Hypertension and liver disease

合集下载

超声瞬时弹性成像检测受控衰减参数评估非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝脂肪变程度价值研究

超声瞬时弹性成像检测受控衰减参数评估非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝脂肪变程度价值研究

∗基金项目:河南省医学科技攻关计划项目(编号: 2018020246)作者单位:450052郑州市郑州大学第五附属医院超声诊断科第一作者:郭萌,女,41岁,医学硕士,副主任医师㊂E-mail: guomeng.823@ ㊃非酒精性脂肪性肝病㊃超声瞬时弹性成像检测受控衰减参数评估非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝脂肪变程度价值研究∗郭萌,郭琦,张峰㊀㊀ʌ摘要ɔ㊀目的㊀分析应用超声瞬时弹性成像检测的受控衰减参数(CAP)评估非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者肝脂肪变程度的价值㊂方法㊀2020年5月~2022年5月我院诊治的NAFLD患者78例,均接受肝脏超声检查和超声瞬时弹性成像检查,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)并计算曲线下面积(AUC)评估CAP诊断NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度的效能㊂结果㊀肝脏超声检查结果显示,78例NAFLD患者中包括轻度肝脂肪变41例㊁中度肝脂肪变23例和重度肝脂肪变14例;重度肝脂肪变患者血清ALT和AST水平分别为(77.2ʃ14.9)U/L和(59.1ʃ11.7)U/L,显著高于中度肝脂肪变患者ʌ分别为(40.1ʃ8.3)U/L和(35.9ʃ6.2)U/L,P<0.05ɔ或轻度肝脂肪变患者ʌ分别为(26.7ʃ5.5)U/L和(23.3ʃ4.8)U/L, P<0.05ɔ;重度肝脂肪变患者血清TG水平和CAP分别为(3.5ʃ0.7)mmol/L和(317.7ʃ27.6)dB/m,显著高于轻度肝脂肪变患者ʌ分别为(1.6ʃ0.6)mmol/L和(259.9ʃ27.5)dB/m,P<0.05ɔ或中度肝脂肪变患者ʌ分别为(2.7ʃ0.6)mmol/L和(292.1ʃ30.7)dB/m,P<0.05ɔ,而血清HDL-C水平为(0.8ʃ0.4)mmol/L,显著低于轻度肝脂肪变患者ʌ(1.3ʃ0.3)mmol/L, P<0.05ɔ或中度肝脂肪变患者ʌ(1.1ʃ0.3)mmol/L,P<0.05ɔ;以CAP>285.4dB/m为截断点,诊断NAFLD患者中度肝脂肪变,以CAP>309.1dB/m为截断点,诊断NAFLD患者重度肝脂肪变,结果发现轻度肝脂肪变39例,中度肝脂肪变22例,重度肝脂肪变17例,其AUC㊁敏感度和特异度分别为0.783(95%CI:0.669~0.896)㊁78.3%和75.6%,和0.696(95% CI:0.515~0.876)㊁78.6%和69.6%(P<0.05)㊂结论㊀应用CAP诊断NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度可能比超声检查更准确,有很大的临床应用价值㊂㊀㊀ʌ关键词ɔ㊀非酒精性脂肪性肝病;肝脂肪;超声瞬时弹性成像;受控衰减参数;诊断㊀㊀DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2024.02.008㊀㊀Evaluation of hepatic steatosis by controlled attenuation parameter of ultrasonic transient elastography in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases㊀Guo Meng,Guo Qi,Zhang Feng.Department of Ultrasound,Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou450052,Henan Province,China㊀㊀ʌAbstractɔ㊀Objective㊀The aim of this study was to investigate the evaluation of hepatic steatosis by controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)of ultrasonic transient elastography in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases(NAFLD).Methods㊀78 patients with NAFLD were enrolled in our hospital between May2020and May2022,and they all received liver ultrasonography and ultrasonic transient elastography for CAP.The receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)was plotted and the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated to evaluate the efficacy of CAP in predicting the degree of hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD.Results㊀The liver ultrasonography showed that out of the78patients with NAFLD in our series,there were mild hepatic steatosis in41cases,moderate hepatic steatosis in23cases and severe hepatic steatosis in14cases;serum ALT and AST levels in patients with severe liver steatosis were(77.2ʃ14.9)U/L and(59.1ʃ11.7)U/L,significantly higher than[(40.1ʃ8.3)U/L and(35.9ʃ6.2)U/L,P<0.05]in patients with moderate or[(26.7ʃ5.5)U/L and(23.3ʃ4.8)U/L,P<0.05]in patients with mild liver steatosis;serum triglyceride level and the CAP in patients with severe liver steatosis were(3.5ʃ0.7)mmol/L and (317.7ʃ27.6)dB/m,both significantly higher than[(1.6ʃ0.6)mmol/L and(259.9ʃ27.5)dB/m,P<0.05]in patients with mild or[(2.7ʃ0.6)mmol/L and(292.1ʃ30.7)dB/m,P<0.05]in patients with moderate,while serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was(0.8ʃ0.4)mmol/L,much lower than[(1.3ʃ0.3)mmol/L,P<0.05]in patients with mild or[(1.1ʃ0.3)mmol/L,P<0.05]in patients with moderate liver steatosis;with the CAP>280.4dB/m as the cut-off value for the diagnosisof moderate hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD,the AUC,sensitivity(Se)and specificity(Sp)were0.783(95%CI:0.669-0.896),78.3%and75.6%,and with the CAP>309.1dB/m as the cut-off value for the diagnosis of severe hepaticsteatosis,the AUC was0.696(95%CI:0.515-0.876),with the Se of78.6%and the Sp of69.6%(P<0.05).Conclusion㊀The application of CAP obtained by ultrasonic transient elastography might help assess more accurately the severity of liver steatosis in patients with NAFLD.㊀㊀ʌKey wordsɔ㊀Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases;Hepatic steatosis;Ultrasonic transient elastography;Controlled attenuation parameter;Diagnosis㊀㊀非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一种以肝脏脂肪变性为特征的疾病㊂据统计,NAFLD已影响了超过25%成年人[1]㊂NAFLD是全球慢性肝病的主要病因,与包括肥胖㊁糖尿病㊁高血压和高脂血症在内的代谢综合征密切相关,有进展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)㊁肝纤维化㊁肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌的风险[2]㊂由于NAFLD 在早期是一个可逆的过程,故尽早诊断并给予合理的治疗至关重要㊂肝活检是目前诊断NAFLD的 金标准 ,但该操作有一定的创伤性,无法在临床上得到广泛的开展[3]㊂超声瞬时弹性成像(FibroScan)是一种新兴的超声成像技术,由法国Echosens公司研发,具有检查时间短㊁无创㊁可重复等优点,通过无创弹性测量评估肝脏实质的硬度和脂肪变间接反映肝纤维化和肝脂肪变程度,已被广泛应用于慢性肝病的无创诊断[4]㊂基于FibroScan设计的新的参数,称为受控衰减参数(controlled attenuation parameter, CAP),可用于定量反映肝脂肪变程度[5]㊂本研究旨在使用超声瞬时弹性成像检测NAFLD患者CAP,评估肝脂肪变程度,以期为临床管理提供依据㊂1㊀资料与方法1.1一般资料㊀2020年5月~2022年5月我院收治的NAFLD患者78例,男性41例,女性37例;年龄为34~66岁,平均年龄为(49.9ʃ7.1岁)㊂符合‘非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018年更新版)“[6]的诊断标准㊂纳入标准:(1)无饮酒史;(2)超声提示肝脂肪变㊂排除标准:(1)合并严重的心㊁脑㊁肺㊁肾功能障碍;(2)排除病毒性肝炎㊁酒精性肝病㊁药物性肝损伤㊁自身免疫性肝病等㊂全部患者签署知情同意书,本研究经我院医学伦理委员会审核通过㊂1.2肝脏超声检查㊀使用飞利浦中国投资有限公司提供的彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查,超声探头频率为3.5MHz㊂检查时,患者取仰卧位或左侧卧位,观察肝脏形态㊁大小㊁轮廓㊁边界㊁肝区回声㊁前场回声增强㊁远场回声衰减和管道结构等,从而对肝脂肪变进行分度㊂轻度肝脂肪变:肝脏前场回声增强,远场回声轻度衰减;中度肝脂肪变:肝脏前场回声增强,远场回声衰减;重度肝脂肪变;肝脏前场回声明显增强,远场回声明显衰减,管道结构模糊㊂1.3CAP检测㊀使用无锡海斯凯尔医学技术有限公司生产的FibroTouch超声瞬时弹性成像仪检测,超声探头频率为3.5MHz㊂由经过专门培训且获得Fi-broTouch操作证书的医生按照使用手册,定人定机操作㊂在测量时,患者取仰卧位,右手抱头,最大程度地扩展肋间隙㊂选择右侧腋前线到腋中线第7㊁8㊁9肋间作为检测区域,保持探头与肋间隙皮肤表面垂直㊂当压力指示器显示为绿色,显示屏上M波形强度一致㊁分布均匀和A波形呈线性时,开始测量㊂所有患者测量次数>10次,并以有效测量结果的中位数作为最终结果㊂有效测量结果指的是所有测量结果的四分位间距/中位数<30%,同时(成功测量次数/总测量次数)成功率ȡ60%㊂1.4血清指标检测㊀使用北京普朗新技术有限公司提供的全自动生化分析仪检测血生化指标㊂1.5统计学处理㊀应用SPSS26.0统计学软件处理数据㊂计量资料均满足正态分布,以(xʃs)表示,采用单因素方差分析㊂绘制受试者工作特征曲线(re-ceiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)并计算曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC),评估CAP诊断NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度的效能,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义㊂2㊀结果2.1肝脏超声检查结果㊀经超声检查,在78例NAFLD患者中,发现轻度肝脂肪变41例㊁中度肝脂肪变23例和重度肝脂肪变14例㊂2.2不同肝脂肪变的NAFLD患者肝功能指标比较㊀重度肝脂肪变患者血清ALT和AST水平显著高于轻度或中度肝脂肪变患者,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05,表1)㊂2.3不同肝脂肪变的NAFLD患者血脂和CAP比较㊀重度肝脂肪变患者FPG㊁血清TG㊁LDL-C水平和CAP显著高于轻度肝脂肪变患者,而血清HDL-C水平显著低于轻度或中度肝脂肪变患者(P<0.05,表2)㊂表1㊀不同肝脂肪变的NAFLD患者肝功能指标(xʃs)比较肝脂肪变例数TBIL(μmol/L)ALT(U/L)AST(U/L)ALB(g/L)轻度4112.9ʃ1.626.7ʃ5.523.3ʃ4.847.5ʃ3.7中度2315.9ʃ2.040.1ʃ8.3①35.9ʃ6.2①48.0ʃ3.9重度1416.1ʃ2.177.2ʃ14.9①②59.1ʃ11.7①②48.1ʃ3.9㊀㊀与轻度肝脂肪变比,①P<0.05;与中度肝脂肪变比,②P<0.05表2㊀不同肝脂肪变的NAFLD患者血脂和CAP(xʃs)比较肝脂肪变例数TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)LDL-C(mmol/L)HDL-C(mmol/L)CAP(dB/m)轻度41 5.0ʃ0.8 1.6ʃ0.6 2.9ʃ0.9 1.3ʃ0.3259.9ʃ27.5中度23 5.1ʃ0.9 2.7ʃ0.6① 3.3ʃ0.8 1.1ʃ0.3①292.1ʃ30.7①重度14 5.0ʃ0.9 3.5ʃ0.7①② 3.5ʃ0.9①0.8ʃ0.4①②317.7ʃ27.6①②㊀㊀与轻度肝脂肪变比,①P<0.05;与中度肝脂肪变比,②P<0.052.4CAP诊断NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度的效能情况㊀以CAP>285.4dB/m为截断点,诊断NAFLD患者中度肝脂肪变,以CAP>309.1dB/m为截断点,诊断NAFLD患者重度肝脂肪变,结果发现轻度肝脂肪变39例,中度肝脂肪变22例,重度肝脂肪变17例,其AUC㊁敏感度和特异度分别为0.783(95%CI:0.669~0.896)㊁78.3%和75.6%(P<0.05,图1),和0.696(95%CI:0.515~0.876)㊁78.6%和69.6%(P<0.05,图2)㊂图1㊀CAP诊断NAFLD患者中度肝脂肪变的ROC曲线分析图2㊀CAP诊断NAFLD患者重度肝脂肪变的ROC曲线分析3㊀讨论近年来,NAFLD患病率不断升高㊂预计到2030年,我国NAFLD患者总数将超过3亿[7]㊂NAFLD 包括各种不同严重程度的肝脏疾病,而处于单纯性脂肪肝阶段的病变是可逆的,早期诊断和干预将有助于改善预后[8]㊂但NAFLD的发病机制尚不清楚,通常认为是由于脂肪在肝细胞内过度沉积和肝细胞脂肪变性所致,全身性炎症㊁胰岛素抵抗㊁肠道微生态失调等均可促进疾病的发生和发展[9]㊂作为全身代谢综合征的一种表现,NAFLD与血糖和血脂代谢紊乱密切相关[10]㊂非肥胖型NAFLD患者代谢紊乱程度较肥胖型NAFLD患者更轻,其肝脂肪变程度亦显著减轻[11]㊂本研究发现不同肝脂肪变的NAFLD 患者血生化指标存在显著性差异,NAFLD患者代谢紊乱程度随着肝脂肪变程度的加重而逐渐加重㊂缓解NAFLD的一种方法为抑制TG合成,另一种为促进TG代谢,而抑制脂质合成和促进脂肪酸氧化可改善肝脂肪变程度[11]㊂故早期无创诊断NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度尤为重要㊂目前,常规超声检查被广泛用于肝脂肪变的一线评估,但普通超声检查缺乏定量的准确性,对低肝脂肪含量诊断的敏感性差,并且在极大程度上依赖操作者的临床经验[12]㊂超声瞬时弹性成像是一种非侵入性的检查方法,具有快速㊁无创㊁可重复性好等优点,其测量的组织体积相比活检样本至少大100倍,同时测量结果不受操作者主观影响,在慢性肝病具有较高的诊断价值[13,14]㊂因脂肪为一种衰减介质,而通过超声瞬时弹性成像检测CAP是基于超声在介质传导过程中的能量衰减原理,通过对信号能量在肝脏传播过程中的衰减速度进行测量,从而有助于定量评估肝脂肪变程度[15]㊂CAP可用于评估病毒性肝炎患者肝脂肪变程度[16-18]㊂本研究通过对比不同肝脂肪变的NAFLD患者CAP值,结果显示重度肝脂肪变患者CAP显著高于中度或轻度肝脂肪变患者,表明CAP与NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度密切相关㊂随着NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度的加重,其肝脏脂肪含量亦不断增加,其CAP也随之增大,提示使用Fibroscan检测CAP可用于评估NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度㊂不同作者报道的CAP 诊断NAFLD中度和重度肝脂肪变的截断点分别为258dB/m和293dB/m等不等[19,20],而本研究应用CAP诊断NAFLD患者中度和重度肝脂肪变具体良好的诊断效能㊂一方面,通过肝脏超声检查对肝脂肪变进行分级可能受操作者经验的影响,另一方面可能是由于所纳入的病例数有限所致㊂本研究结果显示,CAP诊断NAFLD患者中度和重度肝脂肪变的AUC分别为0.783和0.696,其敏感度分别为78.3%和78.6%,特异度分别为75.6%和69.6%,表明应用CAP评估NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度具有一定的价值,是一种较理想的检查方法㊂因此,使用Fibroscan检测CAP有助于指导临床评估NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度,同时结合患者肝功能㊁空腹血糖和血脂指标等,有望实现早期无创诊断,具有较高的临床应用价值㊂但本研究仍存在一定的局限性,首先,未对患者进行肝活检检查,而是以肝脏超声检查结果作为诊断不同肝脂肪变分级的标准,可能会对结果造成一定的影响;其次,为单中心临床研究,所纳入的病例数较少,可能使得结果出现一定的偏倚㊂后续工作的开展还有待进行多中心㊁大样本的研究,以进一步分析CAP评估NAFLD患者肝脂肪变程度的价值㊂ʌ参考文献ɔ[1]Duell PB,Welty FK,Miller M,et al.Nonalcoholic fatty fiver dis-ease and cardiovascular risk:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2022, 42(6):168-185.[2]Truong E,Yeo YH,Cook-Wiens G,et al.Nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease prevalence and severity in Asian Americans from the national health and nutrition examination surveys2017-2018.Hepatol Com-mun,2022,6(9):2253-2261.[3]Troelstra MA,Witjes JJ,van Dijk AM,et al.Assessment ofimaging modalitiesagainst liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver dis-ease:The Amsterdam NAFLD-NASH Cohort.J Magn Reson Ima-ging,2021,54(6):1937-1949.[4]Li Q,Chen T,Shi N,et al.Quantitative evaluation of hepatic fi-brosis by fibroScan and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced T1mapping magnetic resonance imaging in chronic hepatitis B.Abdom Radiol (NY),2022,47(2):684-692.[5]Duarte M,Tien P,Ma Y,et al.Controlled attenuation parameteraccurately detects liver steatosis in people with HIV.AIDS,2022, 36(15):2147-2152.[6]中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组,中国医师协会脂肪肝专家委员会.非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018年更新版).实用肝脏病杂志,2018,21(2):177-186.[7]Xiong Y,Peng Q,Cao C,et al.Effect of different exercisemethods on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:a meta-analysis and meta-regression.Int J Environ Res Public Health,2021,18(6): 3242-3259.[8]王林,刘学恩,庄辉.非酒精性脂肪性肝病组学生物标志物的研究进展.中华肝脏病杂志,2021,29(6):604-608.[9]Tilg H,Adolph TE,Dudek M,et al.Non-alcoholic fatty liver dis-ease:the interplay between metabolism,microbes and immunity.Nat Metab,2021,3(12):1596-1607.[10]Younossi ZM,Paik JM,Al Shabeeb R,et al.Are there outcomedifferences between NAFLD and metabolic-associated fatty liver dis-ease?Hepatology,2022,76(5):1423-1437.[11]王慧,汤展,常文娟,等.非肥胖型与肥胖型非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者代谢特征和肝脂肪变程度比较.实用肝脏病杂志,2022, 25(5):669-672.[12]Lyu H,Tao F,Peng L,et al.In vitro probiotic properties ofbifidobacterium animalis ctis SF and its alleviating effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Nutrients,2023,15(6): 1355-1380.[13]Lipiński P,Szymańska-Ro ek P,Socha P,et al.Controlled at-tenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurements using transient elastography by FibroScan in Gaucher disease.Mol Genet Metab, 2020,129(2):125-131.[14]Piccinni R,Rodrigues SG,Montani M,et al.Controlledattenuation parameter reflects steatosis in compensated advanced chronic liver disease.Liver Int,2020,40(5):1151-1158. [15]Ni XX,Lian M,Wu HM,et al.Evaluation of controlledattenuation parameter in assessing hepatic steatosis in patients with autoimmune liver diseases.World J Gastroenterol,2021,27(1): 80-91.[16]Petroff D,Blank V,Newsome PN,et al.Assessment of hepaticsteatosis by controlled attenuation parameter using the M and XL probes:an individual patient data ncet Gastroen-terol Hepatol,2021,6(3):185-198.[17]Zuo Z,Cui H,Wang M,et al.Diagnostic ofFibroTouch and six se-rological models in assessing the degree of liver fibrosis among pa-tients with chronic hepatic disease:A single-center retrospective study.PLoS One,2022,17(7):e0270512.[18]Zhu SH,Zheng KI,Hu DS,et al.Optimal thresholds forultrasound attenuation parameter in the evaluation of hepatic steatosis severity:evidence from a cohort of patients with biopsy-proven fatty liver disease.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2021,33(3):430-435.[19]Qu Y,Song YY,Chen CW,et al.Diagnostic performance of Fibro-Touch ultrasound attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measure-ment in assessing hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Clin Transl Gastroenterol,2021,12(4):e00323.[20]候萌萌,苑喜微,王一奇,等.超声衰减参数在代谢相关脂肪性肝病诊断中的应用研究.中华肝脏病杂志,2022,30(3): 290-296.(收稿:2023-05-25)(本文编辑:刘波)。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病合并T2DM_患者血清成纤维细胞生长因子-21_和分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5_水平变化及

