语言学练习Chapter2 习题

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语言学chapter2

3. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and ___________ stress.
4. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the _________ coming from the lungs.
20. According to _________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
III. Multiple choices
5. Consonant sounds can be either ________ or _________, while all vowel sounds are _________.
6. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing ________.
2. Phonology is concerned with the sound system of language, it studies the __________ of the speech sounds.

语言学第2章习题.doc

Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are all b_______ sounds.24． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules. 29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/ C. /k/B. /d/ D./b/38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by phoneme,thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C.exactly alike D. similar“ copying a”feature of a sequential39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration23. bilabial 24. tongue25. place26. stop27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement:IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56.minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing？58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels？59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics？60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or notSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45.phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46.phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is anabstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47.allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48.international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49.intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50.phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with allthe sounds that occur in the world' s languages51.auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.52.acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53.phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54.phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemescan occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55.tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56.minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occursin the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing？1)In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels？1)Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2)According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3)According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4)The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics？They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1)The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2)The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “ Heis driving my car. ”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress thepossessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not？A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.。

胡壮麟.语言学第二章题

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第二章：语音您所查看的帖子来源于考研加油站考研论坛() Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative以下内容跟帖回复才能看到==============================Key:I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme neveroccur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.。

英语语言学Chapter 2

Chapter T woⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A refers to a strong puff of airstream in the production of speech sounds.2. A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all bsounds.4. Of all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of pof articulation.6. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called ass.7. S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called srules.9. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called ntranscription.10. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i.11. P is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o cavity and the nasal cavity.13. T one are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.14. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.perception.16. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are embedded in three important cavities. These three cavities are p o and n cavitythe production of them.18. Vis a feature of all vowels and some consonants. When the vocal cords do cause vibration, the sounds produced are ; otherwise they are named sounds19. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without .20. When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through an arrow passage in the mouth soas to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a .21. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of .22. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong tophoneme(s), when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones come from phoneme(s); and finally when free variation is talked about, we understand that the sounds are derived from phoneme(s).23. In English, complementary distribution of allophones is required to meet two conditions, one condition is that they never occur in the ; the other is that they shouldshare .24. In English, the study of phonology hasso far mainly found three phonological rules. They areand rule.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. Of all the speech organs, the _______is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones11. Phonetics is the study of _______.A. all the sounds that occur in the world’s languagesB. speech sounds used by human languages to representC. the differences between sounds used inhuman languages and sounds in natureD. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding12. /m, n/ are _______.A. fricativesB. dentalsC. glidesD. nasals13. /w, j/ belong to _______.A. fricativesB. dentalsC. glidesD. nasals14. Which of the following vowel is the rounded vowel?A. [i:]B. [u:]C. [i]D. [a:]15. In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features?A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. syllable16. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT _______.A. the position of the tongueB. the openness of the mouthC. the shape of the lipD. the width of the vowels17. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ______.A. phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph18. /p, t, k/ are _______.A. fricativesB. affricatesC. glidesD. stops19. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of ______.A. language universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs20. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a______ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD. central21. In English, there is only one glottal. It is ______.A. [f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]22. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]23. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _______ of that phoneme.A. minimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones24. [i:], [i], [e] are all ______ vowels.A. frontB. centralC. backD. back25. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A. [m]B.[p]C.[w]D. [v]26. There are _______ nasals in English.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four27. _______ are not a minimal pair in English.A. “sink” and “zinc”B. “fine” and “vine”C. “bat” and “pat”D. “teach” and “cheat”。

语言学练习第二章

语言学练习第二章(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate[ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are allb_______ sounds.4． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.C. pronunciation2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.C. phoneme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.C. morpheme4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phonetics phoneticsC. auditory phonetics of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulationA. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowelsA. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibratingA. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stop10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricativeA. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme 4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics phonetics 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone 音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not。

