Refutation_PPT最终
0Introduction精品PPT课件
Refrigeratirefrigeration
E-mail: HeNan Polytechnic University
23.10.2020 0:43
weisean
1
Refrigeration Technology
Chapter1：Introduction to refrigeration
0 Introduction to refrigeration
Definition and Scope of Refrigeration Main Applications of Refrigeration History of Refrigeration in the world Academic Organizations and Journals of Refrigeration in the world References
weisean
2
Refrigeration Technology
Chapter1：Introduction to refrigeration
Definition and Scope of Refrigeration
Literally, the word “refrigerate” is to make or keep cool or cold; to preserve (food, biologicals, etc) by keeping cold and freezing, as in Webster’s New World Dictionary.
考研复试PPT模板
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实践经历
Part four
01.企业实习——稻壳无人机生产基地
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校园经历
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思想政治
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专业课
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refutation词根
refutation词根Refutation: Dissecting the Power of the "Refut-" Word RootIntroduction:The power of language lies not only in its ability to convey thoughts and ideas but also in its capacity to shape our understanding of the world. Within language, word roots play a crucial role by providing a foundation for numerous words. One such word root that holds significant weight is "refut-." In this article, we will explore the meaning, history, and applications of the "refut-" word root, shedding light on its impact on various domains.Meaning and Origin:The word root "refut-" derives from the Latin term "refutare," which means "to check" or "to refute." It serves as the basis for several words in the English language, carrying the underlying meaning of disproving or challenging previously held beliefs or statements. The power of the "refut-" word root lies in its ability to analyze, question, and invalidate arguments or theories, thus fostering critical thinking and intellectual growth.Applications in Science:In the field of science, the "refut-" word root finds extensive usage. Scientists constantly strive to challenge and disprove existing theories as part of the scientific method. Refutation is a crucial element in scientific progress, allowing researchers to refine hypotheses, theories, and conclusions. By questioning and attempting to refute established ideas, scientists pave the way for new discoveries and advancements.For instance, in the realm of astronomy, the refutation of the geocentric model, which posited that the Earth was the center of the universe, led to the development and acceptance of the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus. This revolutionary shift in perspective challenged long-held beliefs and significantly advanced our understanding of the cosmos.Applications in Philosophy:Philosophy, too, benefits from the potency of the "refut-" word root. Philosophers engage in rigorous debates, presenting arguments and counterarguments that aim to challenge or refute one another's viewpoints. By critically evaluating and questioning established ideas, philosophers pave the way for intellectual growth and the development of new philosophical theories.Take, for example, the philosophical concept of determinism, which suggests that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable. Numerous philosophers, such as David Hume, have presented compelling arguments refuting determinism, highlighting the existence of free will and the capacity for human agency. Through refutation, philosophy constantly evolves and expands, leading to new insights and perspectives.Applications in Literature:In literature, the "refut-" word root is instrumental in building tension and conflict within narratives. Authors often employ refutation as a technique to develop their characters, plotlines, and themes. By challenging characters' beliefs or introducing contrasting viewpoints, authors create dynamic and engaging stories that explore the complexities