中国政法大学2004年考博英语试题及答案
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect’s house.A．keenB．completeC．thoroughD．close正确答案：D解析：close a.严密的，密切的。
keen a．热心的，渴望的(on)；敏锐的，敏捷的(of)。
complete a.完全的，完整的。
thorough a.彻底的，完全的。
2．The police searched all the houses but found no______.A．connectionsB．cluesC．relationshipsD．ties正确答案：B解析：clue(to)n.线索，提示。
3．Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．padB．packC．squeezeD．cluster正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说“许多滑雪者成群地围在火堆边”。
D项“cluster丛生，成群”符合题意．如：The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs．(孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。
)其他三项“pad加上垫衬；pack包装：squeeze压榨”都不正确。
4．A substance such as sand may be either fine or ______.A．coarseB．courseC．largeD．tough正确答案：A解析：coarse a．粗的，粗糙的；粗劣的；粗俗的。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编30(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Recent research into aging suggests that the body’s defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish what is alien.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题) A．insaneB．infectiousC．foreignD．poisonous正确答案：C解析：本题中，alien的意思是“外来的，不同的”。
四个选项中，foreign的意思是“外国的，异质的”，如：a foreign object in the eye．(眼睛中的异物)。
insane 的意思是“患精神病的，极度愚蠢的”；infectious的意思是“有传染性的，易感染的”。
只有C项符合题意。
2．It is impossible to ______ whether she’ll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．foreseeB．inferC．fabricateD．inhibit正确答案：A解析：本题意为“很难预见她是否能在下个月出院回家”。
A项的“foresee 预见”符合题意。
其他三项“infer推论、推断；fabricate制作、装配，伪造；inhibit 禁止、约束”都不正确。
3．She said some bad things about me, but I have______her for that.A．releasedB．freedC．forgivenD．regretted正确答案：C解析：forgive vt．原谅，饶恕，宽恕。
中国政法大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中国政法大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析The Englishman has been called a political animal,and he valueswhat is political and practical so much that ideas easily becomeobjects of dislike in his eyes,and thinkers,miscreants,becausepractice is everything,a free play of the mind is nothing.(46)Thenotion of the free play of the mind upon all subjects being a pleasurein itself,being an object of desire,being an essential provider ofelements without which a nation’s spirit,whatever compensations itmay have for them,must in the long run,die of emptiness,hardlyenters into an Englishman’s thoughts.It is noticeable that the wordcuriosity,which in other languages is used in a good sense,to mean,as a high and fine quality of man’s nature,just this disinterestedlove of a free play of the mind on all subjects,for its own sake—itis noticeable,I say,that this word has in our language no sense ofthe kind,no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one.But criticism,real criticism,is essentially the exercise of this very quality.(47)It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best thatis known and thought in the world,irrespectively of practice,Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi politics,andeverything of the kind;and to value knowledge and thought as theyapproach this best,without the intrusion of any other considerationswhatever.(48)This is an instinct for which there is,I think,littleoriginal sympathy in the practical English nature,and what there was of it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of Romanticism.(49)It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule for its course,in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it,and to produce fruit for the future, it ought to take.The rule may be summed up in oneword-disinterestedness.And how is criticism to show disinterestedness?By keeping aloof from what is called“the practical view of things”;by resolutely following the law of its own nature,which is to be a free play of the mind on all subjects which it touches.(50)By steadily refusing to lend itself to any of those concealed,political,practical considerations about ideas, which plenty of people will be sure to attach to them,but which criticism has really nothing to do with.Its business is,as I have said,simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known,to create a current of true and fresh ideas.Its business is to do this with inflexible honesty,with due ability;but its business is to do no more.答案46.对所有事物的自由思考本身就是一种乐趣，一种愿望，为民族精神提供了赖以生存的重要因素。
中国政法大学考博英语阅读理解解析 2
中国政法大学考博英语阅读理解解析In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn on either art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, this was the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, the recent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes and ears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him in the store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the "accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitude(真实)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions. Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes which took hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplementedby national polls and surveys which assured the reader that thisbobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.36. This article is based on the idea that ________.A) people today no longer follow modelsB) People attach little importance to whoever they followC) people generally pattern their lives after modelsD) People no longer respect heroes37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______.A) inspiring literate immigrantsB) frustrating educated immigrantsC) preventing the assimilation of immigrantsD) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______A) toward realismB) toward fantasyC) against the teaching of moralsD) away from realism39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____A) a logical evolution of ideasB) widespread moral decayC) the influence of the pressD) a philosophy of plenty40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.A) presentationsB) misinterpretationsC) influencesD) limitations本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题解析
中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题解析The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state.The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1the construction of idea__l__states，such as__2__to the Greeks.With very few exceptions，Roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__valueless，intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic，in__4__the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__out painstakingly without reference to__6__states or individuals.The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica，and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in__7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts.The first ruler of Rome，Romulus，was__9__to have received authority from the gods，specifically from Jupiter，the“guarantor”of Rome.All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__.Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods.Being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass ofthe people concurred.The system grew with enormous__20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.1.[A]with[B]for[C]in[D]to2.[A]tempted[B]attracted[C]appealed[D]transferred3.[A]on[B]for[C]as[D]about4.[A]which[B]that[C]what[D]it5.[A]turned[B]worked[C]brought[D]made6.[A]special[B]specific[C]peculiar[D]particular7.[A]existence[B]store[C]reality[D]mind8.[A]abandoned[B]caught[C]separated[D]involved9.[A]told[B]held[C]suggested[D]advised10.[A]tendency[B]procedure[C]development[D]relation11.[A]authority[B]power[C]control[D]ruling12.[A]officers[B]men[C]administrators[D]fathers13.[A]possessed[B]claimed[C]assured[D]enforced14.[A]confirm[B]confer[C]consult[D]consider15.[A]over[B]along[C]on[D]about16.[A]alternate[B]different[C]varied[D]several17.[A]And[B]So[C]Or[D]But18.[A]state[B]country[C]people[D]national19.[A]as[B]when[C]if[D]so20.[A]dimension[B]complexity[C]exercise[D]function答案1.B2.C3.C4.A5.B6.D7.D8.D9.B10.C11.A12.D13.A14.C15.C16.A17.D18.A19.B20.B总体分析本文介绍了罗马人有关国家建设的理论。
中国政法大学考博英语真题之翻译
一、问：老师，请帮我评一下这篇翻译！谢谢！The field of torts embraces a group of civil wrongs,other than breach of contact,that interfere with person,property,reputation,or commercial or social advantage.侵权行为指的是侵害人身、财产、名誉、商业或社会利益等领域权利的一系列民事侵权行为，它并不是合同法的一个分枝。
While such an act,such as an assult,may sometimes be both a crime punishable by the state in a criminal prosecution and also a tort actionable by the victim in a suit for damages,the criminal prosecution and the damage action are quite separate and unrelated proceedings.但像突袭这样的行为就有可能既涉及到刑事惩罚，又涉及侵权诉讼，前者主要是由国家通过刑事诉讼来完诚，后者主要是由受害人通过损害赔偿诉讼来完成，这是两个完全分开且相互之间没有关联的诉讼过程。
The essential purpose of the law of torts is compensatory and,though punitive damages may occasionally be awarded,its function is distinct from that of criminal law.and injured party is not awarded compensation in the criminal proceeding.侵权法的功能和刑法的功能是不相同，侵权法的主要目是补偿，偶尔也支持罚金，而刑法的主要目的是惩罚，受害方是不能通过刑事诉讼得到赔偿的。
中国政法大学考博英语阅读理解汇总.