语言学练习题--Chapter-2-Linguistics

Chapter Two Linguistics1. Define the following terms.1)syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relation2)langue vs parole3)competence vs performance4)descriptive linguistics vs historical linguistics5)theoretical linguistics vs applied linguistics6)deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguistics7)synchronic vs diachronic linguistics8)macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics9)Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguistics2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)( ) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguisticsbecause it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)( ) C ompetencce and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3)( ) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky.4)( ) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia.5)( ) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time.6)( ) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not withhow they can be improved.7)( ) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions” what is a language”and “How does a language work”.8)( ) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, which showsthe arbitrary nature of languages.9)( ) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of soundand a system of meaning.10)( ) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned a new by each speaker.11)( ) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas.12)( ) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehendingan infinite set of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.13)( ) Hall iday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of paroleand performance14)( ) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and development oflanguage.15)( ) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject topersonal and situational constraints.16)( ) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners ‘ communicative skills.17)( ) Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school ofhistorical linguistics18)( ) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning.19)( ) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)( ) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of alanguage over a period of time.21)( ) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element inan utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belongingto the same sub-system of the language.22)( ) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rulesof a particular language.23)( ) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)( ) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)( ) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accountsfor the rules of language in general.26)( ) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directlyobservable.27)( ) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)( ) All the English words are not symbolic.29)( ) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)( ) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)( ) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how asentence is formed.32)( ) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)( ) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a languageat a particular point of time.3. Multiple Choice1) ______ made the distinction between competence and performance.A. SaussureB. Chomsky C Bloomfiled D. Sapir2) Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of somepractical problems, the study of such applications is knowns as ________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics3) _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof speech community.A. ParoleB. langue C speech D. writing4) Which of the following is not the major brach of linguisticsA. phonologyB. pragmaticsC. syntax D speech5) ________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6) Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences amonglanguagesA. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. Comparative linguistics.7） ________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons8) The study of language as a whole is often called ---.A. general linguisticsB. sociolingyusticsC. psycholinguisticsD. applied linguistics9) The study of language meaning is called--.A. syntaxB. semantics C morphology D. pragmatics10) The description of a language at some point in time is a – study.A synchronic B. diachronic C descriptive D. prescriptive4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:1) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community.2) is the actual realization of one’s linguistic knowledge inutterances.3) Modem linguistic is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.4) The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.5) Saussure put forward two important concepts, refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.6) Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s .7) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2)(3) (4)8) Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.9) The branch of general linguistics which is named studies the internalstructure of sentences.10) In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) andsignified (concept) is .11) is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interestsin language and society, including the social functions of language and thesocial characteristics of its users.12) The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made bythe American linguist .13) The writing English is. known as the sound writing system while that ofJapanese as ___writing system.14) According to John Lyons, ___ linguistics_ deals with language in generaland _ linguistics is concerned with one particular language.15) In de Saussure’s term, _____ refers to the system of language and _____refers to the speaker’s speech.16) _____ is the science that deals with the sound system.17) Syntax studies two kinds of rules: _____ rules and rules18) Langue or competence is ______ and not directly observed, while parole orperformance is _____ and directly observable.19) A ________ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.20) ___ ___ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and soundpatterns of his language.21) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how a word is formed.22) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentenceis grammatical or not.23) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning oflanguage, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.24) ______ is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.25) ______ examines word formation and the internal structure of words.5. Answer the following questions.1) What is the difference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics2) What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics Is iteasy to draw a sharp line between them if we look at language closely3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studiesof language Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of language5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.6) What are the main differences between “competence” and “performance”7) What is the major difference between Saussure’s distinction of langue andparole and Chomsky’s distinction of competence and performance what should be studies in linguistics in your opinion and why8) Explain “speech and writing”, and cite two ormore examples.Key to Chapter Two1. Define the following terms.1）syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relationEssentially the relations between linguistic elements are of two dimensions, usually syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic or sequential relations are those holding between elements forming serial structure, or “strings’ as they are sometimes called. In syntax, the horizontal relationship between elements shows how a form (X) combines with others (W + X + Y) in a serial combination.It refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.Paradigmatic relations are those holding between comparable elements at particular places in structures. The vertical or substitutional relationship shows how other different forms (Xa, Xb, Xc) can function in the same place in structure in a paradigmatic relation.2) langue vs paroleSaussure refers “langue” to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers” parole” to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. For Saussure, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, ., to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole andmake them the subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on laterlinguists.3) competence vs performance(1)According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and “performance” is the arctual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence.(2)Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.(3) Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, t hough similar to, F. de Saussure’s language parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.4) descriptive linguistics vs historical linguisticsLinguistic study can be divided into descriptive linguistics (synchronic linguistic study) and historical linguistics (diachronic linguistic study). The former refers to the description of a language at a particular point of time in history while the latter, a diachronic study of language, studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5) theoretical linguistics vs applied linguisticsA third dichotomy is that which holds between theoretical and applied linguistics. The former copes with language and languages with a view toestablishing a theory of their structure and functions and without regard to any practical applications that the investigation of language and languages might have, whereas the latter is chiefly concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks, including language teaching.6) deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguisticsA linguistic study is descriptive if it only describes and analyzes the facts of language, and it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” language behavior. Linguistic studies before 20th century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on “high” (literary or religious) written records. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive, however, which believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy. These, with changes inlvocabulary and structures, need to be explained distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.7) synchronic vs diachronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.The description of a languageat some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchronic study (synchrony). The description of a languageas it changes through timeis a diachronic study (diachrony). An essay entitled” On the Use of THE”, for example, may be synchronic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.8) macrolinguistics vs microlinguisticsMacrolinguistics falls on the verge of linguistics. It includes the following disciplines: philosophical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Lyons has the same distinction.Microlinguistics concentrates on the study of all the interior aspects ofa language system. Traditional linguistic study describes language system fromtwo aspects —lexicon and grammar. Dictionaries and grammar books are products of such researches and studies.9）Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguisticsComparative historical linguistics draws on the special historical comparison in linguistics to study the historical development of some related languages (languages originating from a uniform ancestry). It is in fact a special part of historical linguistics. Thanks to the development of historical comparative linguistics in 19th century, linguistics comes to be an independent discipline. Contrastive linguistics focuses on structural similarities and differences of two or more languages (relevant or unrelated) by means of comparison and contrastive study. This study belongs to descriptive linguistics. It can help people have a deep understanding of the properties and universal characteristics of different languages and thus exerts great influence on foreign language teaching.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)(F) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptivelinguistics because it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)(T) Competencce and performance refer respectively to a languageuser’s underlying knowledge ab out the system of rules and the actualuse of language in concrete situations.3)(F) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky. (中国矿业大学，2004)4)(T) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia. (中国矿业大学，2004)5)(F) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time. (中国矿业大学，2004)6)(T) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, notwith how they can be improved. (中国矿业大学，2004)7)(T) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions” what is alanguage” and “How does a language work”. （南京师范大学，2002）8)(F) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, whichshows the arbitrary nature of languages. （中国矿业大学，2002）9)(T) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of soundand a system of meaning. （中国矿业大学，2002）10)(T) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned a new by each speaker. （中国矿业大学，2002）11)(F) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas. （中国矿业大学，2002）12)(F) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehendingan infinite set of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.（中国矿业大学，2002）13)(F) Halliday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of paroleand performance14)(T) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and developmentof language.15)(T) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subjectto personal and situational constraints.16)(T) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners ‘ communicative skills.17)(F) Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school ofhistorical linguistics.18)(T) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning.19)(F) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)(T) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical developmentof a language over a period of time.21)(F) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic elementin an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language.22)(F) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describesthe rules of a particular language.23)( T) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)(F) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)(F) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory whichaccounts for the rules of language in general.26)(T) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is notdirectly observable.27)(T) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)(T) All the English words are not symbolic.29)(F) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)(T) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)(F) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition abouthow a sentence is formed.32)(F) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)(F) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state ofa language at a particular point of time.3. Multiple choice1) – 5): BCBDC 6) – 10): DBABA4. Word completion1) Langue 2) Performance3) descriptive 4) diachronic5) langue 6) competence7) (1) consistency (2) economy (3) objectivity (4) exhaustiveness8) Morphology 9) syntax10) arbitrary 11) socialinguistics12) Chomsky 13) syllabic14) general, descriptive 15) langue, parole16) Phonology 17) phrase structure, transformational18) abstract; concrete 19) syntagmatic20) Phonological 21) Morphological22) Syntactic 23) Semantic24) Phonetics 25) Morphology5. Answer the following questions.1) What is thedifference between general linguistics and descriptive linguisticsThe former deals with language in general, . the whole human language whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language. The former aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general while the latter attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language, such as Chinese, English, French, etc. General Linguistics and descriptive linguistics are dependent on each other. In the first place, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which any particular language can be described, studied and analyzed. Very often, it may supply several different frameworks for descriptive linguists to choose from. Depending on their different views on language, they may follow one model exclusively or combine two or more models. In the second, the resulting descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguistics. In other words, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other despite their different objects of study and different goals.2) What is the difference between diachronic linguistics Is it easy to drawa sharp line between them if we look at language closely(1) Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but notnecessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory;therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.(2) Synchronic/diachronic perspective toward language is one of Saussure’smost central ideas expressed in the form of pairs of Concepts. The former sees languageas a living whole; existing as a “‘state” at a particular moment in time; the latter sees it as a continually changing medium. In this view, it is always necessary to carry out some degree of synchronic work before making a diachronic study: before we can say how a language has changed from state X to state Y, we need to about X and Y. Correspondingly, a synchronic analysis can be made without referring to history. This can be illustrated as Sanssure did using an analogy with a game of chess. A state of the set of chessmen is like a state of language. “The respective value of the pieces depends on their position on the chessboard just as each linguistic term derives its value from its opposition to all the other terms.” On the o ther hand, the value of each piece also;depends on the convention--the set of rules that exists before the game begins. This is like the set of rules that exists in language. A state of the game of chess is momentary just like a state of language change. When one piece is moved, the game passes from one state of equilibrium to the next. This corresponds closely to the situation of language between states. To study this static state is called synchronic linguistics. The moving of one piece is like one type of change in language. The consequence of one move can be very big or small; the same is true with language changes. The player of a chess game is solely concerned with the momentary positions of the pieces; he does not need to remember the previous moves so as to decide the next move. A player who knows the history of the game does not necessarily have more to say about the next move than a man who has just come to the game, ignorant of what has happened before. Similarly, a speaker of a language can learn the languagewell without knowing its historical statesl We can describe a state of a game without bothering the techniques both players have used to bring about the state. Likewise, we can describe the state of a language without knowing its history,3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studiesof language Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.(1) The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things actually are. The essence of prescriptivism is the notion that one variety of languages has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. Although prescriptivismis still with :us, descriptivism wins more and more understanding. It proposes that the task of the grammarian is to describe, not prescribe——to record the facts of. linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of being language police and trying to. stop language from changing, or imposing on members of a language community the so-called norms of correctness.(2) Weakness of prescriptive grammar (Merits of descriptive grammar). ①The reason why present-day linguists are so insistent about the distinction between the two is simply that traditional grammar was very strongly normativein character, . “you should never use a double-negative”;“you should not split the infinitive” etc. People realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority, stipulated “standards!’. We can appeal neither to logic nor to Latin granunar when it comes to deciding whether something is oris not correct in English. ② Prescriptivism is an individual attitude. The related social attitude that goes to the extreme of prescriptivism is purism, which is something we should guard against. Pure prescriptive grammar will leadto artificial claims that are hard to maintain in light of the facts. While prescriptivists would prefer the use of the past subjunctive after if (If I were you, etc.), it is very difficult to claim that everyone who uses “was” is wrong, especially are the majority in spoken language. While there are still traditionalist grammarians claiming that they are right and half the populationis wrong, most have modified their approach and talk of this form as preferable, or describe it as formal register. ③ The prescriptive attitude seems to ignore the fact that English has evolved over the centuries into what it is today whereas the descriptive attitude seems to be more sensitive to anything that goes on to a certain extent. A language is a living creature. There is no fixed form for any language. No one speaks Shakespearean medieval English today. However, no one says the British today speaks the incorrect English. It will and should change over time.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of languageThe four principles to make a scientific study of language are exhaustiveness, consistency, economy, and objectivity.(1) Exhaustiveness: the linguist should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation. Language is extremely complex; he cannot attempt to describe all aspects of language at once, but to examine one aspect at a time.(2) Consistency: there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statement.(3) Economy: other things being equal, a shorter statement or analysis is preferred to a longer or more involved one. The best statements are the shortest possible, which can account most fully for all facts.(4) Objectivity: a linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis’of data, allowing no prejudice to influence his generalizations. He should not omit any linguistic facts because he himself considers there to be “inelegant” or “substandard”. Nor should he conceal facts that do not conform to his generalizations. His aim should be to present his analysis in such a way that every part of it can be tested and verified; not only by himself, but by anyone else who makes a description of different。