of human nature.Consider the classic novel "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. The central character, Elizabeth Bennet, initially holds a negative prejudice towards Mr. Darcy. However, as the story unfolds, Austen introduces situations and events that refute Elizabeth's preconceived notions, leading to personal growth, self-reflection, and a change in perspective. Through refutation, authors captivate readers and offer valuable insights into the human condition.Conclusion:The "refut-" word root, derived from the Latin term "refutare," carries immense power in shaping our understanding of the world. From its applications in scientific research to its impact on philosophical discourse and literary narratives, refutation allows us to question, challenge, and evolve our knowledge and beliefs. By embracing the critical thinking prompted by refutation, we can foster intellectual growth, creating a more enlightened and vibrant society.。
驳论文Refutation
文章8~10段
譬如罢，我们之中的一个穷青年，因为祖上的阴功（姑且让我这么说说 罢），得了一所大宅子，且不问他是骗来的，抢来的，或合法继承的，或是做了 女婿换来的。那么，怎么办呢？我想，首先是不管三七二十一，“拿来”！但是 ，如果反对这宅子的旧主人，怕给他的东西染污了，徘徊不敢走进门，是孱头； 勃然大怒，放一把火烧光，算是保存自己的清白，则是昏蛋。不过因为原是羡慕 这宅子的旧主人的，而这回接受一切，欣欣然的蹩进卧室，大吸剩下的鸦片，那 当然更是废物。“拿来主义”者是全不这样的。 他占有，挑选。看见鱼翅，并不就抛在路上以显其“平民化”，只要有 养料，也和朋友们像萝卜白菜一样的吃掉，只不用它来宴大宾；看见鸦片，也不 当众摔在茅厕里，以见其彻底革命，只送到药房里去，以供治病之用，却不弄“ 出售存膏，售完即止”的玄虚。只有烟枪和烟灯，虽然形式和印度，波斯，阿拉 伯的烟具都不同，确可以算是一种国粹，倘使背着周游世界，一定会有人看，但 第四部分（第8～10段）批判对待文化遗产的三种错误态度，指出“拿 我想，除了送一点进博物馆之外，其余的是大可以毁掉的了。还有一群姨太太， 来主义”者对待文化遗产应是“占有”“挑选”和创造，最后得出结论 也大以请她们各自走散为是，要不然，“拿来主义”怕未免有些危机。 ，文章的第四部分，以立为主，立中有破，对“拿来主义”作了正面的 （conclusion ）总之，我们要拿来。我们要或使用，或存放，或毁灭。 分析，对论点用比喻进行正面的、直接的、具体的阐述。最后一段为结 那么，主人是新主人，宅子也就会成为新宅子。然而首先要这人沉着，勇猛， 论部分，共五句话，或总结，或强调，或照应，或重申，或阐明，与前 有辨别，不自私。没有拿来的，人不能自成为新人，没有拿来的，文艺不能自 边各段处处关联，全文浑然一体。 成为新文艺。 六月四日
refutation
REFUTATION第一部分：引述别人观点引述部分：1. in this argument/analysis, the arguer concludes/claims that…2. to support/justify the conclusion, the arguer points out/ provides the evidence that…and that…; in addition, the arguer reasons that…3. there is a growing public concern over the issue of…4. the speaker in the title statement advocates that…第二部分：引述别人观点攻击别人观点攻击论点：1. to sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility cause the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.2. to strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning…3.moreover, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out all the above-mentioned possibilities before we can better evaluate the argument.4. additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes…5. in summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, th e arguer would have to prove that…6. the argument suffers from several critic fallacies/ flaws.7. the arguer over simplifies the issue of…8. the arguer unfairly assume that…9. the arguer fails to take into account other factors that…10. the arguer fai ls to convince us that…contributes to/ leads to/ results in…11. the major problem with this argument is that…12. before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another flaw.13. several other flaws undermines the arguments.13. many people may sincerely believe that…, but one does not have to go very too far to see that…14. some people may take for granted that…, yet careful examination would review that…;15. another misconception many people may hold is that…, but what they fail to notice is that…;攻击论据：1. In the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us to evaluate that…2. However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding …3. to conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts to demonstrate that…4. to solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning…5. moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer c an provide concrete evidence that…6. the procedure of the survey might be problematic.7. the assumption that…is open to doubt/unreliable/unfounded/groundless/unwarranted.8. the result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to thearguer’s assumption.9. the comparison between A and B is incomplete.