literature of colonial american

合集下载

美国作家作品

一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 普利茅斯第一任首长《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 波士顿第一任首长《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams –The Patriarch of New England《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。

美国文学史及选读1复习笔记

History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume Ⅰ) 美国文学史及选读1 Part ⅠThe Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers 开始登陆美洲。

开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America 已被the Spanish 占领。

占领。

2. 17th 早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest (earliest settlers)included settlers)included settlers)included Dutch Dutch Dutch ,Swedes ,Swedes ,Swedes ,Germans ,Germans ,Germans ,Freunch ,Freunch ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Spaniards ,Spaniards ,Italians ,Italians ,Italians and and and Portugueses Portugueses (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements 采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil. 5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

美国文学史及作品选读习题集（2）

2 The Literature of Colonial AmericaⅠ. Fill in the blanks1. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was ________, an English soldier of fortune, whose reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinct American literature written in English.2. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of ______.3. _______College was established in 1636, with a printing press set up nearly in 1639.4. The first permanent English settlement in North American was established at _____, Virginia.5. ______ was a famous explorer and colonist. He established Jamestown.6. John Smith published _____ books in all.7. In the book _____ John Smith wrote that “here nature and liberty afford us that freely which in English we want, or it costs us dearly.”8. The General History of Virginia contains Smith’s most famous tale of how the Indian princess named ______ saved him from the wrath of her father.9. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the _____values that dominated much of the early American writing.10. The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. _______Bradstreet was one such poet.11. Bradford used a word “_______” to describe the community of believers who sailed from Southampton England, on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.12. In 1620, ______was elected Governor of Plymouth, Massachusetts.13. From 1621 until his death, ______probably possessed more power than any other colonial governor.14. Bradford’s work consists of two books. The first book deals with the persecutions of the Separatists in Scrooby, England, the second book describes the singing of the “______Compact”.15. The History of New England is a priceless gift _____left us.16. The writer who best expressed the Puritan faith in the colonial period was _______.17. The Puritan philosophy known as ______ was important in New England during colonial time, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.18. Many Puritan wrote verse, but the work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward ______, rose to the level of real poetry.19. Before his death, Jonathan ______had gained a position as America’s firstsystematic philosopher.Ⅱ. Match the names of the writers with their works.1. Jonathan Edwards a. The Day of Doom2. Increase Mather b. The magnolia Christi America3. John Smith c. The History of the Dividing Line4. William Byrd d. The General History of Virginia5. Olaudah Equiano e. A True Sight of Sin6. William Bradford f. Freedom of the Will7. Cotton Mather g. Cases of Conscience concerning Evil Spirits8. Thomas Hooker h. The Interesting Narrative9. Anne Bradstreet i. Preparatory Meditations10. Edward Taylor j. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America11. Michael Wigglesworth k. The History of Plymouth Plantation12. Roger Williams l. A Key into the Language of AmericaⅢ. Multiple Choice.1．Early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in ________began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.A. Virginia and PennsylvaniaB. Massachusetts and New YorkC. Virginia and MassachusettsD. New York and Pennsylvania2. The first writings that we call American were the narratives and _______of the early settlements.A. journalsB. poetryC. dramaD. folklores3. Among the earliest settlers in North America were Frenchmen who settled in the Northern colonies and along the _____River.A. St. LouisB. St. LawrenceC. MississippiD. Hudson4. In 1620 a number of Puritans came to settle in ________.A. VirginiaB. GeorgiaC. MarylandD. Massachusetts5. Whose reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been regarded as the first distinct American literature written in English?A. John Winthrop’sB. John Smith’sC. William Bradford’sD. Christopher Columbus’s6. In 1612, John Smith published in England a book called ________.A. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the CountryB. The General History of MassachusettsC. A Description of New EnglandD. The Early History of Plymouth Colony7. What style did the seventeenth century American poets adapt to the subject matter confronted in a strangely new environment?A. The style of their own.B. The style mixed with England and American elements.C. The style mixed with native-American and British tradition.D. The style of established European poets.8. ______ was a civil covenant designed to allow the temporal state to serve the godly citizen.A. The early history of Plymouth colonyB. The magnolia Christi AmericaC. Mayflower CompactD. Freedom of the Will9. How many books did Cotton Mather, an inexhaustible writer, produced?A. About 400.B. About 500C. About 600D. About 30010. Somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean ______delivered his sermon A Model of Christian Charity. It became his important work.A. John WinthropB. Michael WigglesworthC. William BradfordD. Thomas Hooker11. ______ was regarded as the most eminent and admired minister in the first generation of New England Puritans.A. Cotton MatherB. John CottonC. John EliotD. Edward Taylor12. Who among the following translated the Bible into the Indian tongue?A. Roger WilliamsB. John EliotC. Cotton MatherD. John Smith13. The best of Puritan poets was ______, whose complete edition of poems appeared in 1960, more than two hundred years after his death.A. Anne BradstreetB. Michael WigglesworthC. Thomas HookerD. Edward Taylor14. English literature in America is only about more than ________years old.A. 500B. 600C. 200D. 10015. The early history of ________ Colony was the history of Bradford’s leadership.A. PlymouthB. JamestownC. New EnglandD. mayflower16. Which statement about Cotton Mather is not true?A. He was a great Puritan historian.B. He was an inexhaustible writer.C. He was a skillful preacher and an eminent theologian.D. He was a graduate of Oxford College.17. Jonathan Edwards’ best and most representative sermon was _________.A. A True Sight of SinB. