英语词汇学lexic5 Minor Processes of Word-formation ppt

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英语词汇学 lexic4 Major Process of Word Formation补充Conversion

Conversion
• • • • • • Definition Noun to Verb conversion Verb to Noun conversion Adjective to Verb conversion Adjective to Noun conversion Other types
Types of conversion (1): Noun to Verb conversion
• Conversion
e.g. radio n.--to radio a message Xerox n.-- to Xerox a book tape n. --to tape a lecture x-ray n.--to x-ray sb's chest videotape n. ---- to videotape the conference Other sources of verb:
d. To ...with N:
e.g. John braked the car. cf. John stopped the car with a brake. She fingered the soft silk. cf. She felt the soft silk with her fingers. screw, glue, nail, elbow, knife x-ray, head. be e. To N with respect to ...: act as 1) verbs from human nouns: e.g. She mothered the orphan. cf. She looked after the orphan like an mother. nurse, pilot, referee, usher.

(词汇学)Word Formation

6. “locative”prefixes (sub-, inter-, trans-, )
eg: subway (n) 地铁， subtitle (n) 副标题， subsurface (adj) 表面下的 international (adj), intercity (adj) 市间的， interact (v) 相互作用，相互影响 transport (v) 运输， transfer (v) 转移，调动 transmit (v) 转播 trans-Atlantic (adj) 穿越大西洋的，
3. prefix﹢free root﹢suffix: inaction (n)无行动，懒散， improfitable (adj)无利润的， unfriendly (adj), removal (n),
4. prefix﹢bound root:
predict (v)预言，预示， descend (v)下降， contradict (v)反驳，同…矛盾，
2. Verb suffixes: simplify（简化）， modernize（使现代化）， quicken（加快），
3. Adjective suffixes: useful（有用的）， useless（无用的）， windy（多风的）， foolish（愚蠢的）， manly（有男子气概的）， washable（可水洗的）， pointed（尖的）， cultural（文化的）， poisonous（有毒的），
2. free root﹢suffix:
darkness (n)，friendship (n)，movement (n)， hopeful (a), hopeless (a), mouse-like (a)像鼠一样的， darken (v), badly (adv), clockwise (adv),

英语词汇学各个章节的内容

Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是…sound and form ‟不一致。

语言学Unit_3 The Minor Process of Word-Formation

photo
exam taxi
fan
disco gent
lit
memo
1.1.2. Front clippings (p72)
plane
aeroplane
bus
omnibus
telephone phone parachute
copter
helicopter
chute
quake
earthquake
1.1.3. Front and back clippings(p72)
Characteristics of initialisms and acronyms

(5) Some acronyms have come to share the grammar of standard words, taking on plurals, and producing derivatives. For example, UFO (unidentified Flying Object) may take a plural ending –s as UFOs; and ufology, ufological, derivatives from it.

Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. An intialism is pronounced letter by letter. e.g. BBC
1.3. Acronym （首字母拼音词）

Acronyms are the words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. What’s the difference between acronym and initialism? Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than sequences of letters.

英语词汇学4

click喀嚓剪刀门按钮clang发出铿锵声叮当声bubble汩汩地流水水声rumble轰隆声雷风炮车ticktack嘀嗒钟表thump砰然地响重物击物声
Chapter Four
Minor Processes of Wordformaing or abbreviation（缩略法）
Three types of initialisms:
1) The letters represent full words. This is the main type e.g. CIA= the Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S., IOC = International Olympic Committee, ISBN = International Standard Book Number UN = United Nations IDL = International Date Line CPU = Central processing unit FAS f.a.s. = free alongside ship 船边交货 (价格) FOB f.o.b. = free on board(货物) 离岸价格 CIF = Cost insurance and freight 到岸价格 GT = gross tonnage CAD= computer assisted design
3. Front and back clipping (not a common type of clipping)
The deletion occurs at both ends of a word: e.g. flu = influenza, fridge = refrigerator tec = detective

英语词汇学PPT全

1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE
1) OE Dialects 方言 2) OE Vocabulary 词汇 3) OE Spelling 拼写 4）OE Pronunciation 发音 5) OE Inflections 屈折形式 6）Loan Words 外来语
1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
hood, -ship, - ness, -th, -ish.
sounds capable of a given grammatical use.
lexicon (词汇):
the vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge,
eg. the size of the English lexicon
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
denotative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation

英语词汇学总结

第一章1. the definition of lexicology❖Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.❖It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application.❖In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.2. Two approaches to the study of English lexicologyThe term synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one point of time.The term diachronic means concerned with historical development of a language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time, whereas a diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.3. the sources of the English vocabulary❖At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.4. Evolutional periods of the English LanguageA. The period from 450 to 1150 is known as old English. It is sometimes described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjectives, and the verbs are preserved more or less unimpaired.B.From 1150 to 1500, the language is known as Middle English. During the period, the inflections, which had begun to break down toward the end of the Old English period, become greatly reduced, and it is consequently known as the period of leveled inflections.C. The language since 1500 is called Modern English. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared entirely and we therefore speak of it as the period of lost inflections. The progressive decay of inflections is only one of the developments that mark the evolution of English in its various stages.第二章1. The English vocabulary may be classified into two great groups according to its origin: native words and borrowed words.Native words are the foundation and the core of the English vocabulary. In structure they are mostly monosyllabic words. In meaning they express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things.The features of the native words:1) The polysemic feature2) The collocability of native words3) Word-forming ability of native wordsBorrowed words or loan-words refer to the words that are taken from foreign languages..Foreign borrowing may be divided into four groups according to their character.(1) Aliens (2) Denizens (3) translation-loans (4) semantic borrowingsAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling.Denizens are words taken from a foreign language with a transformation of the foreign sound and spelling into native forms. They are not foreign words, but have been naturalized into native sound and spelling.Translation-loans are words borrowed from foreign languages by means of translation. Semantic borrowings: words which have acquired a new meaning under the influence of other language are called semantic borrowings.2. What is a word?The definition of word:A particular string of sounds must be united with a meaning3. Morphemes:The minimal units of Meaning.What is a morpheme? A morpheme, the minimal linguistic unit, is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed. Therefore, every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.4. Classification of morphemes⏹We can make a broad distinction between two types of morphemes. Free morphemes andBound morphemes.⏹Free morphemes refer to the morphemes which can stand by themselves as single words,e.g. open and door.⏹Bound morphemes refer to those which cannot normally stand alone, but which aretypically attached to another form, e.g. re-, -ist, ist, -s.What we have described as free morphemes fall into two categories. The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the content of messages we convey, these free morphemes are called lexical morphemes, e.g. boy, man, house, tiger, long, yellow, sincere, open.The other group of free morphemes are called functional morphemes, like and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, etc. This set consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.The set of affixes which fall into the bound category can also be divided into two types. One is derivational morphemes. These are used to make new words in the language. A list of derivational morphemes will include suffixes such as the ish in foolish, the –ly in badly and the –ment in payment. It will also include prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, dis-, un- and so forth.The second set of bound morphemes contains what are called inflectional morphemes. These arenot used to produce new words in the English language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form. Examples are jumped, boys, sitting, she is smaller, the smallest, Jerry’s friend. To put is simply, they are –ing, -s, -er,-est, -ed, -‘s. At the present stage of English history, there are a total of eight bound inflectional affixes. It should be noted that in English, all the inflectional morphemes are suffixes.lexicalfree {functionalMorphemes {derivationalBound {Inflectional第三章1. English word formationWord formation refers to the formation of longer, more complex words from shorter, simpler words.It is worth mentioning that there are some main common processes of word formation in English, like affixation, coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms.Affixation: Affixation includes prefixation and suffixation. Affixation is the morphological process whereby grammatical or lexical information is added to the base.Compounding: is a word made up of two or more other words.(In some examples we have just considered, there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form. )Blending: is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends.(The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending.)Back-formation:is a process of word formation by which a word is formed by deleting the supposed affixes.a very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. Typically, a word of one type ( usually a noun ) is reduced to form another word of a different type (Usually a verb). It is assumed that a new word may enter the language because of an incorrect morphological analysis, such a word is called back formation.Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class, made do not change in morphological structure but infunction.(Conversion: a change in the function of a word. For instance, when a noun comes to be used as a verb without any reduction is generally known as conversion, functional shift.)第四章1.Motivation is the relationship between the structure of a word and its meaning, or the relationship between words and expressions and the things they can be used to refer to.phonetic motivation / onomatopoeia motivation.grammatical motivationsemantic motivation(metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, analogy)第五章1. Main types of word meaning1) Conceptual meaning: is clear that conceptual meaning is an inextricable and essential part of what language is.2) Connotative meaning: is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.3) Stylistic and Affective meaning: is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.4) Affective meaning: is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we rely upon the mediation of categories of meaning5) Reflected meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.6) Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meaning of words which tend to occur in its environment.第六章1. Semantic classification of words: hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy, polysemy and homonymy2. HyponymyThe upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate and the lower terms, the members are hyponyms. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.These members of the same class are co-hyponyms.3. AntonymyWords that are opposite in meaning are often called antonyms1) gradable antonymy2) complementary antonymy3) relational antonymy4. SynonymySynonymy is used to mean “ sameness of meaning”A) dialectal synonymsB) words differing in styles or registersC) words differing in emotive or evaluative meaningD) collocational synonyms5. Polysemy: is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. That is to say, the same word may have a set of different meanings.There is a main process when a word has got plenteous meanings. That is radiation. Radiation is a term used to refer to a process of sense-shift in which the original meaning of a word is to beconsidered as the central meaning and the other meanings are derived from it.6. Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form or sounds but differ in meanings.Homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.The classification of homonymsA. Perfect homonyms are words identical in sound and spelling or both in sound-form and parts of speech, but different in meanings.⏹1) words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning⏹2) words identical in both sound-form and parts of speechB. Partial homonyms are words different in meaning but identical in spelling or sound⏹1) homographs—words identical in spelling but different in sound and meanings⏹2) homophones—words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning第七章1. Changes in word meaning1) Semantic broadening: here words takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously.2) Semantic narrowing, with the word taking on a more restricted meaning than before3) Amelioration, the development of more favorable meanings for words.4) Pejoration, which involves the development of a less favorable meaning or connotation for a particular word.2. Why does word meaning change?1) Historical causes2) Social causes3) Psychological causes4) Linguistic causesOthers firmly believe the following factors may contribute to the changes of word meaning:`Firstly it is known that most words are polysemic, they have a range of meanings, and over time marginal meanings may take over from central meanings.`Secondly, children do not receive a fully formed grammar and lexicon from their parents. The children may therefore acquire a slightly different meaning for a word from that understood by their parents.`The last striking cause worth mentioning here is that the relationship between concepts and the words is arbitrary and so either can vary or change fairly freely through time and across space.第八章1. Syntagmatic relationsTo sum up, as for the horizontal perspective, words are used in discourse, strung together one after another, enter into relations based on the linear character of languages. They must be arranged consecutively in spoken sequence. Combination based on sequentiality may be called syntagmaticrelations. For instance, re-read, in its place in a syntagmatic relation, any unit acquires its value simply in opposition to what precedes or to what follows, or to both2. Paradigmatic relationsOn the other hand, as for the vertical or longitudinal perspective, outside the context of discourse, words having something in common are associated together in the memory. From changement, you may associate change, vary, etc with it. This kind of connection between words is of quite a different order. It is not based on linear sequence. It is a connection in the brain, such connections are called paradigmatic relations.第九章1. Characteristics of idioms(1). Semantic unity (语义的整体性)(2). Structural stability结构的固定性2. Lexical diversity is loosely defined as one aspect of the quality of a product—as ‘something to do with the range of vocabulary displayed’in written and spoken discourses第十章1. Context---- a basic concept in the study of pragmatics. It is generally considered as common knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation (time, place, manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and other relevant objects…2. Classify context1）Lexical contextWords that co-occur or co-ordinate withThe meaning or interpretation of individual lexical items is constrained by co-text/lexical context. 2）Situational contextExtra-linguistic context:TimePlaceSpaceRelationship between speaker and hearOther relevant things3. The role of contextⅠ. Elimination of AmbiguityⅡ. Indication of ReferentsⅢ. Provision of clues for inference of word meaning。

