personalidentity
自我同一性（Egoidentity）
自我同一性（Ego identity）Ego identitySelf identity is an important concept in western psychology, but so far there is no universally accepted definition. Based on the concept of self-identity is one of attribution analysis, pointed out several categories of integration of self-identity concept should be paid attention to, and puts forward the self - identity is the one with the development of self and personality are closely related to the multi-level and multi dimension concept of psychology. In essence, it refers to the continuity, maturity and integration of personality development. It contains three levels of connotation: (1) the most basic level, namely, ego -identity; (2) personal identity;(3) social identity.Catalog1 concepts2 details3 experience4 development situationTo conclude, reject, scatter, delay in payment?5 problemsErikson? Malaysia?1 concept editorSelf identity, that is, the personification of adolescents' identity, refers to the characteristics of adolescents' needs, emotions, abilities, goals, values and so onA unified framework of personality, namely, self consistent emotions and attitudes, the needs and abilities of self realization, the goals and beliefs of self constancy.2 details editorThe purpose of self identity is to prove identity, which refers to the individual trying to combine with all aspects of their own to form a self determined, consistent, different from other people's unique "unified style" of self. Simple understanding is about putting yourself"Many personalities are united to form a relatively stable personality. Refers to the individual in the search forself-development, self confirmation and some important issues about self-development, such as ideal, occupation, values, outlook on life and so on. In this process, it is necessary to involve the individual's past, present and future of the development of the time dimension. The self-identity establishment (identity achievement), and their own individual means to fully understand, can be self - past, present and future, combined into an organic whole, to establish the ideal and its values, and made their reflection on the future development of self.A teenager (12-20 around) a core issue is the development of self-identity, it will lay a solid foundation for adults. Identity does not appear in adolescence, and as early as childhood, children have formed a sense of self. But teenagers are the first person to consciously answer the question of who I am. The conflicts at this stage are identity and role confusion.Marcia (Marcia, 1987; psychologists such as Penuel & Wertsch, 1995) is such a definition of identity: identity refers to the individual self motivation, ability, belief and history are organized into a coherent image of himself. It includes a careful consideration of choices and final decisions, especially about work, values, ideology, and commitment. If teenagers can't integrate these aspects with all kinds of choices, or they don't feel able to choose at all, then the role confusion happens.3 experience editorSome scholars believe that the self identity of adolescents includes at least three aspects of experience.First of all, he felt that he was a unique individual, although he might be able to accomplish tasks with others, he could be separated from others. Second, the ego itself is united. Self has a sense of continuity and a sense of development, now I was developed from childhood, I will develop in the future, but I am still me. Finally, the self imagined "me" is consistent with the "I" I see in the eyes of the social people. Believing inyour goals and the means to achieve this goal can be recognized by society. [1]First of all, it shocked teenagers themselves. Teenagers become sensitive to their own concerns,Questions like "who am I" and "what kind of person I want to be" almost cause every teenager to think about it. Teenagers must think carefully about all the accumulated knowledge about themselves and their society to answer it, and make a variety of tentative choices, and finally commit themselves to a life strategy. Once they do, they have a identity, and become adults. Identity is achieved, which marks a satisfactory end to this stage of development.If young people can not achieve self-identity, they may lead to identity diffusion or negative identity development. The individual in the process of self identity, if it is difficult to bear this in solitude, or allow others to hold their own decisions, or to obey the opinions of others, or to avoid conflict, delay the decision, will not be a correct choice to adapt to the social environment of life. These individuals are not able to find themselves, nor do they know what kind of person they are and what they want to be. They did not form a clear and firm identity. Negative identity refers to the identity between individual formation and social demand, and forms the role of society which is not recognized, antisocial or socially unacceptable.In EriksonIt seems that identity diffusion and negative identity can explain a lot of riots and attacks shown by American teenagers. So he called it the crisis of identity diffusion and chaos". He points out:"...... If the children feel environment to allow him to all forms of the next stage in the integration of personal identity, were completely deprived of, so the child will in beast suddenly forced to