英语语言学第二章练习

Chapter 2：Speech soundsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21．The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction ofa______.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．P______ is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．The sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating are v ____ sounds.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. minimal pair49. intonation 50. phoneticsV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:51. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?52. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying consonants ?53. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?54. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.。

语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿

语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. Thewriting system of any language is always “invented’ by its users to recordspeech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in termsof the amount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of humanspeech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it. 4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are rounded vowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why? Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？ How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is onephoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus, [ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。

自考语言学Chapter2

I.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1.______ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the word’s language.A.PhonologyB.PhoneticsC.MorphologyD.Phonemics2. If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are ______the same phoneme.A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs3. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows or precedesit, it is said to be ______ .A.nasalizedB.assimilatedC.aspiratedD.voiced4. ______phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearer’s point of view and studies how thesounds are perceived by the hearer.A.ArticulatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD.Oral5. A minimal pair can be illustrated by ______A.sip/sheepB.bread/breastC.same/shameD.breath/breathe6. Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ______ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A.oralB.mentalC.physicalD.recorded7. If two speech sounds are in contrastive distribution, they ______ .A.represent two phonemesB.are allophones of the same phonemeC.have exactly the same phonetic featuresD.do not appear in the same environment8. Minimal pair can be exemplified by ______.A.moon/noonB.foot/foodC.she/sheetD.sea/see9.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ______ sounds.A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantal10. ______ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A.BroadB.DetailedC.WideD.Narrow11. In linguistics, ______ is focused on.A.acousticB.articulatory phoneticsC.auditory phoneticsD.none of the above12. V owels are distinguished from consonants by ______of the obstruction of the airstream.A.absenceB.presenceC.modificationD.both A and B13. Diphthongs are characterized by ______ .A.glidingB.voicingC.aspirationD.stress14. A ______vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle15. In English, /p/and/p h/ are in ______ distribution.A.contrastiveplementaryC.freeD.none of the above16. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are ______ vowels.A.unroundedB.closeC.openD.rounded17. ______ form a minimal pair.A.Bet/beltB.Bet/beatC.Beat/feetD.Both B and C18. ______ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through interveningpositions.A.V owelsB.ConsonantsC.DiphthongsD.Individual vowels19. The feature that distinguishes “a greenhouse” and “a green house” is______.A.toneB.stressC.intonationD.aspiration20. Phonology is concerned with the sound system of language, it studies the ______ of thespeech sounds.A.importanceB.functioningC.necessityD.aspects21. ______ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how thesesounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A.LinguisticsB.PhoneticsC.PhonologyD.Articulatory phonetics22. A phoneme is an abstract, distinctive and ______ .A.phonetic unitB.phonemic unitC.phonological unitD.phonic unit23. If similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form ______ .A.phonemic contrastB.phonetic distinctionplementary distributionD.minimal pair24. A _____ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phonemeB.phoneC.soundD.speech25. Stress, tone and intonation are called ______ features.A.segmentalB.vocalC.speechD.suprasegmental26. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsare called the ______ of that phoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones27. A ______ refers to a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black.A.black birdB.black birdC.black birdD.both B and C28. The initial sound in ______ is a velar stop.A.tapB.capC.gapD.hap29. A phonological feature of the English ______ is that the stress of the word always falls onthe first element, and the second element receives secondary stress.poundsB.phrasesC.wordsD.sentences30. The IPA came into being towards the end of the ______ century.A.nineteenth B,eighteenth C.seventeenth D.sixteenthⅡ. Fill in each of the following blands with one word which begins with the letter given.1. For L______, the study of sound is of greater importance than that of writing.2. A______ phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are produced and classified.3. V______ of the vocal cords results in a quality o f speech sounds called “voicing”.4. To describe the physical properties, phoneticians reward the sound waves on machinescalled S______ .5. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “V______”.6. Of all the speech organs, the t______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties ofarticulation than any other.7. If the vocal cords are apart, the airflow is not obstructed at the glottis and it passed freelyinto the vocal tract above the glottis, the sounds produced in this way are called v______ sounds.8. D______ can be added to the letter symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alonemake possible.9. When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouthso as to cause definite local friction at the point the speech sound thus produced is a f______ .10. B______ transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only.11. In the production of b______ sounds, the upper and the lower lips are brought together tocreate obstruction.12. The /l/ in /hel, followed by the English dental sound / / is called a d____ /l/.13. The /n/ sound in the combination /butn/ is called ______ nasal.14. P______ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.15. A v______ defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in the continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction.16. V owels are sounds characterized by the absence of obstructions of a_______ .17. A______ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.18. The study of speech of sounds is called p______ .19. P____ is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning.20. The phones representing a phoneme are called it’s a____.21. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i______.22. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules.23. Sequential rules, A______ rules, deletion rules are rules in phonology.24. When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a f______ .25. When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction, the sounds thus produced are a_______ .26. Tones are p____ variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.27. When the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are called l_______ . 28. When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called n______.29. The sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth are called g______ .30. Sounds produced with the two lips brought together to create obstruction are called b______ .31. English is an i_____ language.32. /f/ and /v/ produced with the lower lip brought into contact with the upper teeth, thus creating obstruction are called l____ .Ⅲ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Only a few of the languages in the world today are both spoken and written. ( )2. The speed of the vibration determines the pitch of the sounds. ( )3. All vowels are voicing because they are produced with vibration of the vocal cords. ( )4. Of the three branches of phonetics, acoustic phonetics is the longest established, and untilrecently the most highly developed.5. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity. ( )6. Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds. ( )7. The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place ofarticulation. ( )8. Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. ( )9. In the production of vowels, the air stream meets the same kind of obstruction as in theproduction of consonants. ( ) 10. It is just because of its distinctive features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishingmeaning. ( ) 11. Assimilation of neighboring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory orphysiological process. ( )12. Phonetics is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. ( )13. Distinctive features are the same to any language. ( )14. Words of only one syllable, can not be said to have word stress. ( )15. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( ) 16. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:word stress and sentence stress. ( )17. Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence. ( )18. A phone is a phonetic unit. In other words, phones are speech sounds we hear or producein linguistic communication. ( ) 19. If two phonetically similar sounds don’t appear in the same environment, they are said tobe in complementary distribution. ( ) 20. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English. （）Ⅳ. Define the following terms, giving example for illustration if necessary.1.phonetics2.articulatory phonetics3.the IPA4.broad transcription5.phonology6.manner of articulation7.place of articulation8.phone9.phoneme10.allophone11.minimal pair12.tone。

语言学第二章练习题

Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?V oicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。