英语词汇学 Unit 02 Word fromation 1

bilabial nasal
bilabial stop
alveolar stop
alveolar stop
velar nasal
velar stop
Classification of Morphemes
Morphemes can be classified in various ways. free root inflectional or or or bound affix derivational
A morph is a physical form representing a certain morpheme in a language. Sometimes different morphs may represent the same morpheme; i.e., a morpheme may take different forms. If so, they are called allomorphs of that morpheme.
Free and Bound Morphemes
We can divide reader into read and –er. However, we cannot split read into smaller morphemes. This means that the word read is itself a single morpheme. A morpheme which can stand alone as a word is called a free morpheme. By contrast, -er has to combine with other morphemes. So it is a bound morpheme.

现代英语词汇学4 word-formation讲解

15
Give clippings for the following words
influenza business parachute refrigerator taxicab
flu biz chute fridge taxi or cab
English Lexicology(II)
ammo conchy telly Aussie rookie trig ump vet
English Lexicology(II)
21
2.2.3 Front Clipping
bus (= omnibus) / bo (= hobo) / chute (=parachute) / coon (=raccoon) / copter (= helicopter) / dozer (=bulldozer) / mum (=chrysanthemum) / phone (= telephone) / quake (=earthquake) 1.2.4 front and back clippings flu (= influenza) / fridge (=refrigerator) / tec (=detective) / scrip (=subscription)/ vic (=convict)
hippo info lab lav math mec
English Lexicology(II)
20
Give clippings for the following words
ammunition conscious objector television Australian recruit trigonometry umpire veterinarian

英语专业词汇学课件7the_minor_processes_of_word-formation

word is made by using the parts or the full form of the two words and combining their meaning.
* Creations by blending are also called portmanteau words, following Lewis Carroll, the author of Through the Looking Glass . He wrote:
3. Reverse acronyms: the creators start with a word they want as their name, say, CORE, and then they work from those letters to find four words which represent something like the idea they want to be associated with. e.g. MADD
4) the title of a technical or professional post: e.g. MA, PhD, DA, EE, A.E. and P, PA 5) semi-acronyms e.g. A-bomb, H-bomb, D-notice, V-day, E-mail
• Blending : a process of word-formation, in which a new
1) From nouns ending in -er, -ar,-or,-sion,etc. :
to rove from rover to edit from editor
to peddle from peddler to emote from emotion

英语词汇学教程课件第5章English Lexicology 5上

Inflection and Derivation
Inflection results in the formation of alternative grammatical forms of the same word, while derivation creates new vocabulary items.
Irregular inflections are those that do not follow this pattern and which usually apply to only one or a small number of members of the word class concerned.
For example, the following nouns form their plurals irregularly: datum – data, fish fish, goose – geese, man - men, mouse mice, tooth – teeth, woman - women.
words.
For example, the addition of prefixes and suffixes such as mis-, -ness, and –ist, has given English such words as misunderstand, correctness, and economist.
Moreover, the addition of the possessive suffix fits the inflected noun for use in syntax as noun modifier. The noun with the possessive marker can be used as a modifier of another noun, never as a head or main element in a given structure.

英语词汇学(英文版)English Lexicology (IV)

He is doubtful of success. The future looks doubtful. …an honourable gentleman …an honourable invitation
English lexicology (III)
9
10.1 Types of changes
Transference
subjectiveness
objectiveness
hateful: a hateful job, a hateful crime
painful:a painful experience, a painful task
pompous language/style/manner
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
14
10.2 Causes of changes
National Psychology
American English or British English?
English lexicology (III)
24
Questions
What is American English? Is it American English or British English we are speaking
This chapter will deal with the major patterns that changes in meaning follow and the causes of changes.

英语词汇学English Lexicology(III)

Mother (a female parent) is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, ‘tenderness’, ‘forgiving’, etc. Home (a dwelling place) may suggest ‘family, warmth, safety, love, convenience’, etc. ‘East or west, home is best’. Statesman implies ‘loyalty, devotion to public welfare’; politician implies ‘deceit, power-drunk, bragging, villainy’.
China magpie Good luck, good will owl red Britain wordiness
bad luck, malignance composure, wisdom happiness, good luck, unfavoured state success ‘red-light district‟ „red flags‟ „in the red”
Pejorative

English lexicology (III)
15
8.5 Associative meaning
Affective meaning
This
affective difference is especially true of synonyms.
Appreciative Neutral Pejorative
Collocative
meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.

自考英语词汇学

自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。

1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。

2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。

例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。

）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。

例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。

二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。

- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照-推荐下载

《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of twoalmost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysis.Six:1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven:1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.Eight:1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine:1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.Ten:1. Idiom 习语An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.。

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysis.Six:1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven:1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that theassertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.Eight:1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine:1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.Ten:1. Idiom 习语An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.。

英语词汇学教程课件第5章English Lexicology 5下

The criterion of stress applies only to nominal compounds, and the distinction between compound and idiom becomes fuzzy for verbs and other nominal categories.
Compounding
Compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.
Compounds are stems consisting of more than one root, e.g. bedside, blackbird, by-effect, rainbow, waste paper basket. Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging vocabulary.
However, in addition to the semantic criterion, we may also use involving order.
In a verb plus adverb compound like forthcoming, there is a clear difference in order between the phrases from which they derive (e.g. come forth) and the resultant compound.
From the root ced (and its variant form cess), ‘go, yield,’ are derived abscess, accede, accessory, ancestry, antecedent, cease, cede, concession, decease, exceed, excessive, incessant, intercede, precede, predecessor, proceed, recede, recess, succeed ….