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodC. A Model of Christian CharityD. God’s Determinations18. Which writer is not a poet?A. Michael WigglesworthB. Anne BradstreetC. Edward TaylorD. Thomas Hooker19. The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the ________.A. revolutionismB. reasonC. individualismD. rationalism20. Anne Bradstreet was a puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she become known as the “_______” who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse21. The ship “_______” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic22. Which writer best expressed the Puritan sense of the self?A. Jonathan Edwards.B. Increase Mather.C. John Smith.D. Thomas Hooker.23. Before ______ the American newspapers were cultural and literary in nature, but after this time, they become more political.A. 1620B. 1700C. 1775D. 1750Ⅳ. Literary Terms1. Separatists2. Pilgrims and Puritans3. Olaudah Equiano (1745~1797)4. Literary Journals5. Slave Narratives6. John Smith (1580~1631)7. William Bradford (1590~1657)8. Jonathan Edwards (1703~1758)9. John Winthrop (1588~1649)10. The Mathers11. Michael Wigglesworth (1631~1705)Ⅴ. Identification.1. Identify the author and briefly introduce the following works.(1) Leah and Rachel(2) The Magnalia Christi Americana(3) The Freedom of the Will2. Identify the poem.I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,The black-clad cricket bear a second part,They kept one tune, and played on the same string,Seeming to glory in their little art.Shall creatures abject thus their voice raise?And in their kind resound their maker’s praise,Whilst I, as mite, can warble forth no higher lays?“Under the cooling shadow of a stately Elm,Close state I by a goodly River’s side,Where gliding streams the Rocks did overwhelm;A lonely place with pleasures dignifi’d.I once that lov’d the shady woods so well,Now thought the rivers did the trees excel,And if the sun would ever shine there would I dwell.“While musing thus with contemplation fed,And thousand fancies buzzing in my brain,The sweet tongu’d Philomel percht o’er my head,And chanted forth a most melodious strain,Which rapt me so with wonder and delight,I judg’d my hearing better than my sight,And wisht me wings with her awhile to my flight.”Questions:(1) This is taken from the Contemplations written by an early American woman writer. What is her name?(2) Make a brief comment on this short poem.3. Identify the except. Make a brief comment on this except.“The clouds gathering thick upon us, and the winds singing and whistling most unusually, . . . a dreadful storm and hideous began to blow from out the Northeast, which swelling and roaring as it were by fits, some hours with more violence than others, at length did beat all light from heaven, which like an hell of darkness, turned black upon us…“Prayers might well be in the heart and lips, but drowned in the outcries of the Officers, —nothing heard that could give comfort, nothing seen that might encourage hope…“The sea swelled above the Clouds and gave battle unto heaven.“Sir George Summers being upon the watch, had an apparition of a little round light, like a faint star, trembling and streaming along with a sparking blaze, half the height from the mainmast, and shooting sometimes from shrouds, and for three or four hours together, or rather more, half the night it kept with us, running sometimes along the mainyard to the very end, and then returning…“It being now Friday, the fourth morning, it wanted little but that there had been a general determination to have shut up hatches and commending our sinful souls toGod, committed the ship to the mercy of the sea.”4. Identify the poem.“The kingly Lion and the strong-armed Bear,The large-limbed Mooses, with the tripping Deer;Quill-darting Porcupines and Raccoons beCastled in the hollow of an aged tree;The skipping Squired, Rabbit, purblind Hare,Immured in the self=same castle are.“Concerning lions I will not say that I ever saw any myself, but some affirm that they have seen a lion at Cape Ann, which is not above six leagues from Boston; some likewise being lost in woods have heard such terrible roarings as have made them much aghast: which must either be devils or lions; there being no other creatures which use to roar saving bears, which have not such a terrible kind of roaring.”Questions:(1) The name of the poem is ________.(2) Briefly introduce the writer.5. Identify the poem.Some hide themselves in Caves and DelvesIn places underground.Some rashly leap into the Deep,To scape by being drowned:Some to the Rocks (O senseless blocks!)And woody mountains runThat there they might this fearful sight,And dreaded Presence shun…Not we, but he ate of the Tree,Whose fruit was interdicted:Yet on us all of his sad Fall,The punishment’s inflicted.How could we sin that had not been,Or how is his sin ourWithout consent, which to prevent,We never had a power…Yet to compare your sin with theirWho lived a longer time,I do confess yours is much less,Though every sin’s a crime.…A crime it is, therefore in blissYou may not hope to dwell;But unto you I shall allowThe easiest room in hell.The glorious King thus answering,They cease and plead no longer:Their consciences must needs confessHis reasons are the stronger.Questions:What is the name of the poem? Make a brief comment on it.Ⅵ. Questions and AnswersWho was Anne Bradstreet? What were her literary achievements?Ⅶ. Essay Questions.Do you agree that in colonial America there was no poetry at all? Give your reason. KeysⅠ. Fill in the blanks1. Captain John Smith2. England3. Harvard4. Jamestown5. Captain John Smith6. 87. A Description of New England8. Pocahontas9. Puritan 10. Anne11. Pilgrims 12. William Bradford13. Bradford 14. Mayflower15. John Winthrop 16. John Winthrop17. Puritanism 18. Taylor19. EdwardsⅡ. Matching.1-f ; 2-g; 3-d; 4-c; 5-h; 6-k; 7-b; 8-e; 9-j; 10-i; 11-a; 12-l Ⅲ．Multiple Choice.1-5 CABDB 6-10 ADCBA 11-15 AADCA16-20 DBDCB 21-23 CDDⅣ. Literary Terms.1.Separatists:In the colonial period, the Puritans who had gone to extreme were known as “separatists”. Unlike the majority of Puritans, they saw no hope of reforming the Church of England from within. They felt that the influences of politics and the court had led to corruptions within the church. They wished to break free from the Church of England. Among them was the Plymouth plantation group. They wished to follow Calvin’s model, and to set up “particular” churches.2. Pilgrims and Puritans: A small group of Europeans sailed from England on the Mayflower in 1620. The passengers were religious reformers—Puritans who were critical of the Church of England. Having given up hope of “purifying” the Church from within, they chose instead to withdraw from the Church. This action earned them the name separatists. We know them as the Pilgrims. They landed in North America and established a settlement at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. The colony never grew very large, however. Eventually, it was engulfed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the much larger settlement to the north.Like the Plymouth Colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was also founded by religious reformers. These reformers, however, did not withdraw from the Church of England. Unlike the separatists, they were Puritans who intended instead to reform the Church from within, in America, the Puritans hopes to establish what John Winthrop, governor of the Colony, called a “city upon a hill,” a model community guided in all aspects by the Bible.Their form of government would be a theocracy, a state under the immediate guidance of God.Among the Puritans’ central beliefs were the ideas that human beings exist for the glory of God and that the Bible is the sole expression of God’s will. They also believed in predestination-- John Calvin’s doctrine that God has already decided who will achieve salvation and who will not. The elect, or saints, who are to be saved cannot take election for granted, however. Because of that, all devout Puritans searched their souls with great rigor and frequency for signs of grace. The Puritans felt that they could accomplish good only through continual hard work and self-discipline. When people today speak of the “Puritan ethic”, that is what they mean.Puritan ideas of hard work, frugality, self-improvement, and self-reliance are still regarded as basic American virtues.3. Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797): When published in 1789, the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano created a sensation.The Interesting Narrative made society face the cruelties of slavery and contributed to the banning of the slave in both the United States and England.The son of a tribal elder in the powerful kingdom of Benin, Equiano might have followed in his father’s footsteps had he not been sold into slavery. When Equiano was eleven years old, he and his sister were kidnapped from their home in West Africa and sold to British slave traders. Separated from his sister, Equiano was taken first to the West Indies, then to Virginia, where he was purchased by a British captain and employed at sea.Renamed Guatavus Vassa, Equiano was enslaved for nearly ten years. After managing his Philadelphia master’s finances and making his own money in the process, Equiano amassed enough to buy his freedom. In later years, he settled in England and devoted himself to the abolition of slavery. To publicize the plight of slaves, he wrote his tow-volume autobiography, The Interesting Narrative. Although Equiano’s writing raised concern about the less than human conditions inherent ill slavery, the slave trade in the United States was not abolished by lawuntil 1808, nearly 20 years after its publication.4. Literary Journals:a journal is an individual’s day-by-day account of events. It provides valuable details that can be supplied only by a participant or an eyewitness. As a record of personal relations, a journal reveals much about the writer.While offering insights into the life of the writer, a journal is not necessarily a reliable record of facts. The writer’s impressions may color the telling of events, particularly a reliable record of facts. The writer’s impressions may color the telling of events, particularly when he or she is a participant. Journals written for publication rather than private use are even less likely to be objective. The European encounters with and conquest of the Americas are recorded in the journals of the explores.5. Slave Narratives: A uniquely American literary genre, a slave narrative is an autobiographical account of life as a slave. Often written to expose the horrors of human bondage, it documents a slave’s experiences from his or her own point view.Encouraged by abolitionists, many freed or escaped slaves published narratives in the year before the Civil War.6. John Smith (1580-1631): adventurer, poet, mapmaker, and egotist are just a few of the labels that apply to Smith, who earned a reputation as one of England’s most famous explorers by helping to lead the first successful English colony in America. Stories of his adventures, often embellished by his own pen, fascinated readers of his day and continue to provide details about early exploration of the Americas.Following a ten-year career as a soldier, Smith led a group of colonists to his continent, where they landed in Virginia in 1607 and founded Jamestown. As president of the colony from 1608 to 1609, Smith helped to obtain food, enforce discipline, and deal with the local Native Americans. Though Smith returned to England in 1609, he made two more voyages to America to explore the New England coast. He published several works in the course of his life, including The General History of Virginia, New England, and The Summer Isles (1624).7. William Bradford (1590-1657): Survival in North America was a matter of endurance, intelligence, and courage. William Bradford had all three. Thirteen years after the founding of Jamestown, Bradford helped lead the Pilgrim to what is now Massachusetts.Bradford, who was born in Yorkshire, England, joined a group of Puritan extremists who believed the Church of England was corrupt and wished to separate from it. In the face of stiff persecution, they eventually fled to Holland and from there sailed to North America.After the death of the colony’s first leader, the Pilgrims elected William Bradford governor. He was reelected thirty times. During his tenure, he organized the repayment of debts to financial backers, encouraged new immigration, and established good relations with the Native Americans, without whose help the colony never would have survived.In 1630, Bradford began writing Of Plymouth Plantation, a firsthand account of the Pilgrims’ struggle to endure, sustained only by courage and unbending faith. The work, written in the simple language known as Puritan Plain Style, was notpublished until 1853.8. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758): Jonathan Edwards is so synonymous with “fire and brimstone”—a phrase symbolizing the torments of hell endured by sinners—that his name alone was enough to make many eighteenth-century Puritans shake in their shoes.This great American theologian and powerful Puritan preacher was born in east Windsor, Connecticut, where he grew up in an atmosphere of devout discipline.A brilliant academic, he learned Latin, Greek, and Hebrew by the age of twelve, entered Yale at thirteen, and graduated four years later as class valedictorian. He went on to earn his master’s degree in theology.Edwards began his preaching career in 1727 as assistant to his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the church at Northampton, Massachusetts, one of the largest and wealthiest congregations in the Puritan worlds. Edwards also preached as a visiting minister throughout New England. Strongly desiring a return to the orthodoxy and fervent faith of the puritan past, he become a leader of the Great Awakening, a religious revival that swept the colonies in the 1730’s and 1740’s.The great Awakening did not last, however, and in 1750 Edwards was dismissed from his position after his extreme conservatism alienated much of the congregation. He continued to preach and write until his death in 1758, shortly after becoming president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Edward’s highly emotional sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” is by far his most famous work. It was delivered to congregation in Enfield, Connecticut, in 1741, and it is said to have caused listeners to rise from their seats in a state of hysteria.9. John Winthrop (1588-1649): Among the company of English Puritans who, in 1630, settled on the shore of Massachusetts Bay, the foremost figure was that of John Winthrop, already appointed Governor of the colony. His family was well known in his home shire of Suffolk, a family of property and position. Winthrop himself was a man of noble character, a conscientious Puritan, yet catholic in spirit beyond some of his associates, possessing the tastes and accomplishments of culture. During his voyage to America, he had busied himself in the composition of a little treatise