语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章

语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章Chapter Two Speech SoundsI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.In a syllable, a vowel often serves as _______.A. Peak or NucleusB. OnsetC. CodaD. Rhyme2. Conventionally a ______ is put in slashes / /.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated [p h], an unaspirated [p o] and an unreleased [p﹁] are ____ of the /p/ phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movementA. wideB. closingC. narrowD.centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop ?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]8. Which one is different from the others according to places fo articulation ?A.[n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels ?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating ?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are trueor “F” if they are false.(10%)1. [f] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make a different word, are phones.4. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.5. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of the same phoneme.6. The last sound of cut can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are NOT in complementary distribution.7. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not.8. Distinctive features can show phonological contrasts or oppositions of language sounds.9. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.10. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to placea consonant. It is put into coda than the onset.11. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.12.The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.13. Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula.14. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance.15. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and CODA.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)1. V________ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is [k] as in cat.2. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing f_______.3. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t_________ and the lips.4. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the h_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.5. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without o______.6. In phonological analysis the words fail/veil are distinguishbable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ —/v/. This is an example for illustrating m_______ pairs.7. In English there are a number of d_______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position.8. C__________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.9. P________ is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the a_________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1. Assimilation2. Suprasegmental feature3. Complementary distribution4. Distinctive feature.V. Answer the following question.1. What is acoustic phonetics ?2. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?VI .Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.A B(1) Approximant a. tool and stool(2) Labiodental b. tool and pool(3) Aspirated and unaspirated c. produced by pushing air out(4) English syllable d. (C)V(C)(5) Chinese syllable e. [v](6) minimal pair f. Roman Jacobson(7) pulmonic g. (((C)C)C)V(((C)C)C)C)(8) non-pulmonic h. Otoo Jespersen(9) distinctive features I. [w](10) IPA j. produced by sucking air inVII. Essay question.1.Illustrate phonological processes and phonological rules.2.Illustrate the differences between phonetics and phonology.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. Of the three branches of phonetics, the _________ phonetics studies sounds fro the speaker’s point of view; the _________ phonetics looks at sounds from the hearer’s point of view; and the __________ phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves.2. The ________, mouth, and ________ form the three cavities ofthe vocal tract.3. In terms of places of articulation, __________ is a retroflex.4. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _________.5. Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the ______, ________ at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.6. Affricates consist of a _________ followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation.7. [z, ?,?,h] are ______ in terms of manners of articulation.8. Name four oral stops besides [p] and [t]: ___, ____, ___, __, and nasals __, __, __.9 According to the places of articulation, [f] and [v] are ______.10. In terms of places of articulation, [ ?] and [?] can be classified into the category of _____.11. [j] is a __________ in terms of places of articulation.12. In English and Chinese, vowels with an audible change of quality are called ________.13. [P o, P h] are ________ of the same phoneme /p/.14. [?, e] belong to the category of ________ in accordance with their places of articulation.15. Besides [s], [z], other four sibilants are ____, ___,_____,____.16. A syllable that has no _____ is called an open syllable.17. An example of four consonants occurring after the peak is the word ____.18. The IPA provides its users with a set of symbols called ______, which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone possible.19. An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into two broad categories: __________ and ___________.20. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are pharyngeal cavity, _____, ____ and ______.21. Name five of the English front vowels: _______, ______, _______, ______, _____.22. The [p] sound in peak is called an ______ [p], and the [p] sound in speak is an _______ [p].23. The main suprasegmental feature include _____, _____, and ______.24. The _____________ rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations.25. In English, all the front vowels and central vowels are ______ vowels.26. The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its ________.27. ___________ refers to the degree of force used in producinga syllable.28. In terms of the height of tongue rising, vowels can be classified as _____, ______ and ______ vowels.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1. Phonetics is of a general nature, and it is interested in ______.A. all the speech sounds used in all human languagesB. has speech sounds are producedC. how speech sounds differ from each otherD. how speech sounds can be classified2. The study to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns should be included in ______.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. articulatory phoneticsD. acoustic phonetics3. The sound [l] in _____ is a clear one.A. tellB. quiltC. leafD. peel4. The basic unit in phonology is called ___, and it is a unit that of distinctive value.A. phonemeB. phoneC. allophoneD. sound5. ______ does n’t form a minimal pair.A. Gap and capB. Pat and padC. Tip and dipD. Map and tam6. _____ is not in complementary distribution.A. Spot and potB. Stop and topC. School and coolD. Light and glad7. The following pairs form a minimal pair EXCRPT _____.A. look and bookB. pin and binC. kill and dillD. beat and pee8. ______ is not the term used ot classify the English consonants in terms of manners of articulation.A. ApproximantB. LateralC. PlosiveD. Bilabial9. In the following word ____, the articulation of bilabial is not manifested.A. petB. metC. howD. web10. The distinctive feature of the sound [s] is ______.A. voiceless alveolar fricativeB. voiced alveolar fricativeC. voiceless dental affricativeD. voiced dental fricative11. The sounds in _____ are alveolars.A. [f] and [v]B. [t] and [d]C. [?] and [?]D. [k] and [g]12. The sound with the features bilabial nasal is _____.A. [j]B. [t]C. [m]D. [?]13. Diphthongal glides in English can be heard in following words EXCEPT _____.A. wayB. towerC. tideD. how14. Words in the pair ____ form a minimal pair.A. beat and seenB. pig and padC. choke and jokeD. but and heart15. In the word ____, [l] is palatalized.A. leadB.stealC. lilyD. lied16. In terms of narrow transcription, [l] is dark in the word ____.A. ledB. languageC. dealD. clear17. Each pair of words manifests complementary distribution EXCEPT _____.A. spot and payB. stop and topC. replay and payD. school and cool18. For the word direction, Americans usually pronounce it as [dair?k??n] whereas most British people say [dir?k??n]. This phenomenon can be interpreted in terms of ____.A. phonetic similarityB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. allophones19. In all the following words we can find examples of regressive assimilation EXCEPT ______.A. sinkB. ninthC. capD. help20. ______ gives the correct description of the sound [u:].A. Velar nasalB. High back tense rounded vowelC. Low back lax rounded vowelD. High front lax unrounded vowel21. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must be ______.A. [p]B. [t]C. [l]D. [s]22. The vowel in _____ should be nasalized according to the assimilation rules.A. teaB. peepC. fleeD. bean23. The sound assimilation is not manifested in the spelling of the word _____.A. implausibleB. illegalC. irregularD. input24. When we produce the back vowels, we hold the ____ partof the tongue higher than the rest of it.A. centralB. frontC. backD. the tip25. _____ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation.A. StopsB. LiquidsC. GlidesD. Dental26. The one that does not belong to the alveolar is ______.A. [t]B. [m]C. [n]D.[r]27. Sounds like [?], [?], and [j] are realized by the obstruction between the back of the tongue and the hard palate. They belong to the type of _______.A. palatalB. glottalC. bilabialD. velar28. The distinctive features of the sound [] are ______.A. voiced, nasalB. velarlabial, nasal, voicedC. voiced, alveolar, nasalD. voiced, labial, palatal29. The labiodentals sounds in English are _____.A.[p] and [b]B. [f] and [v]C. [?] and [e]D. [k] and [g]30. According to the rule of _____, the article an, instead of a, is used before the word apple.A. nasalizationB. dentalizationC. epenthesisD. velarization31. The sound _____ does not belong the group of fricative.A. [f]B. [v]C. [k]D. [h]32. If we follow the English vowel system of Radford, we can describe the vowel [i:] in the way of _____.A. high front tense rounded vowelB. high back lax unroundedC. high front tense unrounded vowelD. low back lax rounded vowel33. _____ does not contain a bilabial sound.A. MyB. YouC. BuyD. Pie34. _____ ends with an affricateA. RackB. SuchC. BoozeD. Tip35. The word ____ begins with the sound of a palato-alveolar consonant.A. shipB. lipC. zipD. sip36. The articulation of ______ is made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other.A. uvularB. glottalC. velarD. palatal37. Triphthongal glides in English can be heard in ______.A. tideB. toyC. howD. wire38. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. lotB. matC. mudD. boot39. All the following words contain front vowels EXCEPT _______.A. bookB. sleepC. slipD. shed40. The sound ______ is usually formed in English by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge.B. [j]C. [h]D. [w]41. In the word ____, there is no syllabic consonant.A. cottonB. bottomC. tableD. national42. Pitch variation is known as _____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice43. [p] in the word peak can be described as ____.A. voiced bilabial stopB. voiceless bilabial stopC. voiced bilabial plosiveD. voiceless labiodentals stop44. The description voiceless alveolar fricative describes the following consonant ____.A. [p]B. [b]C. [s]D. [z]45. The vowel ____ can be described with features of mid, central, lax, unrounded.A. [?]B. [i:]D. [?]46. The idea of ____ is introduced to indicate the difference between [i] and [l], [?] and [?].A. tensenessB. lip-roundingC. height of tongue risingD. voicing47. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds ?A. Acoustic PhoneticsB. Articulatory PhoneticsC. Auditory PhoneticsD. None of the above.48. In narrow transcription the word help should be presented as _____.A. [h??p]B. [h?lp]C. [help]D. [h??p]49. The word below ____ refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. phoneticsD. phonology50. Among the following words, _____ does no form a minimal pair with the sound of the word highA. buyB. foeD. shy.IV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1.In English, the description of vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements.What are they? Explain them and offer at least one example.2.Explain the assimilation rule in phonology with examples.3.What do you know about RP? Does it change with time ?。