非酒精性脂肪性肝病合并T2DM_患者血清成纤维细胞生长因子-21_和分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5_水平变化及

∗基金项目:山东省自然科学基金面上项目(编号: ZR2021MH148)作者单位:264100山东省烟台市滨州医学院附属烟台医院消化内科(孙世磊,刘翠翠,李曙光);胃肠外科(鲁科翔)第一作者:孙世磊,男,34岁,医学硕士,主治医师㊂E-mail:ss-lyy0329@通讯作者:李曙光,E-mail:lsg_why@ ㊃非酒精性脂肪性肝病㊃非酒精性脂肪性肝病合并T2DM患者血清成纤维细胞生长因子-21和分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5水平变化及其临床意义探讨∗孙世磊,刘翠翠,李曙光,鲁科翔㊀㊀ʌ摘要ɔ㊀目的㊀探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)合并T2DM患者血清成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF21)和分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5(SFRP5)水平变化及其临床意义㊂方法㊀2020年5月~2023年3月我院诊治的NAFLD患者101例ʌ单纯性脂肪肝(NAFL)64例㊁非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)25例和肝硬化(LC)12例ɔ和NAFLD合并T2DM患者81例(NAFL58例㊁NASH16例和LC7例),检测空腹血糖(FBG)㊁空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)㊂采用ELISA法检测血清FGF21和SFRP5水平㊂结果㊀NAFLD合并T2DM患者FBG㊁血清FINS㊁HOMA-IR和血清FGF21水平分别为(8.7ʃ1.4)mmol/L㊁(28.9ʃ5.8)μIU/mL㊁(11.1ʃ2.7)和(304.8ʃ36.0)pg/mL,均显著高于NAFLD患者ʌ分别为(5.5ʃ1.2)mmol/L㊁(20.8ʃ4.1)μIU/mL㊁(5.1ʃ1.5)和(267.6ʃ34.5)pg/mL,P<0.05ɔ,而血清SFRP5水平为(6.8ʃ1.2)pg/mL,显著低于NAFLD患者ʌ(10.3ʃ2.2)pg/mL,P<0.05ɔ;NAFLD合并T2DM患者血清TC㊁TG㊁HDL-C和LDL-C水平分别为(6.7ʃ1.0)mmol/L㊁(3.7ʃ0.6)mmol/L㊁(1.3ʃ0.2)mmol/L和(3.4ʃ0.8)mmol/L,与NAFLD患者ʌ分别为(6.2ʃ0.9)mmol/L㊁(4.1ʃ0.5)mmol/L㊁(1.3ʃ0.3)mmol/L和(3.2ʃ0.7)mmol/Lɔ比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);T2DM合并NAFL㊁合并NASH和合并肝硬化患者血清SFRP5水平分别为(7.8ʃ1.1)pg/mL㊁(6.4ʃ0.8)pg/mL和(5.1ʃ0.7)pg/mL,显著低于NAFL㊁NASH和肝硬化患者ʌ分别为(11.9ʃ2.1)pg/mL㊁(9.8ʃ1.6)pg/mL和(8.4ʃ1.1)pg/mL,P<0.05ɔ,而血清FGF21水平分别为(295.6ʃ31.2)pg/mL㊁(316.8ʃ32.9)pg/mL和(353.6ʃ36.7)pg/mL,显著高于NAFL㊁NASH和肝硬化患者ʌ分别为(255.1ʃ32.5)pg/mL㊁(279.5ʃ33.4)pg/mL和(309.7ʃ35.8)pg/mL,P<0.05ɔ㊂结论㊀NAFLD合并T2DM患者血清FGF21水平显著升高,而血清SFRP5水平显著降低,可应用于对病情严重程度的评估,值得深入研究㊂㊀㊀ʌ关键词ɔ㊀非酒精性脂肪性肝病;2型糖尿病;成纤维细胞生长因子-21;分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5㊀㊀DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2024.03.010㊀㊀Changes of serum fibroblast growth factor-21and secreted frizzled related protein5in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and T2DM㊀Sun Shilei,Liu Cuicui,Li Shuguang,et al.Department of Gastroenterology,Yantai Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical College,Yantai264100,Shandong Province,China㊀㊀ʌAbstractɔ㊀Objective㊀The aim of this study was to explore the changes and clinical implications of serum fibroblast growth factor-21(FGF21)and secreted frizzled related protein5(SFRP5)in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)and diabetes mellitus type2(T2DM).Methods㊀101patients with NAFLD,including nonalcoholic fatter liver(NAFL) in64cases,nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)in25cases and liver cirrhosis(LC)in12cases,and81patients with NAFLD and T2DM,including NAFL in58cases,NASH in16cases and LC in7cases,were enrolled in this study between May2020and March2023,and the fasting blood glucose(FBG)and fasting insulin(FINS)levels were detected,and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)was calculated.Serum FGF21and SFRP5levels were detected by ELISA.Results㊀The FBG,serum FINS,the HOMA-IR and serum FGF21levels in patients with NAFLD and concomitant T2DM were(8.7ʃ1.4) mmol/L,(28.9ʃ5.8)μIU/mL,(11.1ʃ2.7)and(304.8ʃ36.0)pg/mL,all significantly higher than[(5.5ʃ1.2)mmol/L, (20.8ʃ4.1)μIU/mL,(5.1ʃ1.5)and(267.6ʃ34.5)pg/mL,respectively,P<0.05],while serum SFRP5level was(6.8ʃ1.2)pg/mL,much lower than[(10.3ʃ2.2)pg/mL,P<0.05]in patients with NAFLD;serum total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoproteincholesterol levels in patients with NAFLD and T2DM were(6.7ʃ1.0)mmol/L,(3.7ʃ0.6)mmol/L,(1.3ʃ0.2)mmol/L and(3.4ʃ0.8)mmol/L,all not significantly different as comparedto[(6.2ʃ0.9)mmol/L,(4.1ʃ0.5)mmol/L,(1.3ʃ0.3)mmol/L and(3.2ʃ0.7)mmol/L,respectively]in patients withNAFLD(P>0.05);serum SFRP5levels in patients with T2DM and underlying NAFL,NASH and LC were(7.8ʃ1.1)pg/mL, (6.4ʃ0.8)pg/mL and(5.1ʃ0.7)pg/mL,all significantly lower than[(11.9ʃ2.1)pg/mL,(9.8ʃ1.6)pg/mL and(8.4ʃ1.1) pg/mL,respectively,P<0.05],while serum FGF21levels were(295.6ʃ31.2)pg/mL,(316.8ʃ32.9)pg/mL and(353.6ʃ36.7)pg/mL,all significantly higher than[(255.1ʃ32.5)pg/mL,(279.5ʃ33.4)pg/mL and(309.7ʃ35.8)pg/mL, respectively,P<0.05]in patients with NAFL,with NASH or with LC.Conclusion㊀Serum FGF21level significantly increases, while serum SFRP5level significantly decreases in patients with NAFLD and concomitant T2DM,which might be applied to predict the severity of the entity in clinical practice.㊀㊀ʌKey wordsɔ㊀Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases;Type2diabetes mellitus;Fibroblast growth factor-21;Secreted frizzled related protein5㊀㊀非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases,NAFLD)是一种与胰岛素抵抗(insulin re-sistance,IR)和遗传易感性相关的代谢应激性肝损害,包括非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatter liver, NAFL),也称单纯性脂肪肝,由此演变的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)及其相关的肝硬化,甚至原发性肝癌[1]㊂T2DM主要是因为胰岛β细胞功能出现缺陷,导致胰岛素分泌相对不足或出现IR状态,从而导致血糖升高[2]㊂NAFLD 发生T2DM的发病原因尚无明确的定论㊂相关研究[3,4]显示,NAFLD诱发或加重IR和体内糖代谢紊乱是引发糖尿病的重要因素㊂同时,它还是心血管疾病的主要诱因之一㊂因此,严格控制NAFLD病情发展,及时诊断T2DM,对防止心血管疾病的发生,提高患者生活质量具有重要的意义㊂成纤维细胞生长因子-21(fibroblast growth factor21,FGF21)是由肝脏产生和分泌的一种内分泌因子,可以改善IR㊁增强胰岛素敏感性㊂既往研究[5]报道,合并有糖尿病的NASH患者血清FGF21水平升高㊂分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5(secreted frizzled related protein5,SFRP5)是一种由脂肪细胞产生和分泌的抗炎细胞因子[6],可能参与了NAFLD和T2DM发病的病理生理学过程㊂本研究旨在探讨NAFLD合并T2DM患者血清FGF21和SFRP5水平变化的临床意义,现报道如下㊂1㊀资料与方法1.1病例来源㊀2020年5月~2023年3月我院诊治的NAFLD患者101例,男58例,女43例;年龄为31 ~67岁,平均年龄为(49.1ʃ9.0)岁㊂诊断依据2018年中华医学会更新的‘非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南“[7]的标准,其中NAFL64例㊁NASH25例和肝硬化12例㊂NASH的诊断为在NAFLD的基础上,出现血清ALT㊁AST或/和GGT水平持续增高半年以上㊂非酒精性脂肪性肝硬化的诊断为超声或CT检查提示有肝硬化的改变或内镜检查发现食管胃底静脉曲张㊂另收治NAFLD合并T2DM患者81例,男45例,女36例;年龄为33~66岁,平均年龄为(49.9ʃ8.4)岁㊂T2DM诊断依据2019年中华医学会制定的‘中国2型糖尿病医学诊疗标准“[8],其中NAFL 58例㊁NASH16例㊁肝硬化7例㊂排除标准:非T2DM的其他类型糖尿病;存在严重的心脑血管疾病;存在恶性肿瘤;近期使用过影响糖脂代谢的药物㊂本研究已经我院医学伦理委员会批准,患者及其家属签署知情同意书㊂1.2血清检测㊀使用日本日立1780型全自动生化分析仪检测血生化指标;采用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)水平;采用化学发光法检测空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)水平,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)指数(HOMA-IR=FPGˑFINS/22.5;采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测血清FGF21和SFRP5水平(上海酶研生物科技有限公司)㊂1.3统计学处理㊀应用SPSS22.0和MedCalc20.0软件进行统计学分析㊂应用Shapiro-Wilk进行正态性检验,对符合正态分布的计量资料以(xʃs)表示,采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义㊂2㊀结果2.1两组糖代谢及血清SFRP5和FGF21水平比较㊀NAFLD合并T2DM患者FBG㊁FINS㊁HOMA-IR和血清FGF21水平均显著高于NAFLD患者,而血清SFRP5水平显著低于NAFLD患者(P<0.05,表1)㊂2.2两组血脂水平比较㊀两组血脂水平比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05,表2)㊂2.3不同类型NAFLD与对应合并T2DM患者血清FGF21和SFRP5水平比较㊀T2DM合并NAFL㊁合并NASH和合并肝硬化患者血清FGF21水平显著高于NAFL㊁NASH和肝硬化患者(P<0.05),而血清SFRP5水平显著低于NAFL㊁NASH和肝硬化患者(P<0.05,表3)㊂表1㊀两组糖代谢及血清SFRP5和FGF21水平(xʃs)比较例数FBG(mmol/L)FINS(μIU/mL)HOMA-IR SFRP5(pg/mL)FGF21(pg/mL)合并T2DM818.7ʃ1.4①28.9ʃ5.8①11.1ʃ2.7① 