Vietnam War ang Peace Movement

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反主流文化时期1960s[1]

反主流和反战运动随着国家感到震惊和瘫痪的越南战争，成千上万的美国青年的反战示威活动表明他们的关注，通过校园集会，并为和平音乐会。

青少年的许多国家的强烈反对战争以世界上发生的中途跨越，其中他们的父亲，兄弟和丈夫死亡的年轻人。

联合国在其反战的情绪，数以千计加入他们的反文化创造的“。

”这一新的文化，培养出的叛乱的原则，在1960年代后期迅速蔓延的。

它展示了一个备用的生活方式象征性的药物，以及反战抗议。

“所有我们要求的是给和平一个机会”，是在高呼反战口号抗议和示威。

青年更直言不讳前比以往任何时候。

城市的抗议，他们在大学校园和专业。

就连美国国会也不能幸免于这个新时代的叛逆青年。

在一个大胆的激增，5万儿童和爱花嬉皮士“夏日的怀抱为旧金山。

”反文化群体涌现出全国各地。

一些例子包括激进的学生团体芝加哥七和民主社会（SDS）对。

“新左派”成为社会不公的一个术语，用来描述人的激进年轻的一代，公民权利的斗争，以及越南战争。

这些团体激怒了该草案，美国在越南的参与，并响应有时举行暴力示威者，如底特律，芝加哥举行，并在哥伦比亚大学肯特州立大学校园和喜欢。

站在反对的反文化，阶级社会的传统价值观中，表现出了几种方法的叛乱：长头发，摇滚音乐，展示在伍德斯托克，塔伊，染料，免费色情，毒品，和暴乱是其中只有一些车辆通过主张反战示威的反文化本身。

通过抗议和反，反文化的挑战的美国社会的政府机构和青年大声为他们认为，只有The Counterculture and the Antiwar MovementWith the nation shocked and paralyzed by theVietnam War, thousands of American youthshowed their concern through campus rallies,antiwar demonstrations, and concerts forpeace. Many of the nation's youth werestrongly opposed to the war taking placehalfway across the world, in which theirfathers, brothers, and husbands were dying. United in their antiwar sentiment, thousands of young people joined in their creation of the "counterculture." This new culture, which fostered the tenets of rebellion, spread rapidly during the late 1960s. It showcased an alternate lifestyle symbolized by drugs, sex, and antiwar protest."All we are asking is give peace a chance," was the mantra chanted in antiwar protests and demonstrations. The youth were more outspoken than ever before. They protested on college campuses and in major cities. Even the United States Capitol was not immune to this new age of rebellious youth. In a surge of boldness, 50,000 flowerchildren and hippies journeyed to San Francisco for the"Summer of Love."Counterculture groups sprung up across the nation. Someexamples include such radical groups as the Chicago Seven andStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS). "New Left"became a term used to describe the generation of young peopleradicalized by social injustice, civil rights struggles, andthe Vietnam War. These groups were enraged by the draft andAmerican involvement in Vietnam, and in response stagedsometimes violent demonstrations such as those held inChicago and Detroit, and on college campuses like Kent Stateand Columbia University.The counterculture stood against the traditional values of middle-class society, and manifested its rebellion in several way: long hair, rock music as showcased at Woodstock, tye-dye, free sex, drugs, and riots are only some of the vehicles through which the counterculture asserted itself. Through protests and anti-war demonstrations, the counterculture challenged the governmental institutions of American society and the youth spoke out for what they believed in.随着一个烂摊子国家，由于战争导致了越南，数千名妇女参加的青年男女，他们的立场，通过抗议集会和音乐会。

英美国家概况判断题

Chapter 11.( )people in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to theircountry.英国不同地区的人们喜欢用这个名字英格兰引用他们的国家。

2.( )The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flowsthrough western England.塞文河是英国最长的河流,它起源于威尔士和英格兰西部流过。

3.( )Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.今天有一半以上的人仍然在威尔士说古代威尔士的语言。

4.( )In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.在人口和面积方面,北爱尔兰是英国第二大的一部分。

5.( )Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotlandoften falls below -10o C in January.虽然在英国通常是温和的气候,在苏格兰北部的温度经常低于-10年1月份oc6.( )The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.英国的大多数人是盎格鲁撒克逊人的后裔。

7.( )The Celtic people were earliest known inhabitants of Britain.英国凯尔特人们现知最早的定居者。

《想像的共同体》第一章导论

《想像的共同体》第一章导论班纳迪克．安德森他认为他的职志在逆其惯常之理以爬梳历史。

华特．班雅明，《启蒙之光》（Illuminations）如是从所有人种之混合中起始那异质之物，英格兰人：在饥渴的强奸之中，愤怒的欲望孕生，在浓妆的不列颠人和苏格兰人之间：他们繁衍的後裔迅速学会弯弓射箭把他们的小牝牛套上罗马人的犁：一个杂种混血的种族於焉出现没有名字没有民族，没有语言与声名。

在他热烈血管中如今奔流著混合的体液萨克逊人和丹麦人的交融。

当他们枝叶繁茂的女儿，不辱父母之风以杂交之欲望接待所有民族。

这令人作呕的一族体内的确包含了嫡传的精粹的英格兰人之血……录自丹尼尔．笛孚（Daniel Defoe）「纯正出身的英格兰人」（The True-Born Englishman）也许这个现象尚未广受注意，然而，我们正面临马克思主义思想与运动史上一次根本的转型。

最近在越南、柬埔寨和中国之间的战争，就是这个转型最明显的徵候。

这几场战争具有世界史的重要性，不仅因为它们是在几个无可置疑的独立革命政权之间最早发生的战争，同时也因为交战各国中没有任何一方尝试使用马克思主义的理论观点来辩护这些屠戮。

虽然我们还是可能从「社会帝国主义」或「捍卫社会主义」之类的角度－－这要视个人品味而定－－来诠释1969年的中苏边界冲突，以及苏联对德国（1953）、匈牙利（1956）、捷克（1968），和阿富汗（1980）等国的军事干预，但是，我猜想，没有人会真的相信这些术语和中南半岛上发生的事情可以扯上什么关系。

如果越南在1978年12月以及1979年1月对柬埔寨的入侵与占领，代表第一次由一个革命马克思主义政权向另一个革命马克思政权所发动的大规模传统战争（注 1），那么中国在79年2月攻击越南则迅速确认了这个先例。

只有那些最深信不疑的人才敢打赌说，在 20 世纪即将结束的几年里面，如果有任何大规模的国际冲突爆发，苏联和中华人民共和国－－更不必说较小的社会主义国家了－－会站在同一阵线。

美国青年反战运动

“let it all hang out!” young people advised each other, defying their parents, who controlled their emotions and tried to keep personal matters from becoming public.
Anti-war movement
Anti-war movement
The conflict in Vietnam resulted in over 55,producd a large-scale antiwar movement in the United States. Students became a powerful and disruptive force and university campuses sparked a national debate over the war.
The social movements in 1960s
The civil rights movement
The youth movement /anti-war movement
The women’s liberation movements
Why did the social movement begin?
The youth anti--war
“Hell, no ,we won’t go,” anti—war demonstrators chanted, refusing government orders to be drafted into the army and fight in Vietnam.
As the movement's ideals spread beyond college campuses, doubts about the war also began to appear within the administration itself.