语言学第2章习题

Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results ina change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds. 24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules. 29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Suggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and thefall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.。

英语语言学Chapter2

英语语⾔学Chapter2Chapter T woⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A refers to a strong puff of airstream in the production of speech sounds.2. A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all bsounds.4. Of all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of pof articulation.6. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called ass.7. S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called srules.9. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called ntranscription.10. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i.11. P is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o cavity and the nasal cavity.13. T one are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.14. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.perception.16. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are embedded in three important cavities. These three cavities are p o and n cavitythe production of them.18. Vis a feature of all vowels and some consonants. When the vocal cords do cause vibration, the sounds produced are ; otherwise they are named sounds19. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without .20. When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through an arrow passage in the mouth soas to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a .21. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of .22. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong tophoneme(s), when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones come from phoneme(s); and finally when free variation is talked about, we understand that the sounds are derived from phoneme(s).23. In English, complementary distribution of allophones is required to meet two conditions, one condition is that they never occur in the ; the other is that they shouldshare .24. In English, the study of phonology hasso far mainly found three phonological rules. They areand rule.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. Of all the speech organs, the _______is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones11. Phonetics is the study of _______.A. all the sounds that occur in the world’s languagesB. speech sounds used by human languages to representC. the differences between sounds used inhuman languages and sounds in natureD. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding12. /m, n/ are _______.A. fricativesB. dentalsC. glidesD. nasals13. /w, j/ belong to _______.A. fricativesB. dentalsC. glidesD. nasals14. Which of the following vowel is the rounded vowel?A. [i:]B. [u:]C. [i]D. [a:]15. In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features?A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. syllable16. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT _______.A. the position of the tongueB. the openness of the mouthC. the shape of the lipD. the width of the vowels17. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ______.A. phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph18. /p, t, k/ are _______.A. fricativesB. affricatesC. glides19. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of ______.A. language universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs20. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a______ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD. central21. In English, there is only one glottal. It is ______.A. [f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]22. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]23. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _______ of that phoneme.A. minimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones24. [i:], [i], [e] are all ______ vowels.A. frontB. centralC. backD. back25. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A. [m]B.[p]C.[w]26. There are _______ nasals in English.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four27. _______ are not a minimal pair in English.A. “sink” and “zinc”B. “fine” and “vine”C. “bat” and “pat”D. “teach” and “cheat”。

语言学练习第二章

语⾔学练习第⼆章Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, theo_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone? ⾳韵学和语⾳学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?。