which was characteristic of this broad-minded man. A Model of Christian Charity is the title of his essay; and in it he presents a plea for the exercise of an unselfish spirit on the part of all the members of this devoted band, now standing on the threshold of an experience which could not but be trying in the extreme on the nerves and temper of the of all. “We must be knit together in this work as one man!” was his cry.10. The Mathers: through three generations Mathers—in grandfather, son and grandson—appear as brilliant intellectual leaders of the Massachusetts clergy.Richard Mather, 1596-1669, an Oxford graduate, who arrived in Boston in 1635, was one of that conscientious Puritan brotherhood that of necessity sought a refuge and a field for spiritual conquest in the New World. He became the minister at Dorchester. “My brother Mather is a mighty man,” Thomas Hooker said of him. Although he was a prolific writer, it is sufficient to the preface of the old BayPsalm Book.Increase Mather, 1639-1723. Among the 4 sons who became ministers, it was through Increase Mather that the chief inheritance of scholarly gifts was transmitted. The father’s eloquence was more than equaled by the son’s; his Puritan zeal, his love of learning, his industry in the production of pamphlets and books, brought the name of Increase Mather into greater prominence than Richard Mather’s vigorous quill had won. For fifty-nine years, he served as minister of the North Church in Boston. He added some ninety titles to the list of colonial publications--the majority representing discourses prepared for his congregation. Perhaps the only one of his books sufficiently vitalized by human interest to be noted today is An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences(1684), in which the piety, pedantry, and superstition characteristic of the religious scholar in that age are curiously mingled. This collection of strange visitations and marvelous deliverances was designed for the pious entertainment and spiritual comfort of its readers. It is one of the most interesting of these early American classics; and, like so many of the works previously cited, affords a vivid glimpse into the Puritan mind. For sixteen years, Increase Mather served as President of Harvard College.Cotton Mather, 1663-1728. His paternal relationship was not the only source of hereditary influence. The famous John Cotton was his grandfather on his mother’s side. All the accumulated piety and learning of his distinguished ancestry seemed to reside in this extraordinary man. He has been not inappropriately termed “tin literary behemoth of New England.” He had read Homer at ten years of age, and at eleven was admitted to Harvard College. He took his first degree at fifteen; at seventeen he began to preach, and soon afterward became associate with his father in the pastorate of the North Church in Boston, a connection which lasted for forty years. In his religious life, he became abnormal also; at times he lay for hours on the floor of his study in spiritual agony. He fortified himself for the conflict with error by fasts and vigils. His speech was full of pious ejaculations. Unhappily, Cotton Mather is most often remembered as a leader in the pitiful persecution of the unfortunate people accused of witchcraft at Salem in the last decade of the century. His Memorable Providence Relating to Witchcrafts (1691) and Wonders of the Invisible World (1693) contain curious records and much interesting matter relative to satanic possession; ideas which were firmly believed at that time, not only in New England, but very generally throughout Europe also.The most remarkable thing about Cotton Mather’s literary career is the number of his writings; four hundred or more titles are included in the catalogue of his works. The great work, the magnum opus of Cotton Mather’s prolific industry, was the famous Magnalia Christi Americana.11. Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705): He is Puritan versifier whose inspiration appealed strongly to contemporary minds. This most popular of early American poets was Rev. Michael Wigglesworth, minister at Malden, Massachusetts, author of a tremendous and dismal epic, surcharged with the extreme Calvinism of the time. His masterpiece of Puritan theological belief is entitled The Day of Doom; it was published in 1662, and for a hundred years remained—as Lowell expressesit— “the solace of every fireside” in the northern colonies.Ⅴ. Identification.1. (1) Leah and RachelIt was written by John Hammond. John Hammond, a resident in the newer colony of Maryland, visiting his old home in 1656, became homesick for the one he had left so America. “It is not long since I came from thence,” he said, “nor do I intend, by God’s assistance, to be long out of is again...It is that country in which I desire to spend the remnant of my days, in which I covet to make my grave,” His little work, entitled Leach and Rachel(“the two fruitful sisters, Virginia and Maryland”), was written with a purpose to show what boundless opportunity was afforded in these two colonies to those who in England had on opportunity at all. (2) The Magnalia Christi MatherIt was written by Cotton Mather.The book, completed in December, 1697, was published at London in 1702. It stands fitly enough is the last important literary effort of seventeenth-century colonial Puritanism. Something over a thousand pages of closely printed matter is included in the seven parts or volumes of this monumental work. The planting of New England and its growth, the lives of its governors and its famous divines, a history of Harvard College, the organization of the churches, “a faithful record of many wonderful Providences,” and an “account of the Wars of the Lord --being an history of the manifold afflictions and disturbances of the churches in New England “--such is the scope of the Magnalia Christi Americana, or The Great Acts of Christ in America.The style is pedantic and artificial, but the spirit of the writer is perfectly sincere. Now and them the narrative grows simple and strong. There is a frequent use of Old Testament phraseology which indicates a clear perception of its poetical value. Cotton Mather lived throughout the first quarter of the eighteenth century; but in all essential respects, in personality and in utterance, he belongs wholly to the seventeenth. The consummate product of the old Puritan theology, he stands as the last important representative of the type in American literature.(3) The Freedom of the WillIt is, however, as the author of an extraordinary book entitled An Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will, that Jonathan Edwards holds his position in American letters. This work is a defense of the Calvinistic doctrines of foreordination, original sin, and eternal punishment. It is a masterpiece of philosophical reasoning, and although in the broadening of men’s minds the old theological ideas have been greatly modified, The Freedom of the Will is still recognized as a profound work, and has a definite place in the literature of theological discussion; it has been called “the one large contribution which America has made to the deeper philosophic thought of the world.”2. (1) Anne Bradstreet.(2) These stanzas, written by Anne Bradstreet, taken from her best known and most attractive poem, Contemplations, was written late in her life, at her home in。

