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管理概论推荐书目

三、人的管理 19. 马斯洛《动机与人格》 20. 罗宾斯《管人的真理》 21.大内《Z 理论》 22.阿吉里斯《个性与组织》 23.史蒂芬·柯维《高效能人士的七个习惯》
四、组织管理 24. 彼得·圣吉《第五项修炼》 25. 爱迪思《企业生命周期》 26.麦格雷戈《企业的人性面》 27.卡斯特等《组织与管理：系统与权变方法》 28. 迈克尔·波特《竞争优势》 29. 波特《竞争战略》 30. 德鲁克《公司的概念》 31. 吉姆·柯林斯《基业长青》 32. 吉姆·柯林斯《从优秀到卓越》 33.杰克韦尔奇《赢》 34.汤姆·彼得斯《追求卓越》 35.哈默《企业再造》 36.特劳特《商战》 37.全新思维，丹尼尔.平克著，高芳译，浙江人民出版社
38.《高效能人士的 7 种习惯》
五、管理史 39. 丹尼尔·雷恩《管理思想的演变》其它作者写的《管理思想史》六、杰出管理者的传记《蓝血十杰》《大师的轨迹：探理原理》 2. 法约尔《工业管理与一般管理》 3. 德鲁克《管理的实践》 4. 德鲁克《管理：使命、责任、实务》 5. 德鲁克《管理：任务、责任和实践》 6. 德鲁克《21 世纪的管理挑战》 7. 德鲁克《大变革时代的管理》 8. 德鲁克《管理未来》 9. 加里·哈默、比尔·布林《管理大未来》 10.布莱克和穆顿《新管理方格》马克思-韦伯：新教伦理与资本主义精神” 二、管理者 11.德鲁克《卓有成效的管理者》 12.德鲁克《创新与企业家精神》 13.巴纳德《经理人员的职能》 14.戴尔《伟大的组织者》 15.西蒙《管理行为》 16.罗伯特《影响力》 17.约翰·马克斯韦尔《领导力 21 法则》 18.科特《权力与影响力》

斯莱特林守则中英对照

斯莱特林守则中英对照以下是斯莱特林守则的中英对照版本，以供参考：中文：1. 永远保持优雅的风度，永远保持高昂的斗志。

2. 永远追求权力和地位，永远追求财富和力量。

3. 永远不要忘记自己的出身，永远不要背叛自己的信仰。

4. 永远保持冷静和理智，永远不要轻易相信别人。

5. 永远不要轻易放弃，永远不要失去信心。

6. 永远不要忘记自己的责任，永远不要忘记自己的使命。

7. 永远不要忘记自己的目标，永远不要忘记自己的梦想。

8. 永远保持谦逊和低调，永远保持神秘和魅力。

9. 永远追求知识和智慧，永远追求卓越和完美。

10. 永远保持警惕和警觉，永远保持安全和稳定。

英文：1. Always maintain a graceful demeanor and a high sense of combativeness.2. Always pursue power and status, wealth and strength.3. Never forget your birthplace, never betray your beliefs.4. Always remain calm and rational, never easily trust others.5. Never give up easily, never lose confidence.6. Never forget your responsibilities, never forget your mission.7. Never forget your goals, never forget your dreams.8. Always remain humble and low-key, always maintain mystery and charm.9. Always pursue knowledge and wisdom, always pursue excellence and perfection.10. Always remain vigilant and alert, always maintain safety and stability.。