语言学练习题chapter2

语言学练习题C h a p t e r2L i n g u i s t i c s(共12页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter Two Linguistics1. Define the following terms.1)syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relation2)langue vs parole3)competence vs performance4)descriptive linguistics vs historical linguistics5)theoretical linguistics vs applied linguistics6)deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguistics7)synchronic vs diachronic linguistics8)macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics9)Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguistics2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)( ) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguisticsbecause it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)( ) C ompetencce and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use oflanguage in concrete situations.3)( ) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky.4)( ) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia.5)( ) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time.6)( ) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not withhow they can be improved.7)( ) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions” what is a language” and“How does a language work”.8)( ) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, whichshows the arbitrary nature of languages.9)( ) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of soundand a system of meaning.10)( ) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of the linguisticsystem must be learned a new by each speaker.11)( ) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas.12)( ) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehendingan infinite set of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.13)( ) Halliday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole andperformance14)( ) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and development oflanguage.15)( ) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject topersonal and situational constraints.16)( ) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners‘ communicative skills.17)( ) Saussure’s expositio n of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallinguistics18)( ) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories tolanguage teaching and learning.19)( ) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)( ) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of alanguage over a period of time.21)( ) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in anutterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging tothe same sub-system of the language.22)( ) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules ofa particular language.23)( ) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)( ) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)( ) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts forthe rules of language in general.26)( ) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directlyobservable.27)( ) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)( ) All the English words are not symbolic.29)( ) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)( ) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)( ) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how asentence is formed.32)( ) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)( ) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a languageat a particular point of time.3. Multiple Choice1) ______ made the distinction between competence and performance.A. SaussureB. Chomsky C Bloomfiled D. Sapir2) Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of somepractical problems, the study of such applications is knowns as ________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics3) _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof speech community.A. ParoleB. langue C speech D. writing4) Which of the following is not the major brach of linguisticsA. phonologyB. pragmaticsC. syntax D speech5) ________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6) Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences amonglanguagesA. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. Comparative linguistics.7） ________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons8) The study of language as a whole is often called ---.A. general linguisticsB. sociolingyusticsC. psycholinguisticsD. applied linguistics9) The study of language meaning is called--.A. syntaxB. semantics C morphology D. pragmatics10) The description of a language at some point in time is a – study.A synchronic B. diachronic C descriptive D. prescriptive4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:1) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community.2) is the actual realization of one’s linguistic knowledge in utterances.3) Modem linguistic is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.4) The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.5) Saussure put forward two important concepts, refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.6) Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s .7) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3) (4)8) Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.9) The branch of general linguistics which is named studies the internalstructure of sentences.10) In Saussure’s view, the relationship b etween signifier (sound image) andsignified (concept) is .11) is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests inlanguage and society, including the social functions of language and thesocial characteristics of its users.12) The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F. deSaussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made bythe American linguist .13) The writing English is. known as the sound writing system while that ofJapanese as ___writing system.14) According to John Lyons, ___ linguistics_ deals with language in general and_ linguistics is concerned with one particular language.15) In de Saussure’s term, _____ refers to the system of language and _____refers to the speaker’s speech.16) _____ is the science that deals with the sound system.17) Syntax studies two kinds of rules: _____ rules and rules18) Langue or competence is ______ and not directly observed, while parole orperformance is _____ and directly observable.19) A ________ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.20) ___ ___ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds andsound patterns of his language.21) ______ knowledge is a native speak er’s intuition about how a word isformed.22) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentenceis grammatical or not.23) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning oflanguage, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.24) ______ is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.25) ______ examines word formation and the internal structure of words.5. Answer the following questions.1) What is the difference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics2) What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics Is iteasy to draw a sharp line between them if we look at language closely3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies oflanguage Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammarand prescriptive grammar.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of language5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.6) Wh at are the main differences between “competence” and “performance”7) What is the major difference between Saussure’s distinction of langue andparole and Chomsky’s distinction of competence and performance whatshould be studies in linguistics in your opinion and why8) Explain “speech and writing”, and cite two ormore examples.Key to Chapter Two1. Define the following terms.1）syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relationEssentially the relations between linguistic elements are of two dimensions, usually syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic or sequential relations are those holding between elements forming serial structure, or “strings’ as they are sometimes called. In syntax, the horizontal relationship between elementsshows how a form (X) combines with others (W + X + Y) in a serial combination.It refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.Paradigmatic relations are those holding between comparable elements atparticular places in structures. The vertical or substitutional relationship shows how other different forms (Xa, Xb, Xc) can function in the same place instructure in a paradigmatic relation.2) langue vs paroleSaussure refers “langue” to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member s of a speech community and refers” parole” to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. For Saussure, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, ., to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole andmake them the subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on later linguists.3) competence vs performance(1)According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and “performance” is the arctual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not al ways match or equal his supposed competence.(2)Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.(3) Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, F. de Saussure’s language parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.4) descriptive linguistics vs historical linguisticsLinguistic study can be divided into descriptive linguistics (synchronic linguistic study) and historical linguistics (diachronic linguistic study). The former refers to the description of a language at a particular point of time in history while the latter, a diachronic study of language, studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5) theoretical linguistics vs applied linguisticsA third dichotomy is that which holds between theoretical and applied linguistics. The former copes with language and languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structure and functions and without regard to any practical applications that the investigation of language and languages might have, whereas the latter is chiefly concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks, including language teaching.6) deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguisticsA linguistic study is descriptive if it only describes and analyzes the facts of language, and it is prescr iptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” language behavior. Linguistic studies before 20th century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on “high” (literary or religious) written records. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive, however, which believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy. These, with changes inlvocabulary and structures, need to be explained distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.7) synchronic vs diachronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.The description of a languageat some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchronic study (synchrony). The description of a language as it changes through timeis a diachronic study (diachrony). An essay entitled” On the Use of THE”, for example, may be synchron ic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.8) macrolinguistics vs microlinguisticsMacrolinguistics falls on the verge of linguistics. It includes the following disciplines: philosophical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Lyons has the same distinction.Microlinguistics concentrates on the study of all the interior aspects of a language system. Traditional linguistic study describes language system from two aspects — lexicon and grammar. Dictionaries and grammar books are products of such researches and studies.9）Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguisticsComparative historical linguistics draws on the special historical comparison in linguistics to study the historical development of some related languages (languages originating from a uniform ancestry). It is in fact a special part of historical linguistics. Thanks to the development of historical comparative linguistics in 19th century, linguistics comes to be an independent discipline. Contrastive linguistics focuses on structural similarities and differences of two or more languages (relevant or unrelated) by means of comparison and contrastive study. This study belongs to descriptive linguistics. It can help people have adeep understanding of the properties and universal characteristics of different languages and thus exerts great influence on foreign language teaching.