his homework yet?
— I have no idea；he ＿＿it this morning.
A. was doing
B. had been doing
C. has done
D. did
12. — I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
—I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I＿＿my guests in my office.
A. is being met
B. will meet
C. will be meeting
D. will have met
13. — Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
— Really ? Where ＿＿?
A. has she been
B. had she been
C. has she gone
D. had she gone
14. John and I＿＿friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party.
But we＿＿each other a couple of times before that.
A. had been；have met
B. have been；have met
C. had been；had met
D. have been；had met
15. I ＿＿ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
A. will play
B. have played
C. played
D. play
16. I’ve won a holiday for two to Florida. I ＿＿my mum.
A. take
B. am taking
C. have taken
D. will have taken
17. —You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
—I’ m sorry I ＿＿anythin g about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying
B. don’t say
C. won’t say
D. didn’t say
18. — Where ＿＿?
— I got stuck in the heavy traffic. I ＿＿here earlier.
A. did you go；had arrived
B. have you been；would have been
C. were you；would come
D. are you；was
19. I know Mr Brown；we ＿＿to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced
B. have been introduced
C. were introduced
D. had been introduced
20. —Where do you think＿＿he＿＿the computer?
— Sorry. I have no idea.
A. has ；bought
B.／；bought
C. did ；buy
D. had ；bought
21. — I＿＿to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
—Why don’t you have a dress made for the party?
A. was asked
B. will ask
C. have asked
D. have been asked
22. I didn’t like Aunt Lucy, who＿＿without warning and bringing us presents.
A. always turned up
B. has always turned up
C. was always turning up
D. was always turned up
23. — What do you think of this kind of TV set, which ＿＿in Shanghai?
—Well, I don’t care such things.
A. was made
B. is made
C. has been made
D. had been made
24. — Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion?
— No, he＿＿, but he happened to have fallen ill.
A. would like to
B. will
C. was to have
D. was going to join
25. — Did he notice you enter the room?
—I don’t think so. He＿＿to the radio with his eyes shut.
A. listened
B. was listening
C. has listened
D. had listened
26. The plane ＿＿at 7:00 p.m., so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.
A. has left
B. is to leave
C. will have left
D. leaves
27. The train ＿＿＿＿＿at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about
nine o’clock tonight.
A. went
B. is going
C. goes
D. will be going
28. Look at this! I＿＿some magazines and＿＿this letter.
A. was looking through；found
B. am looking through；find
C. looked through；had found
D. had looked through；finding
29. —＿＿you ＿＿the editor at the airport?
— No, he ＿＿away before my arrival.
A. Have...met；has driven
B. Had...met；was driven
C. Did...meet；had been driven
D. Have...met；had driven
30. — Can you give me the right answer?
— Sorry, I ＿＿.Would you repeat that question?
A. hadn’t listened
B. haven’t listened
C. don’t listen
D. wasn’t listening
31. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ＿＿coffee.
A. prefer
B. preferred
C. have preferred
D. am preferring
32. — Was the driving pleasant when you went to Mexico last summer?
— No, it ＿＿for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining
B. had been raining
C. would be raining
D. rained
33. The vegetab les didn’t taste very good. They＿＿too long.
A. had been cooked
B. were cooked
C. had cooked
D. cooked
34. — Remember the first time we met, Jim?
— Of course I do. You ＿＿in the library.
A. were reading
B. had read
C. have read
D. read
35. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ＿＿the cloth ＿＿well.
A. have told；washes
B. have been told；washes
C. was told；washed
D. have been told；is washed
36. — What were you up to when your parents came in?
— I＿＿for a while and＿＿some reading.
A. was playing；was going to do
B. played；did
C. had played；was going to do
D. had played；did
37. — Sorry, I forget to post the letter for you.
— Never mind, ＿＿it myself tonight.
A. I’m going to post
B. I’ve decided to post
C. I’ll po st
D. I’d rather post
38. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but ＿＿.
A. I’m not invited
B. I was not invited
C. I have not been invited
D. I had not been invited
39. — Is Tom still smoking?
— No. By next Saturday he ＿＿for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will go
B. will have gone
C. will have been
D. has been going
40. All but one ＿＿take part in the conference ＿＿tomorrow.
A. is going to；that is to take place
B. are going to；that is about to take place
C. are going to；that is to be taken place
D. are going to；which is to be held
41. — Are you a visitor here?
—That’s right. I＿＿round the world and now my dream of coming to China＿＿true.
A. have traveled；has come
B. was traveling；had been come
C. am traveling；has come
D. have traveled；has been come
42. —＿＿Betty this morning?
— Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.
A. Have you seen
B. Will you see
C. Do you see
D. Did you see
43. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never＿＿him talk so much.
A. I heard
B. did I hear
C. I had heard
D. had I heard
44. The children ＿＿very quiet；I wonder what they ＿＿up to.
A. were；are being
B. are being；are
C. are；do
D. are being；do
45. — Look at the black clouds. It ＿＿soon.
— Sure. If only we ＿＿out.
A. is raining；didn’t come
B. is to rain；won’t start
C. will rain；haven’t started
D. is going to rain；hadn’t come
46. He ＿＿articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ＿＿about forty articles.
A. has been writing；has written
B. has been writing；wrote
C. is writing；has been writing
D. has written；has written
47. She ＿＿to the office than she got down to writing the report.
A. has no sooner got
B. had hardly got
C. no sooner got
D. had no sooner got
48. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ＿＿from practice and he
gained his experience by doing a lot of practical work.
A. was coming
B. had come
C. comes
D. would come
49. In this experiment, they are woken up several times during the night, and asked to report what
they＿＿.
A. had just been dreaming
B. are just dreaming
C. have just been dreaming
D. had just dreamt
50. —What’s the matter?
—The shoes don’t fit properly. They＿＿＿＿my feet
A .are hurting B. will hurt C. have hurt D. are hurt
51.How long have you been here?
A. stood
B. to stand
C. standing
D. stands
52. The student has been the novel since he finished school.
A. wrote
B. writing
C. written
D. writes
53. — Hi, David! Are you tired?
— Yes, I am tired. I the classrooms for 4 hours.
A. am cleaning
B. was cleaning
C. have been cleaning
D. had cleaned
54. Where have you been? We you everywhere.
A. have been looking for
B. has looked for
C. had looked for
D. has been looking for
55. — It for nearly a week. Will it last long?
— No, it's reported that we'll have a fine weekend.
A. have rained
B. has been raining
C. rains
D. Rained
56.As she the newspaper, Granny asleep.
A. read; was falling
B. was reading; fell
C. was reading; was falling
D. read; fell
57. －Did you tell Julia about the result?－Oh, no, I forgot. I her now.
A. will be calling
B. will call
C. call
D. am to call
58. They a good swim last Saturday.
A. had
B. are having
C. have had
D. have had
59. When he was at school, he to the library every day.
A. goes
B. was going
C. has gone
D. went
60. Until then, his family from him for four months.
A. haven’t heard
B. hasn’t been hearing
C. hadn’t heard
D. hasn’t heard
第三讲情态助动词
1.概念和功能：表示说话人对所说话语的情感态度或看法，或表示主观设想或其它情态意义。