中国政法大学考博英语阅读理解汇总When it comes to the slowing economy,Ellen Spero isn’t bitingher nails just yet.But the47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting,filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to,either.Most ofher clients spend$12to$50weekly,but last month two longtimecustomers suddenly stopped showing up.Spero blames the softeningeconomy.“I’m a good economic indicator,”she says.“I providea service that people can do without when they’re concerned aboutsaving some dollars.”So Spero is downscaling,shop ping atmiddle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Clevelandhome,instead of Neiman Marcus.“I don’t know if other clients aregoing to abandon me,too.”she says.(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537 Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hoteconomy is cooling,lots of working folks had already seen signs ofthe slowdown themselves.From car dealerships to Gap outlets,saleshave been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.Forretailers,who last year took in24percent of their revenue betweenThanksgiving and Christmas,the cautious approach is coming at acrucial time.Already,experts say,holiday sales are off7percentfrom last year’s pace.But don’t sound any alarms just yet.Consumers seem only mildly concerned,not panicked,and many say theyremain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects,even asthey do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because,despite thedreadful headlines,their own fortunes still feel pretty good.Home prices are holding steady in most regions.In Manhattan,“there’s a new gold rush happening in the$4million to$10million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,”says broker Barbara Corcoran.In San Francisco,prices are still rising even as frenzied overbiddingquiets.“Instead of20to30offers,now maybe you only get two or three,”says John Tealdi,a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown.Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the jobmarket.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.Diners might see an upside, too.Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible.Not anymore.For that,Greenspan&Co.may still be worth toasting.51.By“Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Lines1-2, Paragraph1,the author means________.[A]Spero can hardly maintain her business[B]Spero is too much engaged in her work[C]Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D]Spero is not in a desperate situation52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.53.When mentioning“the$4million to$10million range”(Lines 3-4,Paragraph3the author is talking about________.[A]gold market[B]real estate[C]stock exchange[D]venture investment54.Why can many people see“silver linings”to the economic slowdown?[A]They would benefit in certain ways.[B]The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C]Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D]The purchasing power would be enhanced.55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A]A new boom,on the horizon.[B]Tighten the belt,the single remedy.[C]Caution all right,panic not.[D]The more ventures,the more chances.Text4Americans today don’t pla ce a very high value on intellect.Our heroes are athletes,entertainers,and entrepreneurs,not scholars.Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education--not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance.”Ravitch’s latest book,Left B ack:A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots ofanti-intellectualism in our schools,concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be.Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically,to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others,they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path,says writer Ear l Shorris,“We will become a second-rate country.We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,”writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life,a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics,religion,and education.From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.Practicality,common sense,and native intelligence havebeen considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are s hut up in schools and college recitation rooms for10or15years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.Its hero avoids being civilized--going to school and learning to read--so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect,according to Hofstadter,is different from native intelligence,a quality we reluctantly admire.Intellect is the critical,creative,and contemplative side of the mind.Intelligence seeks to grasp,manipulate,re-order,and adjust,while intellect examines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully a nd militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A]The habit of thinking independently.[B]Profound knowledge of the world. 中国考博辅导首选学校 [C] Practical abilities for future career. [D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________. [A] undervaluing intellect [B] favoring intellectualism [C] supporting school reform [D] suppressing native intelligence 58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________. [A] identical [B] similar [C] complementary [D] opposite 59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform [B] an opponent of intellectualism [C] a scholar in favor of intellect [D] an advocate of regular schooling 60.What does the author think of intellect? [A] It is second to intelligence. [B] It evolves from common sense. [C] It is to be pursued. [D] It underlies power. 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题解析
中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题解析The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world arethe ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century NewEngland.According to the standard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was“So much important attached tointellectual pursuits”According to many books and articles,NewEngland’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupationsof an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectuallife.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to startwith the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctiveideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European cultureadjusting to New world circumstances.The New England colonies werethe scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understoodideals of civility and virtuosity.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men ofimpressive education and influence in England.Besides the ninety orso learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decadeafter1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop,aneducated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown before hejourneyed to Boston.There men wrote and published extensively,reaching both New World and Old World audiences,and giving NewEngland an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget,however,that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed,their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane,who emigrated in the late1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.sexual confusion,economic frustrations,and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible,told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:“come out from among them,touch no unclean thing,and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while,many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.“Our main end was to catch fish.”36.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England_________.[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life[B]intellectual interests were encouraged[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment37.It is suggested in paragraph2that New Englanders________.[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D]were obsessed with religious innovations38.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay________.[A]were famous in the New World for their writings[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often________.[A]influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C]puzzled by church sermons[D]frustrated with family earnings40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England________.[A]were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C]came from different backgrounds[D]left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions(41-45),choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena,including human societies,changed over time,advancing toward perfection.41.____________.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国政法大学法理学博士入学考试题04、05、07、08年
中国政法大学法理学博士入学考试题2004年法哲学部分：1、人权入宪的法律价值。
2、关于实然和应然的法哲学理论有哪些，你的立场是什么？法社会学部分：1、法社会学兴起的社会背景和知识背景。
2、马克思、韦伯对法律的分类以及形式理性法律确立的步骤。
2005年法哲学1.联系实际，试论依法执政与执政能力。
2.论利益多元化的法律整合。
3.论法律与语言的关系。
法社会学1、韦伯的统治类型2、埃里希的活法3、法社会学的研究思路2007年法哲学（三选二）1、何谓拉德布鲁赫公式？拉德布鲁赫公式提出的背景是什么？（20分），请以之来分析其对法律实证主义和自然法关于法概念争议的意义。
（30分）2、法的客观性和法律解释的客观性指的是什么？（20分），请用法律论证的理论来分析这两个概念。
（30分）3、请用法律语义学与法律语用学的角度来分析法律中“规范和事实”这一对范畴的关系。
（50）法社会学1、请分别论述埃利希的活法与庞德行动中的法理论的内容，（40分）并比较二者的异同。
（20分）2、请论述我国当前社会规则的多元及其成因分析。
（40分）中国政法大学法理学专业博士入学考试2008年试题今年的题在继续去年的风格的同时也有了一定的调整。
首先是法哲学，明显体现出了照顾到各个博士生导师的意图，除必做题为舒国滢教授近年来关注之重点外，选做题应当是分别体现了舒、郑、潘、廖的个人方向。
法社会学让人意外的是考了瞿同祖的名著，因为往年没有考查中国法社会学的相关内容，但是只要知道郑老师这学期为研二开设的法社会学siminar主题研读《中国法律与中国社会》以及布莱克的《社会学视野中的司法》就可智珠在握了。
只要看了前书的前两页就可作答。
实效问题也是必看的（《法治四章》第四章），权威失落是郑老师本人的命题。
估计以后几年的出题风格还将继续，专业性越来越明显是大趋势。
法哲学必选题：什么是法学理论中的“外部证成”？如何看待“外部证成”与法哲学论证的关联性？任选题：1.从法学方法论的角度谈法律原则适用中的难题。
2004年03月考博英语试题+答案
中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PARTⅡDirections: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingA. equipsB. providesC.offers22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that wasA. dispositionB. distinctionC.distribution23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to themA. stick toB. turn toC.lead to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore,A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimental25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________ofA. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. iden26. The food was divided____________A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficiently27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverseA. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggerates28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and loA. by virtue ofB. in addition to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the universityA. contribute toB. account forC.identify with30. Please do not be____________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attractA. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritated31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including anA. prevalentB. precautiousC.prospective32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test oA. keep up withB. stand up toply with33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. prelimi34. The book might well have____________A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught on35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________A. cleanupB. setupC.breakout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________A. ratherB. muchC.otherwise37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding nexA. let offB. let goC.let loose38. They reached a(n)____________A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.concessionD. surrender39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about ourA. troublesB. fearsC.limitations40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partPAET ⅢDirection: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for otherEverywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do orAlmost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it “looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in for__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why ca n't human beings__ 50__simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of41. A. many B. some C. few42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely43. A. make B. get C. possess44. A. of B. for C. as45. A. on B. to C. at46. A. earlier B. later C. former47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation48. A. use B. afford C. ride49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate50. A. live B. work C. stay51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that55. A. teachers B. students C. mastersPART ⅣDirections: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solaAlthough the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE's “SolarSince solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponentsWashington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of returnNor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form oSolar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for thA. It has revealed a mechanical proble59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________A. solar power plants can hardly avoid poll60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________61. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________A. admitsEvery year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an “F” to over h a lf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives ofThe very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smogstandards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned “F”Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F” to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic i62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as____________63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seem to contend that____________64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________A. is right to assign an “F”66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct” whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctiveIn our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the h68. William James believed that man is more flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________A. It is c70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologist71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________B.C. study abnormal72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________A. not replaced by reaB. the same as other animals'D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas,But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harde“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at leastIronically, Baron's latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,” became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spell check has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “Th ey're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” HenLSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit theirShe emphasizes that there's the informal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thouIt's not just e-Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adultsEnglish language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and earlyThere will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings theC. Students are becoming increa74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________B. mostly have very hC. It was renamedD. It caused her to lose77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________A. parallels a social78.The word “distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________A. clearB. differentC.A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. Youth culture.D. Instant messaging.A. ConfiDarkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for “a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian do ctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common m“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types: invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called “dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood (often “black blood” from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever, “stomach” cramsfrom the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscopic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word “grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________A. the ter82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do atB. Camping in the mounta83. Who first gave the disease the name84. According to Paragraph 2____________D. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________C. the former makes the patPART ⅤDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡThe aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a merematter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels(肠道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation(便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. 5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.PART ⅥDirections: Write an essay of no less than 200 wors on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡSome people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reasons.试题详解第二部分词汇21.A provide, satisfy和offer三个动词之后都不跟动词不定式。
中国人民大学2004年博士入学考试英语试题
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中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题及其精解
中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题及其精解Scientists have known since1952that DNA is the basic stuff ofheredity.They've known its chemical structure since1953.They knowthat human DNA acts like a biological computer program some3billionbits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins,thebasic building blocks of life.But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during thepast half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins andAnderson and legions of colleagues are doing now.Collins leads theHuman Genome Project,a15-year effort to draw the first detailed mapof every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA.Anderson,who pioneeredthe first successful human gene-therapy operations,is leading thecampaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possiblein the treatment and prevention of human diseases.What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less thana biomedical revolution.Like Silicon Valley pirates Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian feizi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zixun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi reverse-engineering a computerchip to steal a competitor's secrets,genetic engineers are decodinglife's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reversethe natural course of disease.DNA in their hands has become both ablueprint and a drug,a pharmacological substance of extraordinarypotency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that causethem but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.And that's just the beginning.For all the fevered work being done, however,science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato.Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace,and many diseases will take decades to conquer,if they can be conquered at all.In the short run,the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening.Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed.In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects.Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease,for example,could follow a low-fat diet.And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective,they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein.But in other instances, almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations.(409words)66.It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues_____.[A]know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program[B]have found the basic building blocks of life[C]have accomplished some genetic discovery during the pasthalf-century[D]are making a breakthrough in DNA67.Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that______.[A]time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA[B]human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients[C]gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases[D]information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases68.The word“pirate”(line2,paragraph3)means______.[A]one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea[B]one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization[C]to take(something)by piracy[D]to make use of or reproduce(another's work)without authorization69.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____.[A]engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being[B]it’s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato[C]many diseases will never be conquered by human beings[D]doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run70.The best title for the text may be______.[A]DNA and Heredity[B]The Genetic Revolution[C]A Biomedical Revolution[D]How to Apply Genetic Technology66. D.正在DNA方面取得突破。
2004年考博英语题
2004年考博英语题一、Directions1. My brother knows so much about the stars that I am sure it would be impossible to find his _____.A. equivalentB. equityC. equalityD. equal答案：D. equal2. The young couple had made their fortunes by developing a ____travel business at home.A. beneficialB. profitableC. regenerativeD. financial答案：B. profitable3. The two scientists working independently made the same invention ____.