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)(F) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguisticsbecause it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)(T) Competencce and performance refer respectively to a languageuser’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actualuse of language in concrete situations.3)(F) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky. (中国矿业大学，2004)4)(T) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia. (中国矿业大学，2004)5)(F) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time. (中国矿业大学，2004)6)(T) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, notwith how they can be improved. (中国矿业大学，2004)7)(T) Linguistics tries to answer the b asic questions” what is a language”and “How does a language work”. （南京师范大学，2002）8)(F) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages,which shows the arbitrary nature of languages. （中国矿业大学，2002）9)(T) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system ofsound and a system of meaning. （中国矿业大学，2002）10)(T) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned a new by each speaker. （中国矿业大学，2002）11)(F) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas. （中国矿业大学，2002）12)(F) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing andcomprehending an infinite set of sentences, which accounts forsyntactic universality. （中国矿业大学，2002）13)(F) Halliday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole andperformance14)(T) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and developmentof language.15)(T) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject topersonal and situational constraints.16)(T) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developinglearners ‘ communicative skills.17)(F) Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school ofhistorical linguistics.18)(T) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning.19)(F) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)(T) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development ofa language over a period of time.21)(F) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element inan utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, butbelonging to the same sub-system of the language.22)(F) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describesthe rules of a particular language.23)( T) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)(F) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)(F) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory whichaccounts for the rules of language in general.26)(T) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is notdirectly observable.27)(T) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)(T) All the English words are not symbolic.29)(F) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguisticsymbols.30)(T) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)(F) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition abouthow a sentence is formed.32)(F) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)(F) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of alanguage at a particular point of time.3. Multiple choice1) – 5): BCBDC 6) – 10): DBABA4. Word completion1) Langue 2) Performance3) descriptive 4) diachronic5) langue 6) competence7) (1) consistency (2) economy (3) objectivity (4) exhaustiveness8) Morphology 9) syntax10) arbitrary 11) socialinguistics12) Chomsky 13) syllabic14) general, descriptive 15) langue, parole16) Phonology 17) phrase structure, transformational18) abstract; concrete 19) syntagmatic20) Phonological 21) Morphological22) Syntactic 23) Semantic24) Phonetics 25) Morphology 5. Answer the following questions.1) What is thedifference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics The former deals with language in general, . the whole human language whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language. The former aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general while the latter attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language, such as Chinese, English, French, etc. General Linguistics and descriptive linguistics are dependent on each other. In the first place, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which any particular language can be described, studied and analyzed. Very often, it may supply several different frameworks for descriptive linguists to choose from. Depending on their different views on language, they may follow one model exclusively or combine two or more models. In the second, the resulting descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguistics. In other words, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other despite their different objects of study and different goals.2) What is the difference between diachronic linguistics Is it easy to draw asharp line between them if we look at language closely(1) Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily,the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.(2) Synchronic/diachronic perspective toward language is one of Saussure’smost central ideas expressed in the form of pairs of Concepts. The former sees languageas a living whole; existing as a “‘state” at a particular moment in time;the latter sees it as a continually changing medium. In this view, it is alwaysnecessary to carry out some degree of synchronic work before making adiachronic study: before we can say how a language has changed from state X to state Y, we need to about X and Y. Correspondingly, a synchronic analysis can be made without referring to history. This can be illustrated as Sanssure did using an analogy with a game of chess. A state of the set of chessmen is like a state of language. “The respective value of the pieces depends on their position on the chessboard just as each linguistic term derives its value from its opposition to all the other terms.” On the other hand, the value of each piece also;depends on the convention--the set of rules that exists before the game begins. This is like the set of rules that exists in language. A state of the game of chess ismomentary just like a state of language change. When one piece is moved, the game passes from one state of equilibrium to the next. This corresponds closelyto the situation of language between states. To study this static state is called synchronic linguistics. The moving of one piece is like one type of change in language. The consequence of one move can be very big or small; the same is true with language changes. The player of a chess game is solely concerned with the momentary positions of the pieces; he does not need to remember the previous moves so as to decide the next move. A player who knows the history of the game does not necessarily have more to say about the next move than a man who has just come to the game, ignorant of what has happened before. Similarly, a speaker of a language can learn the languagewell without knowing its historical statesl We can describe a state of a game without bothering the techniques both players have used to bring about the state. Likewise, we can describe the state of a language without knowing its history,3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies oflanguage Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.(1) The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things actually are. The essence of prescriptivism is the notion that one variety of languages has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. Although prescriptivism is still with :us, descriptivism wins more and more understanding. It proposes that the task of the grammarian is to describe, not prescribe——to record the facts of. linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of being language police and trying to. stop language from changing, or imposing on members of a language community the so-called norms of correctness.(2) Weakness of prescriptive grammar (Merits of descriptive grammar). ①The reason why present-day linguists are so insistent about the distinction between the two is simply that traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character, . “you should never use a double-negative”;“you should not split the infinitive” etc. People realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority, stipulated “standards!’. We can appeal neither to logic nor to Latin granunar when it comes to deciding whether something is or is not correct in English. ② Prescriptivism is an individual attitude. The related social attitude that goes to the extreme of prescriptivism is purism, which is something we should guard against. Pure prescriptive grammar will lead to artificial claims that are hard to maintain in light of the facts. While prescriptivists would prefer the use of the past subjunctive after if (If I were you, etc.), it is very difficult to claim that everyone who uses “was” is wrong, especially are the majority in spoken language. While there are still traditionalist grammarians claiming that they are right and half the population is wrong, most have modified their approach and talk of this form as preferable, or describe it as formal register. ③ The prescriptive attitude seems to ignore the fact that English has evolved over the centuries into what it is today whereas the descriptive attitude seems to be more sensitive to anything that goes on to a certain extent. A language is a living creature. There is no fixed form for any language. No one speaks Shakespeareanmedieval English today. However, no one says the British today speaks the incorrect English. It will and should change over time.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of languageThe four principles to make a scientific study of language are exhaustiveness, consistency, economy, and objectivity.(1) Exhaustiveness: the linguist should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation. Language is extremely complex; he cannot attempt to describe all aspects of language at once, but to examine one aspect at a time.(2) Consistency: there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statement.(3) Economy: other things being equal, a shorter statement or analysis is preferred to a longer or more involved one. The best statements are the shortest possible, which can account most fully for all facts.(4) Objectivity: a linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis’of data, allowing no prejudice to influence his generalizations. He should not omit any linguistic facts because he himself considers there to be “inelegant” or “substandard”. Nor should he conceal facts that do not conform to his generalizations. His aim should be to present his analysis in such a way that every part of it can be tested and verified; not only by himself, but by anyone else who makes a description of different data based on the same set of principles. It is the insistence on these principles, particularly objectivity that gives linguistics the status of a science.5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.(1) Most linguistic analysis today is focused on speech rather than writing. Everything considered, speech is believed to be more representative of human language than writing. In spite of the common features they share, they differ because they are transmitted in different channels. This is one major difference between linguists today and the grammarians of the 19th century;(2) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is hugely prescriptive. Many early grammars were based on “high” (literary, religious) written language. Grammarians often use logical and aesthetic criteria to judge the correctness of sentences and lay down rules for “correct” behavior. Linguists today, however, have made a special point of guarding against prescriptivism. They believe that whatever occurs in natural speech should be described ir/their analysis.(3) Another difference is the priority of synchronic descriptions over the traditional diachronic studies. Modem linguistics holds that unless the various states of a language am successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.6) What are the main differences between “competence” and “performance”(1) This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system。

