Chapter4Ed3rdModified
英语小说阅读《美国悲剧》节选
英语小说阅读《美国悲剧》节选英语小说阅读《美国悲剧》节选德莱塞在《美国悲剧》中描写了主人公克莱德·格里菲思受到社会上邪恶影响，逐渐蜕变、堕落为凶杀犯、最后自我毁灭的全过程。
小说共分三卷。
The home of Samuel Griffiths in Lycurgus, New York, a city of some twenty-five thousand inhabitants midwaybetween Utica and Albany. Near the dinner hour and by degrees the family assembling for its customary meal.On this occasion the preparations were of a more elaborate nature than usual, owing to the fact that for the pastfour days Mr. Samuel Griffiths, the husband and father, had been absent attending a conference of shirt andcollar manufacturers in Chicago, price-cutting by upstart rivals in the west having necessitated1 compromise andadjustment by those who manufactured in the east. He was but now returned and had telephoned earlier in theafternoon that he had arrived, and was going to his office in the factory where he would remain until dinner time.Being long accustomed to the ways of a practical and convinced man who believed in himself and considered hisjudgment and his decision sound -- almost final -- for the most part, anyhow, Mrs. Griffiths thought nothing of this.He would appear and greet her in due order.Knowing that he preferred leg of lamb above many other things, after due word with Mrs. Truesdale, her homelybut useful housekeeper2, she ordered lamb. And the appropriate vegetables and dessert having been decided3 upon, she gave herself over to thoughts of her eldest4 daughter Myra, who,having graduated from Smith Collegeseveral years before, was still unmarried. And the reason for this, as Mrs. Griffiths well understood, though shewas never quite willing to admit it openly, was that Myra was not very good looking. Her nose was too long, hereyes too close-set, her chin not sufficiently5 rounded to give her a girlish and pleasing appearance. For the most part she seemed too thoughtful and studious -- as a rule not interested in the ordinary social life of that city.Neither did she possess that savoir faire, let alone that peculiar6 appeal for men, that characterized some girls evenwhen they were not pretty. As her mother saw it, she was really too critical and too intellectual, having a mind that was rather above the world in which she found herself.Brought up amid comparative luxury, without having to worry about any of the rough details of making a living,she had been confronted, nevertheless, by the difficulties of making her own way in the matter of social favorand love -- two objectives which, without beauty or charm, were about as difficult as the attaining7 to extreme wealth by a beggar. And the fact that for twelve years now -- ever since she had been fourteen -- she had seen thelives of other youths and maidens8 in this small world in which she moved passing gayly enough, while hers wasmore or less confined to reading, music, the business of keeping as neatly9 and attractively arrayed as possible,and of going to visit friends in the hope of possibly encountering somewhere, somehow, the one temperamentwho would be interested in her, had saddened, if not exactly soured her. And that despite the fact that thematerial comfort of her parents and herself was exceptional.Just now she had gone through her mother's room to herown, looking as though she were not very muchinterested in anything. Her mother had been trying to think of something to suggest that would take her out ofherself, when the younger daughter, Bella, fresh from a passing visit to the home of the Finchleys, wealthy neighbors where she had stopped on her way from the Snedeker School, burst in upon her.Contrasted with her sister, who was tall and dark and rather sallow, Bella, though shorter, was far moregracefully and vigorously formed. She had thick brown -- almost black -- hair, a brown and olive complexion11 tintedwith red, and eyes brown and genial12, that blazed with an eager, seeking light. In addition to her sound and lithephysique, she possessed13 vitality14 and animation15. Her arms and legs were graceful10 and active. Plainly she wasgiven to liking16 things as she found them -- enjoying life as it was -- and hence, unlike her sister, she was unusuallyattractive to men and boys -- to men and women, old and young -- a fact which her mother and father well knew.No danger of any lack of marriage offers for her when the time came. As her mother saw it, too many youths andmen were already buzzing around, and so posing the question of a proper husband for her. Already she had displayed a tendency to become thick and fast friends, not only with the scions17 of the older and moreconservative families who constituted the ultra-respectable element of the city, but also, and this was more to her mother's distaste, with the sons and daughters of some of those later and hence socially less important families ofthe region -- the sons and daughters of manufacturers of bacon, canning jars, vacuum cleaners, wooden and wicker ware18, and typewriters, who constituted a solid enough financial element in the city, but who made up what might be considered the "fastset" in the local life.In Mrs. Griffiths' opinion, there was too much dancing, cabareting, automobiling to one city and another, withoutdue social supervision19. Yet, as a contrast to her sister, Myra, what a relief. It was only from the point of view ofproper surveillance, or until she was safely and religiously married, that Mrs. Griffiths troubled or even objected to most of her present contacts and yearnings and gayeties. She desired to protect her."Now, where have you been?" she demanded, as her daughter burst into the room, throwing down her books anddrawing near to the open fire that burned there."Just think, Mamma," began Bella most unconcernedly and almost irrelevantly20. "The Finchleys are going to giveup their place out at Greenwood Lake this coming summer and go up to Twelfth Lake near Pine Point. They'regoing to build a new bungalow21 up there. And Sondra says that this time it's going to be right down at the water's edge -- not away from it, as it is out here. And they're going to have a great big verandah with a hardwood floor.And a boathouse big enough for a thirty-foot electric launch that Mr. Finchley is going to buy for Stuart. Won'tthat be wonderful? And she says that if you will let me, that I can come up there for all summer long, or for aslong as I like. And Gil, too, if he will. It's just across the lake from the Emery Lodge22, you know, and the EastGate Hotel. And the Phants' place, you know, the Phants of Utica, is just below theirs near Sharon. Isn't that justwonderful? Won't that be great? I wish you and Dad would make up your minds to build up there now sometime,Mamma. It looks to me now as though nearly everybody that's worth anything down here is moving up there."She talked so fast andswung about so, looking now at the open fire burning in the grate, then out of the two high windows that commanded the front lawn and a full view of Wykeagy Avenue, lit by the electric lights in thewinter dusk, that her mother had no opportunity to insert any comment until this was over. However, shemanaged to observe: "Yes? Well, what about the Anthonys and the Nicholsons and the Taylors? I haven't heardof their leaving Greenwood yet." "Oh, I know, not the Anthonys or the Nicholsons or the Taylors. Who expects them to move? They're too oldfashioned. They're not the kind that would move anywhere, are they? No one thinks they are. Just the sameGreenwood isn't like Twelfth Lake. You know that yourself. And all the people that are anybody down on theSouth。
手机背单词(Understanding the Linux Kernel, 3rd Edition)文库
format n. 格式，样式；形式；版式，(计算机的)格式，编排；vt. 设计，(计算机上)将…格式化
image n.像；形象；映象
virtual a.实际上的，实质上的
adjacent a.毗连的；紧接着的
gate n.大门
手机背单词(Understanding the Linux
kernel n.(果实的)核；谷粒
file n.档案 vt.把…归档
chapter n.章，回，篇
cache v. 贮藏，隐藏，n. 藏物处
allocation n. 分配；配给物；拨款，拨款权，拨给
bits n. 小片，少许
flush n.兴奋，脸红；发烧
atomic a.原子的；原子能的
update v. 更新，修改，校正
offset n.分支，抵销 vt.抵销
owner n.物主，所有人
requested 被请求的
load vt.装，装载
resume n.(谋职者的)个人简历
anonymous adj. 匿名的
preempt v. 以先买权取得，取代
clock n.钟，仪表
loaded a. 有负载的
maximum n.最大量 a.最大的
void a.空的；无效的
mask n.面具；伪装 vt.掩饰
context n.上下文；来龙去脉
unit n.单位；单元；部件
default n.&vi.不履行；缺席
shrink vi.收缩；缩小；退缩
version n.译文；说法；改写本
sector n. 扇形,尺规,函数尺
数据预处理 数据与统计
4
Chapter 3: Data Preprocessing
Data Preprocessing: An Overview Data Quality Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing
e.g., Occupation=“ ” (missing data)
noisy: containing noise, errors, or outliers
e.g., Salary=“−10” (an error)
inconsistent: containing discrepancies in codes or names, e.g.,
Data migration and integration Data migration tools: allow transformations to be specified ETL (Extraction/Transformation/Loading) tools: allow users to specify transformations through a graphical user interface
9
How to Handle Noisy Data?
Binning first sort data and partition into (equal-frequency) bins then one can smooth by bin means, smooth by bin median, smooth by bin boundaries, etc.