SDS-MW

A51970AAApril 2009 Beckman Coulter, Inc. 4300 N. Harbor Blvd. Fullerton, CA 92835Application Guide PA 800 plusPharmaceutical AnalysisSystemSDS-MW AnalysisApplication GuidePA 800 plus Pharmaceutical Analysis SystemSDS-MW AnalysisPN A51970AA (April 2009)Copyright © 2009 Beckman Coulter, Inc.Beckman Coulter, Inc. grants a limited non-exclusive license to the owner or operator of a PA 800 plus instrument to make a copy, solely for laboratory use, of any portion or all of the online help and electronic documents shipped with the PA 800 plus instrument.Trademarks:Following is a list of Beckman Coulter trademarks:•Beckman Coulter®•32K arat™All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.Find us on the World Wide Web at: and Beckman Coulter Ireland Inc.Mervue Business Park,Mervue, Galway,Ireland (353 91 774068)Beckman Coulter do Brasil Com e Imp de Prod de Lab Ltda Estr dos Romeiros, 220 - Galpao G3 - Km 38.5zip code 06501-001 - Sao Paulo - SP - BrasilCNPJ: 42.160.812/0001-44製造販売元:ベックマン･コールター株式会社東京都江東区有明二丁目5番7号生产商：贝克曼库尔特有限公司，美国加利福尼亚州富勒顿市，邮编：92835，电话：(001）714-871-4848Revision History Initial Issue, A51970AA, April 200932 Karat Software version 9.1PA 800 plus Software version 1.1PA 800 plus Firmware version 9.0A51970AA iiiRevision HistoryivA51970AASafety Notices Symbols and LabelsIntroductionThe following is a description of symbols and labels used on the Beckman Coulter PA 800 plusPharmaceutical Analysis System or shown in this manual.If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by Beckman Coulter, Inc., theprotection provided by the instrument may be impaired.General Biohazard SymbolThis caution symbol indicates a possible biohazard risk from patient specimen contamination.Caution, Biohazard LabelThis caution symbol indicates a caution to operate only with all covers in position to decrease riskof personal injury or biohazard.A51970AA vA51970AAviSafety NoticesSymbols and LabelsCaution, Moving Parts LabelThis caution symbol warns the user of moving parts that can pinch or crush.High Voltage Electric Shock Risk SymbolThis symbol indicates that there is high voltage and there is a risk of electric shock when the user works in this area.Class 1 Laser Caution LabelA label reading “THIS PRODUCT CONFORMS TO APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS OF 21 CFR 1040 AT THE DATE OF MANUFACTURE” is found near the Name Rating tag. The laser light beam is not visible.Sharp Object LabelA label reading “CAUTION SHARP OBJECTS” is found on the PA 800 plus .A51970AAviiSafety Notices Symbols and LabelsRecycling LabelThis symbol is required in accordance with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive of the European Union. The presence of this marking on the product indicates:1.The device was put on the European Market after August 13, 2005.2.The device is not to be disposed of via the municipal waste collection system of any memberstate of the European Union.It is very important that customers understand and follow all laws regarding the properdecontamination and safe disposal of electrical equipment. For Beckman Coulter products bearing this label, please contact your dealer or local Beckman Coulter office for details on the take back program that facilitates the proper collection, treatment, recovery, recycling, and safe disposal of this device.Disposal of Devices Containing Mercury ComponentsThis product contains a mercury-added part. Recycle or dispose of according to local, state, or federal laws. It is very important that you understand and comply with the safe and proper disposal of devices containing mercury components (switch, lamp, battery, relay, or electrode). The mercurycomponent indicator label can vary depending on the type of device.Safety NoticesSymbols and LabelsRestriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) LabelsThese labels and materials declaration table (the Table of Hazardous Substance's Name andConcentration) are to meet People's Republic of China Electronic Industry Standard SJ/T11364-2006"Marking for Control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products" requirements.RoHS Caution LabelThis logo indicates that this electronic information product contains certain toxic or hazardouselements, and can be used safely during its environmental protection use period. The number in themiddle of the logo indicates the environmental protection use period for the product. The outercircle indicates that the product can be recycled. The logo also signifies that the product should berecycled immediately after its environmental protection use period has expired. The date on thelabel indicates the date of manufacture.RoHS Environmental LabelThis logo indicates that the product does not contain any toxic or hazardous substances orelements. The "e" stands for electrical, electronic and environmental electronic informationproducts. This logo indicates that this electronic information product does not contain any toxic orhazardous substances or elements, and is green and is environmental. The outer circle indicatesthat the product can be recycled. The logo also signifies that the product can be recycled after beingdiscarded, and should not be casually discarded.viiiA51970AASafety NoticesSymbols and Labels Alerts for Warning, Caution, Important, and NoteWARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, couldresult in death or serious injury. The warning can be used to indicate thepossibility of erroneous data that could result in an incorrect diagnosis (does notapply to all products).CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which, if not avoided, mayresult in minor or moderate injury. It may also be used to alert against unsafepractices. The caution can be used to indicate the possibility of erroneous datathat could result in an incorrect diagnosis (does not apply to all products).IMPORTANT IMPORTANT is used for comments that add value to the step or procedure being performed.Following the advice in the IMPORTANT notice adds benefit to the performance of a piece of equipmentor to a process.NOTE NOTE is used to call attention to notable information that should be followed during installation, use, or servicing of this equipment.A51970AA ixSafety NoticesSymbols and LabelsxA51970AAContentsRevision History,iiiSafety Notices,vCHAPTER1:SDS-MW Analysis Kit,1-1Introduction,1-1Protein Size Standard,1-2Internal Standard,1-2Materials and Reagents,1-2Storing the Assay Components,1-3Reagents,1-3Materials Required but Not Provided by Beckman Coulter,1-3Beckman Coulter Consumables,1-3Preparing the PA 800 Instrument,1-4Installing the Capillary,1-4Cleaning the Interface,1-4Inserting the Cartridge/Calibrating the PDA,1-5Sample Preparation,1-5Preparation of SDS-MW Size Standard,1-5Preparation of Protein Sample,1-5Preparing Alkylation Reagent,1-7Sample Vial Setup,1-8Buffer Vial Preparation and Loading,1-9Preparing the Reagent Vials,1-9Tray Configuration,1-11Inlet Buffer Tray,1-11Outlet Buffer Tray,1-12Running the Assay,1-13Launching the SDS MW Instrument,1-13Conditioning a New Capillary,1-13Running SDS-MW Size Standard and Test Samples,1-15xiContentsChecking the Separation Results,1-17Estimating Protein Molecular Weights,1-17Troubleshooting Guide,1-19CHAPTER2:Method Information,2-1Instrument and Detector Initial Conditions,2-1Instrument Initial Conditions (All Methods),2-1Detector Initial Conditions (All Methods),2-2Capillary Conditioning Method (SDS MW Conditioning - PA 800 plus.met),2-2SDS-MW Separation Method,2-3Shutdown Method,2-3xiiCHAPTER1SDS-MW Analysis KitIntroductionCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has become an effective replacement for manual slab gelelectrophoresis processes due to its automation, quantitation, fast speed and high efficiency. Manybiomolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids are separated by molecular sievingelectrophoresis using gel matrices, a technique referred to as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE).The separation results from analytes’ differential migration through a gel matrix. In this case,smaller molecules will move faster than large molecules through the separation gel. Forpolypeptides and proteins, it is necessary to denature the sample in the presence of SDS, an anionicdetergent that binds the proteins in a constant ratio of 1:1.4 of protein. The constant mass-to-charge property of the SDS-bound proteins allows separation according to differences in proteinmolecular weight.The SDS-MW Analysis Kit is designed for the separation of protein-SDS complexes using areplaceable gel matrix. The gel is formulated to provide an effective sieving range of approximately10 kDa to 225 kDa. Within this size range, the logarithm of protein molecular mass is linear with itsreciprocal electrophoretic mobility. So the molecular weight of an unknown protein may beestimated from a standard curve of known protein sizes. This kit can also be used to quantify theamount of protein and to determine the purity of a protein product.NOTE This application guide has been validated for use on the PA 800 Enhanced Systems and the PA 800 plus Pharmaceutical Analysis Systems.NOTE The PA 800 series systems must be equipped with a photodiode array (PDA) detector to perform this assay.A51970AA1-1SDS-MW Analysis KitIntroductionIMPORTANT The SDS-MW Analysis Kit is for laboratory use only.CAUTIONRefer to the Material Safety data Sheets (MSDS) information, available at, regarding the proper handling of materials andreagents. Always follow standard laboratory safety guidelines.Protein Size StandardThe SDS-MW Size Standard contains 10, 20, 35, 50, 100, 150, and 225 kDa proteins. The SDS-MW SizeStandard is used to calibrate the gel to estimate the protein molecular weight of your sample. It alsoprovides confirmation of the resolving power of your experiment.Internal StandardA 10 kDa protein is used as a mobility marker. The mobility of all protein samples are calculatedrelative to this mobility marker allowing for more accurate size estimation and analyteidentification.Materials and ReagentsTable1.1 Contents of this Kit (reorder # 390953)Component QuantityCapillary, 50 μm I.D. bare-fused silica2SDS-MW Gel Buffer - proprietary formulation, pH 8, 0.2% SDS140 mLSDS-MW Sample Buffer - 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 9.0, 1%SDS50 mLSDS-MW Size Standard (10 to 225 kDa, 16 mg/mL)100 μLInternal Standard, 10 kDa, protein 5mg/mL0.4 mLAcidic Wash Solution (0.1 N HCl)100 mLBasic Wash Solution (0.1 N NaOH)100 mLTable1.2 Replacement ReagentsComponent Quantity Part Number Capillary, 50 μm I.D. bare-fused silica pkg of 3338451SDS-MW Gel Buffer - proprietary formulation, pH 8, 0.2% SDS pkg of 4A30341SDS-MW Size Standard (10 to 225 kDa, 16 mg/mL)pkg of 3A22196Internal Standard, 10 kDa protein, 5mg/mL pkg of 1A264871-2A51970AAA51970AA1-3SDS-MW Analysis KitStoring the Assay Components1Storing the Assay ComponentsReagentsUpon receipt, store protein Sizing Standard and Internal Standard at 2°C to 8°C. The Capillary, Sample Buffer, and Gel Buffer can be stored at room temperature. If precipitation is noted in the Gel Buffer and Sample Buffer, stir until precipitation is completely dissolved.Materials Required but Not Provided by Beckman CoulterBeckman Coulter ConsumablesComponentPart Number2-mercaptoethanol Sigma-Aldrich, PN M7154,M6250Water Bath (37°C to 100°C) or Heat Block Centricon YM-10 Centrifugal Filter Unit Millipore, PN 4205Iodoacetamide Sigma-Aldrich, PN I-1149Parafilm Sonicator VortexerPipets of various sizes with corresponding pipet tips Micro-centrifugeComponentPart Number 0.5mL Micro-centrifuge Capped Vials (pack of 500)3443191.5 mL Centrifuge Tubes (pack of 500)357448Universal Plastic Vials (pack of 100)A62251Universal Rubber Vial Caps - blue (pack of 100)a a.Vial caps are one time use only and are not intended for re-use.A62250200 μL Micro Vials (pack of 50)144709Double-deionized (DDI) waterSDS-MW Analysis KitPreparing the PA 800 InstrumentPreparing the PA 800 InstrumentNOTE Before proceeding, you must understand the following procedures as described in the PA 800 plus System Maintenance Guide (PN A51954AA):•Capillary Replacement•Installation of the PDA detector•How to calibrate the PDA detector•How to load and unload traysInstalling the Capillary1Install a 50 μm I.D. bare fused-silica capillary into a PA 800 cartridge set for a total capillary length of 30.2 cm.The SDS-MW assay is optimized using a 30.2 cm capillary with a detection window of 20.0 cmfrom the sample introduction inlet.2Use the 100 x 200 μm capillary aperture for this installation.To get good reproducibility from capillary to capillary and accurate mobility assignments, it isimportant to adhere to the capillary pre-measurement procedure.NOTE The cut ends of capillaries should be inspected carefully under magnification. The cut must be clean (not jagged) and perpendicular to the capillary length (not angled). Poor cuts will result in poorresolution and poor sample loading.3Turn off the PA 800 instrument and install the PDA detection module.4Turn on the instrument and permit the UV lamp to warm up for at least 30 minutes, prior