语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿

语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. Thewriting system of any language is always “invented’ by its users to recordspeech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in termsof the amount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of humanspeech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, itis called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it. 4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are rounded vowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ d? ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ?: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ t? ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why? Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f]and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is onephoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus, [ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in alanguage like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。

语言学练习第二章

Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] bilabial nasal [ ] velar nasal [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] voiceless labioldental fricative [ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative[ ] bilabial approximant II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1． ____ A refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2． _____ A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3． The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b _______ s ounds.4． Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5． ____ English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of articulation.6． _____________ When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total orcomplete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s . <![endif]>7． __________ S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8． __ The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.9． The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiced velar stop[ ] alveolar nasal[ ] voiceless postalveolaraffricate[ ] alveolar lateral[ ] glottal fricative [ ] palatal approximantiscalled n _________ t ranscription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ______ .11．P _______ i s a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ___ c avity and the nasal cavity.13．T ____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]> 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s ________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________ .A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16．Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ___________ .A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17．A(n) ___________ i s a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the __ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the ______ i s/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21． _________ is a voiced alveolar stop.22． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“ copyinga sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _____________ .A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspiratedp and an unreleasedp are ___ of thep phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____ .A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ 9 ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false :1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/a featumost highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2.sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3.Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4.the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification toacquire the quality of a speech sound.5.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6.[p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10.according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be dividedinto tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11.received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3.What are the major differences between phonology and phoned韵学和语音学4.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。

语言学练习第二章

语言学第二章练习题

语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1) From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4) For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of aword or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms ofmanner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental,alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. 5. What criteria are used to classifythe English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can beclassified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-openvowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the frontvowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowelsare roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ d? ] 2) voiceless labiodental fricative[f ] 3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ] 4) front close short [ i ] 5) back semi-open long [ ?: ] 6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds 1) [ d ]voiced alveolar stop 2) [ l ] voiced alveolar liquid 3) [ t? ]voiceless palatal affricate 4) [ w ] voiced bilabial glide 5) [ u ] back close short 6) [ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who doyou think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ]and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？ How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit.It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such wordssign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spellingby the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments arecalled suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2021级英语二班感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

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