333333333用户指南PMP PTP450系列系统版本16.0.1，涵盖PMP450 AP
333333333USER GUIDEPMP/PTP 450 Series System Release 16.0.1Covers:PMP 450 AP / PMP 450 SM / PTP 450 BH / PMP 450d PMP 450i / PTP 450iPMP 450b / PTP 450bPMP 450mPMP 430AccuracyWhile reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Cambium Networks assumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from use of the information obtained herein. Cambium reserves the right to make changes to any products described herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise this document and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any person of revisions or changes. Cambium does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product, software, or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patent rights or the rights of others. It is possible that this publication may contain references to, or information about Cambium products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be construed to mean that Cambium intends to announce such Cambium products, programming, or services in your country.CopyrightsThis document, Cambium products, and 3rd Party software products described in this document may include or describe copyrighted Cambium and other 3rd Party supplied computer programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and other countries preserve for Cambium, its licensors, and other 3rd Party supplied software certain exclusive rights for copyrighted material, including the exclusive right to copy, reproduce in any form, distribute and make derivative works of the copyrighted material. Accordingly, any copyrighted material of Cambium, its licensors, or the 3rd Party software supplied material contained in the Cambium products described in this document may not be copied, reproduced, reverse engineered, distributed, merged or modified in any manner without the express written permission of Cambium. Furthermore, the purchase of Cambium products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of Cambium or other 3rd Party supplied software, except for the normal non-exclusive, royalty free license to use that arises by operation of law in the sale of a product.RestrictionsSoftware and documentation are copyrighted materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by law. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of Cambium. License AgreementsThe software described in this document is the property of Cambium and its licensors. It is furnished by express license agreement only and may be used only in accordance with the terms of such an agreement.High Risk MaterialsCambium and its supplier(s) specifically disclaim any express or implied warranty of fitness for any high risk activities or uses of its products including, but not limited to, the operation of nuclear facilities, aircraft navigation or aircraft communication systems, air traffic control, life support, or weapons systems (“High Risk Use”). Any “High Risk Use” is unauthorized, is made at your own risk and you shall be responsible for any and all losses, damage or claims arising out of any High Risk Use.© 2019 Cambium Networks Limited. All Rights Reserved.ContentsContents (i)List of Figures (xvi)List of Tables (xxii)About This User Guide (1)Contacting Cambium Networks (1)Purpose (2)Product notation conventions in document (2)Cross references (3)Feedback (3)Important regulatory information (4)Application software (4)USA specific information (4)Canada specific information (5)Renseignements specifiques au Canada (6)EU Declaration of Conformity (7)Specific expertise and training for professional installers (7)Ethernet networking skills (7)Lightning protection (7)Training (7)Problems and warranty (8)Reporting problems (8)Repair and service (8)Hardware warranty (8)Security advice (9)Warnings, cautions, and notes (10)Warnings (10)Cautions (10)Notes (10)Caring for the environment (11)In EU countries (11)In non-EU countries (11)Chapter 1:Product description ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 Overview of the 450 Platform Family ............................................................................................................ 1-2Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 1-2 PMP 450m Series ................................................................................................................................... 1-2 PMP/PTP 450i Series .............................................................................................................................. 1-4 PMP/PTP 450b Series ............................................................................................................................. 1-7 PMP/PTP 450 Series ............................................................................................................................... 1-8 Supported interoperability for 450m/450i/450b .................................................................................. 1-11 450 series ............................................................................................................................................ 1-11 Typical deployment ............................................................................................................................. 1-12 Product variants .................................................................................................................................. 1-14 Wireless operation ...................................................................................................................................... 1-15 Time division duplexing........................................................................................................................ 1-15 Encryption ........................................................................................................................................... 1-18 MIMO .................................................................................................................................................. 1-18 MU-MIMO ........................................................................................................................................... 1-18 System management .................................................................................................................................. 1-20 Management agent ............................................................................................................................. 1-20 Web server .......................................................................................................................................... 1-20 Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS) .......................................................................... 1-22 Network Time Protocol (NTP)............................................................................................................... 1-22 cnMaestro™ ........................................................................................................................................ 1-23 Wireless Manager (WM) ...................................................................................................................... 1-23 Radio recovery mode ........................................................................................................................... 1-24 Chapter 2:System hardware .......................................................................................................................... 2-1 System Components ..................................................................................................................................... 2-2 Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) ..................................................................................................................... 2-2 Backhaul (PTP) ....................................................................................................................................... 2-5 450 Platform Family interfaces ............................................................................................................... 2-7 ATEX/HAZLOC variants ......................................................................................................................... 2-16 Diagnostic LEDs.................................................................................................................................... 2-17 Power supply options .......................................................................................................................... 2-21 ODU mounting brackets & accessories ................................................................................................. 2-30 Lightning protection ............................................................................................................................ 2-30 ODU interfaces ........................................................................................................................................... 2-31 PMP 450m Series 5 GHz AP .................................................................................................................. 2-31 PMP 450m Series 3GHz AP ................................................................................................................... 2-32 PMP/PTP 450i ...................................................................................................................................... 2-33 PMP/PTP 450b Mid-Gain SM ................................................................................................................ 2-35 PMP/PTP 450b High Gain SM ............................................................................................................... 2-36Cabling ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-37 Ethernet standards and cable lengths .................................................................................................. 2-37 Outdoor copper Cat5e Ethernet cable .................................................................................................. 2-38 SFP module kits ................................................................................................................................... 2-39 Main Ethernet port .............................................................................................................................. 2-41 Aux port .............................................................................................................................................. 2-41 Ethernet cable testing .......................................................................................................................... 2-45 Lightning protection unit (LPU) and grounding kit ........................................................................................ 2-46 DC LPU and Grounding Kit .................................................................................................................... 2-47 Cable grounding kit .............................................................................................................................. 2-49 Antennas and antenna cabling .................................................................................................................... 2-50 Antenna requirements ......................................................................................................................... 2-50 Supported external AP antennas .......................................................................................................... 2-50 Supported external BH/SM antenna ..................................................................................................... 2-50 RF cable and connectors ...................................................................................................................... 2-51 Antenna accessories ............................................................................................................................ 2-51 GPS synchronization ................................................................................................................................... 2-52 GPS synchronization description .......................................................................................................... 2-52 Universal GPS (UGPS) .......................................................................................................................... 2-52 CMM5 ................................................................................................................................................. 2-53 CMM5 Controller Module .................................................................................................................... 2-55 CMM5 Injector Module ........................................................................................................................ 2-56 CMM5 Injector Compatibility Matrix .................................................................................................... 2-56 CMM5 Specifications ........................................................................................................................... 2-57 CMM4 (Rack Mount)............................................................................................................................ 2-58 CMM4 (Cabinet with switch) ................................................................................................................ 2-60 CMM4 (Cabinet without switch)........................................................................................................... 2-60 CMM3/CMMmicro .............................................................................................................................. 2-61 Installing a GPS receiver .............................................................................................................................. 2-63 GPS receiver location ........................................................................................................................... 2-63 Mounting the GPS receiver .................................................................................................................. 2-64 Cabling the GPS Antenna ..................................................................................................................... 2-65 Installing and connecting the GPS LPU ................................................................................................. 2-65 Ordering the components ........................................................................................................................... 2-66 Chapter 3:System planning ............................................................................................................................ 3-1 Typical deployment ....................................................................................................................................... 3-2 ODU with PoE interface to PSU .............................................................................................................. 3-2 Site planning ................................................................................................................................................. 3-7Power supply site selection .................................................................................................................... 3-8 Maximum cable lengths ......................................................................................................................... 3-8 Grounding and lightning protection ....................................................................................................... 3-8 ODU and external antenna location ..................................................................................................... 3-10 ODU ambient temperature limits ......................................................................................................... 3-10 ODU wind loading ................................................................................................................................ 3-11 Hazardous locations ............................................................................................................................. 3-15 Drop cable grounding points ................................................................................................................ 3-15 Lightning Protection Unit (LPU) location ............................................................................................... 3-16 Radio Frequency planning ........................................................................................................................... 3-17 Regulatory limits .................................................................................................................................. 3-17 Conforming to the limits ...................................................................................................................... 3-17 Available spectrum .............................................................................................................................. 3-17 Analyzing the RF Environment.............................................................................................................. 3-18 Channel bandwidth .............................................................................................................................. 3-18 Anticipating Reflection of Radio Waves ................................................................................................ 3-18 Obstructions in the Fresnel Zone .......................................................................................................... 3-19 Planning for co-location ....................................................................................................................... 3-19 Frame length ....................................................................................................................................... 