越南战争英文版PPT课件

beginning of the war)
3
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
►July 31, 1964 ►South troop retreated in defeat by Viet Cong ►American destroyer “Maddox” was attacked ►America counterattack ►Both though opposite side had a calculated
15
Vietnam after the war
16
Battle types
►Jungle warfare
17
Battle types
►Guerrilla war
18
Popular cultural after the war
►Vietnam war in film, TV, games, literature, video, musicians and songwriters
►North Vietnam fight with France for 9 years. ►North Vietnam won ►Geneva Conference, 1954
2
Beginning of Vietnam War
►Viet Cong in the south ►Cold War ►JFK dispatched a special troop (marked
10
America injured soldiers were
waiting for rescue
U.S helicopter spraying chemical defoliants in the jungle, south Vietnam

越南战争 Vietnam war

Where is Vietnam?
01 Basic introduction
In the course of the war, the U.S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a Communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam. They viewed the conflict as a colonial war, fought initially against forces from France and then the U.S., and later against South Vietnam.
01 Basic introduction
The chief participants included the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and the people’s republic of china, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The war happened during the Cold War, and it was the result of the Cold War between the West and the East.

越南战争

Background:
3.America’s ambition
If Vietnam was conquered by America, it would be a threat to Soviet Union and China. It was America’s step to achieve global domination.
Basic information
1.Concept:The Vietnam War (the Second Indochina War)
2.Time: 1961—1973
3.Warring sides:
17’N
North Vietnam( Republic of Vietnam) ,supported by its communist allies,
Knowing little about the situation of Southeast Asia and lacking the experience and solution to the problem, the special warfare was raised in the south Vietnam This movement was to suppress the revolution of Vietnam people, protect the puppet government and restrain the expansion of communism in the world
From 1850s to World War II , Vietnam was colonized by France; During the WWII, it was under the control of Japan; From WWⅡ to 1955, France fought hard to regain their former territories in the region but was finally defeated in May 1954 by the communist Hu Chiming. The French troops withdrew, leaving a buffer zone separating the North and South

冷战史

摘要美越战争是一场由美国发动的，诣在遏制共产主义、反对民族解放运动的战争。

在这场战争中美国使用了除原子弹以外的一切武器，给越南带来了无可估量的损失，但同时也对美国的政治、经济、文化、军事、乃至全球战略以及美国社会的各个方面都造成了重大的影响。

本来在这场武力悬殊的战争中，美国具有压倒性的军事优势，但最后却败北而归。

许多退伍军人都将其看做是“徒劳无功有莫名其妙的十字军东征”，且在很长时间里美国人都羞于提及这场战争。

直到今日，美越战争仍是美国人心中永远的痛。

这场战争带给美国社会全面的动荡。

使得之后美国对内对外的政策不得不大幅度的调整，美越战争成为了二战后美国历史上的一个分水岭。

关键词：美越战争、政治反常、经济恶化、外交软弱、反正统文化AbstractIt is widely believed that the U.S-Vietnam war was launched by the U.S.A, aimed at contain the communism and against the national liberation movement. All weapons except the atom bomb were used during the war, which bought immeasurable losses to Vietnam, had a large impact on political, economic, cultural, militaries of American and even the strategy of the whole world. American had the overwhelming superiority in strengthen between the two sides at the beginning of the war. But the result was the opposite. Americans refuse to mention this war in shame for a long time, “the war was a Crusades in vain” said many ex-soldiers. U.S.-Vietnam war is still the pain in American’s mind till now. The war led to a turbulent situation of American and made it became the watershed of American history after World War Two. Since then, the internal and external polity of American was adjusted by a large margin. Key words: U.S.-Vietnam; political anomaly; economy deteriorates; week kneed diplomacy; counter culture目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)一、美越战争对美国政治带来的影响 (1)（一）民主党的衰弱 (1)（二）总统和国会对战争权的争夺 (2)（三）西南部权势集团的兴起 (3)二、越战对美国经济的影响 (1)（一）越战带来的短暂经济繁荣 (4)（二）经济环境的恶化 (4)1.直接损失 (4)2.间接损失 (5)三、越战给美国军事和外交带来的影响 (4)（一）霸权主义的衰落 (6)(二) 尼克松主义的出台 (7)（三）中美关系的改善 (8)四、越战给美国文化带来的影响 (6)（一）反正统文化运动 (9)1.毒品 (9)2.摇滚乐........................................................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。