6.8ʃ1.2①304.8ʃ36.0①NAFLD101 5.5ʃ1.220.8ʃ4.1 5.1ʃ1.510.3ʃ2.2267.6ʃ34.5㊀㊀与NAFLD组比,①P<0.05表2㊀两组血脂水平(xʃs)比较例数TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)HDL-C(mmol/L)LDL-C(mmol/L)合并T2DM81 6.7ʃ1.0 3.7ʃ0.6 1.3ʃ0.2 3.4ʃ0.8 NAFLD101 6.2ʃ0.9 4.1ʃ0.5 1.3ʃ0.3 3.2ʃ0.7表3㊀不同类型NAFLD与对应合并T2DM患者血清FGF21和SFRP5水平(xʃs)比较例数SFRP5(pg/mL)FGF21(pg/mL) T2DM合并NAFL587.8ʃ1.1①295.6ʃ31.2①㊀合并NASH16 6.4ʃ0.8①316.8ʃ32.9①㊀合并肝硬化7 5.1ʃ0.7①353.6ʃ36.7①NAFL6411.9ʃ2.1255.1ʃ32.5 NASH259.8ʃ1.6279.5ʃ33.4肝硬化128.4ʃ1.1309.7ʃ35.8㊀㊀与NAFL㊁NASH和肝硬化组比,①P<0.053㊀讨论NAFLD是一种肝脏脂肪沉积性疾病,往往无大量饮酒史,影像学或组织学检查证实存在肝细胞脂肪变㊂依据病程的进展可分为NAFL㊁NASH及其相关的肝硬化㊂由于脂肪肝发病初期症状不明显而被大多数人所忽视㊂一旦诊断,往往已经存在明显的肝细胞损伤㊂针对初期NAFLD患者,首要的防治办法在于生活方式的干预㊂T2DM是最常见的糖尿病类型之一,其重要的发病机制是出现IR状态,从而导致血糖升高[9,10]㊂近年来,多项研究[11-13]表明NAFLD发生T2DM风险较其他人群明显增加,且有研究[14]发现,随着NAFLD的改善或缓解,发生T2DM事件的风险也会随着时间的推移而降低㊂NAFLD发生T2DM的发病机制尚无明确的定论,最新研究[15]发现NAFLD患者肝脏糖异生显著增加,糖的氧化和肝糖原的分解加快,肝脏输出葡萄糖增加,成为T2DM发生的重要机制㊂T2DM是一种终身性疾病,无法从根本上治愈,需要通过饮食控制㊁适当的运动㊁药物治疗和血糖监测等长期控制血糖在平稳状态㊂若未长期控制血糖在达标状态,可能出现心脑肾神经系统等并发症,部分病情严重者甚至危及生命[16]㊂因此,对NAFLD患者早期诊断是否发生T2DM,及时采取干预措施控制病情发展具有重要的临床意义㊂本研究NAFLD合并T2DM患者FBG㊁FINS㊁HO-MA-IR水平显著高于NAFLD患者㊂有研究[17]指出,存在糖代谢紊乱的患者患NAFLD的几率明显增高㊂IR是外周组织对胰岛素的敏感性下降,包括肌肉组织,脂肪组织和肝脏,是糖代谢紊乱的主要原因[18],而肝脏是IR的主要部位㊂随糖代谢紊乱的加重IR程度明显加重,NAFLD的发病率也随之升高㊂有研究[19]指出过高的游离脂肪酸可使人体内细胞对葡萄糖需求的摄取和利用减弱,导致糖代谢失衡㊂再者,游离脂肪酸抑制肌糖原的合成,导致血糖升高㊂长期高血脂导致的 脂毒性 使胰岛β细胞功能受损,无法正常分泌胰岛素调节血糖水平,进一步损害葡萄糖内环境稳定,进一步加重IR㊂人体在摄入含脂肪的食物后,脂肪会通过肝脏代谢㊂当摄入的脂肪性食物过多,超过了肝脏的代谢能力,导致脂肪沉积于肝细胞内,肝脏无法代谢完全,肝脏就会呈现一个脂肪样变,从而形成肝细胞脂肪变[20]㊂合并T2DM会进一步加重NAFLD患者糖脂代谢异常,使病情加重㊂本研究发现NAFLD合并T2DM患者血清FGF21水平显著高于NAFLD患者,而血清SFRP5水平显著低于NAFLD患者㊂FGF21是一种主要由肝脏分泌的生长因子,也是脂肪组织和胰腺分泌的一种生长因子[21]㊂既往研究[22]报道,FGF-21是一种能够调节糖脂代谢㊁具有 内分泌 性质的激素,在许多代谢性疾病,包括T2DM㊁肥胖㊁慢性肾病等人群其水平升高,故血清FGF-21水平异常升高可增加T2DM发生风险㊂SFRP5是一种新型的抗炎脂肪因子,已被证实与糖尿病相关肥胖有关㊂血清SFRP5水平下降可能会减弱WNT-JNK通路的抑制作用,从而激活炎症反应,促进糖尿病的发生发展[23]㊂本研究结合上述报道,提示FGF21可能会促进NAFLD 患者T2DM病情发生和发展,而SFRP5对T2DM发生和发展有一定的阻碍作用㊂FGF21对能量平衡㊁葡萄糖代谢和脂质代谢有重要的影响[24]㊂本组T2DM基础合并NAFL㊁合并NASH或合并肝硬化患者血清FGF21水平显著高于NAFL㊁NASH 或肝硬化患者,而血清SFRP5水平显著低于NAFL㊁NASH或肝硬化患者㊂随着NAFLD病情的加重,血清FGF21和SFRP5水平呈规律性的变化,表明NAFLD合并T2DM患者血清FGF21和SFRP5水平与肝脏病变严重程度有关㊂肝组织FGF21过度表达限制了肝脏脂肪毒性㊁炎症和纤维化,因此NASH和肝硬化患者血清FGF21水平显著高于NAFL[25]㊂NAFL患者肝组织SFRP5mRNA水平显著高于健康人或NASH患者[26]㊂我们认为血清FGF21和SFRP5水平与NAFLD合并T2DM患者病情严重程度密切相关,临床可早期监测这些指标,早期诊断并及时给予干预措施,控制病情进一步发展或可降低各种并发症发生的风险㊂ʌ参考文献ɔ[1]Pouwels S,Sakran N,Graham Y,et al.Non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease(NAFLD):a review of pathophysiology,clinical management and effects of weight loss.BMC Endocr Disord,2022, 22(1):63.[2]Tinajero MG,Malik VS.An update on the epidemiology of type2diabetes:a global perspective.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2021,50(3):337-355.[3]Stefan N,Cusi K.A global view of the interplay between non-alco-holic fatty liver disease and ncet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2022,10(4):284-296.[4]Lee CH,Lui DT,Lam KS.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease andtype2diabetes:An update.J Diabetes Investig,2022,13(6): 930-940.[5]Sanyal A,Charles ED,Neuschwander-Tetri BA,et al.Pegbelfer-min(BMS-986036),a PEGylated fibroblast growth factor21ana-logue,in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis:a randomised, double-blind,placebo-controlled,phase2a ncet,2019, 392(10165):2705-2717.[6]Bertran L,Portillo-Carrasquer M,Barrientos-Riosalido A,et al.Increased secreted frizzled-related protein5mRNA expression in the adipose tissue of women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as-sociated with obesity.Int J Mol Sci,2022,23(17):9871. [7]中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组,中国医师协会脂肪性肝病专家委员会.非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018年更新版).实用肝脏病杂志,2018,21(2):177-186.[8]Jia W,Weng J,Zhu D,et al.Standards of medical care for type2diabetes in China2019.Diabetes Metab Res Rev,2019,35(6):3158.[9]Tangelloju S,Little BB,Esterhay RJ,et al.Type2diabetes melli-tus(T2DM)"Remission"in non-bariatric patients65years and older.Front Public Health,2019,7(1):82.[10]Hubacek JA,Dlouha L,Adamkova V,et al.Genetic risk score isassociated with T2DM and diabetes complications risks.Gene, 2023,849(1):146921.[11]Yao R,Cuellar CLV,Barrón KMA,et al.Non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease prevalence in Latin America:A systematic review and meta -analysis.Ann Hepatol,2022,27(6):100706.[12]Lee BW,Lee YH,Park CY,et al.Non-Alcoholic fatty liverdisease in patients with type2diabetes mellitus:a position statement of the fatty liver research group of the Korean diabetes as-sociation.Diabetes Metab J,2020,44(3):382-401. [13]Ampuero J,Aller R,Gallego-Durán R,et al.Significant fibrosispredicts new-onset diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension in pa-tients with NASH.J Hepatol,2020,73(1):17-25. [14]Nasr P,Fredrikson M,Ekstedt M,et al.The amount of liver fatpredicts mortality and development of type2diabetes in non-alco-holic fatty liver disease.Liver Int,2020,40(5):1069-1078. [15]Thibaut R,Gage MC,Pineda-Torra I,et al.Liver macrophagesand inflammation in physiology and physiopathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.FEBS J,2022,289(11):3024-3057.[16]Doumas M,Imprialos K,Stavropoulos K,et al.Pharmacologicalmanagement of type2diabetes complications.Curr Vasc Pharmacol,2020,18(2):101-103.[17]Chao HW,Chao SW,Lin H,et al.Homeostasis of glucose and lip-id in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(2):298.[18]Bovolini A,Garcia J,Andrade MA,et al.Metabolic syndromepathophysiology and predisposing factors.Int J Sports Med,2021,42(3):199-214.[19]Koohi F,Ahmadi N,Azizi F,et al.Patterns of change in obesityindices and other cardiometabolic risk factors before the diagnosis of type2diabetes:two decades follow-up of the Tehran lipid and glu-cose study.J Transl Med,2022,20(1):518.[20]Chao HW,Chao SW,Lin H,et al.Homeostasis of glucose and lip-id in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(2):298.[21]李康,陈淼,梅鸿,等.重症社区获得性肺炎患者成纤维细胞生长因子21的表达及临床意义.中华医院感染学杂志,2020,30(15):2292-2295.[22]Szczepańska E,Gietka-Czernel M.FGF21:A novel regulator ofglucose and lipid metabolism and whole-body energy balance.Horm Metab Res,2022,54(4):203-211.[23]Liu W,Ji Y,Chu H,et al.SFRP5mediates downregulation of thewnt5a/caveolin-1/JNK signaling pathway.J Endocrinol,2020,247(3):263-272.[24]Cuevas-Ramos D,Mehta R,Aguilar-Salinas CA.Fibroblastgrowth factor21and browning of white adipose tissue.Front Physiol,2019,10(1):37.[25]Liu C,Schönke M,Spoorenberg B,et al.FGF21protects againsthepatic lipotoxicity and macrophage activation to attenuate fibrogene-sis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Elife,2023,12(1):83075.[26]Bertran L,Portillo-Carrasquer M,Aguilar C,et al.Deregulation ofsecreted frizzled-related protein5in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity.Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(13):6895.(收稿:2023-06-06)(本文编辑:刘波)。