攻击论证逻辑：1. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that…2. the arguer commits a fallacy o f…3. the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between A and B.4. another problem that weakens/undermines the logic of this argument is that…第三部分：引述别人观点攻击别人观点表述自己的观点表达观点：1. according t the title statement,…, while I agree that…;2. I insist that…;3. it is natural that…;4. it is natural that people may disagree each other over such a controversial issue due to their different experience and values. On balance, I am inclined to support/ oppose the idea that…5. in the last analysis, I argue that…;6. in my opinion, …;第四部分：引述别人观点攻击别人观点表述自己的观点展开具体论证论证：1. in the first place, in the second place,…, last;2. firstly, secondly,…, lastly;3. to begin with, next, in addition, finally;4. to start with, moreover, additionally, last;5. first of all/ first and foremost, moreover, additionally, last but not least, finally;6. on the one hand,…, on the other hand,…;7. for one thing, for another thing;。
【ppt模板】通用稀缺可爱国外中式设计风格毕业答辩商业计划素材Reforestation
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Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous
Mercury t planet in the Solar System
It’s the biggest planet in the Solar System
It’s composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
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Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System and the fourth-brightest object in the night sky. It was named after a Roman god
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四级常见词汇PPT课件
spit v 吐(唾液等)；唾弃 exterior n 外部，外表 a 外部 的，外表的 suspicion n 怀疑，疑心 acquire vt 取得，获得；学到 vessel n 船舶；容器，器皿； 血管 shift v 转移；转动；转变
完结
Thank you for reading
export n. 出口（物） v. 出口， 输出 import n. 进口（物） v. 进口， 输入 impose vt. 把...加强(on)；采 用，利用 religion n. 宗教，宗教信仰 religious a. 宗教的 victim n. 牺牲品，受害者
balcony n. 阳台 calculate vt. 计算，核算 calendar n. 日历，月历 optimistic a. 乐观 optional a. 可以任选的，非强 制的 outstanding a. 杰出的，突出 的，显著的
obscure a 阴暗，模糊 spill v 溢出，溅出，倒出 vanish vi 消灭，不见 cargo n (船、飞机等装载的)货 物 slide v 滑动，滑落 n 滑动；滑 面；幻灯片 transplant v 移植 appreciate vt 重视，赏识，欣 赏
catalog n 目录(册) v 编目 torture n/vt 拷打，折磨 ruin v 毁坏，破坏 n 毁灭，[pl] 废墟 vertical a 垂直的 consume v 消耗，耗尽 network n 网状物；广播网， 电视网；网络
vague a 模糊的，不明确的 delay vt/n 推迟，延误，耽搁 approve v 赞成，同意，批准 negative a 否定的，消极的 temple n 庙宇 wander vi 漫游，闲逛 transport vat 运输，运送 n 运 输，运输工具 oral a 口头的，口述的，口的
refutation的结构
refutation的结构
Refutation是一种写作技巧，通过反驳来否定一个观点或主张，从而增强自己的观点或主张。
在写作中使用Refutation不仅可以提高文章的逻辑性和说服力，还可以展现作者具备反思和批判的能力。
下面，就来看看Refutation的结构。
一、引入观点
首先，引入要反驳的观点或主张，让读者知道你将会反驳哪个立场。
例如：有人认为智能手机会令人们变得越来越疏离，这是一个非常流行的观点。
二、说明观点的不足之处
接下来，阐述该观点的不足之处，列举事实和证据来证明其不正确，这是Refutation的重点。
例如：然而，实际情况是，智能手机为人们提供了更多的社交媒体和通信工具，使得人们更容易联系和互动，反而加强了人与人之间的联系。
更重要的是，人们可以更方便地通过智能手机获取信息，学习知识，开阔思维，提高自身素养。
三、提出自己的观点
最后，提出自己的观点或主张，并简要陈述原因，让读者理解你的观点。
例如：因此，智能手机在改善人与人之间的关系，促进社会交流和信息传输方面表现出色。
当然，人们需要学会掌握使用智能手机的技能和方法，才能更好地发挥智能手机的功效。
Refutation的结构不仅适用于论证文章，也适用于辩论和演讲等口头表达。
需要注意的是，Refutation不代表批判或攻击别人的观点，而是通过理性的反驳来表达自己的意见。
复格PPT模板
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Refutation反驳2019版教学PPT
• Refutation involves a debater objecting to an argument raised by someone on the other side反驳涉及到一个辩手反对对方辩手所主张的论点
Deciding What to Refute
反驳对象的选择
• Can’t refute everything不要什么都反驳
• Don’t focus on arguments that are the easiest to refute不要紧盯着最易反驳的点
• Focus on important arguments盯紧重要的点
• Focus on arguments essential to the opposing speaker’s case聚焦反方立论的基础与核心论点
• Focus on arguments that prevent you from making your own case聚焦阻碍我方立论的对方
论点
Methods of Refutation: External Method反驳法：外部手段
• Creating counter arguments
• 2. “But I say…” (state the claim of your own refutation)“但是我方认为···”（阐明立场）
• 3. “Because…” (provide support for your refutation)“因为···”（加以论证）
• 4. “Therefore…” (explain why the argument is important to the debate) “所以···”（说明该点重
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Content
Structure
Step 1
Steps of refutation
Very briefly bring up the main arguments that your opponents have made or might make in their own favor.