阿甘正传美国梦 America dream

Forrest Gump and American DreamForrest Gump won the 67th Annual Academy in1995. It is not just a movie. It has bec ome a cultural phenomenon. The movie is the prevailing social perspective of low IQ and involves a number of historical figures and historical events. It evokes reflection o n history and the hearts of collection of the American Dream. From the “stupid” be havior of Forrest Gump, people can see the virtues of kindness, trustworthiness, serio usness; honesty, courage, loyalty, and many other virtues and behaviors that American s are advocating now. The spirit of Forrest Gump’s independent personality, his free spirit, strength of character and a realistic attitude t owards life, etc. is a perfect interpretation of the core of American cultural values of i ndividualism. In this paper, through the analysis of the main characters of Forrest Gu mp, the paper wants to resolve a concrete manifestation of the American dream. The American Dream is a concentrated expression of American values. It is rooted in the e arly development of Puritanism after the founding of the Westward Movement, disillu sionment in the period of great development of monopoly capitalism. American Drea m by different historical events, at different times, has different content and performan ce. This paper analyzes the origin, development of the Americans who are pursuing th e American dream. Also it analyzes the expression of the American Dream and its pos itive significance.The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. In the definition of the American Dream by James Truslow Adams in 1931, "life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement" regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the United States Declaration of Independence which proclaims that "all men are created equal" and that they are "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights" including "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."Gump represented the male main people of public toward and pray for all of the main stream culture. Forrest Gump went through the history of the United States after the V ietnam War alone, experienced almost all important to the United States after World War II moment in history: racial discrimination, the Vietnam War, anti-war rallies, the civil rights movement, women the liberation of the president's assassination, Watergat e, ping-pong diplomacy, anti-traditional culture. Forrest Gump on behalf of the white men in the United States in the 1950s many outstanding qualities: honesty and keep le tter, earnest, brave.Forrest Gump simple-minded, kind-hearted nature to do anything is persistent and inp uts, the success indispensable spirit, this is a good God reward hope. This is Forrest G ump made one of the important factors for success. Forrest Gump's life is legendary. He did not complain that their mentally retarded, but the gift of God his talent on its h ead. In fact, Forrest Gump wants to tell us only cherish the loved ones around, lovers, and friends and care for each need a warm spirit soul. The fate drifts, but everyone ca n draw life curve. Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what to eat next taste road. Things change, but that everything is the fate of the arrangements.Forrest Gump's mother was a lift southern women ended gentle, firm character. She is great and full of wisdom her, mentally helped son did not feel fear and depression, an d encouraged Forrest, educated and guided him, and would not let him feel inferior, n ot normal. She thought that her son should be like a normal child growth grew up. To l et the Forrest enjoy the same powers and others, she principals, according to reason to strive, insisted that he accept the normal formal education, at the same time she also c ontinued to tell Forrest Gump: always remember themselves and others, and any disti nction, always remember to do other people say that they are weaker than they.In her mind, Forrest is God for her gift; she worked ceaselessly to dependents Forrest Gump. In Forrest Gump's minds, the mother is the source of all wisdom and spiritual l ight. She always tell him with his understandable way to, believe in yourself, believe i n the future; her ability things right "easy to understand", there is always a way to find the most popular understandable language to let Forrest Gump understand some truth in the life.The name Jenny means the gift of God. Ironically Significance: Jenny movie hypocritical, rebellious and infected with all sorts of bad habits, such as alcoholism, dr ug abuse, sexual promiscuity, and finally died of AIDS. They can not find the value of life and Health the significance of the deposit. She worked hard, struggling, but later she began to give up their own selves, into for prostitutes. When Jenny finally found t he true meaning of life suffered a lot has do not have the opportunity to enjoy all this, she was going to leave this world. Jenny is the era of the United States victim. Jenny must accept the early years, losing her mother and father; she was sexually assa ulted. Forrest Gump and Jenny were both grew up in single-parent families, but Forre st Gump has a good mother. The shadow of her childhood and dreams shattered future confusion vividly manifested in her body out. Painful indulgence, indulgence, is ofte n in agony even more painful.Forrest Gump look to go with the flow, is a dream. Who in Forrest Gump, we see the persistence of life. Forrest Gump does not have any expertise, in addition to running. Good run ability outset by Jenny points out, she once again encouraged him to go for ward, in her loving voice “Run, Forrest Gump, Run, Forrest, Run”, Forrest Gump r an the bike in the primary school chase, ran a car chase, ran out of the high school stu dents detractors humiliation. His only start this talent just to escape childhood peers b y bullying and had a gallop. He broke his own feet with corrective shaped device; he s eems destined to conquer the world. Good running skills made Forrest Gump running into a university with such a low IQ, and ran into the nation's the ranks of rugby star t eam and met with President Kennedy. Relying the persistent “run” belief in the war -torn battlefield finally escaped Forrest risked their lives ran back to rescue other com rades, ran out of the war field. In order to abide by the comrades Bubba alive of a com mitment, he engaged in career of bashing shrimp, scrimping career.Suffered a windy time scrimping process the violence other scrimping boats devastate d alone Forrest boat slightest without loss. Forrest Gump scrimping industry took adv antage of his talents further monopoly eventually awarded the harvest, became the scr imping industry tycoon. Finally, running around the United States, he gave hundreds of thousands of people courage and hope. He used to run, regardless of which he is in t he running; he felt that running is a part of life. Moreover, the fate of the once frequen tly ran habits times led him to a brighter future, throughout the run in dignity, friendsh ip, love, honor and wealth.Forrest Gump's life sketched out the life chances of ordinary people and their innermo st secret desire. His life experiences not only experienced contemporary tortuous ups and downs of American history, but also brought together a series of very typical cont emporary American life characteristics. However, not in terms of national history and development of various the same time period, regardless of when and where the poor or rich, he remains the same simplicity and kindness. Forrest Gump, who has the Ame rican character, we are advocating all virtues that are honesty, courage, loyalty. We ca n see loyalty, trustworthiness, dedication, most friendly humanity brilliance of quality from Forrest; we also can see the persistence of life, the hope of life, firm belief. Due t o the characteristics of the times and the belief in the American dream deformation, F orrest Gump represents the trend of mainstream culture and prays: sincere, enthusiasti c, confident, frank, sincere, warm, self-confidence positive. Gump's successful re-evo ke the hearts of the people of the American Dream.Winston Groom is a great novelist whose works not only conquer the literature lovers but also open up a window for those who struggle for their life. Forrest Gump is much more than a story. It is an encouraging book, a book of hardships and survival.The present thesis indicates the definition of American Dream, the reason why Forrest Gump succeeded and concrete manifestation of the American dream in Forrest Gump . American dream consists of several elements: the United States provides everyone th e chance of success; success depends on their talents and efforts rather than family an d background; everyone has equal rights; everyone has faith freedom. These elements are inextricably linked with the history, and historical background must combine the l ook. Moreover, his success, in addition to his efforts, and his innate quality have a gre at relationship. As his honesty won the friendship of Lieutenant Dan, he's trustworthy and persistent achievement of his shrimping career and the love. We must have the co urage to accept the courage to challenge the courage to face the reality. The taste of th e ups and downs, life is what you go all the way, no matter what is the front of the. He does not cynical toward their goals run it? And his life is running st but not leas t, all the audiences are impressed by Gump, because of his persistent like sun and rain and almost silly active efforts in the play. Other characters are full of confusion and pe rplexity, gone through hardships his trials and tribulations, and ultimately back to ordi nary life track, we can see from the traditional culture of the United States charm, a m ore profound understanding of the national character of the Americans, and favorable in our cross-cultural communication and learning.American Dream is a belief, a desire and a dream. American dream is intangible; it ex ists in the hearts of every American. They may be not succeeding in the future if they have American Dream, but they won’t succeed if they don’t have. The American dream throughout the history of the United States reflects the m ass of Americans system of values and the ideals of the national spirit, even though m any people the American Dream, but it is the pursuit of the American dream has not died down, which is to promote American the development of the society to make a posi tive and important contribution.孙琳佳。

越战时期美国国内的和平反战运动研究

湖南师范大学硕士学位论文越战时期美国国内的和平反战运动研究姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：世界史指导教师：***20050301摘要２０世纪６０年代中后期到７０年代初，美国在越南进行了一场历史上最长、耗资最大的战争。

这场战争对美国的经济、政治、军事以及社会的各个方面都产生了重大的影响。

随着越南战争的深入，美国国内掀起了声势浩大的反战运动。

民间自发组织的反对政府侵越战争的和平反战运动是美国有史以来最大规模、最成功的和平运动。

它无论是对公众舆论、对政府的政策，还是对越南战争本身都产生了重要的影响。

本文试图通过对越南战争时期美国国内的和平反战运动的考察与全面的分析，以探讨和平运动与政府政策以及战争之间的关系。

除前言和结语外，本文分四个部分进行论述。

前言部分论述了本文研究的目的和意义并介绍了近年来国内外对本课题研究的概况。

文章第一部分阐述了和平运动产生的背景。

从美国的三位总统即艾森豪威尔、肯尼迪、约翰逊的对外政策展开说明政府是怎样将战争带给人民的。

文章第二部分阐述了和平反战的表现。

本章主要从三个阶段加以阐释：１９６５－－１９６７年夏，和平运动的形成；１９６７年秋～１９６８年，和平运动出现混乱局面；１９６９—１９７２年，和平运动逐渐走向终结。