英文疾病介绍——Hypertension

英文疾病介绍——Hypertension

Hypertension高血压病What Is Hypertension?➢Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated(提高的).➢High blood pressure (also called hypertension) is a serious illness that affects nearly 65 million adults in the United States. High blood pressure is often called a "silent killer" because many people have it but don't know it. Over time, people who do not get treated for high blood pressure can get very sick or even die. DiagnosisBlood pressure readings are usually given as two numbers -- for example, 120 over 80 (written as 120/80 mmHg). One or both of these numbers can be too high.The top number is called the systolic blood pressure, and the bottom number is called the diastolic blood pressure.•Normal blood pressure is when your blood pressure is lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the time.•High blood pressure (hypertension) is when your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above most of the time.•If your blood pressure numbers are 120/80 or higher, but below 140/90, it is called pre-hypertension.Classification Of HypertensionHypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension; about 90–95% of cases are categorized as "primary hypertension" which means high blood pressure with no obvious underlying medical cause. The remaining 5–10% of cases (secondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system.Causes Of Hypertension➢Genes(遗传因素)➢Diet(膳食因素)➢Social And Mental Condition(社会心理应激因素)Stress(压力)Anger(愤怒)Frightened(惊吓)➢Others(其它因素)Obesity([əʊˈbi:sɪti:]肥胖症)Smoke(吸烟)Older Age(老龄)Inactivity(缺乏锻炼)Race(种族)Who is at risk?➢Anyone can have high blood pressure. Some people are more likely to have high blood pressure including:•African Americans(more sensitive to salt)•People over age 55•People with a family history of high blood pressure➢Your chances of having high blood pressure are higher if you:•Are overweight, Eat foods high in salt•Do not get regular exercise, Smoke•Drink alcohol heavily,•Under Stress, anger, frightened or sad in a long time. Hypertension SymptomsHigh blood pressure is sometimes called a silent killer(无症状杀伤者) because it may have no outward symptoms for years (可能没有外在症状长达数年).In fact, one in five people with the condition don‘t know they have it. Internally([ɪnˈtɜ:nəlɪ],在体内地), it can quietly damage the heart, lungs, blood vessels, brain, and kidneys if left untreated. It’s a major risk factor for strokes(中风/脑卒中) and heart attacks(心脏病). Pathological Changes(病变)高血压性心脏病:Left ventricle in hypertensive heart disease. 左心室壁明显增厚Primary granular([ˈgrænjələ],颗粒状的) atrophy([ˈætrəfi:],萎缩) of the kidney(原发性颗粒性固缩肾):with clearly recognizable granular surface of the kidney. (肾表面出现清晰可辨的颗粒物) Arteriolar([ɑ:ˌtiəriˈəulə],小动脉的) nephrosclerosis([ˌnefrəˌskliəˈr əusis])(细动脉性肾硬化):Severe arteriolar nephrosclerosis(严重细动脉性肾硬化). Nodular([ˈnɔdjulə])(结节性)hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage(高血压病脑出血):Internalcapsule(内囊) or Basal ganglia([ˈbeisəl] [ˈɡæŋɡliə],基底神经节) instead of blood clots(被血凝块代替).Hypertensive retinopathy([retiˈnɔpəθi],视网膜病变)(高血压性视网膜病变)Complications(并发症)➢When blood pressure is not well controlled, you are at risk for:•Bleeding from the aorta([eɪˈɔ:tə],主动脉出血), the large blood vessel that supplies blood to the abdomen([æbˈdəʊmən]), pelvis([ˈpelvɪs]), and legs(给腹部、骨盆和腿部供血的大血管) •Chronic kidney disease(慢性肾疾病)•Heart attack and heart failure(心脏病和心力衰竭)•Poor blood supply to the legs(下肢供血不足)•Stroke(中风/脑卒中)•Problems with your vision(视觉障碍)Treatment•The DASH Diet -- Dietary Approaches(饮食疗法) to Stop Hypertension -- involves eating more fruits, vegetables, whole-grain foods(全谷类食物), low-fat dairy(低脂奶), fish, poultry(禽肉), and nuts(坚果). You should eat less red meat(红肉), saturated fats(饱和脂肪), and sweets(甜食).•Exercise•Medications: Diuretics([ˌdaɪju‘retɪk])(利尿药)Beta-blockers(β-阻断剂) ACE Inhibitors([ɪn’hɪbɪtə(r)])(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂) ARBs(肾上腺素能受体结合剂) Calcium Channel Blockers(钙通道阻滞剂)•Complementary Therapies(补充医学疗法):Yoga(瑜伽), tai chi (太极), and deep breathing(深呼吸)also help. Prevention➢Adults over 18 should have their blood pressure checked regularly. ➢Lifestyle changes may help control your blood pressure. •Exercise often. Eat foods low in salt.•Lose weight or keep weight at a healthy level.•Do not smoke. Limit alcohol.Medical words:Obesity([əʊˈbi:sɪti:]肥胖症)granular([ˈgrænjələ],颗粒状的) atrophy([ˈætrəfi:],萎缩) Arteriolar([ɑ:ˌtiəriˈəulə],小动脉的) nephrosclerosis([ˌnefrəˌskliəˈrəusis])(肾硬化)Basal ganglia([ˈbeisəl] [ˈɡæŋɡliə],基底神经节)retinopathy([retiˈnɔpəθi],视网膜病变) aorta([eɪˈɔ:tə],主动脉) abdomen([æbˈdəʊmən]) (腹部) pelvis([ˈpelvɪs]) (骨盆)Diuretics([ˌdaɪju‘retɪk])(利尿药)ACE Inhibitors([ɪn’hɪbɪtə(r)])(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)Therapy([ˈθerəpi])(治疗,疗法) Nodular([ˈnɔdjulə],结节性)。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病代谢组学研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病代谢组学研究进展

机制尚未完全明确,1998 年Day 等[12]提出“二次打击”学说。 开。同时NAFLD 肝硬化患者与酒精性肝硬化患者也可有效区
随后Tilg 等[13 -14]提出“多重平行打击”理论,包括遗传因素、 分开(AUC =0. 83)。他们认为此方法可作为区分NAFLD 纤维
IR、氧化应激、脂毒性、慢性炎症、纤维化、免疫和肠道菌群等, 化程度及诊断的无创生物标志物,且可以显著减少对肝活检的
黄酯和13 - cisRA 呈正相关。他们在人类组织中首次检测到 验证;单不饱和TAG 的增加可能是NAFLD 和CHB 患者NASH
atRA 的活性代谢物4 - oxo - atRA,表明这种类维生素A 可能 的特异性标志物。
有助于人体类维生素A 的信号传导。肝脏维生素A 的稳态平 2. 3 代谢组学对NAFLD 药物作用与疗效研究的推动作用
录组学、蛋白质组学为代表的系统生物学技术提供了新的技术 展的新学科,代谢组学较为全面的展示了机体的代谢结果,为
与思路。区别于其他组学技术,以内源性小分子代谢物为研究 临床医学提供了新的技术和方法。
对象的代谢组学可以很好的揭示机体变化的最终代谢结果。因 2 非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)
收 基 作DO稿 金 者I:日 项 简10期 目 介. 3:::912上 栾研6709)2海究雨/0j.中婷-is医1s(n1药.1-19大090006学1—;修-附)5回,属2女5日第6,.期七主20:人2要210民.2从00医4事-.院01慢42人7-性才1肝7培病养计的划基(础XX与20临19床- 通信作者:顼志兵,xzb6160@ 163. com
和遗传易感密切相关的代谢应激性肝损伤,包括非酒精性单纯 1 代谢组学概述
性肝脂肪变(NAFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、肝硬化和 1. 1 代谢组学含义 代谢组学最初于1999 年由Nicholson