Step 2
The exercise in refutation is an attack on an opposite view, typically attacking the credibility of a myth or legend.
Definition
Convince your side is right
Target point 1
Target point 2
Target point 3
…..
…..
Body
Deconstruction Point refuted
Conclusion
Refute the point again
Put your own point/advise
Hook
In the last decade , Internet and computers are used many areas , especially in education
Active euthanasia(安乐死) is morally acceptable. It is a decent, ethical(伦理的) thing to help another human being escape suffering through death.
Common fallacies
Refute the point again： In short , the much ballyhooed promise has yet to be realized. The magnetically education of computers , Internet and webs are still empty promises for most students. Put your own point/advise： excellence in education can only be achieved by old
Claim: An industrious(勤劳的) man must also be thrifty(节约).
Support: With only industry but without thrift, the person will end up bankrupt.
Strategies
Inference: This is too much; it proves we should end it.
beneficial to education
Introduction Target point Access to every subject.
point1
Equal access for education.
point2
Learning beyond classroom.
point3
State thesis
True history of Diaoyu Islands
Japan claims that the Diaoyu Islands were terra nullius before it discovered and incorporated it into the Japanese territory. But the truth is, decades before Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom - and occupied the Diaoyu Islands - British naval ships had to obtain permission from the then Chinese government before even entering the waters off the Chinese islands in the East China Sea, including the Ryukyu Islands and the Diaoyu Islands.
Cyberspace is not an ideal classroom
Target Point：Promoters of computer learning are excited about the quantity of information available on the internet.
Strategies
Inference: Inference: An industrious An industrious person ends person ends up bankrupt up bankrupt sounds absurd. sounds absurd.
Reduction to hild has red spots.
Strategies
Inference: SARS and Black Death are similar.
Analogy （类比）
Claim: Many people will die of SARS.
Support: Many people died of the Black Death.
Strategies
Inference: A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
Common Sense
（诉诸常识）
Claim: She was very kind to me.
Support: She treated me with the best tea she had.
Statistics （统计数据）
Claim: We should end the current povertyrelief program.
Support: It costs $45 million per year.
Content
Common fallacies
Begging the Question 窃取论题
Strategies
Authority
（引用权威）
Claim: China’s economy will grow 8 percent this year.
Inference: These experts are reliable.
Support: Professors and scientists say so.
Goal
Prove opponent is wrong
Definition
Example
Applications
Court Statement
Newspaper
The Great Debaters The Harvard:
Civil disobedience isn't moral because it's non-violent. Non-violence is the mask civil disobedience wears to conceal its true face anarchy.
Support: The price of the product is sliding.
Strategies
Inference: There are no other reasons for the group’s depression.
Cause-effect （因果关系）
Claim: The Internet will cause depression.
Put their arguments down one by one by disproving them or showing why they should not be believed.
Structure
Introduction
Hook Target point to be refuted(1、2、3) State thesis
Support: When a group of people increased its use of the Internet, they felt depressed.
Strategies
Inference: Three examples are enough.
Claim: Everyone likes the movie.
• The Wiley:
Gandhi believes must Resolved: Civilone disobedience always act with love and respect is a moral weapon in the for one's fight foropponents. justice. Gandhi also believes that lawbreakers must accept the legal consequences for their actions. Does that sound like anarchy?
Red herring 无关问题
Zhang Yimou doesn’t violate the family planning because he is a famous director.
Common fallacies
The seriousness of a punishment should match the seriousness of the crime. Right now, the punishment for drunk driving may simply be a fine(罚款). But drunk driving is a very serious crime that can kill innocent people. So the death penalty(死刑) should be the punishment for drunk driving.