to experimentation.Cleaning the InterfaceUsing a Kimwipe and DDI water, carefully clean the electrodes, capillary ends, and interface blockafter 120 runs or when changing chemistries on the PA 800 system. The SDS gel buffer is very viscousand will accumulate on the electrodes, capillary ends, opening levers, and interface block if regularand thorough cleaning is not employed. Gel accumulation may cause various modes of systemfailure, including broken capillaries and bent electrodes, vial jams, and missed injections.1-4A51970AASDS-MW Analysis KitSample Preparation 1Inserting the Cartridge/Calibrating the PDAInsert the cartridge into the system. Close the front panel and calibrate the PDA detector. Thisprocedure should be employed daily or any time the cartridge is replaced.Sample PreparationPreparation of SDS-MW Size Standard1Remove SDS-MW Size Standard from refrigerator. Leave at room temperature for 15 minutes before starting sample preparation.2Mix the standard thoroughly and centrifuge briefly in a standard microfuge.3Pipette 10 μL of Size Standard into a micro-centrifuge vial.4Add 85 μL of Sample Buffer into the micro-centrifuge vial.5Add 2 μL of Internal Standard into the micro-centrifuge vial.6Add 5 μL of 2-mercaptoethanol. Cap the vial tightly, seal with Parafilm, and mix thoroughly.7Heat mixture in a water bath at 100°C for three minutes.8Place the vial in a room-temperature water bath to cool for five minutes before injection. The sample will remain stable for approximately 24 hours.Preparation of Protein SampleDesalting the Protein SampleThe signal intensity and resolution of this kit are sensitive to the salt concentration in the proteinsample. Generally, if the final salt concentration is above 50 mM, the sample loading efficiency willbe reduced. The sample should be desalted with a Centricon column using the following procedure:A51970AA1-5SDS-MW Analysis KitSample Preparation1Add 1 mL of protein sample to a Centricon YM-10, then add 1 mL SDS-MW sample buffer into the Centricon.2Centrifuge at 7,000 g for 20 minutes.3Add 2 mL of sample buffer. Centrifuge at 7,000 g for 20 minutes.4Insert the Centricon upside-down to drain the suspended protein solution (in the filter membrane) into a new vial and centrifuge for three minutes at 5,000 g.5Transfer the collected protein to an appropriate sterile tube. Add sample buffer to give a final volume of 1 mL.Protein Sample ConcentrationAfter the addition of the SDS-MW Sample Buffer, the total protein concentration should be withinthe range of 0.2 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL. For best results, the recommended protein concentration is1mg/mL. If the protein concentration is too high, it can result in insufficient SDS binding, givingbroad peaks and poor resolution. On the other hand, if the protein concentration is too low, a lowsignal will be observed.Reducing the Protein SampleReduction of the disulfide bonds will provide a more accurate assessment of a protein’s molecularweight and will allow you to gain additional structural information on a given protein. In this case:1Dilute the sample with the SDS-MW Sample buffer for a total 95 μL volume to give a final protein concentration range of 0.2 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL.2Add 2 μL of Internal Standard.3Add 5 μL of 2-mercaptoethanol. Cap the vial tightly, seal with Parafilm, and mix thoroughly.4Heat mixture in a water bath at 100°C for 3 minutes.5Place the vial in a room-temperature water bath to cool for 5 minutes before injection.1-6A51970AASDS-MW Analysis KitSample Preparation 1Non-reduced Protein Sample PreparationComparison of a protein’s reduced versus non-reduced state can yield important structuralinformation. In this case it is a good idea to alkylate your protein sample to minimize anyheterogeneity created from partial auto-reduction of your protein. The following procedure isrecommended.Preparing Alkylation ReagentA 250 mM solution of iodoacetamide (IAM) is recommended as an alkylation reagent. The solutionis stable for approximately 24 hours at room temperature.1Weigh out 46 mg of IAM and place in a micro-centrifuge vial.2Add 1 mL of DDI water to a sample vial. Cap the vial tightly and mix thoroughly.Preparing the Sample1Dilute the sample with the SDS-MW Sample Buffer for a total 95 μL volume to give a final protein concentration range of 0.2 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL.2Add 2 μL of Internal Standard.3Add 5 μL of IAM solution.4Cap the vial tightly, seal with Parafilm, and mix thoroughly.5Heat mixture in a water bath at 70°C for 3 minutes.6Place the vial in a room-temperature water bath to cool for 5 minutes before injection.A51970AA1-7SDS-MW Analysis KitSample Vial SetupSample Vial SetupBefore placing the 200 microliter sample vials (or micro vials) into the universal vials, ensure thatno bubbles are at the bottom of the micro vials. If bubbles exist, centrifuge the micro vials for 2minutes at 1,000 g and repeat if necessary. Place a blue cap on the universal vial and ensure a goodseal, see Figure1.1.Place the universal vials into the 48-position inlet sample tray from positions A1 through C8. For thebest quantitative results, perform one injection per vial, introducing replicates in separate vials.Figure1.1 Sample Vial Setup1.Universal Cap2.Micro Vial3.Universal Vial4.Micro Vial inside Universal VialA51970AA1-8Buffer Vial Preparation and LoadingFill the appropriate number of reagent vials with the SDS-MW Gel Buffer, 0.1 N NaOH solution, 0.1N HCl solution, and DDI water according to the Tray Configuration paragraphs.The number of reagent vials is dependent upon the number of method cycles. The methods havebeen developed to automatically advance the reagent vials after eight cycles, providing a fresh setof buffers for every eight cycles run. The buffer tray templates illustrated in Table1.3,Inlet BufferTray Configuration and Table1.4,Outlet Buffer Tray Configuration, are setup for use with high-resolution methods, which introduce the sample from the left side tray.Preparing the Reagent Vials1Fill the gel rinse (Gel-R) vials with 1.2 mL of SDS-MW Gel Buffer. Fill the gel separation (Gel-S) vials with 1.1 mL of SDS-MW Gel Buffer.2Degas the SDS-MW Gel vials for five minutes, under 5 to 15 mm Hg vacuum.3Fill the water (H2O) vials with 1.5 mL of DDI water.4Fill the NaOH and HCl rinse vials to 1.5 mL.Pressure system damage can occur when the waste vial volume exceeds 1.8 mL.5Fill the waste vials with 0.8 mL of DDI water.Buffer Vial Preparation and LoadingFigure 1.2 Fill the Reagent VialsNOTE Carefully fill the buffer vials with SDS-MW Gel Buffer without producing bubbles, within thevolume recommended. If the volume is too low (< ½ of vial volume), the capillary and electrode may not be able to dip into the SDS gel during the separation. On the other hand, if the filled volume is too high, the SDS-MW Gel Buffer may accumulate on the capillary ends, opening levers, and electrodes, causing various types of system failure.6Cap the universal vials with the blue caps.IMPORTANT In this application, all vials and caps are designed for a maximum of eight runs each. Donot attempt to reuse the caps because they are often contaminated with dried gel and other chemicals.1.Universal Vial Cap2.Maximum Fill Level3.Universal VialsTray Configuration1Load the reagents into the system inlet (left) and outlet (right) 6x6 buffer trays using the configuration illustrated in Table1.3,Inlet Buffer Tray Configuration and Table1.4,OutletBuffer Tray Configuration.2Load the trays into the PA 800 system.Inlet Buffer TrayTable1.3 Inlet Buffer Tray ConfigurationH2O (Cycle 17-24)H2O (Cycle17-24)H2O (Cycle 9-16)H2O (Cycle 9-16)H2O (Cycle 1-8)H2O (Cycle 1-8)H2O (Cycle 17-24)Gel-R(Cycle 17-24)Gel-S(Cycle 17-24)NaOH(Cycle 17-24)HCl(Cycle 17-24)H2O(Cycle 17-24)H2O (Cycle 9-16)Gel-R(Cycle 9-16)Gel-S(Cycle 9-16)NaOH(Cycle 9-16)HCl(Cycle 9-16)H2O(Cycle 9-16)H2O (Cycle 1-8)Gel-R(Cycle 1-8)Gel-S(Cycle 1-8)NaOH(Cycle 1-8)HCl(Cycle 1-8)H2O(Cycle 1-8)A B C D E FA1 to A6: B4 to B6: B1 to B3: C1 to C3: D1 to D3: E1 to E3: F1 to F3:DDI H2O, use for dip step to clean capillary tip, 1.5 mLDDI H2O, use for dip step to clean capillary tip, 1.5 mLSDS-MW Buffer Gel (Gel-R) to fill capillary prior to each cycle, 1.2 mL SDS-MW Gel Buffer for separation (Gel-S), 1.1 mL0.1N NaOH, use to precondition capillary, 1.5 mL0.1N HCl, use to precondition capillary, 1.5 mLDDI H2O, use to precondition capillary, 1.5 mLTray ConfigurationOutlet Buffer TrayTable1.4 Outlet Buffer Tray ConfigurationH2O (Cycle 17-24)H2O (Cycle 17-24)H2O (Cycle 9-16)H2O (Cycle 9-16)H2O (Cycle 1-8)H2O (Cycle 1-8)H2O (Cycle 17-24)Waste(Cycle 17-24)Gel-S(Cycle 17-24)Waste(Cycle 17-24)Waste(Cycle 17-24)Waste(Cycle 17-24)H2O (Cycle 9-16)Waste(Cycle 9-16)Gel-S(Cycle 9-16)Waste(Cycle 9-16)Waste(Cycle 9-16)Waste(Cycle 9-16)H2O (Cycle 1-8)Waste(Cycle 1-8)Gel-S(Cycle 1-8)Waste(Cycle 1-8)Waste(Cycle 1-8)Waste(Cycle 1-8)A B C D E FA1 to A6: B4 to B6: B1 to B3: C1 to C3: D1 to D3: E1 to E3: F1 to F3:DDI H2O, use in dip step to clean capillary tip, 1.5 mL DDI H2O, use in dip step to clean capillary tip, 1.5L Waste vial for SDS-MW Gel rinse, 0.8 mL of DDI water SDS-MW Gel Buffer for separation (Gel-S), 1.1 mL Waste vial for 0.1N NaOH rinse, 0.8 ml of DDI water Waste vial for 0.1N HCl rinse, 0.8 ml of DDI water Waste vial for DDI H2O rinse, 0.8 ml of DDI waterRunning the AssayLaunching the SDS MW Instrument1Launch 32 Karat software. The Enterprise screen will display the available instruments.2Double-click on the SDS MW instrument to launch the SDS-MW assay.3Select SDS MW as the project on the log in screen.NOTE T ype in PA800 as the user name and type Plus as the password.NOTE User Name and Password defaults have been established for installation and training purposes.Conditioning a New CapillaryA new capillary needs to be conditioned once before use.NOTE T o help improve your system automation, a pre-programmed sequence is available for download. This sequence includes conditioning and separation runs for 24 samples. Visit /sequencesand select the SDS MW - 24 samples - PA 800 plus sequence.1To initiate the conditioning method, select Control > Single Run from the 32 Karat Menu bar.The Single Run Acquisition dialog opens.Running the AssayFigure1.3 Single Run Acquisition Dialog Box2From the Method field, click on the Folder icon.3Select the SDS MW Conditioning - PA 800 plus.met file and specify the data filename of your choice.4Click on the Arrow button and select the Increment option.5Type 1 as the Number of Reps.Since no sample will be injected, a vial injection position does not need to be specified.6Press Start to begin the conditioning process.Running SDS-MW Size Standard and Test SamplesThe sequence table is designed to automate the process of running size standard and samples. Foryour convenience a sequence template has been pre-programmed to run up to 24 unknownsamples.The sequence table has been designed this way to consider the automatic replacement of the assayreagents during the course of the experiment.Once the buffer trays and samples have been loaded into the system, you are ready to begin theanalysis of the test compounds.NOTE Check the Beckman Coulter web site for the most current versions of pre-programmed sequences and methods for this assay.1On the Task bar, select Control, then Sequence Run. The Run Sequence dialog will open.2Select the Folder button to browse to the proper SDS MW sequence.3Set the Run Range to All.4Select Start.Figure1.4 Run Sequence Dialog BoxRunning SDS-MW Size Standard and Test SamplesAn example of the sequence template pre-programming to run one conditioning run, 24 samplesand molecular weight size standards, as well as a shutdown method is shown in Figure1.5.The shutdown method should be run at the end of the experimentation. This method cleans thecapillary and turns off the UV lamp.Figure1.5 Sequence T able for SDS MWChecking the Separation ResultsThe Protein Size Standard contains seven proteins (10, 20, 35, 50, 100, 150, and 225 kDa). All proteinsshould be completely separated within 30 minutes using our recommended method. See Figure1.6for a typical separation of the Size Standard.Figure1.6 Separation of Protein Molecular Weight Size StandardEstimating Protein Molecular WeightsA 10 kDa mobility marker is used as an internal reference standard and all the protein mobility iscalculated relative to this internal standard. See Figure1.7 for a typical calibration curve obtainedby plotting the Log of molecular weight vs. mobility of each protein in the protein Size Standard(1/X). The molecular weight of an unknown protein can be estimated by using this calibrationcurve. The calculated molecular weights are displayed in the electropherogram by selecting Qualityas an annotation.It is recommended that this curve be re-calibrated every 24 cycles. This is done by running the SizeStandard and updating the mobility values for each standard to reflect the new run. This update isperformed in the qualitative analysis of the 32 Karat Control and Analysis Software. See Figure1.7below for an example of this set-up.。