美国文学殖民地时期的文学

History And Anthology Of American LiteraturePart I The Literature of Colonial AmericaHistorical IntroductionThe First American Writings & WritersPuritan ThoughtsHistorical Introduction● 1. The discovery of the American continent by Christopher Columbus in 1492 Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America2. English and European explorersThe earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese, each group settling in different parts of the continent and they all contributed to the forming of the American civilization, but the colonies that became the first United States were for the most part English sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands.3. English and European settlementsThe first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.Two Important New England Settlements→(Map) The Plymouth ColonyFlagship Mayflower arrives – 1620 Leader - William Bradford Settlers known as Pilgrims (朝圣者，朝觐者,清教徒前辈移民) and Separatists (主张脱离英国国教者) "The Mayflower Compact" provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain. The Massachusetts Bay Colony Flagship Arbella arrives – 1630 Leader - John Winthrop Settlers are mostly Puritans or Congregational (公理会教派的) Puritans "The Arbella Covenant" clearly establishes a religious and theocratic (神权政治的) settlement, free of ties to Great Britain.4. The first American writings●The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of thesesettlements. They wrote in diaries and in journals. They wrote letters and contracts and government charters and religious and political statements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting themselves to the unfamiliar climates and crops, about dealing with Indians. All seemed possible to them in the new world through hard work and faith.1) Captain John Smith●His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, were the first distinctly Americanliterature to be written in English. Smith’s descriptions of America were filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, characters, and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He portrayed English North America as a land of endless bounty.His vision helped lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans who saw themselves as new saints with a spiritual mission to flee the Old World and create a New Israel (Jerusalem---Heaven on earth), a New Promised Land, in the America that John Smith had described.2) The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies●The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smith made theirgreatest contribution to American literature in the 18th century, in the Age of Reason and Revolution.●William Byrd II Thomas JeffersonUntil that time, literature developed slowly, especially in the South. Farms widely dispersed. Towns were few. Illiteracy was high. And there was little of the religious ferment and zeal that inspired such a tide of literature to flow from Puritan New England.The First American Writer●Captain John Smith (1580-1631) was the first American writer and he published eight inall.●1)A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(1608), defending the handling of the settlement and proclaiming the merits of the new land●2) A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612), a guide to the countryand an invitation to the bold sprits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantations in the new land●3) General History of Virginia (1624), containing his most famous tale of how the Indianprincess Pocahontas saved him from the wrath of her father Powhatan●Captain John Smith contributed more to the survival of the Jamestown colony than didanyone else. And he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.Early New England Literature●New England: →(Map)● A region of the northeast United States comprising the modern states of Maine, NewHampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.1) A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological, moral, historical, political. The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been planted mainly as a commercial venture. Southern society was almost completely rural, interested primarily in the development of a tobacco economy.●2) Theocracy:The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with thediscipline of a harsh church. The first intention in Massachusetts was to found a theocracy —a society in which God would govern through the church. The church thus became the supreme political body. The ideal may have been inspiring, but because of the imperfections of the human material, in practice theocracy often led to injustice and intolerance (不容异说, 偏狭).●3) The Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing: Overthe years the puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their somber religion, one that stressed hard work, thrift (节俭;节约), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃). These were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.●Cotton Mather wrote more than 450 works, an example as well as an advocate of thePuritan ideal of hard work.4) The American poets: The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet.William Bradford and John Winthrop● 1. William Bradford (1590-1657), first governor of Plymouth. He wrote The History ofPlymouth Plantation (1856).●William Bradford started the History in 1630, ten years after the Mayflower voyage,beginning his story with an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New World. In addition to History, Bradford left a wealth of letters, other prose writings about the colony, and even a narrative poem.●He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers. The New England colonies mournedhim at his death, in words written later by Cotton Mather, as “a common blessing and father to them all”.●The Pilgrim Fathers: English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded thecolony of Plymouth, Massachusetts2. John Winthrop (1588 –1649), first governor at Boston. He wrote The History of New England (1826).John Winthrop began to keep a journal on the Bay Colonists’voyage to Massachusetts aboard the ship Arbella in 1630 and he maintained this practice for the rest of his life. The History is less appropriate than “journal”, for the work has not the scope and order of a history. Yet it remains Winthrop’s chief work.● 3. Importance of the Histories●Both works are notable for their candid simplicity and honesty. Each book is the mostvaluable kind of historical source---an account of events by a man who has been a major figure of his time. Both accounts were written, not from literary ambition, but from a sense of the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account attained literary excellence.Puritan Thoughts● 1. What was a Puritan?●The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religiousbeliefs and practices. The word was coined by the opponents of the group and was applied to them in scorn; it was intended to ridicule them as persons who thought themselves holier or better than others. The undaunted Puritans claimed the name for themselves, adopting it as a badge of honor (荣誉徽章).● 2. What did the Puritans want to do?●The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bibleto theology. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine, form of worship, and organization of authority. Another point of controversy was that the Church of England was the established church, that is, the official church of the state, and the most extreme Puritans, among them the Plymouth Plantation group, felt the influences of politics and the court had led to corruption within the church.●These Puritans were “Separatists”--- that is, they wished to break free from the Churchof England. The Massachusetts Bay group, on the other hand, wished to reform the church but remain a part of it. Yet once they were settled in the new land, they too moved gradually toward complete separation.● 3. What kind of people were the Puritans?●Puritans include people from the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society, botheducated and uneducated, poor and rich. The Puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s will and was not to be accepted. They were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. They drove out of their settlements all those whose opinions seemed dangerous to them.Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts has sometimes been exaggerated, but it is true that their lives were disciplined and hard. Puritans tended to suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They made strict laws about private morality as well as public behavior.●Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forgethis mercy. From this harsh side of Puritan thought comes the picture of what Nathaniel Hawthorne (author of The Scarlet Letter)called the “stern (严厉的, 苛刻的) and black-browed (黑眉毛的, 抑郁的) Puritans.”Yet this was indeed one of their aspects, but only one. Governor Bradford and Governor Winthrop were men of character, courage, and noble spirit.●Puritanism (the practices and doctrines of the Puritans) was the strongest in the NewEngland region and had great influence upon its history, its people and its literature.4. John Cotton (1584-1652) and Roger Williams●contradictory examples of PuritansJohn CottonThe first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England.”From the time he came to Boston in 1633, he was the “teacher”( that is, spiritual leader) of the community, and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy ( a state ruled by the church). John Cotton’s primary influence was through the pulpit (讲坛;布道坛).●The people of Massachusetts delighted to hear him preach, and some of his listeners wereconvinced that he could make no mistake, for “God would not suffer Mr. Cotton err (犯错误，出差错)”. Yet err he did, great and good man that he was. Practical circumstances allied him with much less noble spirits than his own in suppressing differences of opinion.●Through John Cotton we can see an important characteristic of the Puritans. They weremuch more concerned with authority than with democracy.●The Puritans faults were those common to persons who hold extreme opinions.Roger Williams●With Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America, and with him, too, thehistory of the separation of church and state. Williams advocated the freedom of belief. In him we have a balance to John Cotton.●Roger Williams was interested in the Indian language. One of his works was A Key intothe Language of America; or, A Help to the Language of the Nation in That Part of America Called New England.Anne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorMany Puritans wrote verse, sometimes using that form for their narratives of actual events. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding (沉重缓慢的, 单调乏味的), but the work of the two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.Anne BradstreetAnne Dudley Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets.Anne Dudley Bradstreet●Both her father and her husband were governors of Massachusetts.●Bradstreet’s first published work appeared in London: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Upin America.●She wrote well when she dealt with the simple events of her daily life. The note of piety,gently sounded, was in her work.Edward Taylor: Puritan Preacher and Poet●The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. His work followed the style and formsof the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century.Edward Taylor●Most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on thePsalms.Taylor did not publish any of his work. His poems were found in manuscript in 1937, more than two hundred years after his death. This discovery brought Taylor to immediate prominence in the colonial literary history, and enriched American poetic heritage. A complete edition of Taylor’s poems appeared in 1960.Study Question●The United States has been criticized in recent years for assuming an air of moralsuperiority and for trying to impose its opinion on the rest of the world. Can you find the seeds of these American attitudes in the literature of the first two centuries? Explain your answer by referring to specific works you have read.。