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. collaborativelyD. elaborately答案：B. simultaneously4. the scientist’s discovery will have a ______influence on mankind.A. grossB. solidC. completeD. profound答案：D. profound5. when he recited the passage by _____, he revealed that he was reproducing _____without understanding their meaning.A. after /causeB. sounds/meaningC. sounds/pronunciationD. rote/sounds答案：C. sounds/pronunciation6. were the diameter of a wire smaller diameter, its resistance _______.A. had been increasedB. would be increasedC. might have been increasedD. was increased答案：B. would be increased7. all of us decided to stop and have dinner, _____we were feeling very hungryA. moreoverB. forC. whereasD. consequently答案：B. for8. The number and diversity of British newspaper _____considerable.A. have beenB. areC. wereD. is答案：D. is9. Mary is reading ______.A. an exciting, detective old storyB. an old, exciting, detective storyC. an exciting, old detective storyD. a detective, old exciting story答案：C. an exciting, old detective story10. having potential energy, a body may be in motion without any external force____.A. to act itB. acting on itC. act on itD. acts on it答案：B. acting on it11. He has only a _____understanding of astronomy.A. originalB. superficialC. criticalD. identical答案：B. superficial12. he was too sick to stay here, _____we sent him home.A. howeverB. furthermoreC. otherwiseD. accordingly答案：D. accordingly13. I believe the house was ____ set fire to.A. deliberatelyB. crediblyC. violentlyD. vigorously答案：A. deliberately14. The managing director took the ____for the accident although it was not really his fault.A. guiltB. blameC. changeD. accusation答案：B. blame15.They managed to ______ valuable raw materials from industrial wasters.A. reclaimB. reconcileC. rectifyD. regulate答案：A. reclaim16. Logging at 5 p.m. is part of his daily _____.A. habitB. practiceC. routineD. custom答案：C. routine17. Sounding a big city one usually finds the _____ and industrial beltsA. habitatB. inhabitedC. dwellingD. residential答案：D. residential18. it was clear that the garden was no more amateur affair, it had been professionally ______.A. laid outB. laid downC. laid offD. laid aside答案：A. laid out19. Each one of us advised him not to sign the contract with her, but ____.A. to good purposeB. for the purposeC. in good shapeD. to any purpose答案：B. for the purpose20. I spend much time on that composition and I would _____ it if you would do the same when you mark it.A. modifyB. decorateC. compileD. appreciate答案：D. appreciate二、Reading comprehension1. What is the best title for this passage?A. science and the trumpetB. recordings of the trumpetC. the trumpet and its ancestryD. how the trumpet is made答案：C. the trumpet and its ancestry2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is needed tomake the trumpet work?A. air pressureB. keen eyesightC. daily cleaningD. long fingers 答案：A. air pressure3. Which of the following can be inferred about the first trumpet players?A. they could not play all the notes of the scaleB. they were not able to pick up the trumpetC. they could not play simple tunesD. they had difficulty improving upon the trumpet答案：A. they could not play all the notes of the scale4. The word “one ”(1st sentence of 4th para. )could best be replaced byA. the listenerB. a familyC. the composerD. an instrument答案：A. the listener5. The author believe that the trumpet is particularly important because itA. can be used in rock bandsB. had historical significanceC. is a religious instrumentD. has a narrow range答案：B. had historical significance6. according to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future ofthe universe because we---A. have too many conflicting theoriesB. do not have enough funding to continue our researchC. are not sure how the universe is put togetherD. think too much of our present situation答案：C. are not sure how the universe is put together7. What does the author see as the function o f the universe’s unseen switches?A. they tell us which one of the tracks the universe will useB. they enable us to alter the course of the universeC. they give us information about the lunar surfaceD. they determine which course the universe will take in the future答案：D. they determine which course the universe will take in the future8. Which of the following could best replace the word “track”(6th sentence of 2nd para.)A. bandB. railsC. pathD. sequence答案：C. path9. For whom is the author probably writing this passage?A. train engineersB. general audiencesC. professors of statisticsD. young children答案：B. general audiences10. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage?A. a statement illustrated by analogyB. a hypotheses supported by documentationC. a comparison of two contrasting theoriesD. a critical analysis of a common assumption答案： A. a statement illustrated by analogy11. from the information presented by the author, it seem s that crows_______.A. can communicate wit on anotherB. are relatively easy to catchC. usually succeed in bobbing the nests of smaller birdsD. do damage to gardens grain fields and orchards答案：C. usually succeed in bobbing the nests of smaller birds12. what do the sentinels do>A. they give signals to the crows if any danger is coming near.B. they discover good places for the crows to build their nests.C. they find fields and gardens that can supply the crows with food.D. they defend the crows against the attacks of the small birds.答案：A. they give signals to the crows if any danger is coming near.13. what is the effect of man’s war against crows?A. “crow shoots” are reducing the number of crows.B. crows are just as numerous as they ever wereC. scarecrows are driving crows from the United StatesD. crows are doing more and more damager all the time答案：B. crows are just as numerous as they ever were14. crows help the farmer by _____.A. warning him when danger approachB. learning to say wordsC.D. catch bugs and other insects答案：D. catch bugs and other insects15. what is the author’s feeling about crows?A. he thinks that they are harmful and should be controlledB. he thinks that their voices are interesting and should be trainedC. he enjoys studying them and their habitsD. he likes theme and wants to protect them答案：D. he likes theme and wants to protect them16. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. American political parties in the twentieth centuryB. the role of ideology in American politiesC. the future direction of Unites States politiesD. differences between Republican and Democrats答案：A. American political parties in the twentieth century17. according to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States?A. they are both generally conservativeB. party organization has been stronger at the state level than at the national levelC. party organization has increased their influence in recent yearsD. Democrats have been stronger than Republican at the national level答案：B. party organization has been stronger at the state level than at the national level18. The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of politicalorganizations in the United States except---A. increased numbers of immigrantsB. development of the welfare statesC. improved conditions for state workersD. the influence of television答案：A. increased numbers of immigrants19. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. Democrats are more committed than Republicans to a market-oriented economyB. Republicans are more liberal than DemocratsC. Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questionsD. only Democrats have traditional political organizations答案：C. Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questions 20. The word “irrelevant” in the last sentence of the passage is closest in meaning to ---A. unquestioningB. uninterestingC. unimportantD. invalid答案：B. uninteresting21. According to behaviorism, all human actions_________.A. are based on stimulus and responseB. have no bearing on human drivesC. are supposed to be highly motivatedD. are of a great mystery答案：A. are based on stimulus and response22. Behaviorism basically believes in_______.A. motivationB. PerformanceC. rewardsD. human factors答案：C. rewards23. From the passage, it can be inferred that _______.A. rewards are highly effective in AmericaB. rewards are not much sought after in academic circlesC. rewards have long lost their appeal in American societyD. Americans are addicted to rewards答案：D. Americans are addicted to rewards24. The children’s behavior in the last paragraph_______.A. can be best explained be behaviorismB. can be linked to Pavlov’s dogsC. shows that rewards may well kill desireD. serve to provided evidence to behaviorism答案：C. shows that rewards may well kill desire25. Which of the following in support of the finding that “people tend to perform worse,…when a reward is involved”( last paragraph )?A. People are not used to being conditioned by prizes.B. Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behavior.C. Rewards are so indispensable to American cultures.D. The principle of “positive reinforcement” in not fully enforced.答案：B. Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behavior.26. Dr Adams left London---A. two days before the conferenceB. on W ednesday 16thC. on the day before the conferenceD. on the 13th答案：D. on the 13th27. Dr Adams---A. was a good travelerB. found long journeys exhaustingC. usually fell asleep on long journeysD. was a keen sightseer答案：B. found long journeys exhausting28. After dinner Dr Adams and his companion---A. sat and talkedB. went to bed earlyC. went out into the streets of New DelhiD. caught the plane to Colombo答案：C. went out into the streets of New Delhi29. All the delegates to the conference were---A. students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical AgricultureB. from the developing countriesC. from AfricaD. agricultural experts答案：D. agricultural experts30. The “old friends” that Dr Adams met were---A. ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical AgricultureB. people he has worked with beforeC. delegates he had met at the hotelD. delegates who were interested in his lecture答案：A. ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical Agriculture31. The action of the story takes place in _______.A. EnglandB. JohnstownC. New Y ork CityD. Not mentioned答案：B. Johnstown32. What type of experience did Megan have on Friday afternoon?A. happyB. uninterestingC. depressingD. frightening答案：D. frightening33. How do you think Megan felt when she saw the wall of water?A. braveB. curiousC. horrifiedD. disappointed答案：C. horrified34. Why do you think the people around Megan to pray?A. because they felt thankfulB. because they wanted to impress MeganC. because they were very afraidD. because they asked for others’ help答案：C. because they were very afraid35. What do you think the ray of light meant to Megan?A. that there might be a way outB. that she could see well enough to readC. that someone was searching for herD. that there was no danger at all答案：A. that there might be a way out三、Translation1. He had not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate pushed him on to say.答案：他并不想伤害她，但是一种渴望激励着他还是说了。
中国政法大学民商经济法学院2003-04年博士研究生入学考试试题
中国政法大学民商经济法学院2003－04年博士研究生入学考试试题壹、民法2004年民商法博士生民法学试题（A卷）一、必做题（50分）1、论权利滥用与权利限制。
二、选做题（从以下3题中选做1题，50分）2、试论过错对于违约责任和侵权责任的不同意义。
3、我国物权立法中用益物权制度设计之我见4、论缔约过失责任的法理基础2004年民商法博士生民法学试题（B卷）一、必做题（50分）1、论诚实信用原则对当代民法的影响二、选做题（从以下3题中选做1题，50分）2、相邻权的权利属性及我国民法相邻关系制度的改革3、我国现行土地征用制度的弊端及其改革4、侵权救济与违约救济的联系：沿革与发展2003年民商法博士生民法学试题（A卷）一、试论多元民事主体形成的根据及我国民事主体结构的立法选择。
（40分）二、试说明影响我国民事立法将国有土地出让使用关系、农村土地承包经营关系等财产关系确立为物权关系和将租赁关系、保管关系等财产关系确立为债权关系的基本因素。
（30分）三、试论区分违约责任与侵权责任的根据及合理性。
（30分）2003年民商法博士生民法学试题（B卷）一、论权利滥用之禁止。
（40分）二、物上请求权的意义及其与侵权责任法的关系。
（30分）三、诚心信用原则对当代合同法的影响。
（30分）贰、商法2004年民商法博士生商法学试题（A卷）一、从以下2题中选做1题，50分1、论公司所有权和经营权的分离及其对公司治理结构的影响2、论公司法与证券法的强制性与任意性——以我国公司法改革为背景二、从以下2题中选做1题，50分3、破产法上的优先权与集体清偿原则的关系：问题与对策4、重整制度与和解制度的价值差异：以历史发展为线索2004年民商法博士生商法学试题（B卷）一、必做题（50分）1、试论有限责任与公司法人的关系，兼评有限责任制度之利弊。
二、选做题（从以下2题中选做1题，50分）2、从法院、债权人和债务人在破产程序中的地位看破产程序的性质及其与民事诉讼程序的差别3、我国上市公司债务重组之焦点分析及立法建议。
中国人大2001-2004历年考博英语真题(1)