贝格曼定律由Bergman提出

贝格曼定律由Bergman提出,其原始定义为:“在相等的环境条件下,一切定温动物身体上每单位表面面积发散的热量相等。

”有关贝格曼定律的各种解释在解释现生恒温动物体型的地理变异时，贝格曼定律有另一种表述形式：“在同种动物中，生活在较冷气候中的种群其体型比生活在较暖气候中的种群大”。

对这一原则的一般解释为：大型动物由于具有小的体表面积与体积之比，在体温调节中比小型动物消耗的能量少，因此，生活在寒冷气候中的大型动物比小型动物更经济。

再进一步扩展就成了体重增大是对寒冷环境的适应。

阿伦定律是生态学的一条定律，具体内容是：生活在寒冷地区的恒温动物，同种的个体或近缘的异种之间，其耳、吻、首、肢、翼和尾等.突出的部分显有缩短的倾向。

这是由于减少体表面积，有利于防止体温发散，说明动物为了保持体温而具有的一种适应性。

如图所示的两种狐狸（请注意它们的耳朵，白色为北极狐，棕色为非洲狐）。

而生活在热带地区的恒温动物，其体表的突出部分相对较长，有利于热量散失。

李比希定律：由德国化学家李比希（Liebing）提出的，他在研究谷物产量时发现，植物生长不是受需要量大的营养物质影响，而是受那些处于最低量的营养物质成分影响，如微量元素等，后来人们把这种为利比希最小值定律。

谢尔福德定律：耐受性定律亦称为谢尔福德耐性定律（Shelford’s law of tolerance）是美国生态学家V.E. Shelford 于1913年提出的。

生物对其生存环境的适应有一个生态学最小量和最大量的界限，生物只有处于这两个限度范围之间生物才能生存，这个最小到最大的限度称为生物的耐受性范围。

生物对环境的适应存在耐性限度的法则称为耐受性定律。

具体可定义为：任何一种环境因子对每一种生物都有一个耐受性范围，范围有最大限度和最小限度，一种生物的机能在最适点或接近最适点时发生作用，趋向这两端时就减弱，然后被抑制。

这就是耐受性定律。

种群的绝对密度（absolute density）即单位面积或空间上的个体数目，往往找种群的相对密度（relative density，即表示动物数量多少的相对指标）来替代。

英国合十护理书籍

英国合十护理书籍引言：护理是一门重要的学科，对于提供高质量的医疗保健至关重要。

在英国，护理行业具有非常高的声誉，其培训和教育体系也非常完善。

本文将介绍一些以英国合十护理书籍为主题的相关内容，帮助读者更好地了解英国护理领域的发展和实践。

一、《英国护士执业手册》（NMC Code）：作为英国护理职业的指导性文件，《英国护士执业手册》（NMC Code）是一本必读的书籍。

该手册详细规定了护士应该如何行事以提供安全和高质量的护理服务。

它涵盖了诸多内容，包括道德和伦理准则、专业行为标准、护理实践和领导能力等。

这本书不仅对护士个人的职业发展有指导作用，也对整个英国护理行业的规范起到了重要的推动作用。

二、《护理实践基本原则》（Essential Nursing Practice）：这本书是英国护理学生的必备教材之一，也适用于已经从业的护士。

它详细介绍了护理实践的基本原则，包括护理过程、有效沟通、患者评估、药物管理和卫生控制等。

此外，该书还强调了护士的角色和责任，以及与其他医疗团队成员的协作。

通过学习这本书，读者可以获得必要的知识和技能，提高护理实践的质量和安全性。

三、《护理伦理学》（Nursing Ethics）：伦理学在护理实践中起着重要的指导作用。

这本书涵盖了护理伦理学的基本概念、原则和应用。

它讨论了一系列与护理伦理相关的问题，如隐私和保密、医疗决策、人权和公正等。

通过学习这本书，护士可以更好地理解伦理问题，并能够在实践中做出正确的决策和行动。

四、《护理研究方法》（Nursing Research Methods）：护理研究是提高护理实践的重要手段之一。

这本书介绍了一系列护理研究的方法和技巧，包括实证研究、质性研究和混合研究等。

它还讨论了研究伦理和数据分析等关键问题。

通过学习这本书，护士可以掌握科学研究的基本原则，提高自己的研究能力，并将研究成果应用到实际护理实践中。

五、《护理管理与领导》（Nursing Management and Leadership）：护理管理和领导是提高护理质量和效率的关键要素。

从经典电影《教父》中提炼出的管理者守则

从经典电影《教父》中提炼出的管理者守则本周我欣赏了电影《教父》。

柯里昂阁下聪明地了解如何影响周围的人、完成“生意”。

以下是他的一组最佳领导力实践定律：1、见人说人话，见鬼说鬼话他能敏锐地捕捉到控制别人的合适方法，对不同的人分别施以恰当的措施。

对于委托人，他会用恐吓逼迫；他可以表示尊重以说服卢卡布拉斯（Luca Bracci）；他还会责备别人，比如接待约翰尼方丹（Johnny Fontaine）时。

2、敏于听而讷于言他总是认真地倾听，话却说得很少。

偶尔他会要求进一步说明，但是从来不打断对方。

3、决定、决定、还是决定他的角色是倾听、思考、决定。

电影中他没有做出任何的实际行动，但是他做了大量的决定，并且有效地授权属下行动。

优秀的管理者是好决定的生产车间。

4、重视坏消息柯里昂的参谋从电影制片人那里得知约翰尼方丹（Johnny Fontaine）不能主演他的新片这个坏消息之后，答复对方他必须立即离开、坐飞机赶回家中，因为柯里昂坚持“第一时间听到坏消息”。

正如我的老经理曾经说的：“坏消息不因时间流逝而成为好消息。

”5、不要感情用事无数次，感情可能影响他的决策。

但是每笔交易中，他都做出了冷静的决定。

6、谨慎者生存电影的结尾，柯里昂一遍遍仔细思考他的儿子麦克（Michael）可能被如何攻击或是暗杀。

柯里昂是谨慎的人，他高度重视重要事宜的细节问题。

7、一诺千金柯里昂不是圣徒，但是他总是遵守诺言。

因此，当他许诺做某事，所有人都无异议地相信他，比如他声称不会报复杀死他儿子山提诺（Santino）的人时。

8、全面考虑他的思维模式是，总是考虑到整个“生意系统”的所有成分的反应。

例如他拒绝投资一笔实惠的毒品买卖，因为他担心自己卷入毒品等“肮脏”交易后，收他贿赂的法官和警察将不再支持他。

同时他也反对受贿者认定的不道德交易如赌博和卖淫，尽管他可以逃脱法律制裁。

9、要求回报我在PTC工作时的老板说过：“永远不要做没有回报的事情。

贝克曼定律

贝克曼定律
贝格曼规律(Bergmann's rule) 高纬度恒温动物往往比来自低纬度恒温动物个体高大，导致其相对体表面积变小，使单位体重的热散失减少，有利于抗寒。