文章第三部分分析了和平运动产生的影响。

它不仅对公众舆论而且对政府国内外的政策都产生了重大的影响。

文章第四部分分析了和平运动的特点。

本文主要从参）Ｊｎ年ｎ平运动的社会成分、组织内部的状态以及与新的社会运动相结合这些特点来分析评价这个阶段的和平运动，并指出其不足的地方。

结语部分总结全文。

关键词：越南战争美国和平反战运动ＪＩＡｂｓＵ’ａｃｔＦｒｏｍｔｈｅｍｉｄ～１９６０ｓｔｏｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆ１９７０ｓ，ＡｍｅｒｉｃａａｎｄｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｗａｇｅｄｔｈｅＶｉｅｔｎａｍｗａｒｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｔｈｅｌｏｎｇｅｓｔｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＡｍｅｒｉｃａ．Ｉｔｈａｄｇｒｅａｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ，ｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ，ｔｈｅｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙａｆｆａｉｒｓａｎｄｔｈｅｓｏｃｉｅｔｙｏｆＡｍｅｒｉｃａ．ＡｓｔｈｅＶｉｅｔｎａｍｗａｒａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ，ａｓｐｅｃｔａｃｕｌａｒｐｅａｃｅａｎｔｉｗａｒｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａ．Ｔｈｅｆｏｌｋｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｄａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙｐｅａｃｅａｎｔｉｗａｒｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ’ＳｗａｒｏｆｖｉｏｌａｔｉｎｇＶｉｅｔｎａｍｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｓｃａｌｅａｎｄｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ．ＩｔｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｔｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｐｉｎｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｐｏｌｉｃｙｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｈｅＶｉｅｔｎａｍｗａｒｉｔｓｅｌｆ．ＴｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｎｔｅｎｄｔｏｓｔｕｄｙＡｍｅｒｉｃａｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｐｅａｃｅａｎｔｉｗａｒｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＶｉｅｔｎａｍｗａｒａｎｄｃａｒｒｙａｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｉｔ，ＳＯａｓｔｏｐｒｏｂｅｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｐｅａｃｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ，ｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｙｏｆｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅｗａｒ．Ｅｘｃｅｐｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｅｆａｃｅａｎｄｔｈｅｅｐｉｌｏｇｕｅ，ｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｔｈｅｓｉｓｗａｓｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｆｏｕｒｐａｒｔｓｔｏｄｉｓｃｕｓｓＴｈｅｐｒｅｆａｃｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｉｍａｎｄｍｅａｔ］ｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉＳａｎｄｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｈｅｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｎａＬｉｏｎａｌｇｅｎｅｒａ］ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｒｌｔｈｅｓｅｆｅｗｙｅａｒｓｍＴｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐａｒｔｅｘｐａｔｉａｔｅｄｔｈｅｐｅａｃｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ’Ｓｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｉｔｗａｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｒｅｅｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ，ｔｈａｔｉｓｔｏｓａｙ，ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈＥｉｓｅｎｈｏｗｅｒＪｏｈｎＫｅｎｎｅｄｙａｎｄＬｙｎｄｏｎＪｏｈｎｓｏｎ’ＳｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｐｏｌｉｃｙｔｈａｔｓｈｏｗｅｄｈｏｗｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｗａｒｔｏＡｍｅｒｉｃａｐｅｏｐｌｅＴｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｐａｒｔｅｘｐｏｕｎｄｅｄｔｈｅｓｈｏｗｏｆｔｈｅｐｅａｃｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔＩｔＷｆｌＳｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｒｅｅｐｈａｓｅｓｔｏｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ：ｆｒｏｍ１９６５ｔｏｔｈｅ１ｓｕｍｍｅｒｏｆ１９６７，ｔｈｅｐｅａｃｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｔｏｏｋｓｈａｐｅ：ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｆａｌｏｆ１９６７ｔｏ１９６８，ｔｈｅｐｅａｃｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔａｐｐｅａｒｅｄｉｎｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒｆｒｏｍ１９６９ｔｏ１９７２，ｔｈｅｐｅａｃｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｗｅｎｔｔｏｗａｒｄｅｎｄ。

the anti-war movement

Vietnam War protesters. Wichita, Kansas, 1967
Protests against the Vietnam War in Washington D.C. on April 24, 1971
Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to an anti-Vietnam War rally at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul on April 27, 1967
• As the deaths mounted and
Americans continued to leave for Southeast Asia, the Johnson administration was met with the full weight of American anti-war sentiments.
Cornelis Vreeswijk, Fred Å kerström, Gösta Cervin in a protest march against the Vietnam War in Stockholm, 1965
• In the course of the war,there developed in the United Stiwar movement te nation had ever
experienced,a movement that played a critical role in bringing the war to an end.
------Howard Zinn
What do you think of the women in the antiwar movement?

和平与和谐 Peace and Harmony 外国学生英语作文

Peace and Harmony>Essay on Peace and Harmony:To bring growth and prosperity in a society, the path that wiser people take is of peace and harmony. Without peace and harmony in a nation, it is impossible to achieve political strength, economic stability, or cultural growth. Before transmitting the notion of peace and harmony, among others, an individual needs to possess peace within them while their body and mind should be in balance. Even one person can transmit the notion of peace and harmony, among others, and it is everyone individual’sresponsibility to maintain that peace and harmony in society. However, peace and harmony in society are disrupted with the increase in violence and chaos.Long and Short Essay on Peace and Harmony for Students and Kids in EnglishBelow mentioned are Long and Short Essays on Peace and Harmony of 500-600 words and 200-300 words, respectively. The students can refer to these speeches when required and grace the occasion by their words. Read on to find more about Peace and Harmony Essay.Long Essay on Peace and Harmony 500 Words in EnglishPeace and Harmony Essay is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.Science and technology were supposed to make our life comfortable. In contrast, people find alternative ways to use good inventions for an immoral purpose and eventually harm the ways of other’s living with peace and harmony. As the saying goes that with immense power so comes the tremendous responsibility is not at all a lie, for the government of each nation should invest on education, healthcare, and productivemeans to resolve economic issues rather than initiating war or destructiveness. If destructive ways among nation are promoted, then peach and harmony will not exist, and poverty will remain to be an everlasting problem.The root to most of our troubles is the disruption of peace and harmony between one aspect of our life to another. Earlier people knew how to live in peace and harmony with nature and other animals, but with the realization of power and greed, it was us who harmed their harmonized relation with the environment. This change in the way of living is not at all desirable because theeffects of ruining the harmony and peace in the ecosystem will have to be faced by us. Hence, people must always realize that a little kindness, compassion and self-perseverance can restore the sense of humanity in one and resolve all issues regarding peace and harmony in our life.What is ‘peace and harmony’?Peace and harmony is the fundamental prerequisite of our life and an ideal path to follow. Many ideas contribute to the logic of peace and harmony such as dealing with disputes, staying calm and focused, resolving conflicts, adjusting, adapting, neutralization, following the ‘middleway’ principle, etc. With globalization we are not anymore divided into our concentrated area of state or nation; instead, the world has united with the unprecedented extent of bond regardless of borders and resulting into the formation of a great and happy global community. And to maintain the well being of every individual of this global community, ultimately everyone has to implement the means of peace and harmony into the way of our living.Ideas to maintain peace and harmonyThe integral and compressive part of humankind should be peace and harmony. And to maintainpeace and harmony, the following six ideas should be adapted:To maintain equality, security, justice, and mutual trust, a word-wide political order must be introduced that embodies all of these.To promote the advancement of technology and science aspects that will provide benefit to humankind by maintaining everyone’s welfare.A global economic system should be introduced that embodies elimination of divergence, mutual benefit, removal of regional imbalance.Ethics that promote ecological prosperity and incorporates solutions for resolving the environmental crisis, acts toward shared success, actively fulfils individual responsibility, and ways to end historical prejudices.A mental state and spiritual ideology that embodies helpful attitude, physical and mental ease, and spreading of happiness and harmony through traditional wisdom.The code of conduct by recognizing diversity and integration along with conduction of dialogues to express emotion and enhancefriendship and brotherhood must be achieved by developing a global cultural atmosphere.And it is a noble mission to promote peace and harmony by expressing how it will contribute to the long-lasting wellbeing factor of our lives.Short Essay on Peace and Harmony 200 Words in EnglishPeace and Harmony Essay is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.Factors affecting peace and harmony: Many powerful and influential people understood theimportance of peace and harmony. As the famous saying of Lao Tzu’s goes like –“If you want to establish peace in the world, there also must be peace among and in the nations. If one wants there to be peace in the nations, then there should be peace in the regions of the nation. If one wishes for peace in the cities, then there also must exist peace between neighbors. And all this begins with the peace of mind” Particular aspects disrupt peace and harmony of a system, and people must be aware of the reasons as to why one should avoid those factors. A list of some of those disruptions is:Gender discrimination and oppression Religion and caste discriminationTerrorismCorruptionInflationPoverty and unemploymentToxic traits like jealousy, greed, lies and hatred Exploitation of resources10 Lines on Peace and Harmony Essay in EnglishPeaceful dialogues are comparatively more helpful during dispute resolving and negotiations.The word peace is derived from the Anglo-French term ‘pes’ which means agreement, peace, silence or reconciliation.Harmony is a term that is derived from an old Greek word ‘Harmonia’ meaning the joint agreement or concord.The US Anti-Vietnam War movement was also called the peace movement that lasted from 1964 to 1973.Secularism is a concept for treating all religions equally, and this practice promotes peace and harmony among us.Peace and harmony are hampered when people fight in the name of faith which eventually results in the spread of communalism,The rise in the prices of necessary commodities is called inflation, and it is one of the significantdisruption causing factor in the concept of peace and harmony.Peace and harmony improve aspects of business and economy which also ultimately results in the elimination of unemployment.A peace activist in a person who chooses non-violent methods to end affairs like violent conflicts or non-democratic rule.Gerald Holtom is the person behind the design of the modern peace symbol.FAQ’s on Peace and Harmony EssayQuestion 1.Explain with an example, the benefit of living with peace and harmony?Answer:An excellent example of how peace and harmony are beneficial is the existence of the ‘Harmony Culture’ which is a Chinese tradition that has lasted for over thousand years now and has also made a massive contribution in the matter of coexistence of various ethnic groups that too with peace and harmony. Eventually,from those original ethnic groups, some fusion religions and groups also came into existence.Question 2.How can we describe the concept of ‘peace and harmony’ very concisely?Answer:The concept of living with peace and harmony can be described very concisely as the calm and happy state of life without disturbances like conflicts and revolts.Question 3.Who guards peace and harmony in a country?Answer:Anyone can contribute to maintaining the peace and harmony of a system, but there are also people who are given the task by the nations’ jurisdiction to look over law and order. Those particular jobs are called civil services for the work solely focuses on maintaining peace and harmony in the society by acting against any disobedience that disrupts the proper state of life.Question 4.Are there different types of peace?Answer:Peace can be classified into internal or inner peace and external peace. The inner peace is the calm, sane, tranquil, and undisturbed state of our mind. And the outer peace is interrelated to inner peace because unless there is peace in the mind one cannot perform peaceful actions.。