defend its life like burst out amazing power of resistance. Indeed, in the social jungle of human existence, without the sense of identity, there is no sense of existence".If young people acquire positive identity at this stage instead of negative identity or identity diffusion, they will form a "Virtue of loyalty". "Loyalty" means that one has the ability to live according to social norms, despite its imperfections and disharmony. This is not a requirement of teenagers accept not perfect, if a man loves his own society, certainly hope that our society become more and more beautiful, but "faith" means to find their own position in the established reality. In this position, you can dedicate yourself, realize your value, and feel the meaning of your life while it is meaningful to the society.It can be seen that the establishment of identity is related to the healthy development of a person, whether he can adapt to the society better, whether he can experience his own value and the meaning of life.4 development situation editorJames Marcia proposes four scenarios for the development ofadolescents' identity. They are identity moratorium (identity achievement), identity exclusion (identity foreclosure), identity diffusion, and deferred payment.ReachThe achievement of identity indicates that the individual considers all kinds of actual options, makes choices, and practices choices. Before the end of high school life, no student seems to be able to do so. Students entering the University also need to spend some time making decisions. For some adults, at a certain stage of their lives, they may achieve a solid identity. After that, it may give up the former identity and form a new identity. For an individual, self identity does not mean immutable.RejectionIt is described that the individual self image is fixed prematurely, without considering the possibility of various choices, and the search for identity is stopped. Adolescents who reject identity often lack ideas and conform to other people's goals, values and lifestyles. Other people here include parents, religious groups, and so on. The identity of the early completion of the person will appear stiff and superficial, not meditation, poor ability to respond,But rarely worried. Such people tend to maintain close relationships with their parents and adopt parental values. They like organized, orderly life, respect authority.DispersedThe same sex dispersion is associated with the rejection of identity. Individuals rarely find themselves, do not know who they are, don't know what they want to do, there is no clear direction of development. Teenagers who share the same identity fail to make a choice, or they will avoid thinking. Lack of interest, loneliness, no hope for the future, or may be rebellious. They would rather listen to music or sleep with earplugs, and they would not touch parents and teachers.MoratoriumWith regard to the ideological struggle among teenagers in various choices, Erickson uses a term called "deferred payment" to describe the choice and commitment of teenagers to delay their personal life or career. Erickson believes that in a complex society, in this "deferred payment" stage, young people will inevitably experience self identity crisis. Now, this stage is no longer a crisis, because for most people, the realization of self-identity is a slow process of exploration, not a dramatic change outside. Deferred selection is normal, and it's healthy and beneficial.Chengdu is considered healthy for its moratorium and self identity. Teenagers do some experiments themselves, discard inappropriate things, find their own way of life, and find their roots. These are important parts of building a strong identity. Adolescents who fail to cross identity denial and identity are not well adapted. Identical teenagers tend to give up, and turn their lives into destiny. With a large group of people, mostlikely to take drugs. Teenagers who are rejected by identity are rigid, intolerant, dogmatic and self defensive. Community service provided by schools, work practice and teacher guidance contribute to the formation of self-identity.5 editor of problemThe establishment of self-identity is the development topic of adolescence. In the process of completing this subject, there are often crises and failures. Psychologists have different views on the crisis and failure in the formation of identity.EriksonErikson pointed out the two extremes of self identityOne of the extreme cases is "too much of ego identity" [4], which Erikson calls "fanaticism."All sorts of mania (5)(fanaticism) "[4]". It means that a person is too involved in a particular group or a particular role in a subculture, and absolutely exclusive of him, believing that his way is the only way. These people will be some people called to them, will impose their own beliefs and ways of life and do not consider the feelings of other people. This "too self" state, easily lead to self centeredness, personal worship, fanaticism and other bad social attitudes. Adolescents' idealism and their absolute tendency (not black or white) are pervasive. But how to prevent this tendency of absolutism is one of the problems that shouldbe solved in the process of establishing adolescents'self-identity.Another case is the lack of identity (lack of identity), which Erikson calls "repudiation"". It refers to a person who rejects his or her role in adult