静脉曲张出血---VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE

静脉曲张出血---VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE
matrix deposition and possibly stellate cell contraction. Initially, albumin traverses the porous
sinusoidal endothelium along with fluid; but as fibrosis progresses, only protein-free fluid can escape the sinusoid, from where it enters hepatic lymphatics. Continued accumulation of lymph overcomes the capacity for lymphatic drainage, and the excess fluid “’weeps” from the liver into the
hypersplenism. Leukopenia, thrombocytopnia, and anemia aare common clinical features of diseases such as schistosomiasis. The degree of depression of
the formed elements is infrequently of sufficient severity to cause clinical problems, that is, bleeding or
l Splenomegaly
Although splenomegaly is commonly associated with portal hypertension, there is a poor correlation
between portal venous pressure and the size of the spleen. Splenomegealy may be associated with

血浆胶体渗透压变化对机体的影响

血浆胶体渗透压变化对机体的影响

血浆胶体渗透压变化对机体的影响【关键词】血浆随着人们对机体内环境的不断探究,更深入地发现在人体这一巨大系统中,每一个生命活动的基本单元都是相当复杂的,其中渗透压是维持内环境稳定的重要因素。

现就近年来对渗透压方面特别是血浆胶体渗透压方面的研究综述如下。

1 渗透压和血浆渗透压的概念1.1 渗透压的概念渗透压(osmotic pressure)指的是溶液中电解质及非电解质类溶质微粒通过半透膜对水的吸引力,其大小是由溶液中溶质颗粒总数决定的,与溶液中溶质种类和颗粒大小无关[1]。

1.2 血浆渗透压(plasma osmotic pressure)的概念血浆渗透压包括血浆晶体渗透压和血浆胶体渗透压。

正常人血浆渗透压约为300mmol/L(280~320mmol/L),相当于770kPa。

血浆晶体渗透压(plasma crystal osmotic pressure)由血浆中晶体物质所形成,如Na+、Cl-、葡萄糖、尿素等,Na+和Cl-占80%;血浆晶体渗透压调节细胞内外水平衡,维持红细胞正常形态。

血浆胶体渗透压(plasma colloid osmotic pressure,COP)由血浆中蛋白质形成,调节血管内外水平衡,维持血容量。

由于白蛋白分子量较小(约为66 000Da),数目较多(白蛋白>球蛋白>纤维蛋白原),因此成为决定血浆COP的主要因素。

白蛋白是所有可溶性蛋白中唯一一种不能穿透毛细血管壁的蛋白。

血浆COP的75%~80%靠白蛋白维持[2]。

约为1.3mmol/L,相当于3.3kPa或25mmHg[1]。

2 血浆COP的生理作用细胞膜是体内的一种半透膜,它将细胞内液和细胞外液隔开,K+、Na+等离子物质不易自由通过。

因此,水在细胞内外的流通,就要受到盐所产生的晶体渗透压的影响。

晶体渗透压对维持细胞内外水分的相对平衡起着重要作用。

临床上常用晶体物质溶液来纠正某些疾病所引起的水盐失调。

中文医学主题词表(cmesh)

中文医学主题词表(cmesh)

中文医学主题词表(cmesh)- 高血压 (hypertension)- 心脏病 (cardiovascular disease)- 糖尿病 (diabetes)- 癌症 (cancer)- 肺病 (respiratory disease)- 肾脏疾病 (kidney disease)- 神经系统疾病 (neurological disorders)- 骨折 (fracture)- 消化系统疾病 (digestive system disorders)- 免疫系统疾病 (immune system disorders)- 皮肤病 (skin disease)- 妇科疾病 (gynecological disorders)- 生殖系统疾病 (reproductive system disorders) - 传染病 (infectious diseases)- 眼科疾病 (ophthalmic diseases)- 耳鼻喉疾病 (otolaryngological diseases)- 正常生理 (normal physiology)- 疼痛 (pain)- 肿瘤 (tumor)- 风湿病 (rheumatic disease)- 病毒感染 (viral infection)- 细菌感染 (bacterial infection)- 寄生虫感染 (parasitic infection)- 遗传病 (genetic disease)- 免疫缺陷 (immune deficiency)- 结核病 (tuberculosis)- 肝病 (liver disease)- 精神疾病 (mental disorders)- 肌肉骨骼疾病 (musculoskeletal disorders)- 呼吸系统疾病 (respiratory system disorders)- 心血管疾病 (cardiovascular disorders)- 血液疾病 (blood disorders)- 内分泌疾病 (endocrine disorders)- 食品中毒 (food poisoning)- 营养不良 (malnutrition)- 性传播疾病 (sexually transmitted diseases)- 小儿疾病 (pediatric disorders)- 中风 (stroke)- 癫痫 (epilepsy)- 老年痴呆症 (Alzheimer's disease)- 慢性阻塞性肺病 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - 骨质疏松 (osteoporosis)- 颅脑外伤 (head injury)- 自身免疫病 (autoimmune diseases)- 克罗恩病 (Crohn's disease)- 自杀 (suicide)- 中毒 (poisoning)。

Hyperlipidemia-高血脂临床介绍

Hyperlipidemia-高血脂临床介绍

Treatment of Hyperlipidemia
Lifestyle modification
Low-cholesterol diet Exercise
Medications for Hyperlipidemia
Drug Class
Agents
HMG CoA reductase Lovastatin
If total cholesterol > 200 or HDL <40, then a fasting panel should be obtained
Cholesterol screening should begin at 20 years in patients with a history of multiple cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, or family history of either elevated cholesteral levels or premature cardiovascular disease.
2 + Risk Factors
LDL goal is 130 If LDL ≥ 130: Initiate TLC If LDL ≥ 160: Initiate pharmaceutical treatment
CHD or CHD Risk Equivalent
LDL goal is 100 (or 70) If LDL ≥ 100: Initiate TLC and pharmaceutical treatment
United States Preventative Services Task Force
Women aged 45 years and older, and men ages 35 years and older undergo screening with a total and HDL cholesterol every 5 years.

房颤栓塞及出血风险评分

房颤栓塞及出血风险评分

房颤栓塞及出血风险评分房颤是一种心律失常,它会导致心脏不规则跳动,增加形成血栓的风险。

这些血栓有可能脱落并随血液流动到大脑,导致中风。

同时,房颤患者使用抗凝药物治疗时,也存在出血的风险。

因此,进行房颤患者的栓塞和出血风险评分是非常重要的。

栓塞风险评分:1. 年龄(Age):- 65岁以下:0分- 65-74岁:1分- 75岁及以上:2分2. 性别(Sex):- 女性:1分- 男性:0分3. 心血管疾病史(Vascular Disease):- 无:0分- 有:1分4. 高血压(Hypertension):- 无:0分- 有:1分5. 糖尿病(Diabetes):- 无:0分- 有:1分6. 中风/短暂性脑缺血发作(Stroke/TIA):- 无:0分- 有:2分7. 其他因素(其他心脏病、肾功能不全等):- 无:0分- 有:1分根据以上评分标准,将各项得分相加,得出总分。

总分越高,表示患者的栓塞风险越高。

出血风险评分:1. 年龄(Age):- 65岁以下:0分- 65-74岁:1分- 75岁及以上:2分2. 高血压(Hypertension):- 无:0分- 有:1分3. 肾功能(Renal Function):- 正常:0分- 轻度受损:1分- 中度或重度受损:2分4. 肝功能(Liver Function):- 正常:0分- 受损:1分5. 中风/短暂性脑缺血发作(Stroke/TIA):- 无:0分- 有:1分6. 出血史(Bleeding History):- 无:0分- 有:1分7. 用药史(Medication History):- 无:0分- 有:1分根据以上评分标准,将各项得分相加,得出总分。

总分越高,表示患者的出血风险越高。

根据房颤患者的栓塞和出血风险评分,医生可以更准确地评估患者的风险水平,并制定个性化的治疗方案。

对于栓塞风险高的患者,抗凝药物如华法林可能是必要的,而对于出血风险高的患者,可能需要调整抗凝药物的剂量或选择其他治疗方法。

苏州大学病理学英文名词解释

苏州大学病理学英文名词解释

苏州大学病理学名词解释-期末考试(精简版)Acdophilic body(嗜酸性小体):It is apoptosis of individual liver cells which become shrunken, pyknotic, and intensely eosinophilic.Acute nephritic syndrome(急性肾炎综合征):it is a glomerular syndrome dominated by the acute onset of usually grossly visible hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria.and hypertsion。

Ashoff body:Aschoff body is the hallmark of acute rheurnatic carditis, it contain a central focus of fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by a chronic mononuclear inflarnrnatory infiltrate and occasional large macrophages with vesicular nuclei and abundant basophilic cytopjlasm, called anitichkow cellsAtherosclerosis(动脉粥样硬化):Atherosclerosis is a slowly progressive disease of large to medium-sized muscular arteries and large elastic arteries, marked by elevated focal intimal fibrofatty plaques.Ballooning change(气球样变):It is basic pathological change of viral hepatitis. Hepatocyte take on a swollen, edematous appearance.Barrett esophagus(bar 食管):It is a complication of long-standing gastroesophageal reflux. It is defined as the replacement of squamous mucosa by metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells.Bridging necrosis(桥连性坏死):The most severe form of liver necrosis. With more severe inflammatory, toxic injury, and necrosis of contiguous hepatocytes may span contiguous lobules in a portal-to-portal, portal-to-central, or central-to-central fashion. Bullous emphysema(大泡性肺气肿) :swhen the blebs or bullae is geater than 2 cm in diameter, sometimes forming cystiform structures.Chronic atrophic gastritis(慢性萎缩性胃炎):Body and antrum are usually affected; Morphology: Glandular atrophy, Chronic inflammatory infiltration, and metaplasia in body region.Chronic bronchitis(慢性支气管炎):The principal syndrome is persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years. it is a kind of chronic nonspecific inflammation in large and medium size bronchi.Cervical erosion(宫颈糜烂):Cervical squamous epithelial cell get some two types changes. One is the epithelial get necrosis with detachment; the other is the epithelial is replace by columnar epithelia.Cervicalintraepithelial neoplasm (CIN): In the cervical epithelial, the normal epithelial cell were replaced by atypical cell without crossing the basement membrane. Choriocarcinoma(绒毛膜癌): Carcinoma nodules invaded myometrium with exiensive hemorrhage, necrosis. It has no chorionic villi, abnormal proliferation of trophoblast, and has no stroma blood vessel ,accompany with obvious hemorrhageChronic cor pulmonale(慢性肺心病):A condition of the right-side cardiac chambers caused by pulmonary hypertension resulting from pulmonary parenchymal or Pulmonary vascular disease. Its principal feature is enlargement of the right ventricle, with or without heart failure。