中国人大2001-2004历年考博英语真题(1)中国人民大学2001Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and of youth.A. vagueB. vigorC. vogueD. vulgar2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is——carefully the risks and benefits.A. valuingB. evaluatingC. estimatingD. weighing3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly, of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.A. obliviousB. patentC. obviousD.8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedom of speech.A. censershipB. censureshipC. sensorshipD. censorship9.The of “snake” is simply thi s: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.A. connotationB. denominationC. donationD. denotation10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good sense and hit the boy back.A. got the feel ofB. got the hang ofC. got the better ofD. got the worst ofPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many of the incidents are imaginary.A. fascinatingB. factitiousC. fastidiousD. fictitious12.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industries and overseas auto industries.A. promoteB. protectC. preserveD. prolong13.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.A. rationalB. obscureC. worldlyD. eminent14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in which a great many lives were lost.A. casualtyB. catastropheC. catalogueD. crusade15.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they hadexpected.A. withdrawB. emergeC. recoverD. uncover16.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer’s warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or 50,000 miles.A. prohibitionB. insuranceC. prophecyD. guarantee17.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.A. submitB. commitC. transmitD. permit18.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.A. contemptuousB. contagiousC. conspicuousD. contemplated19.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A. exceedB. witherC. overpassD. neglect20.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said,“There’s no point in talking about impossibilities.”A. intersectB. interjectC. penetrateD. adulterateⅢ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile for mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much more likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On 23 the other hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to happen24 than in a comparable accident 25 on the roads.Motorways have no 26 bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and 27 speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is 28 in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps 29 ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups 30 vehicle stops for some reason, such as mechanical failure, driver error and so on, have become all 31 familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How 32 of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop 33 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. 34 wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they 35 at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions 36 their journey comes toa conclusion. Perhaps one remedy 37 this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are bared 38 motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is 39 thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required, 40 it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness.21.A.for B. after C. to D. by22.A.more B. far C. less D. lesser23.A.another B. other C. one D. the othere up B. occur C. be found D. arise25.A.everywhere B. elsewhere C. anywhere D. somewhere26.A.pointed B. steep C. vertical D. sharp27.A.thus B. then C. so D. thereupon28.A.yet B. even C. still D. subsequently29.A.utterly B. simply C. barely D. purely30.A.because B. since C. when D. for31.A.too B. also C. unduly D. unreasonably32.A.many B. much C. deeply D. profoundly33.A.to B. from C. at D. for34.A.Whatever B. However C. WhoeverD. How35.A.push B. rake C. till D. plough36.A.unless B. before C. thus D. until37.A.to B. for C. of D. on38.A.from B. against C. away D. off39.A.related B. considered C. concernedD. touched40.A.but B. then C. them D. forⅣ Reading Comprehension(20 points) Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B,C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Passage 1The next time the men were taken up onto the deck, Kunta made a point of looking at the man behind him in line, the one who lay beside him to the left when they were below. He was a Serere tribesman much older than Kunta, and his body, front and back, was creased with whip cuts, some of them so deep and festering that Kunta felt badly for having wished sometimes that he might strike the man in the darkness for moaning so steadily in his pain. Staring back at Kunta, the Serere’s dark eyes were full of fury and defiance. A whip lashed out even as they stood looking at each other—this time at Kunta, spurring him to move ahead. Trying to roll away, Kunta was kicked heavily in his ribs. But somehow he and the gasping Wolof managed to stagger back up among the other men from their shelf who were shambling toward their dousing with buckets of seawater.A moment later, the stinging saltiness of it was burning in Kunta’s wounds, and his screams joined those of others over the sound of the drum and the wheezing thing that had again begun marking time for the chained men to jump and dance for the toubob. Kunta and the Wolof were so weak from their new beating that twice they stumbled, but whip blows and kicks sent them hopping clumsily up and down in their chains. So great was his fury that Kunta was barely aware of the women singing “Toubob fa!” And when he had finally been chained back down in his place in the dark hold, his heart throbbed with a lust to murder toubob.Every few days the eight naked toubob would again come into the stinking darkness and scrape their tubs full of the excrement that had accumulated on the shelves where the chained men lay. Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring bale fully in hatred, following the bobbing orange lights, listening to the toubod cursing and sometimes slipping and tailing intothe slickness underfoot—so plentiful now, because of the increasing loos eness of the men’s bowels, that the filth had begun to drop off the edges of the shelves down into the aisleway.The last time they were on deck, Kunta had noticed a man limping on a badly infected leg. This time the man was kept up on deck when the rest were taken back below. A few days later, the women told the other prisoners in their singing that the man’s leg had been cut off and that one of the women had been brought to tend him, but that the man had died that night and been thrown over the side. Starting then, when the toubob came to clean the shelves, they also dropped red-hot pieces of metal into pails of strong vinegar. The clouds of acrid steam left the hold smelling better, but soon it would again be overwhelmed by the choking stink. It was a smell that Kunta felt would never leave his lungs and skin.The steady murmuring that went on in the hold whenever the toubob were gone keptgrowing in volume and intensity as the men began to communicate better and better with one another. Words not understood were whispered from mouth to ear along the shelves until someone who knew more than one tongue would send back their meanings. In the process, all of the men along each shelf learned new words in tongues they had not spoken before. Sometimes men jerked upward, bumping their heads, in the double excitement of communicating with each other and the fact that it was being done without the toubob’s knowledge. Muttering among themselves for hours, the men developed a deepening sense of intrigue and of brotherhood. Though they were of different villages and tribes, the feeling grew that they were not from different peoples or places.41.The living conditions for the Blacks in the hold of the slave ship were .A. adequate but primitiveB. inhumane and inadequateC. humane but crowdedD. similar to the crew’s quarters42.The prisoners had difficulty communicating with each other because .A. they were too sick to talkB. they distrusted one anotherC. no one felt like talkingD. they spoke different languages43.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to balefully as used in “Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring balefully in hatred”? A. Indulgently B. VacantlyC. ForlornlyD. Menacingly44.By constantly referring to such things as filth and choking stink, the author seeks to create a tone that arouses a feeling of .A. disgust with the dirtB. horror at the injusticeC. revolting at the foul odorD. relief that this happened long ago45.Despite their intense pain and suffering, the Black men found a small measure of comfortin .A. their exercise periods on deckB. the breathtaking ocean sceneryC. their conversations with the Black womenD. their conversations with one another Passage 2Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business theyalready were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.F requent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. Tosnatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideA. 46.According to the passa ge, a country’s economy is probably decided by .A. the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB. the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC. the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD. the economic increase and decrease of the large companies47.In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should .A. get very well prepared for his new businessB. choose a business he’s already familiar withC. examine the company’s cru cial signs now and thenD. invest as much as possible into his enterprise48.Which of the following statements about small business is not true? .A. It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B. The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapses.C. The re’s a good omen for small business according to a survey.D. Some small business owners are blind to early premonition of failure.49.What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A. The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B. The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C. It’s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because they have used up their money.D. It’s urgent for small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalize their business.50.What’s the main idea of this passage?A. How to become a winner in small business?B. How to be a successful boss in multinational corporation?C. How to deal with the ups and downs in small business?D. How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit?Passage 3The blue, mystic Lake Elsinore lies in an inland California valley which is teeming and steaming with hot springs. Rimmed by shaggy mountains whose forested crests are reflected in its clear waters, Lake Elsinore is the very personification of peace—but on it rests the curse of Tondo.The lake has had a colorful history. Much of it lies buried in legend, and it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. There have been stories of underground volcanoes on the lake bottom, erupting, killing fish and discoloring the water. There have been stories of a playful sea serpent that lived in its depths.Long noted for its scenic beauty andhealth-giving waters, the lake was a famous resort in the Nineties. But long before the first white man had set foot along the shore of the lake, this part of California had been the home of the Soboba Indians. Their chief was Tondo, a stern and unforgiving man.He had a daughter, Morning Star, who was in love with Palo, son of the chief of the Palas, a neighboring tribe. The Sobobas and Palas were sworn enemies. For a time the lovers met secretly. Then one day they were discovered by Tondo. His rage was terrible to behold. He forbade the lovers ever to meet again.Morning Star tried in every way to appease her father’s anger, to soften his heart toward Palo. But in time she saw that it was useless; that he would never give his consent to their marriage. Vowing that they would never be separated, the Indian maid and her lover walked hand in hand into the lake, as the dreary November sun cast long shadows on the land. They were followed by a group of orphanchildren whom Morning Star had befriended. All walked into the lake, singing the mournful death song of their people, while Tondo stood on the shore and