美国文学史综合

PartⅠ The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学I．The Background Information1. 第一批美国永久居民：The first permanent English settlement in North America wasestablished at Jamestown, Virginia(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞) began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.2. 清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals游记3. 清教徒在美国的写作内容：1〕their voyage to the new land ；2) Adapting themselves tounfamiliar climates and crops；3) About dealing with Indians；4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4. 美国第一位作家〔The first American writer〕Captain John Smith. He published eightin all.1).1608年A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实介绍》. 2) A Map of Virginia《弗吉尼亚地图》3).General History of Virginia《弗吉尼亚通史》他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他的作品filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans. He saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers” instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward. 5．※美国清教主义〔American Puritanism〕: Puritans purified their religious beliefs and practices, and believed that God decides everything and they are God’s chosen people.Hard work, thrift (节俭;节约), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃) were the Puritan spirit that dominated much of the earliest American writing(including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather).Cotton Mather: wrote more than 450works, an example as well as an advocate of the Puritan ideal of hard work.6. A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological,moral, historical, and political.7．The Pilgrim Fathers:English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts.8．※Puritan：The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. Their purposes are for religious freedom and political freedom. The major intellectual spokesmen of Puritanism are John Cotton, Roger Williams. II. Literature1.William Bradford(威廉·布拉德福德)：The first governor of Plymouth(普利茅斯第一任首长)，History of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers〔“美国历史之父”〕2. John Winthrop(约翰·温斯罗普)：波斯顿第一任首长The History of New England《英格兰历史》3.John Cotton(约翰·科顿)：The Patriarch of New England〔“新英格兰教父”〕4.Roger Williams〔罗杰·威廉斯〕：1).He begins the history of religious toleration and theseparation of church and state.2). He is interested in the Indian language. eg: A Key into the Language of America《开启美国语言的钥匙》5.Anne Bradstreet(安妮·布莱德斯):The first woman poet in the English language.one of themost interesting of the early poets〔最幽默的诗人之一〕“The tenth muse lately sprung up in American”《最近出现在北美的第十位缪斯》6.Edward Taylor〔爱德华·泰勒〕：The best of the Puritan poets〔清教徒诗人最杰出的一位〕The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.Conclusion: The early American literature was European/English in style/form, but American in content/spirit.Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学I. The Background Information1. The American War for Independence 〔1775-1783〕:Strict rules made by Englishgovernment hampered the economic development of the colonies. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country2. Enlightenment：1).an intellectual movement 2)the power of human reason 3)the scientificidea;4)the idea of progress.3. Enlightenment and American Revolution:1). all the leaders of the revolution wereinfluenced by the Enlightenment, representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, etc. 2). The new nation was set on the basic ideas and principles of the Enlightenment.4．※Deism (自然神论, 自然神教派) is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience.5. The important literature topics of the revolutionary period:1).theology, 2).politics3).enlightenmentII. LiteratureRepresentative works: Noah Webster诺亚·韦伯斯特:第一部美国英语字典Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence; Thomas Paine: The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The Federalist; Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac; The Autobiography 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传1.Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林—The first major writer in the colonial period, theonly good American author before the Revolutionary War；one of the Founding Fathers of the United States; a paradoxical combination of Puritanism and Enlightenment; anembodiment of the “American Dream”Representative works: (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷人查理德的年鉴》an annual collocation of proverbs (It contains a large number of practice sayings about life，the common theme is that the industriousness and discretion are rewarded.(2) The Autobiography《自传》(a. The first success story of self-made Americans, it records the writer’s rising from poverty. b. Style: simple, clear in order, direct, concise and humorous. c.First of its kind in literature and set the autobiography as a genre. d. The early example of the American dream.) In The Autobiography we will be able to notice: 1)Puritanism’s influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement 2)Enlightenment spirits (man’s nature is good, rights of liberty, virtues including “order”)2. Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因“Great Commoner of Mankind”(“人类伟大的平民)；Pamphleteer(美国著名政治小册子家)；Leading figure in American revolution. Representative works: 1〕famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 《常识》，it boldly advocateda "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机; Pain became the spokesman of the American Revolution 2〕"American Crisis" 《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense”was a series of16 pamphlets.3)The Rights of Man《人权》--a defense of the French Revolution. 4) The Age of Reason《理性的时代》5).Analysis of The American Crisis 3. Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊—an Enlightenment thinker and a leader ofAmerican revolution and; The third President of the United StatesThe aims of his life-pursuit: Freedom and DemocracyThe style of writings: clear; graceful; poetic.Representative work: drafted The Declaration of Independence—the Declaration isconsidered to be the founding document of the United States of America.All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.4. Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺--the poet of the American Revolution “美国革命诗人”and the father of American poetry“美国诗歌之父”His poems are: neoclassical in form，romantic in spirit；strongly lyrical; clear imagery Philip Morin Freneau was a deistic (自然神论的) optimist.Representative work: The Wild Honey Suckle《野忍冬花》※1). In this poem the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience ofnature. He not only meditated on Mortality but also celebrated nature. The poem implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. “The Wild Honey Suckle”is Philip Freneau's most widely read natural lyric with the theme of transience.2). The central image is a native wild flower, which makes a drastic difference from eliteFlower images typical of traditional English poems3). The poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty, which was the characteristic ofromantic poets4). The poem was written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas, rhyming: ababcc. The structureof the poem is regular, so it has the neoclassic quality of proportion and balance.5). The line“the space is but an hour“contains a hyperbole stressing the transience of life.The tone of the poem is both sentimental and optimisticA). Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next greatsubject to command the attention of the best minds.B). Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.Part ⅢThe Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学I. The Background Information1. Romanticism Characteristics: Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics:moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源2．Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems3．Imaginative literature想象类文学：became intense, personal, and symbolic as more writers came to perceive themselves as prophets and seers.4．The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。