医院各科室中英文对照

医院各科室中英文对照

医院各科室中英文对照医院各科室中英文对照医院各科室中英文对照急诊室——Emergency Room医院——Hospital内科病房——Medical Ward外科病房——Surgical Ward儿科病房——Pediatric Ward接生房——Labor and Delivery手术室——Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室——Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室——Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室——Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)初生婴儿重症室——Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室——Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)外科重症室——Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)末期护理——Hospice居家健康服务、药疗、物理治疗等——Home Health Service化验所(进行化验研究)——Laboratory门诊手术中心(一般非严重性手术)——Outpatient Surgical Center 药房(药物、医疗用品)——Pharmacy医疗服务——Health Care Provider医生——Physician针灸——Acupuncture过敏性专科——Allergy and Immunology麻醉科——Anesthesiology心脏科——Cardiology心胸外科——Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 脊椎神经科——Chiropractic结肠直肠外科——Colorectal Surgery 牙科——Dentistry皮肤科——Dermatology内分泌科——Endocrinology家庭科——Family Practice肠胃科——Gastroenterology普通全科——General Practice普通外科——General Surgery老人病专科——Geriatrics血液科——Hematology肝病专科——Hepatology传染病科——Infectious Disease 内科——Internal Medicine肾脏科——Nephrology神经科——Neurology神经外科——Neurosurgery妇产科——Obstetrics-Gynecology 癌症专科——Oncology眼科——Ophthalmology验光科——Optometry骨外科——Orthopedic Surgery整骨疗科——Osteopathy耳鼻喉科——Otolaryngology (ENT)病理科——Pathology小儿科——Pediatrics整形外科——Plastic surgery足科——Podiatry精神治疗科——Psychiatry物理康复科——Physiatry物理疗法及恢复正常生活护理——Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 肺科——Pulmonary Medicine癌症放射疗科——Radiation OncologyX光科——Radiology泌尿科——Urology血管外科——Vascular Surgery其它医疗专业人员——Other Health Care Professionals 听觉学专家——Audiologist牙医助理——Dental Assistant饮食指导员——Dietitian遗传病辅导员——Genetic Counselor健康技员——Health Technician化验技员——Laboratory Technician医务助理——Medical Assistant医学技师——Medical Technologist护士——Nurse家访护士——Home Visiting Nurse 接生护士——Nurse Midwife营养专家——Nutritionist药剂师——Pharmacist药理学专家——Pharmacologist物理治疗员——Physical Therapist医生助手——Physician's Assistant心理学专家——Psychologist心理辅导员——Psychologic Counselor呼吸治疗员——Respiratory TherapistX光科技员——X-Ray Technician总值班室——general staff on call康复门诊——rehabilitation out-parient 神经外科——department of neurosurgery 卫生间——rest room男卫生间——toilet(male)女卫生间——toilet(female)开水间——water supply room储藏室——store静——keeping quite医生办公室——doctor office处置室——disposal room换药室——dressing room医务人员洗手间——medical workers toilet 盥洗室——laundry room挂号收费处——registration & charge门诊——out-parient急诊——emergency请勿吸烟——no smooking神经内科门诊——neurology consultant room抢救监护室——critical care and monitoring room 神经外科门诊——neurosurgery out-patient clinic 急诊外科——surgery 清创手术室——operation room骨科急诊——orthopaedics emergency石膏室——plaster room急诊内科——internal medicine眼科急诊——ophthal mology emergency住院收费——inpatient charging service 西药房——pharmacy 化验室——laboratory输液室——transfusion roomCT、拍片、B超——X-ray、B ultrasound病理科——department of pathology检验中心——laboratory center emergency 急诊ICU病房——ICU ward检验诊断中心——Lab.Diagnosis center急诊手术室——emergency operation room 神经内科病房——neurology ward综合病房——general ward康复病房——rehabilitation ward创伤病房——trauma ward急救中心——first aid center急诊化验室——emergency laboratory急诊住院收费处——emergency inpatient charging service 被服室——quilt and clothing room急诊挂号收费——registration & charge emergency拍片室——radiographic room值班室——staff on call内科值班室——physican on call外科值班室——surgeon on call骨科值班室——orthopaedics onwatch护士值班室——nurse staff on call行政办公——administrative office科研中心——scientific research center方便门诊——easy-access clinic骨科1-3 ——orthopaedics1-3疼痛门诊——pain clinic肿瘤外科(甲状腺乳腺专科——oncology surgery(thyroid&breast)血管外科、肛肠外科——vascular surgery. Anorectal surgery 肝胆外科、肝移植外科——hepatobiliary surgery liver transplantation surgery 小儿外科——pediatrics surgery换药室——dressing room肝病门诊——liver disease clinic肠道门诊——intestine clinic1-5号X机房——x-ray room 1-5肠道门诊治疗室——treatment room肠道门诊观察室——observation infectious disease room呼吸道传染病门诊——respiratory infectious clinic感染科更衣室——dressing room感染科门诊——infectious disease腹部外科、腹腔镜外科——abdominal surgery laparoscope surgery 洗片室——filming room呼吸内科(哮喘门诊)——respiratory medicine asthma clinic呼吸内科(鼾症门诊)——respiratory medicine snoring clinic放疗科——radiotherapy读片室——diagnosis roomCT2室——CT 2 room乳腺钼靶机房——mammography room核医学科——nuclear medicine神经内科(失眠门诊)——neurology(insomnia clinic)神经内科(癫痫门诊)——neurology(epilepsy clinic)神经外科——neurosurgery心胸外科微创外科——cardiothoracic surgery. mini-invasive surgery 心血管内科高血压门诊——cardiology hypertension clinic 心血管内科——cardiology消化一科1-2——gastroenterology1-2血液内科化疗科——hematology chemotherapy clinic数字胃肠——digital gastrointestinal graphy导管室——catheter lab普通内科门诊——medicine消化二科——gastroenterology干部保健门诊——VIPclinic病理质控中心——pathology quality control center 学术活动室——academic room暗室——dark room标本存放室——specimen deposit计划生育室(无痛人流室)——family planning高位妊娠门诊——high-risk pregnancy clinic产科宣教室——obstetrics education真菌室——fungus lab肾内科——nephrology男性科——andrology泌尿外科——urology妇科1-4——gynecology 1-4产前筛查中心不孕不育遗传病咨询门诊——antenatal screening center inferitillity clinic皮肤病性病科——dermatology STP clinic足病门诊脱发门诊——podiatry clinic trichology clinic光治疗室——phototherapy room内分泌内科、糖尿病科——endocrinology diabetes clinic甲状腺内科、风湿病科——thyroid clinic、rheumatology冷冻切片室——frozen section room染片室——stain room专家门诊——specialist clinic主任办公室——directors office免疫组化室——immunohistology lab巨检室——cutting room测听室——audiometry room检查室——examination room细菌室——bacteriology lab示教室——conference room免疫室——immunology lab出凝血室——thrombus&hemostasia room 生化室——biochemistry lab放射室——radio-immunology roomHIV初筛实验室——HIV screen lab护士站——nurse station护士值班室——on-duty roomB超心电图室——ultrasonography room ECG room 被服消毒室——disinfection room配餐室——kitchen病区洗手间——toilet人工肝治疗室——alss room医生办公室——d octor’s office病区淋浴房——bath room。

