第四节 英汉介词比较与翻译 练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( Tess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
英汉语言对比与翻译作业
1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。
04.英汉语言对比与翻译_讲义
04.英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译_讲义第四章英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译Fiona Ma April, 201221. 英汉语⾔特点2. 英汉语⾔特点对翻译的启⽰3. 课堂互动及课后练习英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译1.英语重形合，汉语重意合2.英语偏静态，汉语偏动态3.英语重抽象，汉语重具体4.英语重物称，汉语重⼈称5.英语重被动，汉语重主动6.英语多替换，汉语多重复7.英语重后饰，汉语重前饰8.英语重聚焦，汉语重流散9.英语重时体，汉语轻时体1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 4例1: Children will play with dolls equipped withpersonality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.【译⽂】⼉童将与装有个性芯⽚的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为⼯作伙伴⼉不是⼯具，⼈们将在⽓味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了。
例2: 早知今⽇，何必当初？【译⽂】If I had known it would have come to this, I would have acted differently.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 5例3: As we lived near the road, we oftenhad the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.【译⽂】我们就住在路边。
英汉介词对比
a.
没有人反对这个建议。
No one is against this proposal. b. 他向我走来 He came to me. c. 小客厅里先有一人在，是律师秋隼。 He found someone ahead of him in the small drawingroom——Chiu Sun,the lawyer.
6. 使用反译法。
Copper is the best conductor but sliver. 铜是仅次于银的最优导体。
7. 英语介词of十分活跃，几乎可以与所有有实义 的词类搭配。汉译时应灵活处理。
we will meet at the hour of nine. 我们将在九点会面。 That’s no fault of mine. 这不是我的错。 I am confronted with a difficulty of difficulties. 我面临的最难解决的困难（of表示强调） To know nothing of the matter. 对这件事全不知道.
汉语介词 现代汉语的介词约有70多个，属于虚词，因为它不充当句 子成分，只表示语法关系。 汉语介词分类 表时间、空间的：如自、从、自从、离、在、打、当、 朝 、向、于、往、沿、沿着、顺着、到等； 表对象、范围的：如对、对于、关于、至于、替、为、 与、比、朝、向、被、把、给、同、让、教等； 表原因、目的的：如由、由于、为、为了、为着、因、 因 为等； 表凭借、依据的：如遵照、按照、照、依照、依、根据 鉴于、在、凭、凭借等； 表施事、受事的：如把、被、叫、让、给、将等； 表排除的：如除了、除、除开等。
英汉介词对比
纲要
第4章 英汉语言对比与翻译(总结)
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。 but goes like reeling silk.
(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)
我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived.
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
English
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic
语义型语言
(以意统形)
形态型语言
(以形驭意)
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
树
一棵树 一 棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂 的大树 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 ……
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
英汉语对比研究
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
English
Examples of Negative Transfer
英汉介词对比
3.2 汉语表示时间的名词可以做状语而不用介词 英语除了具有指示性质的时间词外都要用介词
He was still a child in 1962. 1962年他还是个孩子。 We haven’t corresponded for three years. 我们三年没有通信了。
3.3 汉语中表示工具和方式的词语常可不用介词 The old man, holding the big line with his right hand and arm, pulled the dolphin in with his left hand. 老头儿右手带胳膊攥住那根大钓丝,左手把 海豚一把一把往上拉。
1.1.2 英语介词的特性
1.1.2.1 动词性 在历史上,很多介词曾被用作动词。例如: Let us to our story. 如今,介词动词性的用法,尤其是介词短语代替动 词短语的例子在现代英语中仍然层处不穷。 例如: You should decide whether you are for or against me.
2.英汉介词和介词短语在句中的 位置对比 （沈家煊，1984）
Questions • Differences between the positions of English and Chinese prepositions?
2.1 英语介词短语一般位于动词之后， 汉语介词短语大多位于动词之前 例如： 要我怎么对你说？
Questions • What are the features of Chinese prepositions?