一般来说哺乳类和鸟类分布地越寒冷，其体型就越大。

例如东北虎体型比华南虎大，北方雪兔比华南兔大。

在亲缘关系相近的企鹅中，生活在纬度较高，气候较冷地区的个体也较大。

其适应意义是动物个体大，对在低温环境中保持恒定体温有利。

身体的热量是由体表散逸的，随着个体增大，动物的相对体表面积(体表面积/体积)逐渐变小，因而其单位体重的散热量也小，因此有利于适应低温气候。

此规律也有例外，如华北的褐家鼠比长江以南的小。

贝克曼库尔特血液分析技术及特色参数47页PPT

Thank 形式。——阿法纳西耶夫 2、改革如果不讲纪律，就难以成功。
3、道德行为训练，不是通过语言影响，而是让儿童练习良好道德行为，克服懒惰、轻率、不守纪律、颓废等不良行为。 4、学校没有纪律便如磨房里没有水。 ——夸美纽斯
5、教导儿童服从真理、服从集体，养成儿童自觉的纪律性，这是儿童道德教育最重要的部分。—— 陈鹤琴
6、最大的骄傲于最大的自卑都表示心灵的最软弱无力。——斯宾诺莎 7、自知之明是最难得的知识。——西班牙 8、勇气通往天堂，怯懦通往地狱。——塞内加 9、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考的方法。——赫尔普斯 10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。——笛卡儿

西点军校二十二条军规

西点军校22条军规1、无条件执行；2、工作无借口；3、细节决定成败，4、以上司为榜样，5、荣誉原则，6、受人欢迎，7、善于合作，8、团队精神，9、只有第一，10、敢于冒险，11、火一般的精神，12、不断提升自己，13、勇敢者的游戏，14、全力以赴，15、尽职尽责，16、没有不可能，17、永不放弃，18、敬业为魂，19、为自己奋斗，20理念至上，21自动自发，22立即行动。

详细：一、无条件执行。

军人的第一件事情就是学会服从。

1、将服从训练成习惯：西点军校采用“斯巴达式”的各种训练，使学员身体疲惫不堪，没有提出反抗的余力。

2、一切从零开始：不管新学员的社会经历，新学员都将被视为如同白纸一样的婴儿，新学员受训刚开始是没有名字，没有一切个人的特殊物品（包括最基本的财物），日程安排的满满的，让学员只有时间去执行命令而没时间去思考。

二、工作无借口。

1、绝对的制度，纪律就是纪律：西点纪律的严厉是出名的，开始大家可能只是为了形式，时间一长习惯成自然，学员逐渐地把军校的目标变成了个人目标，变成了自觉的纪律。

2、西点的“四个标准答案”：只能为“报告长官，是”、“报告长官，不是”、“报告长官，没有任何借口”、“报告长官，我不知道”，学员不能多说一个字，长官只要结果，而不是要为什么没有完成任务的解释。

三、细节决定成败。

1、从小事做起：西点很重视对新学员的细节训练，要求新学员背诵新学员知识，除了记住会议厅有多少盏灯，蓄水库有多大蓄水量外，还包括大声当众背诵日行事历（今天几点将做什么事），学校很注重服装仪容的细节。

2、“给我任何一个人，只要不是精神病人，我都能把他训练成一个优秀的人才。

”这是西点军校校长的名言。

四、以上司为榜样。

西点新学员对上司怎么评价自己，绝对不会太在意，他们会一如既往地做好自己的本职工作，并且对上司充满感激。

五、荣誉原则。

1、西点的校训为：“职责、荣誉、国家”2、荣誉原则：“学员不得撒谎、欺骗和行窃，也不能容忍他人有上述行为。

西点军校行为准则

1、责任，决不推卸责任，细节决定成败；2、荣誉，为自己而奋斗；3、意志，决不惧怕失败，永不放弃；4、热忱，总在最前面，专注自己所爱；5、信念，坚持一种信仰，你就能实现目标；6、忠诚，忠诚胜于能力，遇事全力以赴；7、竞争，只有第一，没有最好。

西点军校200年来的最重要的行为准则之---------------记住,这是你的工作?美国独立企业联盟杰克.法里斯少年时在父母亲的加油站工作,父亲安排他在前台接待顾客，法里斯发现,如果他多干一些活,比如为顾客擦擦车身、挡风玻璃和车灯上的污渍,那么顾客大多还会再来。

可总有一位老太太非常难缠,他每周开车来打蜡和清洗车身,总是要求他的车内的每一丝棉绒和灰尘都被清除掉她才会满意。

法里斯不堪忍受,不愿意再侍候这老太太.父亲告诫他说:”孩子,记住,这是你的工作!不管顾客怎么说怎么做,你都要做好你的工作,并且有礼貌地对待顾客。

”父亲的话深深震动了法里斯,他后来回忆道,还是加油站的工作让他学会了严格的职业操守和如何对待顾客,而这在他以后的职业经历中起到了重要的作用。

记住,这是你的工作!美国前教育部长说:”工作是我们要用生命去做的事情.”对于工作,我们应该怀着感激和敬畏的心情,尽自己最大的努力,把它做到完美.除非你不想干了,或你已垂垂暮年,否则,你没有理由不认真地对待工作。

记住,这是你的工作!既然你选择了这个职业,选择了这个岗位,就必须接受它的全部,而不是仅仅享受它带给你的益处和快乐。

就算是屈辱和责骂,那也只是这个工作的一小部分。

如果说一个清洁工人不能忍受垃圾的气味,以怎能成为一名合格的清洁工?当我们在工作遇到困难时,当你找各种借口时,请用这句话唤醒你沉睡的意识-------记住,这是你的工作!!西点行为准则之----------------全力以赴杰克在一家国际贸易公司上班,他很不满意自己的工作,忿忿地对朋友说“我的老板一点也不把我放在眼里,改天我要对他拍桌子,然后辞职不干了.”朋友问”你对公司的业务完全了解吗?做国际贸易的窃门你都搞通了吗?”“没有”“君子报仇十年不晚,我建议你把这一切都学会,甚至连修复印机的小帮障都会了,再辞职不干,你利用这公司,做点爱学习的地方,然后再一下了之,不是既有收获又出了气吗?”杰克听从了朋友的建议.一年多后,朋友问他”你现在学会了很多,可以准备不干了吧!!”可是杰克说”最近半年,老板对他刮目相看,不但委以重任,还加薪升职了.”只是抱怨公司和老析,却不反省自己,如果不仅仅把工作当成一份获得薪水的职业,而且还把工作当作是要生命去做的事情,自动自发,全力以赴,我们就可能获得自己所期望的成功.工作的质量往往会决定生活的质量,每个人支应该带着热情和信心的去工作,应该全力以赴,不找任何借口,得过且过的人在任何一个组织里都难以升到中层以上的职位.西点准则之------工作就意味着责任巴松将军的名言是:”自以为是而忘记了自己的责任的军人一文不值.遇到这种军官,我会马上调备他的职务.每个人都必须为为完成任务而心甘情愿地献身.”巴松强调的是,在作战中每个人都要付出,要到最需要你的地.做你必须做的事情,而不能忘记自己的责任.人们都习惯于为自己的过去寻找各种借口,以为这样廉洁可以逃避惩罚或心安理得.正确的做法是:承认它们,解释它们,并为他们道歉,最重要的是让人们看到你如何承担责任和从错误中吸取教训.这不仅仅是对待工作的一种态度,这样的员工也会被主管欣赏.世界上最愚蠢的事情就是推卸眼前的责任,认为等到以后准备好了,条件成熟了再去承担才好.在需要你承担责任时,马上就去承担它,这就是最好的准备,如果不习惯这样去做,即便等到条件成熟了以后,你也不可能承担起重大的责任.你也不可能做好任何重要的事情.责任和荣誉是职业道德的核心.基于责任的起点上,我们才能”尊严地命脉令您成为怎样的人.它们是您振奋精神的转折点,当您几乎丧失勇气里鼓起勇气,几乎绝望的产生希望.西点准则之-------------怀抱一颗感恩的心为什么我们能轻而易举地原谅一个陌生人的过去,却对自己的老板和上司耿耿于怀呢?为什么我们可以为一个陌生人的点滴帮助而感激不尽,却无视朝久相处的上司的种种而恩惠而将一切视之为理所当然呢?如果我们在工作中不是总找借口为自己开脱,而是能怀抱一颗感恩的心,情况就会大不一样.成功守则中有条黄金定律:待人如已,也就是凡事为他人着想,站在他人立场上思考,做员工时,我们认为老板苛刻,可有一天我们做了老板后,却发觉员工太懒惰太缺乏主动情.其实什么都没改变,改变的只是看待问题的方式,这条黄金定律不仅仅是一种道德法则,它还是一种动力,能推广动整个工作环境的改闭幕式善.永远都需要感谢,当我们遭到客户拒绝时,应该感谢客户耐心地听自己解释完,这样才有下一次沟通的机会,上司批评你时,应该感谢他给予的种种教诲,感恩他的教诲不花一分钱,却对未来有积极的帮助和收益.感恩并不仅仅有利于公司和老析,对于个人,感恩是丰富的人生,它是一种深刻的感觉,能够增强个人魅力,开启神厅的力量之门,发掘出无穷的智能.感恩也像其它爱人欢迎的美好特质一样,是一种习惯和态度.西点准则之---------------------工作中无小事苏格拉底曾对学生说:”咱们今天只做一事,每个人尽量把胳腰往前甩,再往后甩.”然后他示范一遍,最后他问:从今天开始,每天做300下,能做到吗?”学生们都笑了,这么简单,谁做不到?一年之后,苏格拉底再问学生,全班只有一个人坚持下来了,这个人就是木白拉图,”这么简单,打个电话,谁不会?”这是许多人的心态,但是转身看一看,我们周转的万功者,他们都与我们一样做简单的小事,唯一的区别在于,他们从不认为他们所做的是简单的小事,我们每天收集客户资料,打电话给客户,与客户沟通,刺激客户的动机与需求,引导客户对自己利益的重视,激发客户购买我们产品的欲望,这一通电话,每个过程都是小事,如果你轻视这一过程中的每个细微的反应,那么你的失败绝不是偶然.我们的每个电话,每个电话中的每分钟,都是天大的关等大事,需要我们全力以赴.成功不是偶然,看起来很偶然的成功,实际上我们看到的只是表像,正是对一些小事情的处理方式,已经昭示了成功的必然,我们已经具备一种锲而不舍的精神,一种坚持到底的信念,一种脚踏实地的务实态度.一种自动自发的责任心.小事如此,大事亦然.。