马丁路德英文演讲

我们都知道，马丁·路德·金是美国的民权运动领袖，他为黑人谋求平等，甚至献出了自己的生命，被誉为是“黑人的麦加”。

而与此同时，马丁·路德·金也是一名卓越的反战斗士，他关心的不仅仅是“小我”的权利，而且还有“大我”的和平、自由。

如果你一直以来只是把马丁·路德·金看成一个黑人运动领袖，那么下面的这篇演讲相信会让你对他有新的认识——马丁·路德·金的伟大人格值得我们每一个仰视尊敬。

本演讲发表于1967年4月4日，是马丁·路德·金在“忧世教士和俗人协会”的一个反越站的集会上的演讲，集会的地点是纽约著名的河边大教堂（Riverside Church）。

我之所以跨入此间宏伟的教堂，是因为我的良心让我别无选择。

我加入你们的集会，则是因为我对这个聚合我们的组织——“忧世教士和俗人协会”关注越南——的工作和主旨非常认同。

我对你们执委会最近的声明深有同感，当我阅读到它的开场白的时候就甚有共鸣：“这是一个…沉默即是背叛‟的时刻。

”I come to this magnificent house of worship tonight because my conscience leaves me no other choice. I join you in this meeting because I am in deepest agreement with the aims and work of the organization which has brought us together: Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam. The recent statements of your executive committee are the sentiments of my own heart, and I found myself in full accord when I read its opening lines: "A time comes when silence is betrayal."演讲下载【打破沉寂(A Time to Break Silence)MP3下载链接】演讲全文：A Time to Break Silence by Martin Luther King, Jr.I come to this magnificent house of worship tonight because my conscience leaves me no other choice. I join you in this meeting because I am in deepest agreement with the aims and work of the organization which has brought us together: Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam. The recent statements of your executive committee are the sentiments of my own heart, and I found myself in full accord when I read its opening lines: "A time comes when silence is betrayal." And that time has come for us in relation to Vietnam.The truth of these words is beyond doubt, but the mission to which they call us is a most difficult one. Even when pressed by the demands of inner truth, men do not easily assume the task of opposing their government's policy, especially in time of war. Nor does the human spirit move without great difficulty against all the apathy of conformist thought within one's own bosom and in the surrounding world. Moreover, when the issues at hand seem as perplexed as they often do in the case of this dreadful conflict, we are always on the verge of being mesmerized by uncertainty; but we must move on.And some of us who have already begun to break the silence of the night have found that the calling to speak is often a vocation of agony, but we must speak. We must speak with all the humility that is appropriate to our limited vision, but we must speak. And we must rejoice as well,for surely this is the first time in our nation's history that a significant number of its religious leaders have chosen to move beyond the prophesying of smooth patriotism to the high grounds of a firm dissent based upon the mandates of conscience and the reading of history. Perhaps a new spirit is rising among us. If it is, let us trace its movements and pray that our own inner being may be sensitive to its guidance, for we are deeply in need of a new way beyond the darkness that seems so close around us.Over the past two years, as I have moved to break the betrayal of my own silences and to speak from the burnings of my own heart, as I have called for radical departures from the destruction of Vietnam, many persons have questioned me about the wisdom of my path. At the heart of their concerns this query has often loomed large and loud: "Why are you speaking about the war, Dr. King?" "Why are you joining the voices of dissent?" "Peace and civil rights don't mix," they say. "Aren't you hurting the cause of your people," they ask? And when I hear them, though I often understand the source of their concern, I am nevertheless greatly saddened, for such questions mean that the inquirers have not really known me, my commitment or my calling. Indeed, their questions suggest that they do not know the world in which they live.In the light of such tragic misunderstanding, I deem it of signal importance to try to state clearly, and I trust concisely, why I believe that the path from Dexter A venue Baptist Church -- the church in Montgomery, Alabama, where I began my pastorate -- leads clearly to this sanctuary tonight.I come to this platform tonight to make a passionate plea to my beloved nation. This speech is not addressed to Hanoi or to the National Liberation Front. It is not addressed to China or to Russia. Nor is it an attempt to overlook the ambiguity of the total situation and the need for a collective solution to the tragedy of Vietnam. Neither is it an attempt to make North Vietnam or the National Liberation Front paragons of virtue, nor to overlook the role they must play in the successful resolution of the problem. While they both may have justifiable reasons to be suspicious of the good faith of the United States, life and history give eloquent testimony to the fact that conflicts are never resolved without trustful give and take on both sides.Tonight, however, I wish not to speak with Hanoi and the National Liberation Front, but rather to my fellowed [sic] Americans, *who, with me, bear the greatest responsibility in ending a conflict that has exacted a heavy price on both continents.Since I am a preacher by trade, I suppose it is not surprising that I have seven major reasons for bringing Vietnam into the field of my moral vision.* There is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in V ietnam and the struggle I, and others, have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor -- both black and white -- through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in V ietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated, as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war, and I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube. So, I was increasinglycompelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.Perhaps the more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population. We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. And so we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. And so we watch them in brutal solidarity burning the huts of a poor village, but we realize that they would hardly live on the same block in Chicago. I could not be silent in the face of such cruel manipulation of the poor.My third reason moves to an even deeper level of awareness, for it grows out of my experience in the ghettoes of the North over the last three years -- especially the last three summers. As I have walked among the desperate, rejected, and angry young men, I have told them that Molotov cocktails and rifles would not solve their problems. I have tried to offer them my deepest compassion while maintaining my conviction that social change comes most meaningfully through nonviolent action. But they ask -- and rightly so -- what about V ietnam? They ask if our own nation wasn't using massive doses of violence to solve its problems, to bring about the changes it wanted. Their questions hit home, and I knew that I could never again raise my voice against the violence of the oppressed in the ghettos without having first spoken clearly to the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today -- my own government. For the sake of those boys, for the sake of this government, for the sake of the hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence, I cannot be silent.For those who ask the question, "Aren't you a civil rights leader?" and thereby mean to exclude me from the movement for peace, I have this further answer. In 1957 when a group of us formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, we chose as our motto: "To save the soul of America." We were convinced that we could not limit our vision to certain rights for black people, but instead affirmed the conviction that America would never be free or saved from itself until the descendants of its slaves were loosed completely from the shackles they still wear. In a way we were agreeing with Langston Hughes, that black bard of Harlem, who had written earlier:O, yes,I say it plain,America never was America to me,And yet I swear this oath --America will be!Now, it should be incandescently clear that no one who has any concern for the integrity and life of America today can ignore the present war. If America's soul becomes totally poisoned, part of the autopsy must read: Vietnam. It can never be saved so long as it destroys the deepest hopes of men the world over. So it is that those of us who are yet determined that America will be are leddown the path of protest and dissent, working for the health of our land.As if the weight of such a commitment to the life and health of America were not enough, another burden of responsibility was placed upon me in 1954** [sic]; and I cannot forget that the Nobel Prize for Peace was also a commission -- a commission to work harder than I had ever worked before for "the brotherhood of man." This is a calling that takes me beyond national allegiances, but even if it were not present I would yet have to live with the meaning of my commitment to the ministry of Jesus Christ. To me the relationship of this ministry to the making of peace is so obvious that I sometimes marvel at those who ask me why I'm speaking against the war. Could it be that they do not know that the good news was meant for all men -- for Communist and capitalist, for their children and ours, for black and for white, for revolutionary and conservative? Have they forgotten that my ministry is in obedience to the One who loved his enemies so fully that he died for them? What then can I say to the V