1.2.2 汉语介词的特性
1.2.2.1 动词性
与英语相比,汉语介词的动词性更为突出。 介词的动词性具体表现为: 首先,很多介词可以带表示持续的词缀“着”,如“按 着”、“沿着”、“顺着”等等。 其次,当代汉语中,很多介词可以做动词用。 例如: 小孩朝妈妈走去。 我屋子朝南。
英汉语比较与翻译4 动词13年4月17日 2
外语难学，非下功夫不可。 玻璃容易打碎。 这辆车开起来很快。 法语学起来很难。 西瓜籽剥起来很麻烦。 他的书翻译起来很容易。 素食馒头蒸起来很方便。 这个手续办起来特麻烦。 这类句子又被称作受事主语句，往往以一些附加成分为标志。 吕叔湘指出，“动词前面附有 “要、好、难、容易”等或 后面附有表可能性的“得、不”及“起来、上去、着” 等 附加成分”（吕叔湘《汉语语法论文集》1984 ）。汉语中 动句中最典型的“起来句”和“难易句” 。
表示“手段”、“目的”关系的连动词，英译时，通常把前一 个动词，即表示手段的词译为谓语，而后一个动词(即表示目的 的词）则用不定式译作目的状语。
他到老师那儿请假。 He went to the teacher to ask for leave. 他们跑过去欢迎众代表。 They ran over to welcome the delegates.
1. 2.
充当英语宾补的其他成分：
介词： 他迫使对方处于守势。 He drove his opponent into a defensive position. 形容词 他证明自己值得信赖。 He proved himself worthy of confidence. 分词 他忽然听见有人轻轻叩窗子。 Suddenly he heard someone knocking lightly on the window.
汉语兼语式及其翻译
特点：谓语有两个动词，前一个动词的宾语是后一动词的主 语，前后两个动词的主语不同。 他叫我到这里来。 （1）把兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语。
英汉介词词性对比
3.介词宾语的构成
英： 介词宾语范围较宽，可与名、代词或者相当于 名词的其他词类、短语以及从句组成介词结构。间 或形容词也可以放在介词后面。
This is a birthday gift for my brother. Isn’t it a pleasure to have friends from afar? It is far from perfect. We laughed at what he said. 汉： 介词一般只能与名词、代词或名词性词组组合
形合（显性语法）----意合（隐形语法）
逻辑思维----------------------直观思维
E.g. 中国人拿(用)筷子吃饭 Chinese eat with chopsticks.
英汉语介词的差别主要表现在：
1.介词的来源
汉语介词多是从动词演变过来的，因此有 不少兼具动、介词的双重功能。
缺了一个把 横过草地
Without a handle Across the grass
英汉语介词互译时应注意，一定要首先弄清楚在 源语言中介词是表示的是什么意思。
There is no one in the room.(空间关系) She will probably be back in February（时间关
系）. She left in a hurry（逻辑关系）. He is weak in pronunciation（逻辑关系）. 又如in在以下几个介词短语中都要灵活理解，如in
英汉介词对比
Fikko and Total
提纲
❖ 界定 ❖ 结构、功能 ❖ 种类 ❖ 英汉语介词的差别
❖ 介词的来源 ❖ 介宾结构与句法成分 ❖ 介词宾语结构 ❖ 介词与动词的搭配 ❖ 介词的意义功能
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag fo r transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been agarden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( T ess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraord inary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
英汉介词对比
英汉语介词的差别---3）介词宾语的构成
英： 介词宾语范围较宽，可与名、代词或者相当于名词的其他词 介词后面。 This is a birthday g介词结构。间或形容词、副词也可以放在
His name is well-known to us.