帕鲁十二条守则-概述说明以及解释

帕鲁十二条守则-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述帕鲁十二条守则是一组行为准则，旨在指导人们过上更有意义、更充实的生活。

这些守则源自于著名心理学家约翰·帕鲁的研究和实践，他认为这些准则可以帮助人们在追求幸福和成功的过程中保持积极心态、良好的人际关系以及健康的身心状态。

这份守则包含了十二条具体的准则，旨在通过激发个人的内在潜力和积极的心态来塑造一个更加丰富和有意义的人生。

这些准则分为不同的方面，如个人成长、人际关系、情绪管理等等。

首先，个人成长方面的守则涉及到了追求目标、坚持不懈和持续学习的重要性。

它鼓励人们设立明确的目标，并采取切实可行的行动来实现这些目标。

同时，这些守则还提倡个人不断学习、提升自己的技能和知识，以适应不断变化的环境和挑战。

其次，人际关系方面的守则强调了沟通、理解和尊重他人的重要性。

在人际交往中，它鼓励人们保持积极的态度，主动与他人建立良好的关系。

通过有效的沟通和倾听，人们能更好地理解他人的需要和意愿，并通过互相尊重和包容来建立稳固的人际关系。

最后，情绪管理方面的守则强调了积极情绪和心理健康的重要性。

它鼓励人们积极面对挑战和困难，培养积极的心态和乐观的情绪。

通过倡导自我关爱和自我调节的方式，这些守则能帮助人们更好地管理压力和情绪，提高心理抗压能力和幸福感。

总而言之，帕鲁十二条守则是一份综合性的生活指南，它们涵盖了个人成长、人际关系和情绪管理等方面的准则。

这些守则旨在帮助人们创造出更加有意义和有价值的人生，发掘自己的潜力，并与他人建立良好的关系。

无论是在工作，家庭还是社交场合，遵循这些守则都能成为一个更加充实和积极的个体。

1.2文章结构1.2 文章结构本篇文章主要分为引言、正文和结论三个部分，以下将对每个部分进行详细描述。

引言部分首先对帕鲁十二条守则进行概述，介绍其起源和背景。

帕鲁十二条守则是一套指导人们健康、幸福生活的准则，以其简洁、明了的表达方式和实用性而被广泛关注和接受。

圣本尼迪特及其规章

圣本尼迪特及其规章圣本尼迪特（St. Benedict）是西方基督教修道会的创始人，他的规章被称为《本笃规》（Rule of Saint Benedict），是中世纪修道院生活的基石。