ietcong or to Castro or to Mao as a faithful minister of this One? Can I threaten them with death or must I not share with them my life?And finally, as I try to explain for you and for myself the road that leads from Montgomery to this place I would have offered all that was most valid if I simply said that I must be true to my conviction that I share with all men the calling to be a son of the living God. Beyond the calling of race or nation or creed is this vocation of sonship and brotherhood, and because I believe that the Father is deeply concerned especially for his suffering and helpless and outcast children, I come tonight to speak for them.This I believe to be the privilege and the burden of all of us who deem ourselves bound by allegiances and loyalties which are broader and deeper than nationalism and which go beyond our nation's self-defined goals and positions. We are called to speak for the weak, for the voiceless, for the victims of our nation and for those it calls "enemy," for no document from human hands can make these humans any less our brothers.And as I ponder the madness of V ietnam and search within myself for ways to understand and respond in compassion, my mind goes constantly to the people of that peninsula. I speak now not of the soldiers of each side, not of the ideologies of the Liberation Front, not of the junta in Saigon, but simply of the people who have been living under the curse of war for almost three continuous decades now. I think of them, too, because it is clear to me that there will be no meaningful solution there until some attempt is made to know them and hear their broken cries.They must see Americans as strange liberators. The V ietnamese people proclaimed their own independence *in 1954* -- in 1945 *rather* -- after a combined French and Japanese occupation and before the communist revolution in China. They were led by Ho Chi Minh. Even though they quoted the American Declaration of Independence in their own document of freedom, we refused to recognize them. Instead, we decided to support France in its reconquest of her former colony. Our government felt then that the V ietnamese people were not ready for independence, and we again fell victim to the deadly Western arrogance that has poisoned the international atmosphere for so long. With that tragic decision we rejected a revolutionary government seeking self-determination and a government that had been established not by China -- for whom theVietnamese have no great love -- but by clearly indigenous forces that included some communists. For the peasants this new government meant real land reform, one of the most important needs in their lives.For nine years following 1945 we denied the people of V ietnam the right of independence. For nine years we vigorously supported the French in their abortive effort to recolonize Vietnam. Before the end of the war we were meeting eighty percent of the French war costs. Even before the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu, they began to despair of their reckless action, but we did not. We encouraged them with our huge financial and military supplies to continue the war even after they had lost the will. Soon we would be paying almost the full costs of this tragic attempt at recolonization.After the French were defeated, it looked as if independence and land reform would come again through the Geneva Agreement. But instead there came the United States, determined that Ho should not unify the temporarily divided nation, and the peasants watched again as we supported one of the most vicious modern dictators, our chosen man, Premier Diem. The peasants watched and cringed as Diem ruthlessly rooted out all opposition, supported their extortionist landlords, and refused even to discuss reunification with the North. The peasants watched as all this was presided over by United States' influence and then by increasing numbers of United States troops who came to help quell the insurgency that Diem's methods had aroused. When Diem was overthrown they may have been happy, but the long line of military dictators seemed to offer no real change, especially in terms of their need for land and peace.The only change came from America, as we increased our troop commitments in support of governments which were singularly corrupt, inept, and without popular support. All the while the people read our leaflets and received the regular promises of peace and democracy and land reform. Now they languish under our bombs and consider us, not their fellow Vietnamese, the real enemy. They move sadly and apathetically as we herd them off the land of their fathers into concentration camps where minimal social needs are rarely met. They know they must move on or be destroyed by our bombs.So they go, primarily women and children and the aged. They watch as we poison their water, as we kill a million acres of their crops. They must weep as the bulldozers roar through their areas preparing to destroy the precious trees. They wander into the hospitals with at least twenty casualties from American firepower for one V ietcong-inflicted injury. So far we may have killed a million of them, mostly children. They wander into the towns and see thousands of the children, homeless, without clothes, running in packs on the streets like animals. They see the children degraded by our soldiers as they beg for food. They see the children selling their sisters to our soldiers, soliciting for their mothers.What do the peasants think as we ally ourselves with the landlords and as we refuse to put any action into our many words concerning land reform? What do they think as we test out our latest weapons on them, just as the Germans tested out new medicine and new tortures in the concentration camps of Europe? Where are the roots of the independent Vietnam we claim to bebuilding? Is it among these voiceless ones?We have destroyed their two most cherished institutions: the family and the village. We have destroyed their land and their crops. We have cooperated in the crushing of the nation's only noncommunist revolutionary political force, the unified Buddhist Church. We have supported the enemies of the peasants of Saigon. We have corrupted their women and children and killed their men.Now there is little left to build on, save bitterness. *Soon the only solid physical foundations remaining will be found at our military bases and in the concrete of the concentration camps we call "fortified hamlets." The peasants may well wonder if we plan to build our new Vietnam on such grounds as these. Could we blame them for such thoughts? We must speak for them and raise the questions they cannot raise. These, too, are our brothers.Perhaps a more difficult but no less necessary task is to speak for those who have been designated as our enemies.* What of the National Liberation Front, that strangely anonymous group we call "VC" or "communists"? What must they think of the United States of America when they realize that we permitted the repression and cruelty of Diem, which helped to bring them into being as a resistance group in the South? What do they think of our condoning the violence which led to their own taking up of arms? How can they believe in our integrity when now we speak of "aggression from the North" as if there were nothing more essential to the war? How can they trust us when now we charge them with violence after the murderous reign of Diem and charge them with violence while we pour every new weapon of death into their land? Surely we must understand their feelings, even if we do not condone their actions. Surely we must see that the men we supported pressed them to their violence. Surely we must see that our own computerized plans of destruction simply dwarf their greatest acts.How do they judge us when our officials know that their membership is less than twenty-five percent communist, and yet insist on giving them the blanket name? What must they be thinking when they know that we are aware of their control of major sections of V ietnam, and yet we appear ready to allow national elections in which this highly organized political parallel government will not have a part? They ask how we can speak of free elections when the Saigon press is censored and controlled by the military junta. And they are surely right to wonder what kind of new government we plan to help form without them, the only party in real touch with the peasants. They question our political goals and they deny the reality of a peace settlement from which they will be excluded. Their questions are frighteningly relevant. Is our nation planning to build on political myth again, and then shore it up upon the power of new violence?Here is the true meaning and value of compassion and nonviolence, when it helps us to see the enemy's point of view, to hear his questions, to know his assessment of ourselves. For from his view we may indeed see the basic weaknesses of our own condition, and if we are mature, we may learn and grow and profit from the wisdom of the brothers who are called the opposition.So, too, with Hanoi. In the North, where our bombs now pummel the land, and our minesendanger the waterways, we are met by a deep but understandable mistrust. To speak for them is to explain this lack of confidence in Western words, and especially their distrust of American intentions now. In Hanoi are the men who led the nation to independence against the