By train Against the proposal Before everything Off shore He is for principled unity. 淋着雨 超出我的能力之外 乘火车 反对这项建议 居于首位 离岸 他主张有原则的团结。 In the rain Beyond my ability
英汉语介词的差别---5）介词的意义功能
英语介词可以表达汉语中常用动词表达的概念，即介词的动词 特性 ，如across(穿过)、along(沿着)、toward(朝向) ①you should decide whetheryou are for or against me .(agree or disagree) 汉语中的介词只有引导和介入名词与代词的语法意义。
改错
我们努力学习，为了以后能为人民服务。 We are studying hard so that we can serve for the people in the future. 你必须面对现实。You must face to the reality. 无论什么事情都逃不了他的眼睛。 Nothing can escape from his eyes. 就我的意见而言，他是对的。 According to my opinion, he is right. In
以介词out为例
picked out the thief in the crowd. 在人群中认出了小偷
Unit 4 英汉对比与翻译 (词法)The Contrastive Study of English and Chinese (I)
单词作定语 A charming girl, a tall building Nothing important The manager’s little office A little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. 一个乞丐，身材短小，面黄肌瘦， 衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡须。
2) Differences in lexical classification
一词多类现象： 汉语：说明情况/关于本产品的使用说明； 他心里很明白；我明白了您讲的道理； 英语：plenty: n. 丰富 adj.足够的 full: adj. 满的 adv.十分 n. 全部 round adj. 圆的 adv.兜圈子 prep.围 绕 v. 变圆 n. 圆形物
B.短语作定语
A
building project of high-rise department houses 一个高层公寓大楼的建筑项目 A candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微的候选人
1．Consult
the references as given at the end of the chapter. 请参考本章末尾的参考文献。 2．There is the challenge, more clearly defined than ever before, to scientists to apply the results of science and technology. 科学家面临着比以往任何时候都更加明确的 挑战---如何使科技成果造福人类。 （分词 短语做定语） 3．There are children for her to look after and a big house to take care of. 她要照看孩子，还要料理一个大家庭。
浅谈英汉介词用法对比
浅谈英汉介词用法对比摘要：介词在英语和汉语中都是最重要的虚词之一，无论是句法功能和词汇意义的范畴和变化，都是非常活跃的。
本文从英汉介词的特性比较入手，从英汉介词的对应角度，分析了英汉介词的用法。
从语言学习的意义来看，对英汉两种语言的介词作一个比较研究是很有必要的。
一、英汉介词的特性比较1、英语介词的特性(1)英语介词的动词性尽管英语中的介词属于虚词，但在很多情况下，它们有相对独立的含义。
介词可以表达某些动作概念，这就是我们通常所说的介词的动词特性。
因此，介词和动词的关系是非常紧密的。
在英语中有很多介词兼有动词的特性，或者可以说很多介词都有很强的动词性。
例如：across(穿过)、along(沿着)、toward(朝向)。
在现代英语中，介词的动词用法，尤其是介词短语代替动词短语的例子十分多见。
例如：①you should decide whetheryou are for or against me.(agree or disagree)②the truth willout.(be found)(2)英语介词主要源于方位副词英语介词主要源于方位副词，因为在英语中方位词首先转化为副词，为进一步指明运动的地点，在其后加一地点名词，方位副词就演变为介词。
(3)英语介词的兼类现象十分突出所谓介词的兼类现象即介词同时兼有几种词性，许多介词同时又是副词、连词、形容词甚至动词。
例如：①it never rainsbut it pours.句中but是连词。
②we go to school every day butsunday.句中but是介词。
2、汉语介词的特性(1)汉语介词的动词性汉语介词多由动词演变而来，因此其动词性更为突出。
除少数如“于”“对于”“至于”等已完全质变为介词外，多数汉语介词均同时保留有动词的特性，即在一种情况下是动词，但在另一种情况下则是介词。
如：“他在济南”“他住在济南”这两例中，第一句中“在”是动词，第二句中“在”是介词。
汉英比较与翻译chapter 4
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
11
汉语的意合法
汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注 重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻 辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神 统形。
12
《天净沙.秋思》 马致远 枯滕老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马， 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。
In twilight, a crow perched on an old tree which was twisted by a withered vine. A house stood beside a bridge crossing over a river. A jaded horse was lingering alone on the immemorial way, bearing the bitter west wind. Now the sun gradually faded down. The rover was still on his way to next destination far away from his own home. It was this scene made him desperately homesick.