cursed the lovers, cursed the blue water into which they all walked to their death. Ever since that day it would seem that a jinx has been laid over Lake Elsinore. Oldtimers tell of a great upheaval in the lake which caused water to spout into the air like a geyser and turn blood-red. Later, it became known that three hundred springs of boiling mud and water were born in the valley during that upheaval. The springs reeked with sulphur.For many years after this phenomenon the lake remained peaceful. Then boats were overturned for no apparent reason, and few of their occupants ever returned to tell the story. This continued for several years. At the same time, strong swimmers dived into the lake never to reappear.In 1833 and again in 1846, fish in the lake suddenly died.In the spring of 1850 came the Battle of the Gnats. They bred in the water of the lake and swarmed over the land. They invaded the countryside until the harassed inhabitants called for help.And in July 1951, the sky-blue waters of the lake vanished like mist before a noonday sun. When the bottom was laid bare there was no trace of a volcano, the bottomless pits, or the other disturbances of legend or fact.The copious winter rains of 1951—52 have replenished the lake. But what menace does its haunting beauty hold today? For tomorrow? The once mighty Sobobas are few now. But the old men swear that their ancestors still haunt the lake. They nod grizzled head and murm ur that the Great Tondo’s curse will forever remain upon the lake. Only time, the wise and silent one, can tell.51.Which of the following statements is true of Lake Elsinore?A. It is considered by legend to be rich ingolb.B. It was once famous as a beautiful resort.C. It is located in a volcanic crater in California.D. It used to be the center of a mining village.52.Probably Tondo’s rage was due the fact that .A. Morning Star was too young to marryB. Tondo’s tribe and Palas’s tribe were enemiesC. Palo mistreated his Soboba girl friendD. Palas vowed meet Morning Star in secret53.According to the old-timers, on two occasions .A. the water of the lake turned redB. lake water sprouted into the airC. the Gnats invaded the countrysideD. fish in the lake suddenly died54.The word “jinx” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) probably means .A. spell of bad luckB. hot air currentC. strange tranquilityD. storm of unusualduration55.Which can be considered the best title for the passage?A. The Curse of Tondo.B. The Beautify Lake Elsinore.C. The Mysterious Indian Tribes.D. The Tragic Love of Morning Star. Passage 4The crucial years of the Depression, as they are brought into historical focus, in creasingly emerge as the decisive decade for American art, if not for American culture in general. For it was during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress of American art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janusfaced, the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same time forward, as far as the present and beyond. It was the moment when artists, like Thomas Hart Benton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like StuartDavis and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the Machine Age and to deal with its consequences.America in the thirties was changing rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although not without a struggle. A predominantly rural and small town society was being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations. As a result, traditional American types such as the independent farmer and the small businessman were being replaced by the executive and the bureaucrat. Many Americans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinhereited. At the same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous, the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction that art, at least, should serve somepurpose or carry some message of moral uplift grew stronger as the Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditional American virtues which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and political context.In this new context, the appeal of the paintings by the Regionalists and the American Scene painters often lay in their ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditional American values—self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in an international situation soon to involve America in a second world war. Such themes gained popularity because they filled a genuine need for acomfortable collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white-picket-fence America, which in retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost Golden Age.In this light, an autonomous art-for-art’s sake was viewed as a foreign invader liable to subvert the native American desire for a purposeful art. Abstract art was assigned the role of the villainous alien; realism was to personify the genuine American means of expression. The argument drew favor in many camps: among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations of European modernism and were convinced that American art must develop its own distinct identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared to set up an artificial double standard, one for American art, and another for European art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote in Art News, “Wehave today in our midst a greater array of what may be called second, third, and fourth-string artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring circus.”56.According to the passage, in the 1930s, abstract art was seen as .A. uniquely AmericaB. uniquely EuropeanC. imitative of European modernismD. counter to American regionalism57.The second paragraph deals mainly with in America.A. the rapid growth of urban populationB. the impact of industrialization on rural lifeC. the disappearance of traditional valuesD. the changing scenes in religion and politics58.According to the passage, the best word to describe America in the 1930s would be .A. reactionaryB. consistentC. dynamicD. melancholic59. “The artificial standard” (Paragraph 4) refers to the difference between standards of judgement for .A. realism and abstract artB. politically oriented intellectuals and museum officialsC. European art and American artD. landscape painting and abstract painting60.The best choice for title of the passage would be .A. The Thirties in Art. Reaction and RebellionB. America in the Thirties: A Changing TimeC. Thomas Hart Benton and RegionalismⅤ Translation (20 points)Part A (10 points)Directions: Translate the following English into Chinese onto your ANSWER SHEET.This organization is also a manufacturing firm. Here, however, management encourages and rewards risk taking and change. Decisionsbased on intuition are valued as much as those that are well rationalized. Management prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative products. Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to “run with it”, and failures are treated as “learning experiences”. The company prides itself on being market driven and rapidly responsive to the changing needs of its customers.There are few rules and regulations for employees to follow, and supervision is loose because management believes that its employees are hardworking and trustworthy. Management is concerned with high productivity but believes that this comes through treating its people right. The company is proud of its reputation as being a good place to work.Part B (10 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese into English onto your ANSWER SHEET.我在这风光奇异的地方所呆的时间不长，但我的心灵得到了升华。
中国政法大学 考博真题 英语 2004
试卷一 T E S T P A P E R O N E Part I Listening Comprehension (15 points)Section A (5 points)Directions:In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, you will have a period of 15-20 seconds to read the four possible answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] and decide which is the best answer. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.Example:You will hear:Man: Hello, Mary. This is John Smith at the office. Is Bill feeling any better today?Woman: Oh, yes, John. He’s feeling much better now. But the doctor says he’ll have to stay in bed until Monday.Third voice: Where is Bill now?You will read:[A] At the office. [B] On his way to work.[C] Home in bed. [D] Away on vacation.From the conversation, we know that Bill is sick and will have to remain in bed until Monday. The best answer, then, is [C], “Home in bed.” Therefore you should choose answer [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D]1. [A] She thought it was long.[B] She liked it very much.[C] She didn’t like it because it was violent.[D] She thought it was too boring.2. [A] Five and a half years.[B] Six years and six months.[C] Four and six months.[D] Seven and a half years.3. [A] An old gentleman.[B] A constable.[C] A policewoman.[D] An old gentleman wearing glasses.4. [A] Either is right.[B] Neither is good.[C] None is right.[D] Both are good.5. [A] By bus.[B] By air.[C] By train.[D] By car.6. [A] A code number.[B] An agent.[C] An airliner.[D] A heavy bomber.7. [A] They are talking about summer jobs.[B] They are talking about employment and unemployment.[C] They are talking about school laborers.[D] They are talking about child education.8. [A] They had no time.[B] They couldn’t afford it.[C] The old one was still in use.[D] They both want to buy another new car.9. [A] Everyday except Thursday.[B] Everyday.[C] Monday, Wednesday and Friday.[D] Monday, Tuesday and Friday.10. [A] She likes to travel.[B] She is fortune’s favorite.[C] She is a good photographer.[D] She is a talented writer.Section B (10 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.(10 points)Passage IQuestions 11 to 14 are based on the passage you have heard.11. [A] He thought that the doctor was telling a lie.[B] He thought that he was hopeful.[C] He thought that he was in despair and going to die.[D] He thought deaf meant nothing to him.12. [A] After he had consulted doctors.[B] When he could not hear himself humming a tune.[C] When he heard a humming noise.[D] When the humming noise grew louder.13. [A] Light music.[B] Popular music.[C] Folk songs.[D] Stormy, exciting music.14. [A] The Story of Beethoven’s Life.[B] Beethoven Becomes Deaf.[C] The Music of Beethoven.[D] Beethoven’s Courageous Triumph over Tragedy.Passage 2Questions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have heard.15. [A] When they suffer from great hunger.[B]When they lack food and do not see any light.[C] When they live in darkness.[D] When they loose weight.16. [A] They do not grow old.[B] They are afraid of light.[C] They do not eat food at all.[D] They die when they become a ball of cells.17. [A] Sea worms.[B] Anemones.[C] Cells.[D] Aging.Passage 3Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have heard.18. [A] In the Atlantic Ocean.[B] 145 miles from Hawaii.[C] Six miles from Hawaii.[D] On an aircraft carrier.19. [A] For two days.[B] For three days.[C] For twelve days.[D] For fifteen days.20. [A] In the space module.[B] Aboard the helicopter.[C] Aboard the carrier.[D] In Houston.Part II Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure (15 points)Section ADirections: There are 15 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.Example:The initial step is often the most difficult.[A] quickest [B] longest [C] last [D] firstThe best answer is [D] because “first” has the same meaning as “initial” in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D] 21．