美国文学

1.The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。

美国文学考试重点

1.The literature of colonial AmericaWilliam Bradford威廉·布拉德福德（1590年-1657年），五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。

他所撰写的《普利茅斯垦殖记》是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一。

Anne Bradstreet美国女诗人布莱德斯特律1612英格兰比安普敦～1672.9.16,马萨诸塞湾殖民地安多弗美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人。

她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations)受到20世纪文学批评界的重视，被认为是一部不朽之作。

《凡人的虚荣》(Of the vanity of all worldly creatures)、《灵与肉》(The Flesh and the Spirit)、《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(To My Dear and Loving Husband)、《人世正凋萎，万物有终极》(All things within this fading world hath end)、《心痛手颤写诗句》(With troubled heart and trembling hand I write)、《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David's Lamentation for Sauland Jonathan)Puritan Thoughts美国清教主义从一开始就是一种精神运动，它不仅仅是一种宗教信仰，而且还是一种极端民主与共和的理论。

清教徒在自己的祖国遭受迫害，对英国严酷的社会现实不满而移民到美国。

他们希冀按自己的意欲信仰上帝。

于是，他们致力于建立一个乌托邦式的重视伦理和精神生活的社会模式。

他们崇尚真正的自由——这种真正的自由涵盖了广泛的道德的含义。

他们把一切破坏和蔑视这种自由信念的行为一概斥责为对权威的亵渎。

因此，他们认为自己是一群称之为美国人的新人，命定要建立一个新的世界，为人类建造一座“山上的光辉的城市”。

The literature of Colonial America

别之一，是16世纪宗教改革运动中脱离天主教而形成的各个新宗派，以及从这些宗派中不断分化出来的众多宗派的统称。 * 英国国教派－圣公宗 * 路德派－信义宗 * 加尔文派－归正宗
John
Calvin
“would-be purifier”
They wanted to purify the English Church and to restore church worship to the “pure and unspotted” condition of its earlier days. They opposed the elaborate rituals of the English Church. They believed that the Bible was the revealed word of God, therefore, people should guide their daily behavior with the Bible.
Religious revolution in 16th century Catholicism English church Protestantism/Protestants

Origin of Puritanism Martin Luther（16世纪初）
新教的产生：与天主教、东正教并列的基督教三大派
Writers in Early Settlements

John Smith (1580-1631) William Bradford (15901657) John Winthrop (15881649) Anne Bradstreet (1612?-1672) Roger Williams (16031683)

The Literature of Colonial America

The
Irving:
inspire the American romantic imagination Cooper offers a fictional version of the American national experience of adventure into the wilderness of the west. the frontier and the wilderness in American literature was firstly illustrated in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales.
preparation and participation: You should preview the related reading material in the textbook before each class meeting in order to follow and participate in class discussions.
The
English government originally treated the new continent as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables. A large number of settlers left their home in England and arrived at the continent in early 17th century. They came here to escape from religious persecution and also to seek for an ideal place to worship their thought as true Christians. There were vast expanse of virgin forests, lands and wilderness. These puritans believed that they were chosen by God to establish a new commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, to restore the lost paradise and to rebuild the Garden of Eden.