society, and even denies his identity needs. Some young people will own melt in a group, especially those who can provide the same details "groups, such as: Chong cult organization, militaristic drug abuse and violence organization, revenge organization, etc., will own from the mainstream of social norms is separated. They are easy to engage in and take destructive actions, such as violence, drug use, and aggression. They have their own passion for "fantasies", but these are antisocial mainstream cultures.marciaThe study of Malaysia extends Erikson's definition of ego identity. According to his identity status (identity status) research,There are two types of failures in adolescents seeking self identity: early completion (Foreclosure) and identity Diffusion (Identity). The same early completion status of teenagers, they are not on the major issues of the self development of their thinking and their self investment goals, values and beliefs reflect parents or other authority figures hope, therefore, also known as the "acceptance of state authority". This is an interruption in the process of identity formation, which is the possibility of prematurely fixing one's self intention and impeding other development of selfdetermination.Understanding the characteristics of early adolescents with identity helps to identify early and take appropriate educational measures. Those who are in the same early completion status of adolescents, may have the following characteristics: they tried to seek approval from others may be very respect for authority, their self evaluation also is based on that of others; compared with other young people, they are more easily attached to his people and the lack of independent of their traditional values; interest, rarely own thinking, not thinking; they were less anxious, but more rigid and superficial; lack of intimacy in same-sex and heterosexual; their IQ and other similar, but in the face of intense and cognitive tasks, it is difficult to make a flexible and appropriate response; they organized and love in order to live; they tend to maintain a close relationship with their parents (especially in between father and son), and the adoption of parental values (such as in the college entrance examination Choice, career choice, choice of opposite sex friends.Little woodIdentity diffusion, which has gone through a long period of time, has not yet formed a strong, clear sense of identity. Adolescents with identical identity are often unable to find themselves and remain themselves in a state of detachment and dependence. They are: poor performance may be completely separated and his family, the attitude of the nation, and show the same of a long sick; never be loyal, unable to fulfill his promise, to assume his duties; low self evaluation, lowself-esteem; it is difficult to assume their social they are responsible; impulsive, disorganized thinking, their relationships with others are often superficial and messy; although they parents on their way of life dissatisfaction, but they do not have the ability in their own way and orderly life etc.. Life may be chaotic, they will often hesitate, lack of goals and direction of life, often confused and hesitant." They can't find themselves and keep themselves in a state of detachment and dependence. It's a morbid personality, a mess of roles.The famous Japanese psychoanalyst, Xiao Kai, believes that identity diffusion is mainly represented by the following 6 points: [1]:1. the excess of consciousness of identity: for a moment, constantly thinking about who he is" "What should I do" and so on, I am totally fettered by it and lose myself.2. the paralysis of choice: the sense of omnipotence or the infinite imagination of the self, which makes it impossible to determine or limit what the ego is, so that all the choices and decisions that can be made by oneself are impossible. He can only avoid choices and decisions, and fall into a state of paralysis.3., the distance between others: the inability to keep a proper distance with others, or to refuse to interact with others, or to be isolated by others, or to lose oneself and to be misappropriated by others.4. the diffusion of time prospects: one of the barriers of time consciousness, not the arrival of opportunities, nor the prospect of the future, limited to a state of weakness.5. the spread of hard work: the sense of hard work is broken down, unable to concentrate on work and study, or madly buried in a single job.6., deny the choice of identity: participate in non social recognition of the group, accept by society denied, rejected lifestyle, values and so onThe formation of identity marks the beginning of adulthood in the end of adolescence. From then on,The task of life is to guide him to spend the rest of his life in his own way. Identity is accomplished, and personality independence is achieved. The most important thing is the independence of the mind and the independence of the world. Mrs. Curie said, "go your own way and let somebody else talk.". If a person has no independent values, it is destined to be "not to be told", and always pays attention to others' evaluation of themselves. If you really stand on your own feet, it won't be like that.。
Personal-versus-Social-Identity
Self-concept is made up of one's self-schemas, and interacts with self-esteem, self-knowledge, and the social self to form the self as whole.