本规章包含了修道院内部的组织结构、修行要求、日常事务等方面的规定，对修道院的运作和修士的生活方式产生了深远影响。

一、修道院组织结构《本笃规》规定了修道院的组织结构，包括院长（Abbot）和修士（Monks）等。

院长是修道院的领导者，负责管理修道院的日常事务和修士的生活。

修士则按照规章的要求进行修行，服从院长的指导。

二、修行要求《本笃规》对修行要求进行了详细的规定。

修士必须遵守清纯、服从和贫困的誓言，以及忠诚于修道院和修士团体的规定。

他们要进行日常的祈祷和禅修，参预修道院的礼仪活动，并且要持续学习圣经和神学知识。

三、日常事务《本笃规》还涵盖了修道院的日常事务，包括工作、学习、歇息等方面的规定。

修士需要参预修道院的劳动，如农耕、手工艺品制作等，以维持修道院的经济独立。

他们也要进行学习，不仅限于宗教知识，还包括文学、音乐等方面的学习。

此外，规章还规定了修士的歇息时间和饮食规定，以保持身心的健康。

四、修道院纪律《本笃规》对修道院纪律进行了严格的规定，以确保修士的生活秩序和纪律。

规章规定了修士的服装、作息时间、交往规则等方面的内容。

修士们必须遵守这些规定，以保持修道院的和谐与秩序。

五、修道院的精神价值《本笃规》强调了修道院的精神价值，包括谦逊、服从、勤劳、善良等。

修士们要以这些价值观为指导，努力追求个人的成长和修行，并为修道院和社会做出贡献。

总结：圣本尼迪特及其规章《本笃规》对修道院的组织结构、修行要求、日常事务和纪律等方面进行了详细规定。

这些规章对中世纪修道院的生活方式产生了深远影响，也对后世的修道院生活和修士制度产生了重要影响。

通过遵守规章的要求，修士们能够在修道院中追求个人的成长和修行，同时为修道院和社会做出贡献。

英国BASW 社会工作伦理守则

Copyright © British Association of Social Workers Author:The Policy, Ethics and Human Rights Committee Contact:Fran McDonnell, Policy TeamEmail: policy@First published:January 2012 Updated: October 2014The Code of Ethics for Social Work Contents wwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work, Statement of PrinciplesIntroduction –Scope and objectives (4)1. Background (5)1.1 Ethics in social work (5)1.2 The international definition of social work (6)2. Values and ethical principles (8)2.1 Human rights (8)2.2 Social justice (9)2.3 Professional integrity (10)3. Ethical practice principles (11)Appendix (17)wwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work IntroductionIntroduction –Scope and objectivesThe British Association of Social Workers is the professional association for social workers in the United Kingdom (UK). The Code of Ethics states the values and ethical principles on which the profession is based. The Association has a duty to ensure as far as possible that its members discharge their ethical obligations and are afforded the professional rights necessary for the safeguarding and promotion of the rights of people who use social work services. People who use social work services may be individuals (children, young people or adults), families or other groups or communities.The Code is binding on all social workers who are BASW members in all roles, sectors and settings in the UK.Social workers have a responsibility to promote and work to the Code of Ethics in carrying out their obligations to people who use social work services, to their employers, to one another, to colleagues in other disciplines and to society. The Association commends and promotes the Code of Ethics to all social workers, educators and employers of social workers in the UK.BASW’s Code of Ethics first adopted in 1975, has been revised and updated on several occasions. This Code of Ethics replaces the 2002 version. It takes as its starting point the internationally agreed Definition of Social Work(International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) and International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), (2000) and has also incorporated the international statement, Ethics in Social Work –Statement of Principles(IFSW and IASSW, 2004) with some revisions.These key documents were reviewed and agreed in 2010 by IFSW and IASSW. Sections 1 and 2 of this document draw on the background, definition and statement of ethical principles of the IFSW/IASSW (2004) document, with amendments including the addition of ‘professional integrity’ as a value alongside human rights and social justice. Section 3 comprises practice principles which indicate how the general ethical principles outlined in Section 2 should be put into practice in a UK context.The Code of Ethics for Social Work Background wwwww1.1 Ethics in social workEthical awareness is fundamental to the professional practice of social workers. Their ability and commitment to act ethically is an essential aspect of the quality of the service offered to those who engage with social workers. Respect for human rights and a commitment to promoting social justice are at the core of social work practice throughout the world.Social work grew out of humanitarian and democratic ideals, and its values are based on respect for the equality, worth, and dignity of all people. Since its beginnings over a century ago, social work practice has focused on meeting human needs and developing human potential. Human rights and social justice serve as the motivation and justification for social work action. In solidarity with those who are dis-advantaged, the profession strives to alleviate poverty and to work with vulnerable and oppressed people in order to promote social inclusion. Social work values are embodied in the profession’s national and international codes of ethics. Working definitions of ethics and values are given in the Appendix.The Code comprises statements of values and ethical principles relating to human rights, social justice and professional integrity, followed by practice principles that indicate how the ethical principles should be applied in practice.The practice principles are not intended to be exhaustive as some ethical challenges and problems facing social workers in practice are common and others are specific to particular countries and settings. The Code is not designed to provide a detailed set of rules about how social workers should act in specific situations or practice guidance. Rather, by outlining the general ethical principles, the aim is to encourage social workers across the UK to reflect on the challenges and dilemmas that face them and make ethically informed decisions about how to act in each particular case in accordance with the values of the profession.Backgroundwwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work DefinitionEthical problems often arise because socialworkers, for example:w Work with conflicting interests andcompeting rightsw Have a role to support, protect andempower people, as well as having statutory duties and other obligations that may be coercive and restrict people’s freedomsw Are constrained by the availability of resources and institutional policies in society. Social work in its various forms addresses the multiple, complex transactions between people and their environments. Its mission is to enable all people to develop their full potential, enrich their lives, and prevent dysfunction. Professional social work is focused on problem solving and change. As such, social workers are change agents in society and in the lives of the individuals, families and communities they serve. Social work is an interrelated system of values, theory and practice.1.2 The international definition of social work (2000)*The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.The Code of Ethics for Social Work DefinitionwwwwwTheory:Social work bases its methodology on a systematic body of evidenceinformed knowledge derived from research and practice evaluation,including local and indigenous knowledge specific to its context. Itrecognises the complexity of interactions between human beings andtheir environment, and the capacity of people both to be affected byand to alter the multiple influences upon them including bio-psychosocial factors. The social work profession draws on theories of human development and behaviour and social systems to analyse complex situations and to facilitate individual, organisational, socialand cultural changes.Practice:Social work practice addresses the barriers, inequities and injustices that exist in society. It responds to crises and emergencies as well as to everyday personal and social problems. Social work utilises a variety of skills, techniques, and activities consistent with its holisticfocus on persons and their environments. Social work interventionsrange from primarily person-focused psychosocial processes to involvement in social policy, planning and development. Theseinclude counselling, clinical social work, group work, socialpedagogical work, and family treatment and therapy as well as effortsto help people obtain services and resources in the community.Interventions also include agency administration, communityorganisation and engaging in social and political action to impactsocial policy and economic development. The holistic focus of socialwork is universal, but the priorities of social work practice will varyfrom country to country and from time to time depending on cultural,historical, legal and socio-economic conditions.It is understood that social work in the 21st century is dynamic and evolving, and therefore no definition should be regarded asexhaustive.* The definition was revised in 2014.wwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work Values and ethical principles2. Values and ethical principles 2.1 Human rightsValueSocial work is based on respect for the inherent worth and dignity of all people as expressed in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and other related UN declarations on rights and the conventions derived from those declarations. Principles1Upholding and promoting human dignityand well-beingSocial workers should respect, uphold anddefend each person’s physical,psychological, emotional and spiritualintegrity and well-being. They should worktowards promoting the best interests ofindividuals and groups in society and theavoidance of harm.2Respecting the right to self-determinationSocial workers should respect, promoteand support people’s dignity and right tomake their own choices and decisions,irrespective of their values and life choices,provided this does not threaten the rights,safety and legitimate interests of others.3Promoting the right to participationSocial workers should promote the fullinvolvement and participation of peopleusing their services in ways that enablethem to be empowered in all aspects ofdecisions and actions affecting theirlives.4Treating each person as a wholeSocial workers should be concerned withthe whole person, within the family,community, societal and naturalenvironments, and should seek torecognise all aspects of a person’s life.5Identifying and developing strengthsSocial workers should focus on thestrengths of all individuals, groups andcommunities and thus promote theirempowerment.The Code of Ethics for Social Work Values and ethical principleswwwww2.2 Social justice ValueSocial workers have a responsibility to promote social justice, in relation to society generally, and in relation to the people with whom they work.Principles1Challenging discriminationSocial workers have a responsibility tochallenge discrimination on the basisof characteristics such as ability, age,culture, gender or sex, marital status,socio-economic status, political opinions, skin colour, racial or otherphysical characteristics, sexual orientation or spiritual beliefs.2Recognising diversitySocial workers should recognise andrespect the diversity of the societies in which they practise, taking into account individual, family, group andcommunity differences.3Distributing resources Social workers should ensure that resourcesat their disposal are distributed fairly,according to need.4Challenging unjust policies and practices Social workers have a duty to bring to theattention of their employers, policy makers,politicians and the general public situationswhere resources are inadequate or wheredistribution of resources, policies and practice are oppressive, unfair, harmful or illegal.5Working in solidaritySocial workers, individually, collectively andwith others have a duty to challenge socialconditions that contribute to social exclusion,stigmatisation or subjugation, and worktowards an inclusive society.wwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work Values and ethical principles2.3 Professional integrity ValueSocial workers have a responsibility to respect and uphold the values and principles of the profession and act in a reliable, honest and trustworthy manner.Principles1Upholding the values andreputation of the professionSocial workers should act at all timesin accordance with the values andprinciples of the profession and ensurethat their behaviour does not bring theprofession into disrepute.2Being trustworthySocial workers should work in a waythat is honest, reliable and open,clearly explaining their roles,interventions and decisions and notseeking to deceive or manipulatepeople who use their services, theircolleagues or employers.3Maintaining professional boundariesSocial workers should establish appropriateboundaries in their relationships with serviceusers and colleagues, and not abuse theirposition for personal benefit, financial gain orsexual exploitation.4Making considered professionaljudgementsSocial workers should make judgementsbased on balanced and considered reasoning,maintaining awareness of the impact of theirown values, prejudices and conflicts ofinterest on their practice and on other people.5Being professionally accountableSocial workers should be prepared to accountfor and justify their judgements and actions topeople who use services, to employers andthe general public.The Code of Ethics for Social Work Ethical practice principleswwwwwSocial workers have aresponsibility to apply theprofessional values and principles set out above to their practice.They should act with integrity and treat people with compassion,empathy and care.3. Ethical practice principlesThe ethical practice principles apply across the UK but they are not intendedto be exhaustive or to constitute detailed prescription. There will be variationsin interpretation and guidance in the different countries. Social workersshould take into account appropriate codes of practice, legislation,governance frameworks, professional practice and training standards in eachUK country, provided they are consistent with the Code of Ethics. The Code is also supported by other BASW policy documents.Social workers should strive to carry out the stated aims of their employers or commissioners, provided they are consistent with the Code of Ethics. BASW expects employers to have in place systems and approaches to promote a climate which supports, monitors, reviews and takes the necessary action toensure social workers can comply with the Code of Ethics and other requirements to deliver safe and effective practice .wwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work Ethical practice principles1Developing professional relationships Social workers should build and sustain professional relationships based on people’s right to control their own lives and make their own choices and decisions. Social work relationships should be based on people’s rights to respect, privacy, reliability and confidentiality. Social workers should communicate effectively and work in partnership with individuals, families, groups, communities and other agencies. They should value and respect the contribution of colleagues from other disciplines.2Assessing and managing riskSocial workers should recognise that people using social work services have the right to take risks and should enable them to identify and manage potential and actual risk, while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people. Social workers should support people to reach informed decisions about their lives and promote theirautonomy and independence, provided this does not conflict with their safety or with the rights of others. Social workers should only take actions which diminish peoples’ civil or legal rights if it is ethically, professionally and legally justifiable. 3Acting with the informed consent of service users, unless required by law to protect that person or another from risk of serious harmSocial workers should ascertain and respect, as far as possible, each individual’s preferences, wishes and involvement in decision making, whether or not they or other persons have powers to make decisions on the person’s behalf.This includes the duty to ascertain and respect a child’s wishes and feelings, giving due weight to the child’s maturity and understanding, where the law invests power of consent in respect of a child in the parent or guardian.Social workers need to acknowledge the impact of their own informal and coercive power and that of the organisations involved.PrinciplesThe Code of Ethics for Social Work Ethical practice principles wwwww4Providing informationSocial workers should give people the information they need to make informed choices and decisions. They should enable people to access all information recorded about themselves, subject to any limitations imposed by law. Social workers should assist people to understand and exercise their rights including making complaints and other remedies.5Sharing information appropriatelySocial workers should ensure the sharing of information is subject to ethical requirements in respect of privacy and confidentiality across agencies and professions, and within a multi-purpose agency.6Using authority in accordance with human rights principlesSocial workers should use the authority of their role in a responsible, accountable and respectful manner. Theyshould exercise authority appropriately to safeguard people with whom they work and to ensure people have as much control over their lives as is consistent with the rights of others.7Empowering peopleSocial workers should promote and contribute to the development of positive policies, procedures and practices which are anti-oppressive and empowering. They should respect people’s beliefs, values, culture, goals, needs, preferences, relationships and affiliations. Social workers should recognise their own prejudices to ensure they do not discriminate against any person or group. They should ensure that services are offered and delivered in a culturally appropriate manner. They should challenge and seek to address any actions of colleagues who demonstrate negative discrimination or prejudice.wwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work Ethical practice principles8Challenging the abuse of human rights Social workers should be prepared to challenge discriminatory, ineffective and unjust policies, procedures and practice. They should challenge the abuse of power and the exclusion of people from decisions that affect them. Social workers should not collude with the erosion of human rights or allow their skills to be used for inhumane purposes such as systematic abuse, detention of child asylum seekers and threats to family life of those in vulnerable positions.9Being prepared to whistleblowSocial workers should be prepared to report bad practice using all available channels including complaints procedures and if necessary use public interest disclosure legislation and whistleblowing guidelines. 10Maintaining confidentialitySocial workers should respect the principles of confidentiality that apply to their relationships and ensure that confidential information is only divulged with the consent of the person using social work services or the informant. Exceptions to this may only be justified on the basis of a greater ethical requirement such as evidence of serious risk or the preservation of life. Social workers need to explain the nature of that confidentiality to people with whom they work and any circumstances where confidentiality must be waived should be made explicit. Social workers should identify dilemmas about confidentiality and seek support to address these issues. 11Maintaining clear and accurate records Social workers should maintain clear, impartial and accurate records and provision of evidence to support professional judgements. They should record only relevant matters and specify the source of information.The Code of Ethics for Social Work Ethical practice principles wwwww12Striving for objectivity and self-awareness in professional practiceSocial workers should reflect and critically evaluate their practice and be aware of their impact on others. Social workers should recognise the limits of their practice and seek advice or refer to another professional if necessary to ensure they work in a safe and effective manner.13Using professional supervision and peer support to reflect on and improve practiceSocial workers should take responsibility for ensuring they have access to professional supervision and discussion which supports them to reflect and make sound professional judgements based on good practice. BASW expects all employers to provide appropriate professional supervision for social workers and promote effective team work and communication.14Taking responsibility for their own practice and continuing professional development Social workers should develop and maintain the attitudes, knowledge, understanding and skills to provide quality services and accountable practice. They need to keep up to date with relevant research, learning from other professionals and service users. BASW expects employers to ensure social workers’ learning and development needs are met and seek adequate resources to do so.15Contributing to the continuous improvement of professional practiceSocial workers should strive to create conditions in employing agencies and in their countries where the principles of the Code are discussed, evaluated and upheld in practice. They should engage in ethical debate with their colleagues and employers to share knowledge and take responsibility forwwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work Ethical practice principlesmaking ethically informed decisions. They should endeavour to seek changes in policies, procedures, improvements to services or working conditions as guided by the ethics of the profession.16Taking responsibility for the professional development of othersSocial workers should contribute to the education and training of colleagues and students by sharing knowledge and practice wisdom. They should identify, develop, use and disseminate knowledge, theory and practice. They should contribute to social work education, including the provision of good quality placements, and ensure students are informed of their ethical responsibilities to use the Code in their practice. 17Facilitating and contributing to evaluation and research Social workers should use professional knowledge and experience to engage in research and to contribute to the development of ethically based policy and programmes. They should analyse and evaluate the quality and outcomes of their practice with people who use social work services.The Code of Ethics for Social Work Appendix wwwwwAppendix Some working definitions of key terms(adapted from Banks, S. (2012) Ethics and Values in Social Work, 4th edition, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, BASW Macmillan PracticalSocial Work Series)Working definitions of ethics and professional ethicsBroadly speaking, ‘ethics’ is about matters of right and wrong conduct, good and bad qualities of character and responsibilities attached to relationships. Although the subject matter of ethics is often said to be human welfare, the bigger picture also includes the flourishing of animals and the whole ecosystem. The term ‘ethics’ may be used in a singular sense to refer to the study of right and wrong norms of behaviour, good and bad qualities of character; or in a plural sense, to refer to the actual norms and qualities.Professional ethics concerns matters of right and wrong conduct, good and bad qualities of character and the professional responsibilities attached to relationships in a work context.Working definitions of values and social work valuesIn everyday usage, ‘values’ is often used to refer to one or all of religious, moral, cultural, political or ideological beliefs, principles, attitudes, opinions or preferences. In social work, ‘values’ can be regarded as particular types of beliefs that people hold about what is regarded as worthy or valuable. In the context of professional practice, the use of the term ‘belief’ reflects the status that values have as stronger than mere opinions or preferences.The term ‘social work values’ refers to a range of beliefs about what is regarded as worthy or valuable in a social work context (general beliefs about the nature of the good society, general principles about how to achieve this through actions, and the desirable qualities or character traits of professional practitioners).wwwww The Code of Ethics for Social Work Appendix Principles and standards (or rules)Principles are essential norms in a system of thought or belief, which form the basis of reasoning in that system. In codes of ethics principles are often divided into two kinds:Ethical principles–general statements of ethical principles underpinning the work, relating to attitudes, rights and duties about human welfare, for example: ‘respect for the autonomy of service users’; ‘promotion of human welfare’. Principles of professional practice–general statements about how to achieve what is intended for the good of the service user, for example: ‘collaboration with colleagues’. Principles have a much broader scope than rules (or ‘standards’), tending to apply to all people in all circumstances (although in the case of social work, principles often refer to ‘all service users’). So, for example, ‘social workers should respect the autonomy of service users’ is an ethical principle; whereas, ‘social workers should not disclose confidential information to third-party payers unless clients have authorised such disclosure’ might be regarded as an ethical standard or rule. Standards can also be divided into two kinds, although often they are not clearly distinguished in codes of ethics: Ethical standards or rules–some general ‘do’s and don’ts’, sometimes framed as ‘standards’ for example: ‘do not permit knowledge to be used for discriminatory policies’; ‘protect all confidential information’. Professional practice standards–very specific guidance relating to professional practice, for example: ‘declare a bequest in a client’s will’; ‘advertising should not claim superiority’.PDF copies of this document are downloadable at:/codeofethicsCopyright ©British Association of Social WorkersAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form without the written permission of the copyright owner.The British Association of Social Workers16 Kent StreetBirmingham B5 6RD Tel: 0121 622 3911 Fax: 0121 622 4860。