从英汉语言对比的角度看英语介词的用法及其翻译
英 语 介 词 大 致 可 以分 为 四 类 ：１ （ ）简 单 介 词 。ａ，ｕ ｎ 。 ｔｄ ｒ ｇ ｉ （ ） 成 介 词 ： ｏｇｉｅｔｒｕｈ ｕ等 。 （） 一ｎ Ｎ ） 介 词 。 ２合 ａ ｎｓ ， ｏｇ ｏｔ ｌ ｄ ｈ ３带 ｉ ｇ ￣ ｉｃ ｄｎ ， ｎｅｎｎ 等 。 （ ） 语 介 词 。ｉｓ ａ ｆｒｇｒｌｓｏ ｎｌ ｉｇ ｃ ｃｒｉｇ ｕ ｏ ４成 ｎｔ ｄｏ， ａｄｅｓ ｆ ｅ ｅ 等 。而 汉 语 介 词 的 分 类 较 英 语 介 词 简 单 ， 只分 为 单音 节介 词 ， 如 ： 、 ； 音 节介 词 ， ： 于 、 据 。 在 往 双 如 关 根
ｂ ｔｅｎ ｔｅｐｒ ｎ ｅｒ ｅ） （ ） 示 其 他 的 短 语 。 ： ｅ ｅ （ ａｋａｄｔ ｖｒ 。 ３ 表 ｗ ｈ ｈｉ 如 让 步 ｄ ｓ ｉ （ ｅ ｂ ｄ ｗ ａ ｅ ） 原 因 ｄ ｅ ｔ （ ｅ ｓ ｏ ， 的 ｆｒ ｅｐｔ ｔ ａ ｅ ｔ ｒ ， ｅ ｈ ｈ ｕ ｏ ｔ ｎ ｗ） 目 ｈ ｏ （ ｅ ） 条 件 ｗ ｔｏ ｔ ｔｅ ｓ ｐ ｏ ） 关 于 ｒｇ ｒ ｉ （ ｏ ｒ ｕｕｅ ｈｒ ， ｉ ｕ （ ｕ ｐ ｒ ， ｈ ｈ ｔ ｅ ａｄｎ ｙ ｕ ｔｒ ） ｇ ｆ 等 。 根 据 语 义 ， 语 介 词 可 以 分 为 ： 示 处 所 地 点 和 时 间 的 汉 表 介 词 ， ： 、 、 等 。表示 对 象 的介 词 ， ： 于 、 于 、 如 在 从 朝 如 对 关 跟 。表 示 凭 借 的 介 词 ， ： 据 、 借 。表 示 比较 的 介 词 ， ： 如 根 凭 如 比 、 之 。 表 示 目的 、 因 和 结 果 的 介 词 ， ： 于 、 了 、 较 原 如 由 为 因 、 过等 。 通 二 、 汉 介词 的句 法 功 能 英 １ 汉 介 词 在 句子 中充 当的成 分 。 ． 英 在 英 语 句 子 中 ， 词 主要 可 以作 主语 、 语 、 介 表 定语 、 语 补 宾 足语 及 状 语 。 如下 例 子 ：ｅｗ ｅ ｖｎａ ｄ ｉｅ ｉ ｉｍ ．主 Ｂ ｔｅｎｓ ｅ ｎｎ ｌｓ ｔ ｅ（ ｅ ｎ ｗ ｌｕ 语 ） ａ’ ｔｅ ｄａ ｔ ｅｏ ｌ ｎｎ ｅｂｄｏｍ？ 定 语 ） — ／ ｔＳｈ ｖｎａ ｅ ｉ ｔ ｅｒｏ （ Ｗｈ ａ ｇ ｆｃ ａ ｇ ｈ ／ｒ Ｉｅ ｇ ｒ ｈｍ ∞ ｍ ｓ ｒ 宾语 ） 英 语 介 词 短 语 主 要 用 作状 语 ， ： ａｄ ｉ ｙ ｉ ｅ． ｓｔ （ 。 如 Ｈｅ ｏ ｔ Ａ ｒ ａｂ ｔｏ ｍｅ ｃ ｙ， ｇ ｉ ｆ ｌ ｇｌｒ ｓ ｏｔ ｉ ．手 ｏ ｉｅａ ｔ ｎｐ ｒ ｔ ｎ （ 段 ） ｈ ｌ ａ ａｏ ／ ｅ Ｔ ｍ ｎｒｉ ｄｈ ｅｄ ｉ ｅ Ｉｏ ｏｄ ｒ ｎ ｙｔｒ．伴 随 情 ａ ｓ ｉｈ ａ ｔ ｅ ｓ Ｉｆｗ ｎ ｅ ａｄｍ ｓ ｙ（ ａｅ ｓ ｗ ｈｙ ｅ
英汉语对比与翻译
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起，输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌
3.