2.句法特征：
主动式为情态助动词+d o(对现在或将来事情的情态)/be doing(对说话时的事情的情
态)/have don e(对过去或现在完成的事情的情态)/hav e b ee n doing(对过去正在发生或
一直发生到现在的事情的情态)；被动为情态助动词+be don e/h ave b ee n done(情态助动词+be/have been doin g没有被动形式)
3.意义：情态动词是英语语法中的难点，可用于表示以下意义：能力、责任与义务、推测、允许、请求、建议、劝告、胆量、邀请、虚拟语气等。

1)能力
(1)表示潜在能力时,c a n 和b e able to意义接近，基本可以互换。

如：I c an/am a ble to do it on my own.但是，由于b e able t o中b e形式多样，所以可用于各种时态和其它情况下，如：I’m sorry I h aven’t been able t o pla y t ennis with your rece ntly.而c a n 只有could一个过去时态变化形式。

(2)wer e/w as abl e to的肯定形式也可以表示过去实现了的具体能力，此时不能用c ould替代，而相当于m ana ge d to do。

I was able to recogni ze t h e m an a s my uncl e.我当时认出了那个男的是我叔叔(而不是“我有能力认出来”)。

Although the pilot w as ba dl y hurt, he w as a bl e to expl ain w hat had happ ened.尽管这个飞行员当时受了重伤，他还是将事情的经过解释清楚了（而不是“他有能力解释清楚”）。

2)责任与义务①表示责任与义务的情态动词按照责任与义务程度由低到高排列为：should/ou gh t to(应该),ha v e to/nee d(有必要),must(必须，一定要)。

②n ee d作情态动词时只用于否定和疑问句中，但作实意动词可用于肯定、否定和疑问句。

还有n e edn’。