某社区动脉粥样硬化性心血管病高危人群危险因素达标情况调查

某社区动脉粥样硬化性心血管病高危人群危险因素达标情况调查

[收稿日期]2021-04-07 [修回日期]2022-01-01[基金项目]上海市闵行区卫健委课题(2018MW28)[作者简介]方 华(1978-),女,副主任医师.[通信作者]张高峰,主任医师.E⁃mail:bangdezhang2012@[文章编号]1000⁃2200(2024)01⁃0106⁃04㊃公共卫生㊃某社区动脉粥样硬化性心血管病高危人群危险因素达标情况调查方 华1,张高峰2,王 娜3,李 洁1,沈 颖1,郑俊婷1,单知农1,史佳音1(1.上海市闵行区古美社区卫生服务中心全科,上海201102;2.复旦大学附属上海市第五人民医院心内科,复旦大学社区健康研究中心(筹),上海200240;3.复旦大学上海医学院公共卫生学院,上海200032)[摘要]目的:在某社区动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(ASCVD)高危人群中,对目前指南推荐的相应危险因素的达标情况进行调查,获得有关该目标人群中的健康资料,为推动社区医生规范㊁合理控制疾病风险,降低ASCVD 发病率和死亡率提供帮助㊂方法:从古美社区卫生服务中心上海市慢病管理平台中,调取ASCVD 高危人群名单(包括高血压病和糖尿病人群),建立病人资料调查表,获取病人相关健康指标(年龄㊁性别㊁血压㊁血糖㊁血脂等)㊂通过电子处方系统,获取病人近一年内的药物治疗情况㊂经电话访谈确认相关信息,分析该人群的危险因素控制达标情况㊂结果:共入选病人1139例,高血压共941例,总体血压达标率91%,亚组分析提示,性别㊁年龄㊁肥胖㊁吸烟及规律运动对血压达标影响差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);糖尿病共708例,糖化血红蛋白达标率60%,不吸烟人群中达标率62%,高于吸烟人群的达标率44%(P <0.05)㊂低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL⁃C)总体达标率为62%,其中,男性㊁吸烟㊁未进行规律运动的人群中达标率分别高于女性㊁不吸烟和规律运动人群的达标率(P <0.05)㊂logisitic 回归分析提示,女性㊁无糖尿病和规律运动与LDL⁃C 不达标相关(OR =2.392㊁1.383㊁1.545)(P <0.05~P <0.01)㊂结论:社区ASCVD 高危人群中,血压控制情况良好,但糖尿病病人的糖化血红蛋白达标率偏低,总体LDL⁃C达标率偏低㊂女性㊁无糖尿病和规律运动与LDL⁃C 不达标相关,这部分人群可能是后期社区一级预防的重点㊂[关键词]动脉粥样硬化;心血管疾病;危险因素;疾病管理[中图法分类号]R 543.5 [文献标志码]A DOI :10.13898/ki.issn.1000⁃2200.2024.01.024Status of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseasehigh risk residents in a community⁃based investigationFANG Hua 1,ZHANG Gaofeng 2,WANG Na 3,LI Jie 1,SHEN Ying 1,ZHENG Junting 1,SHAN Zhinong 1,SHI Jiayin 1(1.Department of General Practice ,Gumei Community Health Center of Minhang District ,Shanghai 201102;2.Department of Cardiology ,Shanghai Fifth People′s Hospital ,Center of Community⁃Based Health Research ,Fudan University ,Shanghai 200240;3.College of Public Health ,Fudan University ,Shanghai 200032,China )[Abstract ]Objective :To investigate the control status of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)high risk residents in a community based on guideline recommendation,which may help general physician focus on guideline⁃directed management and therapy,and reduce the incidence and mortality of ASCVD.Methods :In this cohort study,pharmacy and medical claims data from Gumei Community Health Service Center database were queried for residents with high risk for ASCVD.Telephone interview confirmed related information.Control status and related factors were analyzed.Results :One thousand one hundred and thirty⁃nine residents stratified into high risk group for ASCVD were selected,including 941hypertensive patients and 708diabetic patients.Among 941hypertensive patients,blood pressure control rate was 91%,and analysis in subgroups indicated that sex,obesity,smoking and exercise habit were not associated with CR (P >0.05).Among 708diabetic patients,HbA1c control rate was 60%,which was higher in non⁃smokers than smokers (62%vs 44%,P <0.05).In all patients,LDL⁃C control rate was 62%,which was higher in malevs female,smokers vs non⁃smokers,and no regular exercise vs regular exercise subgroups (P <0.05).Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that female,non⁃diabetic and regular exercise were associated with LDL⁃C poor control (OR =2.392,1.383and 1.545,P <0.05to P <0.01).Conclusions :In these ASCVD high risk residents,control rate of hypertension was optimal,but controlrates of HbA1c and LDL⁃C were not satisfied.Female,non⁃diabetic and regular exercise correlates with higher LDL⁃C level,which nedsmore attention in these subgroups.[Key words]atherosclerosis;cardiovascular disease;risk factors;disease management 目前我国人群最大的疾病负担是动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, ASCVD)㊂ASCVD主要包括缺血性心脏病和缺血性卒中㊂因二者在病因学㊁病理机制和预防策略上具有极大的共性,国内外相关防治指南趋于将二者视为一种疾病进行综合防治㊂其在我国心血管疾病死亡和总死亡中的占比分别从1990年时的40%和11%上升到2016年的61%和25%;同期的死亡人数从100万/年增加到240万/年㊂根据近期发表的中国慢性病和危险因素监测(CCDRFS)在社区人群中进行的调查结果,我国成人中,约11.1%的人群为高危或极高危人群[1]㊂药物治疗能够有效预防和降低ASCVD的发病率㊁致残率和致死率㊂根据我国发布的中国心血管病预防指南[2],将人群根据ASCVD发病风险分成不同危险组,并针对不同危险分层推荐了相应的综合治疗方案,其中包括血压㊁血糖和血脂目标㊂目前居民健康电子档案系统已经在上海市各区普及,针对不同ASCVD风险的病人可以根据病人的整体健康状况进行危险分层㊂我们利用医院的居民健康电子档案系统,针对某社区ASCVD高危病人的一级预防危险因素达标情况进行调查分析㊂现作报道㊂1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料 收集上海市古美社区卫生服务中心慢病管理平台数据,2018年存档的60岁及以上居民中高血压病人数共计12538例,糖尿病共4734例㊂从中选取2018年1月1日至2019年1月1日期间,符合‘中国心血管病预防指南“ASCVD发病高危标准,相关资料完整的60岁以上所有居民名单,共计入选符合条件的居民1139例,男495例,女644例,年龄63~81岁㊂其中,高血压941例,糖尿病708例,其中高血压合并糖尿病510例㊂从居民健康体检数据库和电子处方系统,获得2018年1月1日至2019年1月1日期间相应的检查㊁检验指标和用药信息㊂制定调查表,电话访谈确认相关内容,包括生活习惯及有关疾病用药情况㊂调查表相关信息经另一名调查员电话随访再次确认㊂根据‘中国心血管病预防指南(2017)“提出的相关指标,以血压<140/90 mmHg㊁低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL⁃C)<2.6mmol/L㊁糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)<7%㊁肥胖以体质量指数(BMI)≥28kg/m2为达标值,服药情况以近3个月连续用药定义为服药㊂规律运动:指进行中低强度的运动,每日至少30min,每周至少3次,形式包括慢跑㊁快走㊁跳舞等[2]㊂1.2 心血管危险水平分层标准[2] 高危指冠心病或者冠心病等危症,或者10年心血管病发病危险为10%~15%;其中,10年心血管病发病危险计算采用 国人缺血性心血管病(ICVD) 10年发病危险评估表”计算㊂本调查人群是指无临床依据提示冠心病㊁脑卒中,根据发病风险评估属于高危的人群㊂1.3 统计学方法 采用χ2检验㊁t检验和logistic回归分析㊂2 结果2.1 基线资料 共计入选符合条件的居民1139例,其中男495例,女644例,年龄63~81岁㊂高血压941例,糖尿病708例,其中高血压合并糖尿病病人510例㊂目前吸烟94例,规律运动777例㊂调查人群中血总胆固醇2.29~9.56mmol/L,LDL⁃C0.68~5.9mmol/ L,其中LDL⁃C未达标435例;BMI15~50kg/m2,其中肥胖178例㊂本研究高血压人群941例中,收缩压102~170mmHg,舒张压55~96mmHg㊂糖尿病人群708例中,HbA1c4.9%~12.4%,不达标280例㊂2.2 3项指标达标的影响因素比较 高血压共941例,总体血压达标率91%;亚组分析提示,性别㊁年龄㊁肥胖㊁吸烟及规律运动对血压达标影响差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);糖尿病共708例,HbA1c达标率60%,不吸烟人群中达标率62%,高于吸烟人群的达标率44%(P<0.05); 1139例中LDL⁃C达标率为62%,男性㊁吸烟㊁未进行规律运动的人群中达标率分别高于女性㊁不吸烟和规律运动人群的达标率(P<0.05)(见表1)㊂2.3 LDL⁃C达标因素的logisitic回归分析 以LDL⁃C是否达标为因变量(是=0,否=1),将表1中有统计学意义的因素(性别㊁吸烟和规律运动),作为自变量进行多因素logisitic回归分析,提示女性㊁无糖尿病和规律运动与LDL⁃C不达标相关(OR=2.392㊁1.383㊁1.545)(P<0.05~P< 0.01)(见表2)㊂表1 3项指标达标的影响因素的比较[n;百分率(%)]因素高血压达标 是 否 HbA1c达标 是 否 LDL⁃C达标 是 否 性别 男365(89.02)45(10.98)177(57.10)133(42.90)361(72.92)134(27.08) 女489(92.09)42(7.91)251(63.06)147(36.94)343(53.26)301(46.74) χ2 2.59 2.6045.87 P>0.05>0.05<0.01年龄/岁 60~258(93.48) 18(6.52)128(63.05)75(36.95)202(58.89)141(41.11) 70~549(89.56)64(10.44)276(58.35)197(41.65)459(62.45)276(37.55) ≥8047(90.38)5(9.62)23(71.88)9(28.13)42(68.85)19(31.15) χ2 4.21 4.28 3.31 P>0.05>0.05>0.05肥胖 是152(89.41)18(10.59)57(57.58)42(42.42)104(58.43)74(41.57) 否702(91.05)69(9.95)371(60.92)238(39.08)599(62.33)362(37.67) χ2 1.190.40 1.00 P>0.05>0.05>0.05吸烟 是78(95.12)4(4.88)21(43.75)27(56.25)68(72.34)26(27.66) 否776(90.34)83(9.66)407(61.67)253(38.33)636(60.86)409(39.14) χ2 2.09 6.04297.68 P>0.05>0.05<0.05规律运动 是600(90.50)63(9.50)293(60.29)193(39.71)457(58.82)320(41.18) 否254(91.37)24(8.63)135(60.81)87(39.19)247(68.23)115(31.77) χ20.620.029.28 P>0.05>0.05<0.01表2 LDL⁃C达标因素的logisitic回归分析变量B SE Wald P OR 女(参照男)-0.8720.12945.459<0.010.418无糖尿病(参照有)-0.3250.129 6.389<0.050.723规律运动(参照不规律)0.4350.13810.009<0.01 1.545常量-0.2280.146 2.440>0.050.796 注:女性㊁无糖尿病和规律运动与LDL⁃C不达标相关,OR值分别为: 2.392(1/0.418)㊁1.383(1/0.723)和1.5453 讨论 本研究中,高血压共941例,总体血压达标率91%,整体结果比较理想;亚组分析提示,性别㊁年龄㊁肥胖㊁吸烟及规律运动对血压达标无影响;糖尿病共708例,HbA1c达标率60%,不吸烟人群中达标率更高,由于糖尿病被视为冠心病等危症,目前控制情况并不乐观,HbA1c的控制也是社区预防的一个重点㊂本研究调查ASCVD高危人群共计1139例,LDL⁃C总体达标率为62%㊂值得注意的是男性较女性达标率更高,吸烟,未进行规律运动的人群中达标率更高,进一步回归分析提示,提示女性㊁无糖尿病和规律运动与LDL⁃C不达标相关,OR值分别为2.392㊁1.383和1.545,可能原因是这部分人群对于LDL⁃C关注不足,或者认为自身可以通过非药物方式起到降低心血管疾病风险,达到预防疾病的目的㊂这部分人群可能是后期社区一级预防的重点㊂关于血压控制情况,张丙银等[3]近期报道了3626例成年高血压病人的血压控制情况和影响因素,结果提示,加权血压控制率为22.81%,其中高龄是血压控制达标的有利因素,本调查人群中血压达标率较高,可能有几方面原因:(1)调查人群对高血压的认知程度较高,治疗依从性高;(2)存在抽样误差;(3)断面调查,随访时间较短;(4)本研究是观察性研究,血压数据来源主要为电子档案,准确性受记录者影响㊂关于HbA1c达标情况,目前我国的指南[4]还是建议HbA1c控制目标应遵循病人为中心的个体化原则,即根据病人的年龄㊁病程㊁健康状况㊁药物不良反应风险等因素实施分层管理㊂一般成人2型糖尿病病人的HbA1c控制目标为<7.0%㊂但是,根据蒋云雯等[5]针对450例糖尿病病人的研究,即使进行综合血糖管理,由医生㊁护士㊁健康教育师和营养师组成多学科团队,基于移动医疗APP㊁可穿戴医疗设备以及糖尿病数据信息平台,为糖尿病病人提供实时㊁动态㊁个性化和连续性的疾病管理服务,随访6个月时病人的HbA1c达标率为71.6%,略高于本调查的人群,提示HbA1c的管理具有复杂和长期的特点,值得我们重视㊂LDL⁃C达标的情况,根据ZHANG等[6-7]对高危人群一级预防的调查,LDL⁃C总达标率分别为25.0%和52.40%,提示该指标整体达标率偏低,且存在显著的人群差别,本次调查的人群达标率为62%,略高于以往的报道,可能与调查人群的区域分布㊁经济负担能力以及病人教育情况有关㊂XIA等[8]在2014-2016年间,调查了全国7个地区共47841例社区中成年居民的ASCVD危险因素控制情况,受调查者中61.3%为女性㊂其中9532为高危组㊂心血管疾病高危女性中,血压㊁LDL⁃C和体质量控制较男性差(OR值分别为0.46㊁0.60和0.55)㊂本研究中也发现女性人群中LDL⁃C 控制较差,但血压控制情况无性别差异㊂这可能与调查人群的所在区域㊁生活习惯以及经济能力方面的差异有关㊂综上所述,本研究提示,目前社区高危ASCVD 病人中,血压达标率较高,但HbA1c和LDL⁃C的达标率仍不满意,还有较大的改善空间,需要严格遵循中国成人动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病基层管理路径专家共识[9],进一步降低ASCVD的发病率和死亡率㊂本研究的局限性:(1)调查时间跨度较短,不能反映ASCVD高危人群中风险因素的动态过程;(2)仅选择了ASCVD高危㊁一级预防的人群,不能反映极高危和二级预防人群的情况㊂[参考文献][1] 赵冬.中国人群血脂异常流行趋势和治疗控制现状[J].中华心血管病杂志,2019,47(5):341.[2] 中国心血管病预防指南(2017)写作组,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.中国心血管病预防指南(2017)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(1):10.[3] 张丙银,颜流霞,付振涛,等.2011与2016年山东省成人高血压控制情况比较及影响因素分析[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2020,28(7):494.[4] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会,中华医学会内分泌学分会.中国成人2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白控制目标及达标策略专家共识[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2020,36(1):14.[5] 蒋云雯,孙俐,李晶,等.综合管理模式下糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白达标结果及影响因素分析[J].中国慢性病预防与控制, 2020,28(2):121.[6] ZHANG M,DENG Q,WANG L,et al.Prevalence of dyslipidemiaand achievement of low⁃density lipoprotein cholesterol targets in Chinese adults:a nationally representative survey of163,641 adults[J].Int J Cardlot,2018,260:196.[7] 李勇,赵水平,叶平,等.中国血脂异常门诊患者调脂治疗一级和二级预防达标现状:DYSIS⁃China亚组分析[J].中华心血管病杂志,2016,44(8):665.[8] XIA S,DU X,GUO L,et al.Sex differences in primary andsecondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in China[J].Circulation,2020,141(7):530.[9] 中华医学会全科医学分会慢病管理专业学组.中国成人动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病基层管理路径专家共识(建议稿)[J].中国全科医学,2017,20(3):251.(本文编辑 刘畅)(上接第105页)[6] KONSTANTINIDES SV,MEYER G,BECATTINI C,et al.2019ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acutepulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the EuropeanRespiratory Society(ERS)[J].Eur Heart J,2020,41(4):543.[7] HIGAZI MM,FATTAH RA,ABDELGHANY EA,et al.Efficacyof computed tomography pulmonary angiography as non⁃invasiveimaging biomarker for risk stratification of acute pulmonaryembolism[J].J Clin Imaging Sci,2020,10:49.[8] MURPHY A,CHENG J,PRATAP J,et al.Dual⁃energy computedtomography pulmonary angiography:comparison of vesselenhancement between linear blended and virtual monoenergeticreconstruction techniques[J].J Med Imaging Radiat Sci,2019,50(1):62.[9] KOSMALA A,GRUSCHWITZ P,VELDHOEN S,et al.Dual⁃energy CT angiography in suspected pulmonary embolism:influence of injection protocols on image quality and perfusedblood volume[J].Int J Cardiovasc Imaging,2020,36(10):2051.[10] IM DJ,HUR J,HAN K,et al.Prognostic value of dual⁃energy CT⁃based iodine quantification versus conventional CT in acutepulmonary embolism:a propensity⁃match analysis[J].Korean JRadiol,2020,21(9):1095.[11] MINAKAWA M,FUKUDA I,MIYATA H,et al.Outcomes ofpulmonary embolectomy for acute pulmonary embolism[J].CircJ,2018,82(8):2184.[12] LENFANT M,CHEVALLIER O,COMBY PO,et al.Deep learningversus iterative reconstruction for CT pulmonary angiography in theemergency setting:improved image quality and reduced radiationdose[J].Diagnostics(Basel),2020,10(8):558. [13] PAUL JD,CIFU AS.Management of acute pulmonary embolism[J].JAMA,2020,324(6):597.[14] KONG WF,WANG YT,YIN LL,et al.Clinical risk stratificationof acute pulmonary embolism:comparing the usefulness of CTAobstruction score and pulmonary perfusion defect score with dual⁃energy CT[J].Int J Cardiovasc Imaging,2017,33(12):2039.[15] SINGH R,NIE RZ,HOMAYOUNIEH F,et al.Quantitative lobarpulmonary perfusion assessment on dual⁃energy CT pulmonaryangiography:applications in pulmonary embolism[J].EurRadiol,2020,30(5):2535.[16] KONG WF,WANG YT,YIN LL,et al.Clinical risk stratificationof acute pulmonary embolism:comparing the usefulness of CTAobstruction score and pulmonary perfusion defect score with dual⁃energy CT[J].Int J Cardiovasc Imaging,2017,33(12):2039.[17] JAWAD S,ULRIKSEN PS,KALHAUGE A,et al.Acutepulmonary embolism severity assessment evaluated with dualenergy CT perfusion compared to conventional CT angiographicmeasurements[J].Diagnostics(Basel),2021,11(3):495. [18] LIANG HW,ZHAO DL,LIU XD,et al.ECG⁃gated pulmonaryartery CTA for evaluation of right ventricular function in patientswith acute pulmonary embolism[J].Echocardiography,2017,34(2):257.[19] SHAYGANFAR A,HAJIAHMADI S,ASTARAKI M,et al.Theassessment of acute pulmonary embolism severity using CTangiography features[J].Int J Emerg Med,2020,13(1):15.(本文编辑 卢玉清)。