3-21 Frame start .......................................................................................................................................... 3-22 Frame parameters ............................................................................................................................... 3-23 PMP – LTE co-location tool................................................................................................................... 3-24 Multiple OFDM Access Point Clusters ................................................................................................... 3-25 Considerations on back-to-back frequency reuse ................................................................................. 3-28 Link planning .............................................................................................................................................. 3-33 Range and obstacles ............................................................................................................................ 3-33 Path loss .............................................................................................................................................. 3-33 Calculating Link Loss ............................................................................................................................ 3-34 Calculating Rx Signal Level ................................................................................................................... 3-34 Calculating Fade Margin ....................................................................................................................... 3-34 Adaptive modulation ........................................................................................................................... 3-35 Planning for connectorized units ................................................................................................................. 3-36 When to install connectorized units ..................................................................................................... 3-36 Choosing external antennas ................................................................................................................. 3-36 Calculating RF cable length (5.8 GHz FCC only) ..................................................................................... 3-36 Data network planning ................................................................................................................................ 3-39 Understanding addresses ..................................................................................................................... 3-39DNS Client ........................................................................................................................................... 3-40 Network Address Translation (NAT) ..................................................................................................... 3-40 Developing an IP addressing scheme .................................................................................................... 3-41 Address Resolution Protocol ................................................................................................................ 3-41 Allocating subnets ............................................................................................................................... 3-42 Selecting non-routable IP addresses ..................................................................................................... 3-42 Translation bridging ............................................................................................................................. 3-42 Engineering VLANs ............................................................................................................................... 3-43 Network management planning .................................................................................................................. 3-47 Planning for SNMP operation ............................................................................................................... 3-47 Enabling SNMP .................................................................................................................................... 3-47 Security planning ........................................................................................................................................ 3-48 Isolating AP/BHM from the Internet ..................................................................................................... 3-48 Encrypting radio transmissions ............................................................................................................ 3-48 Planning for HTTPS operation .............................................................................................................. 3-49 Planning for SNMPv3 operation ........................................................................................................... 3-49 Managing module access by passwords ............................................................................................... 3-50 Planning for RADIUS operation............................................................................................................. 3-51 Filtering protocols and ports ................................................................................................................ 3-51 Encrypting downlink broadcasts ........................................................................................................... 3-55 Isolating SMs in PMP............................................................................................................................ 3-55 Filtering management through Ethernet .............................................................................................. 3-55 Allowing management from only specified IP addresses ....................................................................... 3-56 Configuring management IP by DHCP ................................................................................................... 3-56 Controlling PPPoE PADI Downlink Forwarding ...................................................................................... 3-57 Remote AP Deployment .............................................................................................................................. 3-58 Remote AP (RAP) Performance ............................................................................................................ 3-59 Example Use Case for RF Obstructions ................................................................................................. 3-59 Example Use Case for Passing Sync ...................................................................................................... 3-60 Physical Connections Involving the Remote AP ..................................................................................... 3-61 Passing Sync signal ............................................................................................................................... 3-63 Wiring to Extend Network Sync ............................................................................................................ 3-66 Chapter 4:Preparing for installation............................................................................................................... 4-1 Safety ........................................................................................................................................................... 4-2 Hazardous locations ............................................................................................................................... 4-2 Power lines ............................................................................................................................................ 4-2 Working at heights................................................................................................................................. 4-2Grounding and protective earth ............................................................................................................. 4-2 Powering down before servicing ............................................................................................................ 4-3 Primary disconnect device ..................................................................................................................... 4-3 External cables....................................................................................................................................... 4-3 RF exposure near the antenna ............................................................................................................... 4-3 Minimum separation distances .............................................................................................................. 4-3 Grounding and lightning protection requirements .................................................................................. 4-3 Grounding cable installation methods .................................................................................................... 4-3 Siting ODUs and antennas ...................................................................................................................... 4-4 Thermal Safety ...................................................................................................................................... 4-4 Preparing for installation ............................................................................................................................... 4-5 ODU pre-configuration........................................................................................................................... 4-5 Preparing personnel .............................................................................................................................. 4-5 Preparing inventory ............................................................................................................................... 4-5 Preparing tools ...................................................................................................................................... 4-6 Testing system components .......................................................................................................................... 4-7 Unpacking Components ......................................................................................................................... 4-7 Preparing the ODU................................................................................................................................. 4-7 Configuring Link for Test ............................................................................................................................. 4-16 Configuring the management PC .......................................................................................................... 4-16 Logging into the web interface – AP/SM/BH ......................................................................................... 4-17 Using the Quick Start Configuration Wizard of the AP/BHM ................................................................. 4-17 Chapter 5:Installation .................................................................................................................................... 5-1 ODU variants and mounting bracket options ................................................................................................. 5-2 Mount the ODU, LPU and surge suppressor ................................................................................................... 5-3 Attach ground cables to the ODU ........................................................................................................... 5-3 Mount the ODU on the mast .................................................................................................................. 5-6 Mount the top LPU .............................................................................................................................. 5-12 Mount the Surge Suppressor................................................................................................................ 5-12 General protection installation ............................................................................................................ 5-16 Installing the copper Cat5e Ethernet interface............................................................................................. 5-21 Install the main drop cable ................................................................................................................... 5-21 Install the bottom LPU to PSU drop cable ............................................................................................. 5-23 Installing external antennas to a connectorized ODU ................................................................................... 5-25 PMP 450i Series ................................................................................................................................... 5-25 PMP 450 Series .................................................................................................................................... 5-34 PMP 450i Series AP 900 MHz ............................................................................................................... 5-43。
《哈利波特与火焰杯》第4章《回到陋居》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire《哈利波特与火焰杯》Chapter FourBack to The Burrow第4章回到陋居By twelve o'clock next day, Harry's trunk was packed with his school things, and all his most prized possessions - the Invisibility Cl oak he had inherited from his father, the broomstick he had got from Sirius, the enchanted map of Hogwarts he had been given by Fred and George Weasl ey last year. He had emptied his hiding place und er the loose fl oorboard of all food, d oubl e-checked every nook and cranny of his bedroom for forgotten spellbooks or quills, and taken d own the chart on the wall counting the days d own to September the first, on which he liked to cross off the days remaining until his return to Hogwarts.第二天中午十二点钟的时候，哈利准备带到学校去的箱子已经收拾好了，里面装满了他上学用的东西和所有他最珍贵的宝贝──从父亲那里继承来的隐形衣、小天狼星送给他的飞天扫帚，还有去年弗雷德和乔治˙韦斯莱孪生兄弟送给他的带魔法的霍格沃茨活点地图。
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
移动通信技术第四章 调制技术
Chapter 4 Modulation TechnologygyOutline (目录)Outline(I.IntroductionII II.PSKQIII.QAMIV.FSK/MSK/GMSKV.OFDMVI VI.TCMV.eVII.FilterOutline (目录)Outline(I.IntroductionII II.PSKQIII.QAMIV.FSK/MSK/GMSKV.OFDMVI VI.TCMV.eVII.Filter4.1 Introduction4.1IntroductionClassification▪Non-constant envelop (非恒包络)•ASK、QAM、APSK▪Constant envelop (恒包络)•FSK–BFSK、M-FSK•PSK–BPSK、DPSK、QPSK（OQPSK、 /4-QPSK、DQPSK）、……•CPM–MSK、GMSK、TFMOutline (目录)Outline(I.IntroductionII II.PSKQIII.QAMIV.FSK/MSK/GMSKV.OFDMVI VI.TCMV.eVII.Filter4.2PSK 4.2 PSKBase band signal () of modulated signals g (基带信号)g4.2PSK 4.2 PSKConstellation mapping (星座映射) of PSKpp g (座映射)4.2PSK 4.2 PSKConstellation mapping of PSK pp g4.2PSK 4.2 PSKPSK 波形100110原始信息t t 载波t2PSK4.2PSK 4.2 PSKIf the reference phase at receiving end changes, the recovered information may change from “0” to “1” or “1” to “0”, which causes error recovery. This is called BPSK i t d h h inverted-p phenomenon or reverse phenomenon. 绝对相移方式由于发送端是以载波相位为基准的，故在接收端也必须有相同的载波相位作参考。
天蓝色的彼岸3~4章读后感
天蓝色的彼岸3~4章读后感英文回答：The Azure Sky Beyond's third and fourth chapters delve into the complex dynamics of family relationships, particularly the strained bond between Hikari and her mother. The author skillfully weaves together themes of love, loss, and the challenges of finding one's ownidentity within the confines of societal expectations.As Hikari grapples with her mother's disapproval and the weight of her expectations, she seeks solace in her friendship with Karen. Their camaraderie provides a safe space for Hikari to explore her true self and question the traditional roles assigned to women. However, their bond is tested when Hikari learns a shocking truth about her past that threatens to tear them apart.The chapters also introduce new characters who play significant roles in Hikari's journey. Professor Shinya, arenowned scientist, emerges as a mentor who encouragesHikari to pursue her passions and embrace her potential. As their relationship develops, Hikari discovers a glimmer of hope amidst the turmoil of her personal life.Additionally, the author explores the theme of self-sacrifice and its impact on relationships. Hikari's mother, despite her love for her daughter, sacrifices her own happiness to ensure Hikari's success. This complex decision forces Hikari to confront the consequences of her choices and the delicate balance between personal fulfillment and societal expectations.Overall, the third and fourth chapters of The Azure Sky Beyond are a powerful exploration of the complexities of family dynamics, the search for identity, and thechallenges that arise in navigating the expectations of others.中文回答：《天蓝色的彼岸》的第三、四章深入探究了家庭关系的复杂性，尤其是光与母亲之间紧张的纽带。
新视野大学英语读写教程4(第三版)课本练习参考答案-英语读写第四版答案
新视野大学英语读写教程4（第三版）课本练习参考答案UNIT ONESection ALanguage focusWords in use[3]1.crumbled2.discern3.surpass4.shrewd5.conversion6.distort7.radiant8.ingenious9.stumped 10.propositionWord building[5]1.bankruptcies2.atmospheric3.delicacies4.urgency5.accountancy6.gloom7.magnet8.metallic9.mastery 10.vacancy 11.guilt 12.secrecy Banked close[6]1-10:C I A O F H M K J DExpressions in use[7]1.were dripping with2.in exchange for3.flared up4.make an analogy between5.set a date for6.make…out of7.made a pact8.had appealed to[9]亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。
他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。
亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。
他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。
他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。
他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。
他的作品包含人们所知的最早的关于逻辑的正式研究，即使在今天，亚里士多德哲学所涵盖的方方面面仍是学术研究的重要课题。
他的哲学对所有的西方哲学理论的发展有着经久不衰的影响。
在去世2,300多年后，亚里士多德仍是最有影响力的哲学家和科学家之一。
Siemens S7-1200 PLC 安装指南说明书