It
was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，
这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言， 春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂， 这日子是如此安静，然而并非安静， 因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动、 或摇、或震、或起、或伏。
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find troubleat his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
第四节 英汉介词比较与翻译 练习
第四节英汉介词比较与翻译练习一）句子翻译：1. There weren’t beyond twenty people present.2. If it is beyond Jack, it is certainly beyond me.3. The country is far behind its neighbors.4. The painting is after the great master.5. It’s a pity to leave Beijing without a taste of Beijing roast duck. It’s a famous dish in Beijing with local flavor.6. These words are from the bottom of my heart.7. Some people are only after fame and position.8. Crows are among the smartest birds in the world with extra keen sight and hearing.9. His conduct is beyond reproach.10. When I was neither at the farm nor in school, I helped at construction sites by picking up wood and metal scraps.二）短文翻译：1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.It was a valley far removed from towns, and the road through it led to another village. The road was rough and there were no cars or buses to disturb the ancient quietness of this valley. There were bullock（小公牛）carts, but their movement was a part of the hills. There was a dry river bed that only flowed with water after heavy rains, and the color was a mixture of red, yellow and brown; and it, too, seemed to move with the hills. And the villagers who walked silently by were like the rocks.The day wore on and towards the end of the evening, as the sun was setting over the western hills, the silence came in from afar, over the hills, through the trees, covering the little bushes and the ancient banyan（菩提树；[林]印度榕树）. And as the stars became brilliant, so the silence grew into great intensity; you could hardly bear it.2. Translate the following passage into English.烦闷的时候不知什么原故这几年来写信给朋友，报告近况时，总有这样一句话：“我近来只是烦闷，烦闷恰似大毒蛇缠住我的灵魂。
英汉对比(第四章)分解
师说
古之学者（1）必有师。师者，所以传道（2）、受业、 解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑 也，终不解矣。
生乎吾前，其闻道（3）也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生 乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫 庸知（4）其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无（5）贵无贱，无长 无少，道之所存，师之所存也。
今之众人，其下圣人（8）也亦远矣，而耻学 于师。
Most men of today are far below those sages, yet they think it shameful to learn.
是故（9）圣益圣，愚益愚； That is why sages become more sage, while
Chapter 4 Complex vs. Simplex
It is generally accepted that English is more complex while Chinese is more simplex. Why?
Ⅰ.Reasons for complex English and simplex Chinese and translation
teacher is my senior or junior.
是故无（5）贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存， 师之所存也。
Whether he is noble or common, elder or younger, whoever knows the truth can be a teacher.
有时有人认为猫头鹰不实际，有点蠢，但基 本上是智能的象征。
Sometimes, people consider owl not practical and a little stupid, yet on the whole, it stands for the image of wisdom.
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第四节英汉介词比较与翻译练习
一）句子翻译：
1. There weren’t beyond twenty people present.
2. If it is beyond Jack, it is certainly beyond me.
3. The country is far behind its neighbors.
4. The painting is after the great master.
5. It’s a pity to leave Beijing without a taste of Beijing roast duck. It’s a famous dish in Beijing with local flavor.
6. These words are from the bottom of my heart.
7. Some people are only after fame and position.
8. Crows are among the smartest birds in the world with extra keen sight and hearing.
9. His conduct is beyond reproach.
10. When I was neither at the farm nor in school, I helped at construction sites by picking up wood and metal scraps.
二）短文翻译：
1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
It was a valley far removed from towns, and the road through it led to another village. The road was rough and there were no cars or buses to disturb the ancient quietness of this valley. There were bullock（小公牛）carts, but their movement was a part of the hills. There was a dry river bed that only flowed with water after heavy rains, and the color was a mixture of red, yellow and brown; and it, too, seemed to move with the hills. And the villagers who walked silently by were like the rocks.
The day wore on and towards the end of the evening, as the sun was setting over the western hills, the silence came in from afar, over the hills, through the trees, covering the little bushes and the ancient banyan（菩提树；[林]印度榕树）. And as the stars became brilliant, so the silence grew into great intensity; you could hardly bear it.
2. Translate the following passage into English.
烦闷的时候
不知什么原故这几年来写信给朋友，报告近况时，总有这样一句话：“我近来只是烦闷，烦闷恰似大毒蛇缠住我的灵魂。
”这句话的出典，好像是在鲁迅先生《呐喊》的序文里，我很爱引用。
因为我觉得烦闷是带着非常的魔性的，它来不知从何处来，缠住人之后，再也摆脱不了，正似印度森林里的被人视为神圣而又妖异的大毒蛇。
三）欣赏英语介词诗:
Poems (beginning with a preposition of each line)
1
In front of the china cabinet,
Between Momm and Tara,
Behind my breakfast plate
On my chair, I sit.
我坐在椅子上，
前有瓷器柜，
后面是早餐盘，
中间还有
妈咪和塔拉。
2
Across the street
In the mall
Within the shop
Down the aisles
Around the corner
Along the back wall
Before the clothes
Near the mirrors
Above the socks
Among the empty shelves Between two others
Sits the perfect pair of shoes --Dodie Mercer
Ridgway, Pennsylvania
3
On the board
In position
Among the pieces
With great pleasure
As I hit the clock
To my opponent
I said, "Checkmate!"
--Michael Mendonez
Piscataway, NJ。