《2023年美国肝病学会实践指南:+肝硬化门静脉高压和静脉曲张的风险分层及管理》摘译

《2023年美国肝病学会实践指南:+肝硬化门静脉高压和静脉曲张的风险分层及管理》摘译

《2023年美国肝病学会实践指南:肝硬化门静脉高压和静脉曲张的风险分层及管理》摘译雒博晗,韩国宏西安国际医学中心医院消化内科,西安 710100通信作者:韩国宏,139****************(ORCID: 0000-0003-4568-3776)摘要:本实践指南旨在整合最佳实践建议,用于在慢性肝病患者中识别门静脉高压、预防首次肝功能失代偿、管理急性静脉曲张出血以及降低静脉曲张再出血的风险。

该指南中最重要的变化涉及承认代偿期进展性慢性肝病的概念,使用无创评估识别临床有意义的门静脉高压,在发现门静脉高压时建议尽早使用非选择性β-受体阻滞剂,进一步探讨门静脉高压的潜在未来药物治疗选择,阐明优先经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术在急性静脉曲张出血中的作用,以及讨论胃底静脉曲张治疗相关的最新数据,并提出了新的主题,如门静脉高压性胃病、经食管超声心动图和抗肿瘤治疗前的内窥镜检查。

关键词:肝硬化;门静脉高压;食管和胃静脉曲张;美国An excerpt of AASLD practice guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis (2023)LUO Bohan, HAN Guohong.(Department of Gastroenterology, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an 710100, China)Corresponding author: HAN Guohong,139****************(ORCID: 0000-0003-4568-3776)Abstract:This Practice Guidance intends to coalesce best practice recommendations for the identification of portal hypertension (PH),for prevention of initial hepatic decompensation,for the management of acute variceal hemorrhage (AVH),and for reduction of the risk of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in chronic liver disease. The most significant changes in the current Guidance relate to recognition of the concept of compensated advanced chronic liver disease, codification of methodology to use noninvasiveassessments to identify clinically significant PH (CSPH), and endorsement of a change in paradigm with the recommendation of early utilization of nonselective beta-blocker therapy when CSPH is identified. The updated guidance further explores potential future pharmacotherapy options for PH,clarifies the role of preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in AVH,discusses more recent data related to the management of cardiofundal varices, and addresses new topics such as portal hypertensive gastropathy and endoscopy prior to transesophageal echocardiography and antineoplastic therapy.Key words:Liver Cirrhosis; Portal Hypertension; Esophageal and Gastric Vorrices; United States本实践指南[1]更新并扩展了美国肝病学会(AASLD)于2017年发布的门静脉高压(portal hypertension,PH)和胃食管静脉曲张管理的实践指南,为预防和管理PH提供了数据支持。

房颤患者卒中风险以及出血风险评估

房颤患者卒中风险以及出血风险评估

房颤患者卒中风险以及出血风险评估房颤是一种常见的心律失常,它会导致心脏不规律地跳动,增加患者发生卒中和出血的风险。

因此,对房颤患者进行卒中风险和出血风险的评估非常重要,以便制定适当的治疗方案。

一、卒中风险评估卒中是房颤患者最常见的并发症之一,因此评估患者的卒中风险是非常关键的。

目前最常用的评估工具是CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统。

该评分系统根据患者的年龄、性别、心脏病史以及其他危(wei)险因素来评估患者的卒中风险。

根据CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统,患者的卒中风险可以分为低风险、中风险和高风险三个等级。

具体评分标准如下:1. 年龄(Age):- 小于65岁:0分- 65-74岁:1分- 大于等于75岁:2分2. 性别(Sex):- 女性:1分- 男性:0分3. 心脏病史(Congestive Heart Failure,Hypertension,Age,Diabetes,Stroke):- 有心力衰竭、高血压、年龄大于75岁、糖尿病或者中风病史:1分- 无心脏病史:0分4. 血管疾病(Vascular Disease):- 有冠心病、外周动脉疾病或者主动脉斑块:1分- 无血管疾病:0分5. 年龄(Age):- 65-74岁:1分- 大于等于75岁:2分6. 性别(Sex):- 女性:1分- 男性:0分7. 临床状况(Clinical Status):- 稳定:0分- 不稳定:1分根据患者的得分,可以将其卒中风险分为低风险(得分0)、中风险(得分1-2)和高风险(得分≥3)三个等级。

根据患者的卒中风险等级,医生可以制定相应的治疗方案,如使用口服抗凝药物或者抗血小板药物来预防卒中的发生。

二、出血风险评估除了卒中风险,房颤患者还需要评估出血风险,因为抗凝治疗可能增加患者出血的风险。

目前最常用的评估工具是HAS-BLED评分系统。

该评分系统根据患者的年龄、肝功能、肾功能、血红蛋白水平、历史出血史、血压和药物使用情况来评估患者的出血风险。

《门静脉高压治疗-BavenoVI共识》译文

《门静脉高压治疗-BavenoVI共识》译文

《门静脉高压治疗-Baveno VI共识》译文彭颖1,2,祁兴顺1,郭晓钟1,21沈阳军区总医院消化内科,沈阳,110840;2大连医科大学研究生院,大连,110016 第一作者简介:彭颖(1990-),女,在读硕士研究生,主要从事消化系疾病诊治研究。

通讯作者:祁兴顺,电子邮箱:郭晓钟,电子邮箱:关键词:门静脉高压;静脉曲张;肝硬化;Baveno;指南原文题目为《EXPANDING CONSENSUS IN PORTAL HYPERTENSION Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension》杂志2015年6月13日在线发表于《Journal of Hepatology》。

Management of portal hypertension - Baveno VI Consensus: A Chinese-language translation PENG Ying1,2, QI Xingshun1, GUO Xiaozhong1,21 Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang, 110840, China;2 Postgraduate College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 110016, China.Keywords: portal hypertension; varices; liver cirrhosis; Baveno; guidelineBaveno会议的历史Baveno(音译:巴韦诺)会议旨在定义有关门静脉高压及静脉曲张出血相关重要事件,总结有关门静脉高压的自然病史、诊断和治疗的现有证据,并为执行临床试验以及治疗病患提供循证推荐。

肝硬化门静脉高压的无创筛查管理

肝硬化门静脉高压的无创筛查管理

!()*+!肝硬化门静脉高压的无创筛查管理张晓丰1,2,陈金军1,2,31南方医科大学南方医院肝病中心,广州510515;2南方医科大学南方医院增城分院肝病科,广州511300;3广东省肝脏疾病研究所,广州510515摘要:门静脉高压相关并发症是进展期慢性肝病(ACLD)患者死亡的主要原因。

肝静脉压力梯度为评估门静脉高压的金标准,上消化道内镜检查是筛查和评估食管胃静脉曲张及严重程度的重要手段;两者均为侵入性操作,不便于门静脉高压的筛查和监测。

瞬时弹性成像、声辐射力脉冲弹性成像、剪切波弹性成像等无创方式,可用于ACLD患者门静脉高压,尤其是临床显著性门静脉高压的筛查、分层诊断和监测。

关键词:肝硬化;高血压,门静脉;弹性成像技术NoninvasivescreeningandmanagementofcirrhoticportalhypertensionZHANGXiaofeng1,2,CHENJinjun1,2,3.(1.HepatologyCenter,NanfangHospital,SouthernMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou510515,China;2.DepartmentofHepatology,ZengchengBranchofNanfangHospital,SouthernMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou511300,China;3.HepatologyInstituteofGuangdongProvince,Guangzhou510515,China)Correspondingauthor:CHENJinjun,chjj@smu.edu.cn(ORCID:0000-0003-4275-9149)Abstract:Portalhypertension-relatedcomplicationsarethemajorcauseofdeathinpatientswithadvancedchronicliverdisease(ACLD).Hepaticvenouspressuregradientisthegoldenstandardforassessingportalhypertension,anduppergastrointestinalendoscopyisanimpor tantmethodforscreeningandassessingesophagealandgastricvaricesanditsseverity;bothmethodsareinvasiveandinappropriateforportalhypertensionscreeningandmonitoring.Noninvasiveapproaches,suchastransientelastography,acousticradiationforceimpulse,andshearwaveelastography,havebeenusedfortheevaluationofportalhypertensioninACLDpatients,especiallythescreening,stratifieddiagnosis,andmonitoringofclinicallysignificantportalhypertension.Keywords:LiverCirrhosis;Hypertension,Portal;ElasticityImagingTechniquesDOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.06.002收稿日期:2022-03-06;录用日期:2022-04-12通信作者:陈金军,chjj@smu.edu.cn 慢性肝病(chronicliverdisease,CLD)患者可经历纤维化程度不同的肝病阶段,最终发展为肝硬化。

英文 肝硬化

英文 肝硬化

Etiology of cirrhosis(II)
6. Hepatic venous outflow obstruction(肝血液循环 障碍)
veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome, constrictive pericarditis
7. Metabolic disorders (遗传代谢性疾病)
Pulmonary manifestations
Hepatic hydrothorax (肝性胸水) Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS, 肝肺综合征)
HRS is characterized clinically by the triad of pulmonary vascular dilatation causing arterial hypoxemia in the setting of advanced liver disease.
Clinical features[II]
---Tendency to hemorrhage(出血倾向) and anaemia(贫血): Due to reduced synthesis of coagulation factors (II,V,VII,IX,X), hypersplenism(脾亢), low platelet count, poor absorption,gastrointestinal bleeding. ---Hormonal abnormalities gynecomastia(男性乳房发育), telangiectases (毛细血管扩张症), spider nevi(蜘蛛痣), palmar erythema(肝掌) ---Jaundice(黄疸)

门静脉高压症(英文)

门静脉高压症(英文)
门静脉高压症
Portal Hypertension
Questions
• Where is the portal vein?
• What is portal hypertension?
• How do we handle with the patient of portal hypertension?
Etiology
1. Intrahepatic occlusion
Presinusoidal:
Schistosomiasis
Sinusoidal, post-sinusoidal: liver cirrhosis (alcoholic hepatitis, viral hepatitis, Wilson disease)
Backward theory vs. Forward theory
• High resistance Ohm Law ∆ P = Q×R
• High volume
It is currently believed that the principle and initial abnormality is increased vascular resistance to portal flow and that portal hypertension is then maintained by increased blood flow into the portal circulation.
Recently a talent artist died of the severe complication of liver cirrhosis combined with portal hypertension.源自A typical case

肉桂多酚对急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

肉桂多酚对急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

肉桂多酚对急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用*徐泽曦1**陈丽琴1卢伟娜1罗琪琛1庄小玉1黄秋婵1李淦峰1肖青2***(1. 广州医科大学第二临床学院广州 511436;2. 广州医科大学药学院广州 511436)摘要目的:探究肉桂多酚对急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。

方法:将54只昆明中小鼠随机平均分为6组:正常组、模型组、阳性对照组(400 mg/kg)和肉桂多酚低、中、高剂量组(150、300、600 mg/kg),试验第14天模型组及各剂量组通过一次灌胃给予50度白酒(14 mg/kg),正常组予以相同剂量蒸馏水建立急性酒精性肝损伤模型,测定各组小鼠血清中AST、ALT、MDA及SOD含量,计算肝脏指数并观察肝脏组织病理学变化。

结果:与模型组相比,高、中、低剂量组中血清AST含量降低,SOD活性增强(P<0.05或P<0.01),肝组织病理学改变减轻;仅高、中剂量组中血清ALT、MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。

结论:肉桂多酚对急性酒精性肝损伤有保护作用。

关键词肉桂多酚急性酒精性肝损伤保护中图分类号:R965; R595.6 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2020)03-0065-04Protective effect of cinnamon polyphenols on acute alcoholic liver injury* XU Zexi1**, CHEN Liqin1, LU Weina1, LUO Qichen1, ZHUANG Xiaoyu1, HUANG Qiuchan1, LI Ganfeng1, XIAO Qing2***(1. the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China;2. College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China)ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the protective effect of cinnamon polyphenol on acute alcoholic liver injury. Methods: Fifty-four Kunming mice were randomly and averagely divided into 6 groups: blank group, model group, positive control group(400 mg/kg)and cinnamon polyphenol low, medium and high dose groups (150, 300, 600 mg/kg, respectively). Every-dosage group was intragastrically administered with one dose of 50 degrees liquor (14 mg/kg) on the 14th day while the blank group was given the same dose of distilled water so as to establish a model of acute alcoholic liver injury. The serum contents of AST, ALT, MDA and SOD were determined, liver index was calculated and the histopathologic changes of the hepatic tissue were observed in each group. Results: Compared with the model group, the serum contents of AST were decreased and the activity of SOD was increased among high, middle and low dose groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the pathological changes of liver were alleviated as well. However, only the contents of ALT and MDA in serum were significantly reduced in both high and middle groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: Cinnamon polyphenol has protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury.KEY WORDS cinnamon polyphenols; acute alcoholic liver injury; protection酒精性肝病(ALD)是由于长期的大量饮酒导致的常见的肝脏疾病。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
相关文档
最新文档