Some dramatic successes in the realm of foreign policy marked the last six years of his time in office.[A] mood[B] condition[C] atmosphere[D] field22. With mother away the house is in utter confusion.[A] temporary[B] unusual[C] complete[D] substantial23. The notice was prominently displayed.[A] conspicuously[B] frighteningly[C] funnily[D] secretively24. This tribe had become extinct by that time.[A] declined[B] withdrawn[C] vanished[D] diminished25. He was consumed with hatred and his whole life was a nightmare.[A] overwhelmed[B] destroyed[C] exhausted[D] collapsed26. The team’s victory consolidated its chance for the championship.[A] provided[B] enabled[C] strengthened[D] facilitated27. During the Second World War, all important resources in the US were allocated by the federal government.[A] nationalized[B] taxed[C] approved[D] assigned28. He is an honest person. His actions are always consistent with his words.[A] contrary to[B] contradicted by[C] agreed on[D] in accordance with29. It’s often difficult to discern the truth of an event from the newspaper stories.[A] understand[B] distinguish[C] find[D] get30. In our company, payments by check easily outnumber cash transactions.[A] payments[B] companies[C] exchanges[D] business deals31. He is considerate and pleasant. I really enjoy his company.[A] firm[B] warmth[C] hospitality[D] companionship32. Michelle claimed to be a direct descendant of Napoleon Bonaparte.[A] defendant[B] offspring[C] attendant[D] participant33. We mustn’t become contended about our progress.[A] complacent[B] complimentary[C] complicated[D] compulsive34. These bronze fastenings protrude through the keel and would have secured the main station frames of the hull.[A] force[B] internal[C] project[D] intersect35. And rather than depicting various hues of political opinion, the new murals make an environmental statement.[A] select[B] copy[C] converse[D] illustrateSection BDirections: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ______ 1979.[A] from [B] after [C] for [D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore you should choose [D].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D]36. ______ being elected president came ____ a surprise to everyone.[A] She … to[B] Hers … like[C] She is … for[D] Her … as37. I suggested that he_____ with one of his college professors for a recommendation.[A] gets[B] get[C] got[D] would get38. The man has dignified features and a commanding voice. His appearance is ____.[A] imposed[B] imposition[C] imposingly[D] imposing39. Everyone should prepare _____ for emergencies.[A] itself[B] themselves[C] hisself[D] himself40. In some mountainous areas about 40% ______ illiterate.[A] is[B] is to be[C] have been[D] are41. ______ are the highest mountains in the world.[A] Himalayas[B] A Himalayas[C] The Himalayas[D] To be Himalayas42. ______ all her work an hour ahead of time, she decided to go home early.[A] If she finished[B] Having finished[C] In order to finish[D] When she finishes43. There are difficulties to be overcome, _______.[A] it would require a knowledge of electricity I don’t have[B] require a knowledge of electricity I don’t have[C] in which would require a knowledge of electricity I don’t have[D] which would require a knowledge of electricity I don’t have44. He forgot to tell me _______.[A] what time I come[B] what time to come[C] at what time should I come[D] what time I should to come45. In the middle part of China, _____, a major industrial and transportation center.[A] the city of Wuhan lies there[B] around the city of Wuhan lies[C] lies the city of Wuhan[D] there lies the city of Wuhan46. Walking down the street the other day, ______.[A] I saw unusual something happen[B] a terrible accident occurred[C] something unusual was seen by me[D] I witnessed a terrible accident47. _____ in your class?[A] Whom do you think is the smartest student[B] Who do you think is the smartest student[C] Do you think who is the smartest student[D] Who you think is the smartest student48. “I hear you are enjoying your new job.” “________, I find it rather dull.”[A] By contrast[B] In contrast[C] On the contrary[D] To the contrary49. The president hopes that every market will be _____ open to our products_____ our markets to theirs.[A] the same; that[B] the same; as[C] so; as[D] as; as50. _______ her interest in children, I am sure that teaching is the right career for her.[A] Given[B] Granted[C] Provided[D] SuppliedPart III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Then on your Answer Sheet, find the corresponding letter and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Living in a war culture, with a $350 billion annual military budget, Americans may lose a sense of what a peace culture may look like. Peace, sometimes defined as absence of war, is more accurately understood as a dynamic process involving all individual and communal relationships. Peacemaking requires at least as much courage, imagination, patience and strategic planning as warmaking, with infinitely more positive results. Its goal is nonviolent relations, not only between nations, but also between states and their citizens and between human beings and their environments.Achieving that goal requires day-to-day peace building in our families, schools, media, sports and other associations. The UN resolutions for establishing a Culture of Peace, endorsed by the General Assembly in 1999, offers an instruction manual. The Culture of Peace program through the United Nations was initially published in 1995, then revised and approved by 169 nations four years later. The UN declaration received the enthusiastic support of millions of people who signed its manifesto. An interactive Web site has involved more than 75 million individuals and thousands of local, national and international organizations in this global movement for building societies based on peace.The formulations of the culture of peace is deliberately broad, in order to include all the ends and means appropriate to the full range of nongovernmental organizations working for peace and justice. The UN resolutions for a Culture ofPeace has six principal components. Each one articulates strategies and goals, already demonstrated, in specific instances of “people power” form recent history.Power builds upon the experience of active nonviolence as a means of social change and its proven success during the 20th century. People are mobilized not in order to defeat an enemy but in order to build understanding, tolerance and solidarity. Democratic process engages people in decision-making at all levels and empowers them by the victories they achieve. The secrecy and control of information by those in power is replaced by participatory democracy, through the sharing of information among everyone involved. The male-dominated culture of war and violence is transformed into a culture acknowledging and building upon special skills that women bring to the peace building process, with women at the center of institutions emerging from it. Slavery, colonialism, economic exploitation are replaced by cooperation and sustainable development for all.51. From paragraph 1 we can learn that _____.[A] America is a hidden trouble of peace[B] peace is more complex than war[C] maintaining peace is more easily than initiating a war[D] peace is pointing to the connections with countries52. The passage tells us that peacemaking ________.[A] lies in ordinary aspects of our lives[B] makes the UN be in despair sometime[C] is a topic far away from the public[D] is a concern to many people only on the internet53. We can infer from the passage that the UN declaration ______.[A] cannot attribute to endeavors of government[B] was signed by 164 countries at the beginning[C] tried to collect all the peace influences in many ways[D] cited many peace examples in history54. The author deems that power can be got ______.[A] by violence[B] by reforming the systems[C] by nonviolence[D] by insistent effort55. According to the passage, we can see that ________.[A] the topic of peace is transferred from many countries to one country[B] the UN peace declaration cannot take effect as expected[C] to get peace, the leaders must be endowed with power[D] the author is optimistic to the foreground of peaceQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Money–laundering has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over the past decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and the practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia. As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that both came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats. As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed as the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money form the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how it came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the values like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation of exchange controls are regarded as the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up money more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.56. We know from the passage that money-laundering ______.[A] has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities[B] has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries[C] only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly[D] has expanded rapidly over the past decade57. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” in the first paragraph?[A] To put an end to it completely.[B] To mark a sign by pressing on it.[C] To announce it illegal.[D] To do harm to it.58. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that ____.[A] the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them[B] the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them[C] the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income[D] the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that has attracted the Mafia59. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to _____.[A] the financial authorities[B] the circulation fields[C] Laundromats operated by the Mafia[D] anonymous bank account in another country60. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by ______.[A] deregulating the exchange controls[B] buying and operating more Laundromats[C] having more channels to launder dirty money[D] tightening the bank secrecy rulesQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:Violence in American families takes many forms. One prevalent from that we often overlook is the physical punishment of children. Perhaps 93% of all parents beat their children in order to discipline them. Young children receive the most punishment, but studies reveal that about 50% of his school seniors report experiencing or being threatened with physical punishment. Punishment of children varies from a light tap to a brutal beating, but historically we have granted parents the right to use physical force against their children. A law passed in 1696, for example, called for the beat penalty for a child of “sufficient understanding” over the age of sixteen who cursed or struck a parent or who was “stubborn and rebellious” in refusing to obey a parent. From interviews with 2,143 married couples constituting a cross-section of American families, sociologists estimate that parents kick, punch, or bite some 1.7million children a year, beat 460,0000 to 650,000 more, and attack 46,000 with guns or knives.Physical punishment of children that results in injuries requiring medical treatment is now generally considered to be abusive. Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the groundwork for child abuse. According to David Gil, “In most accidents of child abuse the care takers involved are “normal” individuals exercising their rights of disciplining a child whose behavior they find in need of correction. “If one adult were to strike another, most people would regard such behavior as abusive.Most parents use physical punishment in the belief that it will control the aggression in their children and make them obedient. In fact, violence – whether verbal or physical – sets children a poor example. An adult who yells at or slaps a child unwittingly supplies the child with a model for aggression. Studies have found that the frequent use of physical punishment for aggressive acts by a child results in a marked increase in the child’s aggression. Perhaps not surprisingly, abusive parents are themselves likely to have been abused when they were children. The pattern of abuse is unwittingly translated from parent to child and thus from generation to generation.61. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?[A] Punishment of children was once justified in American law.[B] Most of the parents have used physical punishment to discipline disobedient children in America.[C] High school students rarely receive punishment from their parents.[D] Child abuse is rooted in American culture.62. Which of the following is Not mentioned in the passage as a means of physical punishment?[A] Punching.[B] Biting.[C] Threatening.[D] Beating.63. The word “it” (Line 3, Para 2) refer to _______.[A] physical punishment[B] the cultural approval[C] the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment[D] injuries requiring medical treatment64. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] Physical punishment is helpful for parents to correct children’s indecent behavior.[B] Parents who use physical punishment to discipline their children should be punished by law.[C] A child who is severely punished will revenge the abuse on his own child in later life.[D] Parents who punish children physically actually set bad examples of aggression for their children.65. What is the author’s attitude towards physical punishment by parents?[A] Disagreeing.[B] Understanding.[C] Supporting.[D] Severely critical.Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”. That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense against society. To atone for offense, society must get even. This can be done only by forcing an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal toadminister a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay the debt.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment which will enable him to become a normal member of society. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.66. The best title for this selection is _____.[A] Fitting Punishment to the Crime[B] Improvement in Legal Justice[C] Approaches to Just Punishment[D] Attaining Justice in the Courts67. Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as _______.[A] inadequate justice[B] an admission of not being able to cure a disease[C] the most efficient method of removing a known danger[D] a birthright of the murderer that cannot be take away68. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the ______.[A] type of crime that was proven[B] severity of the punishment[C] reason for the sentence[D] outcome of the trial69. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be ______.[A] beating[B] solitary confinement[C] life imprisonment[D] the electric chair70. The expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to ________.[A] prove that equality demands just punishment[B] justify the need for punishment as a part of law[C] give moral backing to retributive justice[D] show that man has long been interested in justice试卷二 T E S T P A P E R T W O Part IV Translation (20 points)Section ADirections:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly. (10 points) In Western Europe, the EU countries are now moving towards product liability laws which will be harsher on business than ever before. This is partly because of the recent tragic events in which hundreds of infants were born with deformities because their mother, while pregnant, had taken a drug called thalidomide (萨立多胺).The EU proposals are based on the legal concept of “strict liability”, and, in this respect, they are modeled on the tough US product liability laws. The term “strict liability” means that if a product causes injury because of a defect in manufacturing, a company is liable.A very controversial section of the proposals says that a manufacturer is liable even for those defects that could not have been foreseen “in light of the scientific and technological developments at the time the item was put into circulation”. A ten-year limit is proposed on a company’s liability, probably to soften the severity of this provision.Section BDirections: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly. (10 points)毒品问题直接关系到社会稳定与安全，关系到全人类的命运。
中国政法大学考博英语真题解析
中国政法大学考博英语真题解析1. I didn't say anything like that at all. You are purposely my ideas to prove your point.A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting参考答案：C解析：正确答案选C。
(A) revising："改编，修改"。
(B)contradicting："自相矛盾"。
(C)distorting："歪曲，曲解"。
(D)distracting："分神，打扰，迷惑"。
很明显，备选答案中只有(C)distorting符合句意，故(C)为正确答案。
(A)、(B)和(D)填入句中均说不通，或很别扭，故均应排除。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)2. Language, culture, and personality may be considered _______of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently参考答案：D解析：正确答案选D。
(A) indistinctly："不清楚地，分不清地"，强调"看不清、听不清"，以致无法弄清。
(B)separately："分离地"，强调可以分开的。
(C)irrelevantly："无关地，不相干地"，强调相互没有关系。
中国政法大学考博英语真题试题试卷
中国政法⼤学考博英语真题试题试卷中国政法⼤学研究⽣院2003年博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题考试⽇期：三⽉⼆⼗九⽇上午(Time Limit: 180 minutes)Part I Listening ComprehensionPart II Vocabulary and StructurePart III Reading ComprehensionPart IV TranslationPart V Writing考试注意事项⼀、本考试的试卷⼀律在考场当场启封。
⼆、答题前，考⽣务必将⾃⼰的姓名和准考证号分别填写在答题卡上和试卷⼆的答题纸密封线内。
三、试卷⼀上 Part I的第11⾄第20题, Part II, 和 Part III 的答案⼀律⽤铅笔填涂在答题卡上，并在相应的字母中间划线，如[A] [B] [C] [D]。
Part I 的第S1——S10题、试卷⼆上的Part IV 和Part V 的答案⼀律⽤钢笔或圆珠笔写在试卷⼆的答题纸上。
凡写在试题册上的答案⽆效。
四、本试卷全部考试时间为180分钟。
五、考⽣须等监考⼈员将全部试卷及答题卡和试卷⼆答题纸收点⽆误并宣布本考试结束后，⽅可离开考场。
试卷⼀T E S T P A P E R O N EPart I Listening Comprehension (15 points)Section A ( 10 points )Directions: For questions S1—S10, you will hear two short paragraphs. While you are listening, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only one word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice and write your answer on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Questions S1— S5 are based on the following paragraph. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Questions S6 —S10 are based on the following paragraph. Now you have 25 seconds to read the table below.Section B (5 points)Directions:In this section you will hear several brief passages. You will hear them once only. After each one, you will hear some questions. You will hear each question once only. After you hear the question, you will have 15-20 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.Questions 11-13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11.[A] Count money.[B] Read and write.[C] Draw moving objects.[D] Hunt and farm.12.[A] Teachers came to children’s homes.[B] Children acquired the information they needed by direct experience.[C] Children taught one another in small supervised groups.[D] Parents instructed their children in the “three R’s”.13.[A] A new dependence on people far away and the use of money.[B] The introduction of a new alphabet and numerical system.[C] Outmoded methods of farming and ineffective means of transportation.[D] Larger family units and greater financial hardships.Questions 14—16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14.[A] Travelling.[B] Reading novels.[C] Watching movies and looking at photographs.[D] Listening to the radio.15.[A] They tell us stories and important historical happenings.[B] They record the actions and habits of ordinary people in the world.[C] They reveal the living forms and objects in distant space to us.[D] They represent objects scientifically.16.[A] The advantage of watching movies.[B] The convenient way of travelling.[C] The principles of movies and cameras.[D] Learning through movies and cameras.Questions17 — 20 are based on the text you have just heard.17.[A] The male and female wasps together.[B] The male wasp.[C] The new offspring.[D] The female wasp.18.[A] Only female wasps have stingers.[B] Only female wasps transmit diseases.[C] Male wasps do not leave the nest.[D] Female wasps are bigger than males.19.[A] To protect the nest.[B] To lay eggs.[C] To gather food.[D] To replace nest cells.20.[A] Mud.[B] Stone.[C] Paper.[D] Grass.Part II Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure (15 points)Section ADirections: There are 15 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.Example:The initial step is often the most difficult.[A] quickest [B] longest [C] last [D] firstThe best answer is [D] because “first” has the same meaning as “initial” in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D]. Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D] 21.Zwilich’s music has always been accessible, often wildly extroverted, as in her popular orchestralpiece “Celebration,” or palpably introverted, as in her poignant clarinet quintet.A. railedB. plunderedC. shiedD. admonished22.Outside, hospital interns are messing for yet another protest against government plans to scaleback French health care.A. swoopB. gropeC. decreaseD. harrow23.Their charm looks like little more than practiced narcissism. They calculatingly hang on to husbands for money, status and security.A. inventoryB. egotismC. intimacyD. propulsion24.Tailor's black moods were often accompanied by inexplicable bouts of insomnia, crying and lethargy. By last summer she'd sunk so low she didn't care if she lived or died.A. provisionB. cylinderC. torpidD. contradiction25.People have been ingesting Saint Johnswort, a yellow-flowered plant with the Latin name of Hypericum perforatum, for some 2 000 years.A. consumingB. wrinklingC. stampingD. tucking26.Experts note that many of the products in the health-food stores contain overly diluted concentrations that render the herb impotent.A. stimulatedB. stoopedC. snatchedD. weakened27.In the study of 3 250 depressed patients, only 2. 4 percent experienced side effects. Those include restlessness, gastrointestinal irritations and mild allergic reactions.A. humbleB. wretchedC. sensitiveD. whimsical28.His landlord was trying to evict him from his apartment, which was raided last month by lawyers administering his personal-bankruptcy case.A. avowB. expelC. rotateD. shear29.Moreover, Northern Cyprus has no extradition treaty with Britain. Turkish Cypriot leader made it clear that Nadir would not be returned to London.A. courtesyB. expatriateC. efficacyD. hegemony30.The auctioneer's hammers were not the only thing falling as the spring auction season got underway in New York. So were prices for works by some of the major names in contemporary arts.A. enormityB. biddingC. bigotryD. ardor31.It is believed that the Congress resolves political issues by consulting voters, being lobbied by interest groups, looking at opinion polls, and openly debating the pros and cons.[A] constitution[B] constituents[C] administrative。