西点军校22条军规原文

西点军校22条军规原文22Army Regulation1.unconditional implementation;无条件执行2.work without an excuse;工作无借口3.he details determine success or failure;细节决定成败4.Division for more than an example;以上司为榜样5.the principle of honor;荣誉原则6.welcome;受人欢迎自我提升，良性竞争，互相欣赏，相互支持7.at cooperation;善于合作多点沟通少点抱怨8.teamwork;团队精神永不言退我们是最好的团队9.only the first;只有第一10.to take risks;敢于冒险11.the general spirit of the fire;火一般的精神不断开拓勇于创新12.and continuously improve their own;不断提升自己13.the brave of the game;勇敢者的游戏承担压力突破自我14.go all out;全力以赴放弃者绝不成功成功者决不放弃15.dutifully;尽职尽责是我的能力，不讲借口是我的责任不讲条件明确职责履行职责16.is impossible;没有不可能不要小看自己人有无限可能17.never give up;永不放弃·排除万难永不言弃18.dedicated to the soul;敬业为魂我敬业我光荣我奉献我自家19.for their struggle;为自己奋斗努力就有机会付出总有回报20.the concept of the supremacy;理念至上21.spontaneous;自动自发22.to take immediate action;立即行动。

预防导管相关性血流感染CDC指引解读35页PPT

16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃
预防导管相关性血流感染CDC指引解读
1、战鼓一响，法律无声。——英国 2、任何法律的根本；不，不成文法本身就是讲道理 ……法律，也 ----即明示道理。— —爱·科克
3、法律是最保险的头盔。——爱·科克 4、一个国家如果纲纪不正，其国风一定颓败。—— 塞内加 5、法律不能使人人平等，但是在法律面前人人是平等的。 ——波洛克
Hale Waihona Puke END

恐惧管理理论

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二，背景（background）
• Kansas大学的Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski三人于1984年提出了这一理论。这些社会心理学家寻找人类行为的两个基本问题的答案：
• 1，人为什么需要自尊呢？ • 2，为什么不同的文化和平共处十分困难？

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四，基本观点——自尊与文化世界观
• 文化的焦虑缓冲包括两部分： • 1，是相信自己所持有的文化世界观的正确性，从这一途径人们可以获得意义感，因为文化世界观是对现实世界的抽象反映，只有“正确的”文化世界观才能赋予我们存在的意义； • 2，是相信自己所遵守的价值和价值标准是文化世界观的一部分，相信自己能够面对或是超越所遵守的价值和价值标准。从这个途径人们可以获得价值感，因为对这种已经内化了的价值标准遵守程度的评价反映了个体价值和价值标准体系的关系。
七，新热点

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• 1，自尊、文化世界观和亲密关系构成了三重防御系统 • 早期的研究证实了 TMT 的基本主张：世界观坚守与自尊追求, 是两种基本的恐惧管理机制。到了 20 世纪末期, 一些学者开始思考有无第三种恐惧管理机制, 尤其是亲密关系能否提供独立的恐惧管理功能。 • 2，死亡突显诱发对躯体被造性的负性反应 • 早期研究者关注的是, 个体如何利用可以获得的心理资源 ―主动”去控制死亡思维, 以维护心理稳定。近些年来,一些研究者开始探索, 是否存在另外一种不同于主动控制的“回避”策略。这些研究的假设是, 如果人类恐惧死亡, 那么个体应该会对任何可能提醒死亡的事物持负性态度。简而言之, 个体会不喜欢提醒死亡命运的事物, 比如性、女性躯体、残疾人以及老年人等。 • 3，众多社会心理现象提供恐惧管理功能 • 已有证据显示, 大部分社会心理现象, 均与恐惧管理有关。 20 多年积累的实验证据支持了上述假设：死亡突显后, 个体会更努力地降低认知失调, 维持刻板印象, 追求结构、意义和自尊, 更加严厉地责备无辜受害者。