Japanese and the French, the men who sought membership in the French Commonwealth and were betrayed by the weakness of Paris and the willfulness of the colonial armies. It was they who led a second struggle against French domination at tremendous costs, and then were persuaded to give up the land they controlled between the thirteenth and seventeenth parallel as a temporary measure at Geneva. After 1954 they watched us conspire with Diem to prevent elections which could have surely brought Ho Chi Minh to power over a united Vietnam, and they realized they had been betrayed again. When we ask why they do not leap to negotiate, these things must be remembered.Also, it must be clear that the leaders of Hanoi considered the presence of American troops in support of the Diem regime to have been the initial military breach of the Geneva Agreement concerning foreign troops. They remind us that they did not begin to send troops in large numbers and even supplies into the South until American forces had moved into the tens of thousands.Hanoi remembers how our leaders refused to tell us the truth about the earlier North Vietnamese overtures for peace, how the president claimed that none existed when they had clearly been made. Ho Chi Minh has watched as America has spoken of peace and built up its forces, and now he has surely heard the increasing international rumors of American plans for an invasion of the North. He knows the bombing and shelling and mining we are doing are part of traditional pre-invasion strategy. Perhaps only his sense of humor and of irony can save him when he hears the most powerful nation of the world speaking of aggression as it drops thousands of bombs on a poor, weak nation more than *eight hundred, or rather,* eight thousand miles away from its shores.At this point I should make it clear that while I have tried in these last few minutes to give a voice to the voiceless in V ietnam and to understand the arguments of those who are called "enemy," I am as deeply concerned about our own troops there as anything else. For it occurs to me that what we are submitting them to in Vietnam is not simply the brutalizing process that goes on in any war where armies face each other and seek to destroy. We are adding cynicism to the process of death, for they must know after a short period there that none of the things we claim to be fighting for are really involved. Before long they must know that their government has sent them into a struggle among Vietnamese, and the more sophisticated surely realize that we are on the side of the wealthy, and the secure, while we create a hell for the poor.Somehow this madness must cease. We must stop now. I speak as a child of God and brother to the suffering poor of V ietnam. I speak for those whose land is being laid waste, whose homes are being destroyed, whose culture is being subverted. I speak for the poor of America who are paying the double price of smashed hopes at home, and death and corruption in V ietnam. I speak as a citizen of the world, for the world as it stands aghast at the path we have taken. I speak as one who loves America, to the leaders of our own nation: The great initiative in this war is ours; the initiative to stop it must be ours.This is the message of the great Buddhist leaders of Vietnam. Recently one of them wrote thesewords, and I quote:Each day the war goes on the hatred increases in the heart of the V ietnamese and in the hearts of those of humanitarian instinct. The Americans are forcing even their friends into becoming their enemies. It is curious that the Americans, who calculate so carefully on the possibilities of military victory, do not realize that in the process they are incurring deep psychological and political defeat. The image of America will never again be the image of revolution, freedom, and democracy, but the image of violence and militarism (unquote).If we continue, there will be no doubt in my mind and in the mind of the world that we have no honorable intentions in Vietnam. If we do not stop our war against the people of V ietnam immediately, the world will be left with no other alternative than to see this as some horrible, clumsy, and deadly game we have decided to play. The world now demands a maturity of America that we may not be able to achieve. It demands that we admit that we have been wrong from the beginning of our adventure in V ietnam, that we have been detrimental to the life of the V ietnamese people. The situation is one in which we must be ready to turn sharply from our present ways. In order to atone for our sins and errors in V ietnam, we should take the initiative in bringing a halt to this tragic war.*I would like to suggest five concrete things that our government should do immediately to begin the long and difficult process of extricating ourselves from this nightmarish conflict:Number one: End all bombing in North and South V ietnam.Number two: Declare a unilateral cease-fire in the hope that such action will create the atmosphere for negotiation.Three: Take immediate steps to prevent other battlegrounds in Southeast Asia by curtailing our military buildup in Thailand and our interference in Laos.Four: Realistically accept the fact that the National Liberation Front has substantial support in South Vietnam and must thereby play a role in any meaningful negotiations and any future Vietnam government.Five: *Set a date that we will remove all foreign troops from V ietnam in accordance with the 1954 Geneva Agreement.Part of our ongoing...part of our ongoing commitment might well express itself in an offer to grant asylum to any V ietnamese who fears for his life under a new regime which included the Liberation Front. Then we must make what reparations we can for the damage we have done. We must provide the medical aid that is badly needed, making it available in this country, if necessary. Meanwhile... meanwhile, we in the churches and synagogues have a continuing task while we urge our government to disengage itself from a disgraceful commitment. We must continue to raise our voices and our lives if our nation persists in its perverse ways in Vietnam. We must beprepared to match actions with words by seeking out every creative method of protest possible.*As we counsel young men concerning military service, we must clarify for them our nation's role in Vietnam and challenge them with the alternative of conscientious objection. I am pleased to say that this is a path now chosen by more than seventy students at my own alma mater, Morehouse College, and I recommend it to all who find the American course in Vietnam a dishonorable and unjust one. Moreover, I would encourage all ministers of draft age to give up their ministerial exemptions and seek status as conscientious objectors.* These are the times for real choices and not false ones. We are at the moment when our lives must be placed on the line if our nation is to survive its own folly. Every man of humane convictions must decide on the protest that best suits his convictions, but we must all protest.Now there is something seductively tempting about stopping there and sending us all off on what in some circles has become a popular crusade against the war in Vietnam. I say we must enter that struggle, but I wish to go on now to say something even more disturbing.The war in Vietnam is but a symptom of a far deeper malady within the American spirit, and if we ignore this sobering reality...and if we ignore this sobering reality, we will find ourselves organizing "clergy and laymen concerned" committees for the next generation. They will be concerned about Guatemala and Peru. They will be concerned about Thailand and Cambodia. They will be concerned about Mozambique and South Africa. We will be marching for these and a dozen other names and attending rallies without end, unless there is a significant and profound change in American life and policy.And so, such thoughts take us beyond V ietnam, but not beyond our calling as sons of the living God.In 1957, a sensitive American official overseas said that it seemed to him that our nation was on the wrong side of a world revolution. During the past ten years, we have seen emerge a pattern of suppression which has now justified the presence of U.S. military advisors in V enezuela. This need to maintain social stability for our investments accounts for the counterrevolutionary action of American forces in Guatemala. It tells why American helicopters are being used against guerrillas in Cambodia and why American napalm and Green Beret forces have already been active against rebels in Peru.It is with such activity in mind that the words of the late John F. Kennedy come back to haunt us. Five years ago he said, "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable." Increasingly, by choice or by accident, this is the role our nation has taken, the role of those who make peaceful revolution impossible by refusing to give up the privileges and the pleasures that come from the immense profits of overseas investments. I am convinced that if we are to get on the right side of the world revolution, we as a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values. We must rapidly begin...we must rapidly begin the shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society. When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights, are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, extreme。