T ABLE OF CONTENTS How To Use This User Guide (iv)Assumptions (iv)Contents of This Manual (iv)Installation Process Overview (v)Installation Preparation (v)Chapter 1—Introduction (1)Chapter Objective (1)Product Description (1)Features (1)Following Option (SXF) (2)Chapter 2—Getting Started (3)Chapter Objectives (3)What You Should Have (3)High and Low Power Drives (3)Chapter 3—Installation (9)Chapter Objectives (9)Installation Precautions (9)Environmental Considerations (9)Wiring Considerations (9)Preventing Electrical Noise Problems (10)Installation Overview (10)Series vs. Parallel Motor Wiring (11)Motor Configurations (12)Configuration of the Drive (19)Fan Connection (20)I/O Connections (20)OPTO1 (24)CW and CCW Limits (25)OPTO2 (25)O1—O4 Outputs (27)Encoder Connections (28)Incremental Encoder Connection (29)Absolute Encoder Connection (29)AC Power Connection (30)Transformers (30)Transformer Specifications (30)Power Ratings (31)Installation Verification (33)Input Conventions (33)Output Conventions (33)Fault Output Convention (34)Motor Test (34)Incremental Encoder Test (34)Absolute Encoder Test (35)Drive Mounting (35)Minimum Width (35)Minimum Depth (35)Attaching the Load (37)Contents iCouplings (37)Tuning (38)Resonance (38)Mid-Range Instability (38)Tuning Procedures (38)Motor Waveforms (40)Anti-Resonance (40)Chapter 4—Application Design (41)Chapter Objectives (41)Motion Profile Application Considerations (41)Preset Mode Moves (42)Incremental Mode Preset Moves (42)Absolute Mode Preset Moves (42)Continuous Mode Moves (43)Closed Loop Operation (44)Setting Encoder Resolution (45)Encoder Step Mode (45)Motion Programs and Sequences (56)Sequence Commands (56)Creating and Executing Sequences (58)Subroutines (59)Sequence Debugging Tools (63)High-Level Programming Tools (67)Complex Branching and Looping (70)Conditionals (71)Error Flag (75)Branching Using Variables and Boolean Logic (76)Motion Profiling Mode—On-the-Fly Changes (77)Interfacing to the SX (81)Programmable Inputs and Outputs (81)PLC Operation (94)Rotary vs. Linear Indexers (97)Chapter 5—SXF Follower (99)Chapter Objectives (99)What is Following? (99)Types of Following (100)Velocity Following (100)Position and Velocity Following (103)Recede and Advance While Following (115)Synchronization (132)Other Following Features (135)Following Equation and Command Summary (137)Chapter 6—Hardware Reference (143)Chapter Objectives (143)Environmental Specifications (143)Drive Electrical Specifications (143)I/O Electrical Specifications (144)Motor Electrical Specifications (147)Operational Specifications (147)Motor Current & Torque (148)Drive Dimensions (149)Motor Dimensions (150)DIP Switch Summary (152)Non-Compumotor—Drive/Motor Connection (155)Wiring Configurations.............................................................................................................................155, 156 Terminal Connections. (157)Non-Compumotor Motors—Setting Motor Current (158)Motor Performance Specifications (158)ii SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User GuideChapter 7—Maintenance & Troubleshooting (161)Chapter Objectives (161)Maintenance (161)Battery Maintenance (161)Drive Maintenance (161)Motor Maintenance (162)Common Problems and Solutions (163)Software Debugging Tips (165)Returning the System (167)Appendices (169)Command Listing (169)SX Example Programs (171)Appendix C—LVD Installation Instructions (175)Complying with the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) (175)Additional Installation Procedures for LVD Compliance (175)Table of Graphic Symbols and Warnings (177)Index (179)Contents iiiHow To Use This User GuideThis user guide is designed to help you install, develop, and maintain your system. Each chapterbegins with a list of specific objectives that should be met after you have read the chapter. Thissection is intended to help you find and use the information in this user guide. AssumptionsThis user guide assumes that you have the skills or fundamental understanding of the followinginformation.t Basic electronics concepts (voltage, switches, current, etc.)t Basic motion control concepts (torque, velocity, distance, force, etc.)Contents of This ManualThis user guide contains the following information.Chapter 1:IntroductionThis chapter provides a description of the product and a brief account of its specific features.Chapter 2:Getting StartedThis chapter contains a detailed list of items you should have received with your SX shipment. Itwill help you to become familiar with the system and ensure that each component functions properly.Chapter 3:InstallationThis chapter provides instructions for you to properly mount the system and make all electricalconnections. Upon completion of this chapter, your system should be completely installed and readyto perform basic operations. Tuning considerations and procedures are also provided.Chapter 4:Application DesignThis chapter will help you customize the system to meet your application’s needs. Importantapplication considerations are discussed. Sample applications are provided.Chapter 5:SXF FollowerThis chapter explains the SXF Following function and the SXF’s capability to support absolute andincremental encoders.Chapter 6:Hardware ReferenceThis chapter contains information on system specifications (electrical, dimensions, and perfor-mance). It may be used as a quick-reference tool for proper switch settings and connections.Chapter 7:TroubleshootingThis chapter contains information on identifying and resolving system problems.iv SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User GuideInstallation Process OverviewTo ensure trouble-free operation, pay special attention to the environment in which the SX equip-ment will operate, the layout and mounting, and the wiring and grounding practices used. Theserecommendations are intended to help you easily and safely integrate SX equipment into yourmanufacturing facility. Industrial environments often contain conditions that may adversely affectsolid-state equipment. Electrical noise or atmospheric contamination, may also affect the SXSystem.Developing Your ApplicationBefore you attempt to develop and implement your application, there are several issues that youshould consider and address.Recognize and clarify the requirements of your application. Clearly define what you expect the system todo.Assess your resources and limitations. This will help you find the most efficient and effective means ofdeveloping and implementing your application (hardware and software).Follow the guidelines and instructions outlined in this user guide. Do not skip any steps or procedures.Proper installation and implementation can only be ensured if all procedures are completed in the propersequence.Installation PreparationBefore you attempt to install this product, you should complete the following steps:Review this entire user guide. Become familiar with the user guide’s contents so that you can quickly findthe information you need.Develop a basic understanding of all system components, their functions, and interrelationships.Complete the basic system configuration and wiring instructions (in a simulated environment, not apermanent installation) provided in Chapter 2, Getting Started.Perform as many basic functions as you can with the preliminary configuration. You can only perform thistask if you have reviewed the entire user guide. You should try to simulate the task(s) that you expect toperform when you permanently install your application (however, do not attach a load at this time). Thiswill give you a realistic preview of what to expect from the complete configuration.After you have tested all of the system’s functions and used or become familiar with tll of the system’sfeatures, carefully read Chapter 3, Installation.After you have read Chapter 3 and clearly understand what must be done to properly install the system,you should begin the installation process. Do not deviate from the sequence or installation methodsprovided.Before you begin to customize your system, check all of the systems functions and features to ensure thatyou have completed the installation process correctly.The successful completion of these steps will prevent subsequent performance problems and allowyou to isolate and resolve any potential system difficulties before they affect your system’soperation.ConventionsTo help you understand and use this user guide effectively, the conventions used throughout this userguide are explained in this section.CommandsAll commands that you are instructed to enter are shown in capital letters. The symbol >, is the SXcommand prompt. The command is displayed in boldface. A delimiter (space or carriage return) isrequired after each command. A description is provided next to each command example.Command Description>MR Sets motor resolution to 25,000 steps/revThe system ignores command syntax that is not within the valid range for a specific command. A ?prompt will be returned by the drive when the last command entered was not understood, or aparameter limit was exceeded.Contents vMotorsS Series and SX Series motors are one in the same (interchangeable terms).Warnings & CautionsWarning and caution notes alert you to possible dangers that may occur if you do not follow instruc-tions correctly. Situations that may cause bodily injury are present as warnings. Situations that maycause system damage are presented as cautions. These notes will appear in bold face and the wordwarning or caution will be centered and in all capital letters. Refer to the examples shown below:WARNINGDo not touch the motor immediately after it has been in use for an extended period of time. The motormay be hot.CAUTIONSystem damage will occur if you power up the system improperly.Related Publicationst Current Parker Compumotor Motion Control Catalogt SX Indexer/Drive Software Reference Guidevi SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User Guide。
大学英语精读4 课文_中英文对照
Text Book 4Unit 1TextTwo college-age boys, unaware that making money usually involves hard work, are tempted by an advertisement that promises them an easy way to earn a lot of money. The boys soon learn that if something seems too good to be true, it probably is. 一个大学男孩，不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动，被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。
男孩们很快就明白，如果事情看起来好得不像真的，那多半确实不是真的。
BIG BUCKS THE EASY WAY轻轻松松赚大钱John G. Hubbell"You ought to look into this," I suggested to our two college-age sons. "It might be a way to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all the time." I handed them some magazines in a plastic bag someone had hung on our doorknob. “你们该看看这个，”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。
“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有失尊严的话，这兴许是一种办法。
”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。
A message printed on the bag offered leisurely, lucrative work("Big Bucks the Easy Way!") of delivering more such bags. 塑料袋上印着一条信息说，需要招聘人投递这样的袋子，这活儿既轻松又赚钱。
高二英语第四册第二篇课文续写作文
高二英语第四册第二篇课文续写作文The bustling city streets were a stark contrast to the tranquil countryside I had left behind. As I navigated the crowded sidewalks, the towering skyscrapers and the constant hum of traffic surrounded me. It was a far cry from the rolling hills and serene meadows I had grown accustomed to. Yet, there was an undeniable energy and excitement in the air that captivated me.I had come to the city in search of new opportunities, eager to expand my horizons and challenge myself. The decision to leave the comfort of my small town had not been an easy one, but the allure of the urban landscape and the promise of a more dynamic future had ultimately won me over.As I settled into my new apartment, I couldn't help but feel a sense of trepidation. The city was so vast and overwhelming, and I wondered if I would ever truly find my place here. Would I be able to navigate the complex web of transportation, the diverse neighborhoods, and the seemingly endless array of options for work and leisure?Yet, with each passing day, I found myself becoming more and more accustomed to the city's rhythm. I discovered hidden gems, from cozy cafes to vibrant art galleries, that slowly began to feel like my own. I learned to navigate the subway system, weaving through the crowds with a newfound confidence.One of the most rewarding aspects of my transition to city life was the opportunity to meet people from all walks of life. In my small town, I had grown up surrounded by familiar faces, but here, I was exposed to a rich tapestry of cultures, backgrounds, and perspectives.I found myself engaged in lively conversations with strangers, each with their own unique stories to share.As I immersed myself in this new environment, I began to appreciate the diversity and dynamism of the city. The constant flow of people, the bustling energy, and the endless possibilities all served to challenge and inspire me. I found myself becoming more open-minded, more adaptable, and more curious about the world around me.Of course, the transition was not without its challenges. The pace of city life could be overwhelming at times, and I often found myself feeling fatigued by the constant stimulation. The cost of living was significantly higher than what I was used to, and I had to carefullymanage my finances to make ends meet.But through it all, I discovered an inner resilience that I hadn't known I possessed. I learned to navigate the complexities of the city, to find pockets of calm amidst the chaos, and to cherish the moments of connection and community that emerged.One of the most transformative experiences during my time in the city was the opportunity to volunteer at a local community center. Here, I found myself surrounded by individuals from diverse backgrounds, all united in their desire to make a positive impact on their community. Together, we worked on projects ranging from tutoring underprivileged children to organizing food drives for the homeless.Through this experience, I gained a deeper understanding of the social and economic challenges that many city residents faced. I was humbled by the resilience and determination of the people I met, and I was inspired to find ways to use my own skills and resources to make a difference.As I continued to explore the city, I discovered a wealth of cultural and artistic offerings that further enriched my experience. I attended thought-provoking lectures at the local university, immersed myself in the vibrant music scene, and explored the city's many museumsand galleries.Each new experience expanded my horizons and challenged me to see the world from a different perspective. I found myself engaging in deep conversations with people who held vastly different beliefs and experiences, and I learned to approach these interactions with an open mind and a willingness to learn.One of the most profound realizations I had during my time in the city was the interconnectedness of the world we live in. The challenges and opportunities that I encountered were not unique to my own experience, but were part of a larger global tapestry. Through my interactions with people from diverse backgrounds, I gained a deeper appreciation for the ways in which our lives are intertwined, and the importance of working together to address the pressing issues facing our world.As I reflect on my journey, I am filled with a sense of gratitude and wonder. The city has transformed me in ways I never could have imagined, challenging me to grow, to adapt, and to embrace the complexities of the world around me. While I may one day return to the tranquility of my small town roots, I know that the lessons and experiences I have gained here will forever shape the person I have become.。
英雄无敌4东方卷轴---宝物
巨剑 Great Sword
双手
英雄近战攻击力+12.5。
皮甲 Leather Armor
躯体 英雄近战防御力和远程防御力+5
长弓 Longbow
弓弩
英雄远程攻击力+5，即使不会箭术 技能，装备后仍然可以射击
长剑 Long Sword
右手
英雄近战攻击力和近战防御力+3
法师杖 Mage's Staff
掌握了基础复活
杀戮之箭 Arrow of Slaying
杂物
让英雄本人在射击四级生物时可造 成双倍伤害
野蛮人投棍 Barbarian Throwing
Club
英雄近战和远程攻击力+5，有一定 弓弩 几率击晕敌人，即使不会箭术技
能，装备后仍然可以射击
鳄皮靴 Boots of Crocodile
脚部
在沼泽地形上移动时，不需要额外 损耗行动力
十字军锤棍 Crusader's
Mace
水晶雕像 Crystal Figurine
肩部 头部 右手 杂物
英雄抗魔能力提高50%
装备后可以对免疫精神魔法的生物 使用精神魔法
英雄带领的所有生物近战和远程攻 击力30%
装备后每天生产1水晶
鬼神宝典 Demonary
左手
所有恶魔召唤术效果提高100%
龙鳞盾牌 Dragon Scale
减半。
英雄在地图上视野半径+2
战争投石索 War Sling
弓弩
英雄远程攻击力+10，即使不会箭术 技能，装备后仍然可以射击
战神指环 戒指
Warlord's
英雄带领的所有生物近战和远程攻
梅林的任务第四部读后感
梅林的任务第四部读后感英文回答：After reading the fourth part of "Merlin's Mission," I was deeply moved by the development of the characters and the intense plot twists. The author did a fantastic job of creating a captivating story that kept me on the edge of my seat throughout the entire book.One aspect that stood out to me was the growth and transformation of the main character, Merlin. In the beginning, he was portrayed as a young and inexperienced wizard, but as the story progressed, he faced numerous challenges that forced him to mature and become more confident in his abilities. This character development made me feel a strong connection to Merlin and made his journey even more compelling.Another element that I found intriguing was theintricate world-building in the book. The author skillfullycrafted a magical realm filled with mythical creatures, enchanting landscapes, and complex political dynamics. This immersive setting added depth to the story and made it feel like I was truly a part of Merlin's world.Furthermore, the plot twists in the fourth part of the book took me by surprise and kept me guessing until the very end. The author expertly weaved together various storylines and introduced unexpected revelations that kept me hooked. I couldn't put the book down as I eagerly turned each page to uncover the next twist.Overall, "Merlin's Mission" is a thrilling and enchanting read that captivated me from start to finish. The character development, world-building, and plot twists all contributed to an unforgettable reading experience. I highly recommend this book to anyone who enjoys fantasy novels and is looking for a captivating adventure.中文回答：读完《梅林的任务》第四部后，我被人物的发展和紧张的情节转折深深打动。
Birth and the Newborn Baby Truth or Fiction
• Lee was in labor for 9 hours with her first child, Carter. Is this typical?
Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 The Stages of Childbirth
Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus
Chapter 4
What Happens during the Second Stage of Childbirth?
Chapter 4
Lessons in Observation: Birth
Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus
Chapter 4
Lessons in Observation: Birth
– Used to prevent tearing of mother – Controversial and used less frequently
Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus
• Lee and Dan were worried about the size of Carter’s testicles and his somewhat flattened facial features. Describe the newborn baby’s appearance and explain the likely duration of these characteristics. • What does the acronym APGAR stand for?
POCKET GUIDE TO TIGHTENING TECHNIQUE说明书
POCKET GUIDE TO T IGHTENING TECHNIQUEChapter 1-62P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U EEPOCKETChapter .1. Why threaded fasteners? .2. The screw joint .3.4. Effect of lubrication .5.6.3P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q UPOCKET GUIDE TO TIGHTENINGT ECHNIQUEThis booklet provides an introduction to the technique of us-ing threaded fasteners for assembling components, the ap-plication of power tools for the assembly and the influence oftool selection on the quality of the joint.1. WHY THREADED FAS TENERS?There are several ways of securing parts and components toeach other, e.g. gluing, riveting, welding and soldering.However, by far the most common method of joining compo-nents is to use a screw to clamp the joint members with anut or directly to a threaded hole in one of the components.The advantages of this method are the simplicity of designand assembly, easy disassembly, productivity and in the end– cost.2. THE SCREW JOINTA screw is exposed to tensile load, to torsion and sometimesalso to a shear load.The stress in the screw when the screw has been tightened tothe design extent is known as the pre-stress.The tensile load corresponds to the force that clamps the jointmembers together. External loads which are less than theclamping force will not change the tensile load in the screw.On the other hand, if the joint is exposed to higher externalloads than the pre-stress in the bolt the joint will come apartand the tensile load in the screw will naturally increase untilthe screw breaks.4P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U EP O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U ET orsion in the screw results from friction between the threads in the screw and the nut.Some screws are also exposed to shear loads which occur when the external force slides the members of the joint in relation to each other perpendicular to the clamping force. In a properly designed joint the external shear force should be resisted by the friction between the components. A joint of this kind is called a friction joint. If the clamping force is not sufficient to create the friction needed, the screw will also be exposed to the shear load. Joints are frequently designed for a combination of tensile and shear loads.The screw is made up of the shank and the head. T he shank is threaded, either for part of its length or for the full length from the end to the head. Longer screws are usually only partly threaded. T here is no need to make a thread longer than is necessary to tighten the joint as this will only make the screw more expensive and reduce the tensile strength.The dimensions of threads, the shape of the thread and the pitch, i.e. the distance between successive threads, have been standardized. In practice there are only two different stand-ards used today in industry; the Unified standard UN, origi-nally used in the Anglo-Saxon countries, and the European Metric standard M.Shear load and tensile load.Shear load3. CLAMPING FORCEIn general it is desirable that the screw is the weakest memberof the joint. An over-dimensioned screw makes the productboth heavier and unnecessarily expensive. As a standard screwis usually comparatively inexpensive it is preferable that thescrew should be the first part to break.Furthermore, in most cases the dimensions of the screw arenot critical for the quality of the joint. What is decisive is theclamping force, i.e. whether it is sufficient to carry all the loadfor which the joint is designed, and whether the joint will re-main tight enough to prevent loosening if exposed to pulseloads.The problem is that there is no practical way to measure theclamping force in normal production situations. Consequentlythe value of the clamping force is usually referred to as thetightening torque.As the clamping force is a linear function of both the turningangle of the screw and the pitch of the thread, there is a directrelation between the clamping force and the tightening torquewithin the elastic range of the screw elongation. However, onlyabout 10% of the torque applied is transferred into clampingforce. T he remaining tightening force is consumed in friction inthe screw joint – 40% of the torque to overcome the friction inthe thread and 50% in friction under the screw head.6P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U E4. EFFECT OF LUBRICATIONIf a screw is lubricated, the friction in the threads and underthe head is decreased and the relation between tighteningtorque and clamping force is changed. If the same torque isapplied as before lubrication, a lot more torque will be trans-formed into clamping force. At worst this might lead to thetension in the screw exceeding the tensile strength and break-ing of the screw.On the other hand, if the screw is completely dry of lubricantthe clamping force might be too small to withstand the forcesfor which the joint is designed, with the risk that the screwbecomes loose.Table 1. Friction in threads ofdifferent material.P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U E75. SCREW QUALITY CLASSIFICATIONWhen a screw is tightened and the clamping force starts tobuild up, the material of the screw is stressed. After a shorttime when the thread settles the material will stretch in pro-portion to the force. In principle, this elongation will continueuntil the stress in the screw is equal to the tensile strengthat which the screw will break. However, as long as the elon-gation is proportional to the stress the screw will regain itsoriginal length when the load is removed. T his is known asthe elastic area.StressAt a certain stress, known as the yield point, plastic defor-mation of the material in the screw will occur. However, thescrew will not break immediately. T orque will continue toincrease but at a lower torque rate during the deformationabove the yield point. T he plastic deformation will result in apermanent elongation of the screw if the joint is loosened.For very accurate clamping force requirements this area issometimes deliberately specified for the tightening process.Beyond the plastic area breakage occurs.8P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U E9P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U EM-Threaded screwboltsTightening torque Nm, according to ISO 898/1The material qualities of screws are standardized, i.e. the amount of tensile stress they can be exposed to before the yield point is reached and before breakage occurs. All screws should be marked according to their Bolt Grade – a classifica-tion standard in a two-digit system where the first digit refers to the minimum tensile strength in 100 N/mm 2 and the second digit indicates the relation between the yield point and the minimum tensile strength. For example: Bolt Grade 8.8 desig-nates a screw with 800 N/mm 2 minimum tensile strength and a yield point of 0.8 x 800 = 640 N/mm 2.Table 2. T able for differentc lasses of screws.Example of screw d esignation.6. JOINT TYPESScrew joints vary not only in size but also in type, whichchanges the characteristics of the joints. From a tighten-ing point of view the most important quality of a joint is the“hardness”. In figures this can be defined as the “torque rate”,which is the tightening angle necessary to achieve the recom-mended torque of the screw dimension and quality in ques-tion measured from the snug level – the point at which thecomponents and the screw head become tight.The torque rate can vary considerably for the same diameterof screw. A short screw clamping plain metal componentsreaches the rated torque in only a fraction of a turn of thescrew. T his type of joint is defined as a “hard joint”. A jointwith a long screw that has to compress soft components suchas gaskets or spring washers requires a much wider angle,possibly even several turns of the screw or nut to reach therated torque. T his type of joint is described as a soft joint.Obviously the two different types of joints behave differentlywhen it comes to the tightening process.10P O C K E T G U I D E T O T I G H T E N I N G T E C H N I Q U E7.T orque and angle8.Measurement methods9.The tightening process10.Mean shift11.Standards for measurement。
Physical Security
Physical SecurityYour quiz results:1.Question: 339 | Difficulty: 5/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is adiscipline that:o Outlines how the proper design of a physical environment can reduce crime by directly affecting human behavior.o Outlines how the proper design of the logical environment can reduce crime by directly affecting human behavior.o Outlines how the proper design of the detective control environment can reduce crime by directly affecting human behavior.o Outlines how the proper design of the administrative controlenvironment can reduce crime by directly affecting human behavior.A. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a discipline thatoutlines how the proper design of a physical environment can reduce crime bydirectly affecting human behavior. It provides guidance in lose and crimeprevention through proper facility contruction and evnrionmental compoents and procedufesFrom: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, 3rdEdition, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2005, page 344.Contributed by Mike Young, CISSP, November 9, 2007.Comment:This is a physical security question designed to familarize the test taker with theCPTED concept. Some other sources are://Contributor: Jane E. MurleyStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Site Selection, Facility Design, and Configuration2.Question: 1199 | Difficulty: 5/5 | Relevancy: 3/3The Physical Security domain focuses on three areas that are the basis to physically protecting an enterprise's resources and sensitive information. Which of the following is not one of these areas?o Threatso Countermeasureso Vulnerabilitieso RisksB. The correct answer is:CountermeasuresCountermeasures are used to mitigate the risks, threats, and vulnerabilities and are not areas that are protected.Security is very important to organizations and their infrastructures, and physical security is no exception. Physical security encompasses a different set of threats, vulnerabilities, and risks than the other types of security that have been addressed so far. Physical security mechanisms include site design and layout,environmental components, emergency response readiness, training, accesscontrol, intrusion detection, and power andfire protection. Physical securitymechanisms protect people, data, equipment, systems, facilities, and a long list of company assets.Last modified 10/17/2007 - J. HajecThanks to crusador0407 and vijayu for providing feedback to help clarify this question.Comment:References:AIOv3 Physical Security (pages 337 - 345)OIG CBK Physical Security (pages 281 - 285)Contributor: Nick MackovskiStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topics (2):Risk management, Physical security controls3.Question: 345 | Difficulty: 1/5 | Relevancy: 3/3A prolonged complete loss of electirc power is a:o brownouto blackouto surgeo faultB. A prolonged power outage is a blackout.From: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, 3rd.Edition McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2005, page 368.Edited November 9, 2007 by Mike Young, CISSPContributor: Jane E. MurleyStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Power considerationsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Jane E. Murley, .4.Question: 1208 | Difficulty: 2/5 | Relevancy: 3/3The ideal operating humidity range is defined as 40 percent to 60 percent. Low humidity (less than 40 percent) can produce what type of problem on computer parts?o Static electricityo Electro-platingo Energy-platingo Element-platingA. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 333.Contributor: Nick MackovskiStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:HVAC considerationsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Nick Mackovski, .5.Question: 1363 | Difficulty: 1/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which fire class can water be most appropriate for?o Class A fireso Class B fireso Class C fireso Class D firesA. Water is appropriate for class A (common combustibles) fires. Class B fires(liquid) are best handled by CO2, soda acid or Halon. Class C fires (electrical) are best handled by CO2 and Halon. Fire class D is used for combustible metals like magnesium.Source: WALLHOFF, John, CBK#10 Physical Security (CISSP Study Guide), April 2002 (page 3). Available at .Last modified 07/02/2007, Ron HehemannContributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Fire and smoke detection and suppression systemsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .6.Question: 1364 | Difficulty: 3/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Critical areas should be lighted:o Eight feet high and two feet out.o Eight feet high and four feet out.o Ten feet high and four feet out.o Ten feet high and six feet out.A. Lighting should be used to discourage intruders and provide safety forpersonnel, entrances, parking areas and critical sections. Critical areas should be illuminated 8 feet high and 2 feet out.Source: WALLHOFF, John, CBK#10 Physical Security (CISSP Study Guide), April 2002 (page 4). Available at .Last modified 07/02/2007, Ron HehemannContributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Physical security controlsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .7.Question: 338 | Difficulty: 2/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following is not a physical control for physical security?o lightingo fenceso trainingo facility construction materialsC. Some physical controls include fences, lights, locks, and facility constructionmaterials. Some administrative controls include facility selection and construction, facility management, personnel controls, training, and emergency response and procedures.From: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 3rd. Ed., Chapter 6, page 403.Edited August 8, 2007, Mike Young, CISSPContributors:Jane E. Murley, don murdochStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Physical security controlsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Jane E. Murley, .8.Question: 1206 | Difficulty: 4/5 | Relevancy: 3/3In a dry pipe system, there is no water standing in the pipe - it isbeing held back by what type of valve?o Relief valveo Emergency valveo Release valveo Clapper valveD. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 336.And: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: GOLD EDITION, John Wiley & Sons, 2002, page 471.Contributors:Nick Mackovski, Patrick TongeStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Fire and smoke detection and suppression systemsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Nick Mackovski, .9.Question: 238 | Difficulty: 5/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following is NOT a type of motion detector?o photoelectric sensor.o Passive infrared sensors.o Microwave.o Ultrasonic.A. The correct answer is:photoelectric sensor.A photoelectric sensor does not directly sense motion there is a narrow beam thatwon't set off the sensor unless broken. Photoelectric sensors, along with dry contact switches, are a type of perimeter intrusion detector.All of the other answers are valid types of motion detectors.There are basically three types of sensors used in motion detectors spectrum.Passive infrared sensors, Microwave, and Ultrasonic.Last Modified 08/27/2007 J. HajecThanks to David Ellis for providing feedback to improve this question.Comment:References:/wiki/Motion_detectorContributor: Eric YandellStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Motion detectors, sensors, and alarmsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Eric Yandell, .10.Question: 1617 | Difficulty: 5/5 | Relevancy: 3/3To be in compliance with the Montreal Protocol, which of thefollowing options can be taken to refill a Halon flooding system in the event that Halon is fully discharged in the computer room?o Order an immediate refill with Halon 1201 from the manufacturer.o Contact a Halon recycling bank to make arrangements for a refill.o Order a different chlorofluorocarbon compound from themanufacturer.o Order an immediate refill with Halon 1301 from the manufacturer.B. Source: TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.Available at .Comment:The Montreal Protocol controls on the production of ozone-depleting substances such as HALON and restricts its production and use.References:/ozone/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdfContributor: Hal TiptonStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Fire and smoke detection and suppression systemsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Hal Tipton, .11.Question: 178 | Difficulty: 1/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Under what conditions would the use of a Class C fire extinguisher be preferable to a Class A extinguisher?o When the fire involves paper productso When the fire is caused by flammable productso When the fire involves electrical equipmento When the fire is in an enclosed areaC. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, RusselD., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 10: Physical security (page 335).Contributor: Donnie SaundersStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Fire and smoke detection and suppression systemsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 .12.Question: 344 | Difficulty: 2/5 | Relevancy: 3/3A prolonged high voltage is a:o spikeo blackouto surgeo faultC. A prolonged high voltage is a surge.From: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, 3rd.Edition McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2005, page 368.Edited November 9, 2007 by Mike Young, CISSPContributor: Jane E. MurleyStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Power considerationsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Jane E. Murley, .13.Question: 1202 | Difficulty: 5/5 | Relevancy: 3/3If the floor is a concrete slab, the concerns are the physical weight it can bear and its fire rating. Known as loading, this type of floormust be capable of a live load of?o250 pounds per square footo150 pounds per square footo350 pounds per square footo450 pounds per square footB. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 329.Contributor: Nick MackovskiStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Facility RequirementsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Nick Mackovski, .14.Question: 1175 | Difficulty: 4/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following fire extinguishing systems is currently the most recommended water system for a computer room?o Wet pipeo Dry pipeo Delugeo PreactionD. The preaction system combines both the dry and wet pipe systems, by firstreleasing the water into the pipes when heat is detected (dry pipe), then releasing the water flow when the link is the nozzle melts (wet pipe). This allows manual intervention before a full discharge of water on the equipment occurs. This iscurrently the most recommended water system for a computer room.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 10: Physical security (page 336).Contributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Fire and smoke detection and suppression systemsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .15.Question: 1176 | Difficulty: 4/5 | Relevancy: 3/3What fence height will stop a determined intruder?o3' to 4' high.o6' to 7' high.o8' high and above with strands of barbed wire.o No fence can stop a determined intruder.D. Although an 8' high fence with strands of barbed wire is likely to deter mostintruders, a fence in itself cannot stop a determined intruder.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 10: Physical security (page 340).Contributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Physical security controlsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .16.Question: 348 | Difficulty: 4/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Because ordinary cable introduces a toxic hazard in the event of fire, special cabling is required in a separate area provided for aircirculation for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (sometimes referred to as HVAC) and typically provided in the space between the structural ceiling and a drop-down ceiling. This area is referred to as the:o smoke boundry areao fire detection areao Plenum areao Intergen areaC. In building construction, a plenum (pronounced PLEH-nuhm, from Latinmeaning full) is a separate space provided for air circulation for heating,ventilation, and air-conditioning (sometimes referred to as HVAC) and typically provided in the space between the structural ceiling and a drop-down ceiling. A plenum may also be under a raised floor. In buildings with computer installations, the plenum space is often used to house connecting communication cables.Because ordinary cable introduces a toxic hazard in the event of fire, specialplenum cabling is required in plenum areas.Source:/sDefinition/0,,sid80_gci213716,00.html Contributed November 9, 2007 by Mike Young, CISSPComment:Addtional resources:HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, 3rd Edition,McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2005, page 377.Contributors:Jane E. Murley, Scot HartmanStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Fire and smoke detection and suppression systemsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Jane E. Murley, .17.Question: 342 | Difficulty: 2/5 | Relevancy: 3/3A momentary high voltage is a:o spikeo blackouto surgeo faultA. A momentary high voltage is a spike.From: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, 3rd.Edition McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2005, page 368.Edited by Mike Young, CISSPContributor: Jane E. MurleyStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Power considerationsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Jane E. Murley, .18.Question: 1366 | Difficulty: 4/5 | Relevancy: 3/3What static charge is able to cause disk drive data loss?o550 voltso1000 voltso1500 voltso2000 voltsC. A static charge of 1500 volts is able to cause disk drive data loss. A charge of1000 volts is likely to scramble monitor display and a charge of 2000 volts can cause a system shutdown. It should be noted that charges of up to 20,000 volts or more are possible under conditions of very low humidity with non-static-free carpeting.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 10: Physical Security (page 333).Last modified 07/02/2007, Ron HehemannContributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:HVAC considerationsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .19.Question: 1201 | Difficulty: 3/5 | Relevancy: 3/3The environment that must be protected includes all personnel,equipment, data, communication devices, power supply and wiring.The necessary level of protection depends on the value of the data, the computer systems, and the company assets within the facility.The value of these items can be determined by what type of analysis?o Critical-channel analysiso Covert channel analysiso Critical-path analysiso Critical-conduit analysisC. Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide,McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2001, Page 281.Contributor: Nick MackovskiStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Critical path analysisThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Nick Mackovski, .20.Question: 1200 | Difficulty: 3/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Physical security is accomplished through proper facilityconstruction, fire and water protection, anti-theft mechanisms,intrusion detection systems, and security procedures that areadhered to and enforced. Which of the following is not a component that achieves this type of security?o Administrative control mechanismso Integrity control mechanismso Technical control mechanismso Physical control mechanismsB. Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide,McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2001, Page 280.Contributors:Nick Mackovski, Don GalarowiczStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Physical security controlsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Nick Mackovski, .21.Question: 1055 | Difficulty: 4/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following related to physical security is not considereda technical control?o Access controlso Intrusion detectiono Fire detection and suppressiono Library Control SystemsC. All of the above are considered technical controls except for locks, which arephysical controls.Administrative, Technical, and Physical Security ControlsAdministrative security controls are primarily policies and procedures put into place to define and guide employee actions in dealing with the organization'ssensitive information. For example, policy might dictate (and procedures indicate how) that human resources conduct background checks on employees with access to sensitive information. Requiring that information be classified and the process to classify and review information classifications is another example of anadministrative control. The organization security awareness program is anadministrative control used to make employees cognizant of their security roles and responsibilities. Note that administrative security controls in the form of a policy can be enforced or verified with technical or physical security controls. For instance, security policy may state that computers without antivirus softwarecannot connect to the network, but a technical control, such as network access control software, will check for antivirus software when a computer tries to attach to the network.Technical security controls (also called logical controls) are devices, processes, protocols, and other measures used to protect the C.I.A. of sensitive information.Examples include logical access systems, encryptions systems, antivirus systems, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems.Physical security controls are devices and means to control physical access to sensitive information and to protect the availability of the information. Examples are physical access systems (fences, mantraps, guards), physical intrusiondetection systems (motion detector, alarm system), and physical protectionsystems (sprinklers, backup generator). Administrative and technical controls depend on proper physical security controls being in place. An administrativepolicy allowing only authorized employees access to the data center do little good without some kind of physical access control.From the websiteLast modified 10/19/2007 - J. HajecA special thanks to ukhant for providing feedback to improve this question. (notto mention crusador0407 who initially doubted the answers previously provided) Comment:References:/library/2770/resources/whitepaper/operations/207.phpContributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topics (2):Technical physical security controls, Physical securitycontrolsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .22.Question: 234 | Difficulty: 5/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following suppresses the fuel supply of the fire?o soda acido CO2o Halono waterA. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, page 335.It must be noted that Halon is now banned in most country or cities.Contributor: Eric YandellStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Fire and smoke detection and suppression systemsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Eric Yandell, .23.Question: 1429 | Difficulty: 3/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following questions is less likely to help in assessing physical and environmental protection?o Are sensitive data files encrypted on all portable systems?o Are deposits and withdrawals of tapes and other storage media from the library authorized and logged?o Are computer monitors located to eliminate viewing by unauthorized persons?o Are procedures in place to determine compliance with password policies?D. Physical security and environmental security are part of operational controls,and are measures taken to protect systems, buildings, and related supportinginfrastructures against threats associated with their physical environment.All the choices above are useful in assessing physical and environmentalprotection except for procedures regarding password policies, which areoperational controls related to data integrity.Source: SWANSON, Marianne, NIST Special Publication 800-26, Security Self-Assessment Guide for Information Technology Systems, November 2001 (Pages A-21 to A-24).Last modified 07/02/2007, Ron HehemannContributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topics (2):Humidity and environmental controls, Physical security controlsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .24.Question: 1529 | Difficulty: 5/5 | Relevancy: 3/3How should a doorway with automatic locks to a man-operatedinformation processing facility be configured?o It should be configured to be fail-secure.o It should be configured to be fail-safe.o It should have a door delay cipher lock.o It should not allow piggybacking.B. Access controls are meant to protect facilities and computers as well as people.In some situations, the objectives of physical access controls and the protection of people's lives may come into conflict. In theses situations, a person's life always takes precedence. Many physical security controls make entry into and out of a facility hard, if not impossible. However, special consideration needs to be taken when this could affect lives. In an information processing facility, different types of locks can be used and piggybacking should be prevented, but the issue here with automatic locks is that they can either be configured as fail-safe or fail-secure. Since there should only be one access door to an information processing facility, the automatic lock to the only door to a man-operated room must beconfigured to allow people out in case of emergency, hence to be fail-safe(sometimes called fail-open), meaning that upon fire alarm activation or electric power failure, the locking device unlocks. This is because the solinoid thatmaintains power to the lock to keep it in a locked state fails and thus opens or unlocks the electronic lock. Fail Secure works just the other way. The lock device is in a locked or secure state with no power applied. Upon authorized entry, a solinoid unlocks the lock temporarily. Thus in a Fail Secure lock, loss of power of fire alarm activation causes the lock to remain in a secure mode.Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter 6: Physical Security (pages 318, 330).Contributors:Christian Vezina, Roy MellingerStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topics (2):Facility Requirements, Physical security controlsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .25.Question: 1178 | Difficulty: 3/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following protection devices is used for spot protection within a few inches of the object, rather than for overall roomsecurity monitoring?o Wave pattern motion detectorso Capacitance detectorso Field-powered deviceso Audio detectorsB. Capacitance detectors monitor an electrical field surrounding the object beingmonitored. They are used for spot protection within a few inches of the object, rather than for overall room security monitoring used by wave detectors.Penetration of this field changes the electrical capacitance of the field enough to generate and alarm. Wave pattern motion detectors generate a frequency wave pattern and send an alarm if the pattern is disturbed as it is reflected back to its receiver. Field-powered devices are a type of personnel access control devices.Audio detectors simply monitor a room for any abnormal sound wave generation and trigger an alarm.Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide:Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 10: Physical security (page 344).Contributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) SecurityCovered topic:Motion detectors, sensors, and alarmsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .26.Question: 1530 | Difficulty: 3/5 | Relevancy: 3/3Which of the following is a proximity identification device that does not require action by the user and works by responding with anaccess code to signals transmitted by a reader?o A passive system sensing deviceo A transpondero A card swipeo A smart cardB. A transponder is a proximity identification device that does not require actionby the user. The reader transmits signals to the device and the device responds with an access code. These transponder devices contain a radio receiver andtransmitter, a storage place for the access code, control logic, and a battery. A passive device only uses the power from the reader to detect the presence of the card. Card swipes and smart cards are not proximity identification devices.Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter 6: Physical Security (page 323).Contributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topic:Technical physical security controlsThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .27.Question: 1365 | Difficulty: 4/5 | Relevancy: 3/3At which temperature does damage start occurring to magneticmedia?o100 degrees Fahrenheito125 degrees Fahrenheito150 degrees Fahrenheito175 degrees FahrenheitA. Magnetic media are affected from 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Disks are damagedat 150 degrees Fahrenheit, computer equipment at 175 degrees Fahrenheit, and paper products at 350 degrees Fahrenheit.Source: ROTHKE, Ben, CISSP CBK Review presentation on domain 10.Available at .Last modified 07/02/2007, Ron HehemannLast modified 09/23/2007 - J. HajecThanks to Robert Frink for providing feedback to improve the quality of thisquestion.Contributor: Christian VezinaStudy area:CISSP CBK domain #10 - Physical (Environmental) Security Covered topics (2):Fire and smoke detection and suppression systems, Sensitive information and media handlingThis question © Copyright 2003–2006 Christian Vezina, .28.Question: 1207 | Difficulty: 3/5 | Relevancy: 3/3The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)standard pertaining to perimeter protection states that critical areas should be illuminated up to?。
新视野大学英语4读写教程第三版课文word版
Unit 1 Text ALove and logic: The story of a fallacy1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.3 "Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken".4 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked.5 "Logic."6 "Cool," she said over her gum.7 "The doctrine of logic," I said, "is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter."8 "Great," she agreed.9 "Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise."10 She nodded in agreement.11 I could see she was stumped. "Polly," I explained, "it's too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people."12 "Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can't speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French."13 "Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?"14 "This is also a fallacy," I said. "The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion."15 She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation.16 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."17 She nodded with delight.18 "Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed."19 "Oh, this is awful, awful," she whispered in a choked voice.20 "Yes, it's awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy — Ad Misericordiam."21 She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.22 "Next," I said carefully, "we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery."23 "I like that idea," she said.24 "Polly," I groaned, "don't derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them."25 "I still think it's a good idea," said Polly.26 With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.27 "Polly," I said when next we sat under our oak, "tonight we won't discuss fallacies."28 "Oh?" she said, a little disappointed.29 Favoring her with a grin, I said, "We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple."30 "Hasty Generalization," said Polly brightly. "Or as a normal person might say, that's a little premature, don't you think?"31 I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. "Sweetheart," I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, "five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good."32 "False Analogy," said Polly promptly. "Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you're not a cake. You're a boy."33 I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too well. A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.34 "Polly, I love you. Please say you'll go out with me. I'm nothing without you."35 "Ad Misericordiam," she said.36 "You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it," I said, my hopes starting to crumble. "But don't take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life."37 "Dicto Simpliciter," she said. "Besides, you really should practice what you preach."38 I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. "Will you or will you not go out with me?"39 "No to your proposition," she replied.40 "Why?"I demanded.41 "I'm more interested in a different petitioner — Rob and I are back together."42 With great effort, I said calmly, "How could you give me the axe over Rob? Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who'll never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?"43 "Wow, what presumption! I'll put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand," retorted Polly, her voice dripping with sarcasm. "Full disclosure — I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he could have your jacket!"Unit 2 Text AThe confusing pursuit of beauty1 If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.2 You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.3 The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.4 Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.5 Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: "Not good enough." No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking "I'm beautiful." She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.6 Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their "action figures". Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, "Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?"7 But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to "stimulate and restore" their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other "wrinkle-removing" products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.8 I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: "Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?"9 Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, "She had gorgeous fingernails!" To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.10 By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?11 Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also, she suspects that you're not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.Unit 3 Text AFred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world1 Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee. What precedes this landing are package pick-ups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day. Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters. The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by hand — many within 24 hours of leaving their senders. This is the culmination of a dream of Frederick W. Smith, the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of the FedEx Corp. — known originally as Federal Express — the largest and most successful overnight delivery service in the world. Conceived when he was in college and now in its 28th year of operation, Smith's exquisite brainchild has become the standard for door-to-door package delivery.2 Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an agreeable and winning personality, Smith is held in high regard by his competitors as well as his employees and stockholders. Fred Smith was just 27 when he founded FedEx. Now, so many years later, he's still the "captain of the ship". He attributes the success of the company simply to leadership, something he deduced from his years in the military, and from his family.3 Frederick Wallace Smith was born into a wealthy family clan on August 11, 1944 in Mississippi. His father died when he was just four years old. As a juvenile, Smith was an invalid, suffering from a disease that left him unable to walk normally. He was picked on by bullies, and he learned to defend himself by swinging at them with his alloy walking stick. Cured of the disease by the age of l0, he became a star athlete in high school, playing football, basketball, and baseball.4 Smith's passion was flying. At 15, he was operating a crop-duster over the skyline of the Mississippi Delta, a terrain so flat that there was little need for radar navigation. As a student at Yale University, he helped revive the Yale flying club; its alumni had populated naval aviation history, including the famous "Millionaires' Unit" in World War I. Smith administrated the club's business end and ran a small charter operation in New Haven.5 With his study time disrupted by flying, his academic performance suffered, but Smith never stopped looking for his own "big idea". He thought he had found it when he wrote a term paper for an economics class. He drafted a prototype for a transportation company that would guarantee overnight delivery of small, time-sensitive goods, such as replacement parts and medical supplies, to major US regions. The professor wasn't impressed and told Smith he couldn't quantify the idea and clearly it wasn't feasible.6 However, Smith was certain he was onto something, even though several more years elapsed before he could turn his idea into reality. In the interim, he graduated from Yale in 1966, just as America's involvement in the Vietnam War was deepening. Since he was a patriot and had attended officers' training classes, he joined the Marines.7 Smith completed two tours in Vietnam, eventually flying more than 200 missions. "In the military, leadership means getting a group of people to subordinate their individual desires and ambitions for theachievement of organizational goals," Smith says, fusing together his military and business experiences. "And good leadership has very measurable effects on a company's bottom line."8 Home from Vietnam, Smith became fascinated by the notion that if you connected all the points of a network through an intermediary hub, the streamlined efficiency could be enormous compared to other disjointed, decentralized businesses, whether the system involved moving packages and letters or people and planes. He decided to take a stab at starting his own business. With an investment from his father's company, as well as a chunk of his own inheritance, Smith bought his first delivery planes and in 1971 formed the Federal Express.9 The early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. It was not uncommon for FedEx drivers to pay for gasoline for their vans out of their own pockets. But despite such problems, Smith showed concern for the welfare of his employees. Just as he recalled, even when they didn't have the money, even when there weren't couches in the office and electric typewriters, they still set the precedent to ensure a good medical and dental plan for their people.10 Along the way, FedEx pioneered centralization and the "hub and spoke" system, which has since been adopted by almost all major airlines. The phrase FedEx it has become a fixture in our language as much as Xerox or Google.11 Smith says success in business boils down to three things. First, you need to have appealing product or service and a compelling strategy. Then you need to have an efficient management system. Assuming you have those things, leading a team is the single most important issue in running an organization today.12 Although Smith avoids the media and the trappings of public life, he is said to be a friendly and accessible employer. He values his people and never takes them for granted. He reportedly visits FedEx's Memphis site at night from time to time and addresses sorters by name. For years he extended an offer to any courier with 10 years of service to come to Memphis for an "anniversary breakfast". That embodies Fred Smith's philosophy: People, Service, Profit (P-S-P). Smith says, "The P-S-P philosophy is like an unbroken circle or chain. There are no clearly definable points of entry or exit. Each link upholds the others and is, in turn, supported by them." In articulating this philosophy and in personally involving himself in its implementation, Frederick Smith is the forerunner of the new sphere of leadership that success in the future will demand.Unit 4 Text AAchieving sustainable environmentalism1 Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H.W.Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy?2 There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.3 For example, preserving the atmosphere — stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect — is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.4 The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate?5 Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.6 Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.7 A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that "Man is the measure of all things." In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should bepreserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.8 The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.9 I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.10 I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be — biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not. Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have to choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.12 Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment — because it is humanity's environment.13 The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.Unit 5 Text ASpeaking Chinese in America1 Once, at a dinner on the Monterey Peninsula, California, my mother whispered to me confidentially: "Sau-sau (brother's wife) pretends too hard to be a polite recipient! Why bother with such nominal courtesy? In the end, she always takes everything."2 My mother acted like a waixiao, an emigrant, no longer patient with old taboos and courtesies. To prove her point, she reached across the table to offer my elderly aunt from Beijing the last scallop from the garlic seafood dish, along with the flank steak and the cucumber salad.3 Sau-sau frowned. "B'yao, zhen b'yao!" she cried, patting her substantial stomach. I don't want it, really I don't.4 "Take it! Take it!" my mother scolded in Chinese, as predictably as the lunar cycles.5 "Full, I'm already full," Sau-sau muttered weakly, eying the scallop.6 "Ai!" exclaimed my mother. "Nobody wants it. It will only rot!"7 Sau-sau sighed, acting as if she were doing my mother a favor by taking the scrap off the tray and sparing us the trouble of wrapping the leftovers in foil.8 My mother turned to her brother, an experienced Chinese magistrate, visiting us for the first time. "In America, a Chinese person could starve to death. If you don't breach the old rules of etiquette and say you want it, they won't ask you again."9 My uncle nodded and said he understood fully: Americans take things quickly because they have no time to be polite.10 I read an article in The New York Times Magazine on changes in New York's little cultural colony of Chinatown, where the author mentioned that the interwoven configuration of Chinese language and culture renders its speech indirect and polite. Chinese people are so "discreet and modest", the article started, that there aren't even words for "yes" and "no".11 Why do people keep fabricating these rumors? I thought. They describe us as though we were a tribe of those little dolls sold in Chinatown tourist shops, heads moving up and down in contented agreement!12 As any child of immigrant parents knows, there is a special kind of double bind attached to knowing two languages. My parents, for example, spoke to me in both Chinese and English; I spoke back to them in English.13 "Amy-ah!" they'd scold me.14 "What?" I'd answer back.15 "Do not question us when we call," they'd scold in Chinese. "It's not respectful."16 "What do you mean?"17 "Ai! Didn't we just tell you not to question?"18 If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing discreet about the Chinese language I grew up with, no censorship for the sake of politeness. My parents made everything abundantly clear in their consecutive demands: "Of course you will become a famous aerospace engineer," they prodded. "And yes, a concert pianist on the side."19 It seems that the more forceful proceedings always spilled over into Chinese: "Not that way! You must wash rice so not a single grain is lost."20 Having listened to both Chinese and English, I'm suspicious of comparisons between the two languages, as I notice the reciprocal challenges they each present. English speakers say Chinese is extremely difficult because different words can be denoted by very subtle variations in tone. English is often bracketed with the label of inconsistency, a language of too many broken rules.21 Even more dangerous, in my view, is the temptation to view the gulf between different languages and behavior in translation. To listen to my mother speak English, an outside spectator might make the deduction that she has no concept of the temporal differences of past and future or that she is gender blind because she refers to my husband as "she". If one were not careful, one might also generalize that all Chinese people take an indirect route to get to the point. It is, rather, my mother's individual tendency to ornament her language and wander around a bit.22 I worry that the dominant society may see Chinese people from a limited perspective, hedging us in with the stereotype. I worry that the seemingly innocent stereotype may lead to actual intolerance and be part of the reason why there are few Chinese in top management positions, or in the main judiciary or political sectors. I worry about the power of language: If one says anything enough times, it might become true, with or without malicious intent.23 Could this be why the Chinese friends of my parents' generation are willing to accept the generalization?24 "Why are you complaining?" one of them said to me. "If people think we are modest and polite, let them think that. Wouldn't Americans appreciate such an honorary description?"25 And I do believe that anyone would take the description as a compliment — at first. But after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so pleased to meet you. I've heard many wonderful things about you.。
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• The first cash flow at date 0 (today) is represented as a negative sum because it is an outflow. • Timelines can represent cash flows that take place at the end of any time period – a month, a week, a day, etc.
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-11
The 2nd Rule of Time Travel
• To move a cash flow forward in time, you must compound it.
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-8
4.1 The Timeline (cont’d)
• Assume that you are lending $10,000 today and that the loan will be repaid in two annual $6,000 payments.
– For 10%, enter 10, NOT .10
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-14
Using a Financial Calculator: The Basics (cont’d)
• HP 10BII
4-13
Using a Financial Calculator: The Basics
• HP 10BII
– Future Value – Present Value – I/YR
FV
PV
I/YR
• Interest Rate per Year
• Interest is entered as a percent, not a decimal
Chapter 4
The Time Value of Money (modified)
Chapter Outline
4.1 The Timeline
4.2 The Three Rules of Time Travel
4.3 Valuing a Stream of Cash Flows
4.4 Calculating the Net Present Value
4.5 Perpetuities and Annuities
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-2
Chapter Outline (cont’d)
4.6 Solving Problems with a Spreadsheet or Calculator 4.7 Non-Annual Cash Flows
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-9
4.2 Three Rules of Time Travel
• Financial decisions often require combining cash flows or comparing values. Three rules govern these processes.
C P V C ( 1 r ) n ( 1 r )
n
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-18
4.3 Valuing a Stream of Cash Flows
• Based on the first rule of time travel we can derive a general formula for valuing a stream of cash flows: if we want to find the present value of a stream of cash flows, we simply add up the present values of each.
4.8 Solving for the Cash Payments
4.9 _The Internal Rate of Return
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-3
Learning Objectives
1. Calculate the future value of:
Table 4.1 The Three Rules of Time Travel
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-10
The 1st Rule of Time Travel
• A dollar today and a dollar in one year are not equivalent. • It is only possible to compare or combine values at the same point in time.
4-15
Using a Financial Calculator: Setting the keys
• HP 10BII
– Gold → C All (Hold down [C] button)
• Check P/YR
Gold
C
– # → Gold → P/YR
• Sets Periods per Year to #
– Which would you prefer: A gift of $1,000 today or $1,210 at a later date? – To answer this, you will have to compare the alternatives to decide which is worth more. One factor to consider: How long is “later?”
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-4
Learning Objectives
4. Given cash flows and an interest rate, compute the Net Present Value for a series of cash flows. 5. Solve problems with a spreadsheet or calculator.
– Suppose you have a choice between receiving $1,000 today or $1,210 in two years. You believe you can earn 10% on the $1,000 today, but want to know what the $1,000 will be worth in two years. The time line looks like this:
4-16
Figure 4.1 The Composition of Interest Over Time
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-17
The 3rd Rule of Time Travel
• To move a cash flow backward in time, we must discount it. • Present Value of a Cash Flow
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-12
The 2nd Rule of Time Travel (cont’d)
• Future Value of a Cash Flow
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
#
Gold
P/YR
– Gold → DISP → #
• Gold and [=] button • Sets display to # decimal places
Gold
DISP
#
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
– Number of Periods – Periods per Year – Gold → C All
Gold
N
P/YR
C
• Clears out all TVM registers
• Should do between all problems
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Given three out of the following four inputs for a single sum, compute the fourth: (a) present value, (b) future value, (c) number of periods, (d) periodic interest rate.