THE LITERATURE OF COLONIAL

4．罗杰·威廉姆斯 Roger Williams –The Patriarch of New England 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5．安妮·布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十 Sprung Up in America”
____was usually regarded as the first a American writer.
A. William Bradford B. Anne Bradstreet
The Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期
1．约翰· 史密斯 John Smith 美国第一位作家《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》 “General History of Virginia” 2．威廉· 布拉德福德 William Bradford 普利茅斯第一任首长《普利茅斯开发历史》 “The History of Plymouth Plantation” 3．约翰· 温思罗普 John Winthrop 波士顿第一任首长《新英格兰历史》 “The History of New England”

美国文学史Part 1 the literature of colonial America

2.
3)
4)
Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: (1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration; (2) highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. Furthermore, the influential Protestant work ethic, reinforced by the practical necessities of a hard pioneer life, inhibited the development of any reading matter designed simply for leisuretime entertainment. It is the belief that work itself is good in addition to what it achieves; that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should not be spent in leisure but in doing further work; that idleness is always immoral and likely to lead to even worse sin since “the devil finds work for idle hands to do”. This belief later developed into the American philosophic idea Puritanism.

美国文学知识

美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。

代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。

纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。

代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。

威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。

代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。

安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。

代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。

迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。

代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。

爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。

代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。

乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。

代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。

二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。

The Literature of Colonial America殖民时期的美国文学

in The Color Purple from the Perspective of Womanism
从妇女主义的视角解读《紫色》中黑人女性的成长
❖ An Analysis of the Causes of Emma’s Tragedy in Madame Bovary from the Perspective of Freudian Psychoanalysis
❖ 现实很残酷，文学很空灵；人虽然活在残酷的现实里，但心灵深处是需要美好的文学直接的滋养。
❖ “文学是什么？” --- 谭旭东
❖ “为什么选择英语专业？” ---唐伟胜
❖ “现在的大学英语系能教给我们什么？” --2015-08-16《翻译教学与研究》
❖ “English majors want the joy of seeing the world through the eyes of people who are more sensitive, more articulate, shrewder, sharper, more alive than they themselves are.”
The regular grades (50%)
❖ 1. 考勤：共5分。每次课考勤，无故缺课一次扣2分，3次及以上得0分关于请假、调课
❖ 2. 随堂考核（包括课堂提问、课堂讨论、课堂测验）
1. 期中测验：20分 2. presentation： 10分 3. 课堂投入度、讨论、提问：5分 ❖ 3. 课程作业10分：读作品，写赏析（迷你毕业论文，要求按毕业论文格式）。
American Literature 美国文学
For English Majors Grade 2012

美国文学知识

纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：
被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：
被誉为“美国历史之父”。代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
代表作《日记》（Journal of John Woolman）。
菲利普·弗瑞诺（Philip Freneau）：
爱国诗人，革命诗人。代表作《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》（The Rising Glory of America）。
菲利斯·惠特利（Phillis Wheatley）：
美国文学史上第一位黑人女诗人。代表作《胡塞先生和棺木》（On Messrs Hussey and Coffin）。
亨利·大卫·梭罗（Henry David Thoreau）：
超经验主义（Transcendentalism）的另一位重要代表。代表作《沃尔登湖，或林中生活》（Walden, or Life in the Woods）。
亨利·华兹沃斯·朗费罗（Henry Wadsworth Longfellow）：
爱德华·爱斯特林·肯明斯（Edward Estlin Cummings）：
诗人，具象诗（concrete poetry）的先驱。代表作《郁金香与烟囱》（Tulips and Chimneys）。
尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neil）：
1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作《天边外》（Beyond the Horizon），《送冰人来了》（The Iceman Cometh），《长夜漫漫路迢迢》（Long Day’s Journey Into Night）。

Part I Literature of Colonial America

The Influences of Puritanism on American literature ?
1. Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, philosophy of life, and a point of view, which became American Puritanism. It was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American literature. 2. Optimism: The Puritans believed they were God’s chosen people enjoying His blessings on this earth as in heaven. The Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and building a new Garden of Eden in America. Fired with such a sense of mission, the Puritans looked at even the worst of life in the face with optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.
Outline
I. Colonial settlement
Puritanism
II. Literature of early settlements
Major figures:

美国文学史选择题

美国文学史选择题●美国文学主要分为四个时期：●I. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。

●一、殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American) (Colonial Period 1607--1775[独立战争1775-1783]）●其他：●major topic: American Puritanism●起源（关键概括）：●是English Protestant的一个分支、Martin Luther(1517)、JohnCalvin、因他们认为伊丽莎白教会改革不彻底、unscriptural不根据基督教《圣经》来--而called for further purification、"would bepurifier"●清教主义信仰（关键内容概括）：●purify the English Church让宗教崇拜重返早期"pure and unspotted"condition、反教会的繁杂仪式rituals、人们要根据《圣经》行事●教条学说：●把宗教当成最重要的事●为了光辉上帝活着●相信：●predestination预言天数上帝拯救、拯救少数●limited atonement赎罪耶稣死亡是上帝选择、不是为了大家●oringinal sin & total depravity堕落每个人生来有原罪、应该努力工作●清教主义表现/影响：●道德卓越moral excellence与良知conscience●重教育●努力、节俭thrifty、独立●有上帝选民chosen people意识●实践理想主义、教条机会主义●欢愉是罪●文学贡献：促进了象征主义的发展--Puritans 认为任何一个简单的东西都有深意connoted deep meaning.●印第安文学Native American Literature●major forms: legends, folktales, battle songs and poems●早期来美洲的目的：金子、土地、宗教迫害persecution、政治观念错误、穷人、罪犯、经商●美洲殖民地：●第一个：1607 英国人建立Jamestown--现在的Virginia●第二个：1620 William Bradford领导的清教徒，乘坐May Flower号船，到今天的Massachusetts●人物集：●1、约翰•史密斯（John Smith）：早期英国殖民者、探险家，在弗吉尼亚建立了第一个永久英国殖民地。