美国1960年青年反战运动。。。

MUSIC
Woodstock Rock Festival
Peace, equality, anti--war
Blowing in The Wind-Bob Dylan

lyrics
How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man
Details
The antiwar movement was initially based on the older 1950s Peace movement, heavily influenced by the American Communist Party.
But by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered in universities and churches.
The youth anti--war
“Hell, no ,we won’t go,” anti—war demonstrators chanted, refusing government orders to be drafted into the army and fight in Vietnam.
As the US government sent more troops to Vietnam and the number of war death grew, public feeling against government policy grew so strong that President Johnson decided not to run for re-election in 1968.

vietnam war

The Vietnam War , also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy（['prɑːksi]代理人；代理的） war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos,and Cambodia（[kæm'boʊdiə]柬埔寨） from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War(1946–54) and was fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet（['soʊviet]苏维埃的；苏联的） Union, China and other communist（['kɑːmjənɪst]共产主义的） allies（['ælaɪ]同盟国）—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communistallies. The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front（共同战线） aided by the North, foughta guerrilla （[ɡə'rɪlə]游击队员）war against anti-communist forces in the region.The People's Army of Vietnam (also known as the North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more conventional （[kən'venʃənl]传统的）war, at times committing（[kə'mɪtɪŋ]委托；犯错误） large units to battle.As the war continued, the part of the Viet Cong in the fighting decreased as the role ofthe NVA grew. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes. In the course of the war, the U.S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam, and over time the North Vietnamese airspace became the most heavily defended in the world.The U.S. government viewed American involvement in the war as a way to prevent a Communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of a wider containment strategy,with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. According to the U.S. domino theory, if one state went Communist, other states in the region would follow, and U.S. policy thus held that Communist rule over all of Vietnam was unacceptable. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam under communist rule. They viewed the conflict as a colonial war, fought initially against forces from France and then America, as France was backed by the U.S., and later against South Vietnam, which it regarded as a U.S. puppet state.Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units weredeployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese governmentbut became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the UnitedStates population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam.Disillusionment with the war by the U.S. led to the gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces as part of a policy known as Vietnamization, which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the Communists to the South Vietnamese themselves. Despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U.S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed. This movement was part of alarger Counterculture of the 1960s.Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 as a result of the Case–Church Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress. The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (see Vietnam War casualties). Estimates of the number of Vietnamese service members and civilians killed vary from 800,000[ to 3.1 million. Some 200,000–300,000Cambodians, 20,000–200,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict.。

unit-6yawns年轻富裕但节俭的一代说课讲解

Besides this, Yawns hate to be showy. In Yawns’ eyes, this world and the people in it are good and worthwhile ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้nd the earth, our only home is worth spending money to keep it around and try to improve it.
unit-6yawns年轻富裕但节俭的一代
Maybe you know the English word “yawn”. Yes, it has the meaning that you open your mouth wide and breathe deeply, just because you are tired or bored. Here “Yawns” has no such meaning. It stands for a generation of the young, rich and frugal(节俭).
In the eighties, the yuppies spoke loudly into
their oversized mobiles and declared that greed is good. In the nineties, the wealthy drank special champagne and moved around in their expensive sports cars. Driven by technology and the general impact of globalization, a lot of new wealth are being created Now, a new generation of the seriously rich has come about, but with differences. They are the "Yawns"—young and wealthy but normal.

Vietnam War

越南战争（1961年—1975年），简称越战，又称第二次印度支那战争，越南共产党称抗美救国战争（越南语：Chiến Tranh Chống Mỹ Cứu Nước），为越南共和国（南越）及美国对抗越南民主共和国（北越）及“越南南方民族解放阵线”（又称越共）的一场战争。

越战是二战以后美国参战人数最多、影响最重大的战争，也是该国至今唯一战败的战争（虽然美国政府自称是“光荣的撤退”）。

越战是冷战中的“一次热战”，希望统一越南的北越领导人胡志明支持南方的游击队“民族解放阵线”反对南越吴廷琰政府。

美国则出兵帮助南越。

最开始援助南越的美国总统是艾森豪威尔；约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪开始支持在越南作战；林登·约翰逊将战争扩大。

在尼克松执政时期，美国因国内的反战浪潮，逐步将军队撤出越南。

北越政府军和南越解放军最终打败了南越政府军队，统一越南。

越南战争英文介绍【精品】

-Gulf of Tonkin (1964) US destroyer Maddox was fired on by North Vietnamese torpedo boats Gave broad congressional approval for the expansion of the Vietnam War -Tet Offensive (1968) Consisted of a series of sharp attacks on urban and rural areas in South Vietnam by the Vietcong -Paris Peace Agreement (January 1973) United States and North Vietnam signed which provided the withdrawal of all remaining U.S. forces from Vietnam -The Fall of Saigon (April 30, 1975) Capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam by North Vietnamese Army; event marked the end of the Vietnam War
Timeline of Key Events
-Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954) Starts US Evolvement in Vietnam War
/topics/vietnam-war/audio#dien-bien-phu-falls
Wounded soldier being taken off the battlefield

第2课越南战争ppt课件

越战纪念碑，又称越南战争纪念碑、越战将士纪念碑、越战阵亡将士纪念碑、越战墙等，位于美国首都华盛顿中心区，坐落在离林肯纪念堂几百米的宪法公园的小树林里。邻近华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂。该纪念碑由用黑色花岗岩砌成，用于纪念越战时期服役于越南期间战死的美国士兵和将官。

1968年，反战示威游行已遍及全国各地。8月，芝加哥的示威者和警察发生大规模冲突，造成流血事件。1970年5月，为了抗议美国入侵柬埔寨，美国历史上第一次全国学生总罢课爆发，10多万学生涌入华盛顿进行抗议。上千的年轻美国男人选择逃往加拿大或瑞典，以躲避征召的风险。
思考：越南战争与朝鲜战争的异同
思路：从朝鲜战争与越南战争的起因、战争进程及战争的结果和影响进行比较分析。
相同：
（1）背景：都以美苏冷战为背景，朝鲜和越南都形成分裂局面（2）根本原因和性质：都是美国为称霸世界、遏制共产主义、干涉亚太地区热点事务所致。美国发动的都是非正义侵略战争（3）过程：苏联、中国都给予被侵略国家有力的支援（4）结果：都以美国失败而告终（5）影响：都在一定程度上削弱了美国力量，对国际局势造成深远影响；给被侵略国家人民带来巨大灾难。
美国越战纪念碑随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生阶段时间美国总统对越政策越南军民开始1961肯尼迪特种战争南方民族解放阵线南方游击队扩大1965约翰逊局部战争并扩大到老挝柬埔寨转折1968约翰逊新春攻势结束1973尼克松战争越南化签署停战协定南越整个越南开始掌握战场主动权随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生2轰炸机在投弹随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生随着电能应用的不断拓展以电能为介质的各种电气设备广泛进入企业社会和家庭生活中与此同时使用电气所带来的不安全事故也不断发生1964年8月美军借口北部湾事件对越南北方进行大规模轰炸

英语presentation题目

主题：Fw:题目1 2012310961 郑雅蜜2 2012310975 杨子3 2012310977 王若凡4 2012310980 田薇5 2012310981 梁玮6 2012310983 莫寶怡7 2012312313 白金硕8 2012312338 王青青9 2012312346 齐子鹤10 2012312358 杨文涛主题：题目提醒大家：1. 提炼要点、讲明白、注意逻辑2. 时间五分钟左右，准备两个问题3. 文字不超过三行。

可准备手稿，不可通篇照读1，The Wars of Rose (The House of Lancaster VS The House of York) and the succession of Tudor2，Henry VIII and the Reformation3，The Puritan Revolution and the beginning of the modern world history4，The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution5，Guy Fawkes Day6，The Industrial Revolution7，The Chartist Movement and the influence8，A big Empire on Which the Sun Never Sets9，Introduction on British politics system10，Puritan and the May Flower11，The Independence of the US(波士顿倾茶事件与莱克星顿的枪声)12，Western Movement13，American Civil War14，Gilded Age15，the Great Depression16，Generations of the US (传教士一代、迷惘的一代、大兵的一代)17，Generations of the US沉默的一代、婴儿潮的一代、第十三代和千年代)18，The Vietnam War and Cuban Missile Crisis19，The Civil Rights Movement20，Watergate Scandal and Richard Nixon21，Introduction on American politics system22，Introduction on major cities(NY, LA, San F., Washington, Detroit)23，Introduction on American educational systm。