别人是否会贬低一个人可能有的身份认同，一般与该 身份认同对这个人是否重要无关。
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In other words, it is not solely those identities that might be widely regarded as negative that the individual must decide whether to give up the identity or strengthen it further as shifts in context are made.
intertwined with self
① Less responsive to threats ②Easy to feel oneself overall
①lower selfcomplexity ②Create identities interference ③Experience poorer well-being
Feel terror
Culture’s standards of value
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death
fragility
existential terror
salient mortality
the culture’s
standards value
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（2）The Anxiety Buffer phthisis
身份认同方面的英语作文
身份认同方面的英语作文Title: The Significance of Identity in Modern Society。
Introduction:In today's modern society, the concept of identity plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' lives.Identity refers to the characteristics, beliefs, and values that define who we are as individuals. It encompasses various aspects such as cultural, national, ethnic, gender, and personal identities. This essay aims to explore the significance of identity in modern society, highlightingits impact on personal development, social interactions, and overall well-being.Body:1. Personal Development:Identity plays a fundamental role in personaldevelopment as it helps individuals understand themselves better. It provides a sense of belonging and purpose, enabling individuals to form a stable self-image. For instance, a person with a strong cultural identity may feel a deep connection to their heritage, which can positively influence their self-esteem and confidence. Furthermore, a clear personal identity allows individuals to set goals, make decisions, and pursue passions aligned with their values, leading to a more fulfilling life.2. Social Interactions:Identity greatly influences social interactions as it helps individuals connect with others who share similar values and beliefs. For example, individuals with a common national or ethnic identity often form communities, fostering a sense of unity and support. These connections can provide individuals with a sense of security, understanding, and acceptance, which are essential for overall well-being. Moreover, identity can also influence interpersonal relationships, as individuals may seek partners or friends who align with their values andinterests.3. Cultural Diversity and Tolerance:Identity promotes cultural diversity and tolerance within society. Embracing and respecting differentidentities can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious community. By recognizing and appreciating diverse identities, individuals can gain a broader perspective and develop empathy towards others. This fosters a society that values equality and provides equal opportunities for everyone, regardless of their identity.4. Overcoming Stereotypes and Discrimination:Identity empowers individuals to challenge stereotypes and discrimination they may face due to their identity. By embracing their identity and standing up against discrimination, individuals can promote positive change in society. For instance, individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ have fought for their rights and influenced societal attitudes towards acceptance and equality. This highlightsthe transformative power of identity in shaping social norms and promoting justice.Conclusion:In conclusion, identity plays a significant role in modern society, impacting personal development, social interactions, and the overall well-being of individuals. By understanding and embracing their identity, individuals can develop a strong sense of self, form meaningful connections, and contribute to a more inclusive society. It is crucialfor individuals to recognize and respect diverse identities, promoting cultural diversity, tolerance, and equality. Embracing the power of identity can lead to a more harmonious and accepting society for all.。
身份用英语怎么说
身份用英语怎么说身份指人的出身和社会地位，在中国，身份制作为意识形态是中国民族文化精神的主要部分和重要的道德行为规范准则，它对中国人的作用是持续的，这种持续作用在他们心理层面的深处也凝成一种情结。
那么你知道身份用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着店铺来学习一下吧。
身份的英语说法1：identity身份的英语说法2：status身份的相关短语：文化身份 cultural identity身份权 right of status身份危机 Identity Crisis社会身份 social identity身份证件 identity document ; identification card身份编号 Identification Number身份的英语例句：1. His office was in keeping with his station and experience.他的办公室与其身份和阅历相称。
2. There were fears he would be dragged down by the scandal.有人担心他会因丑闻而辱没了身份。
3. The vital clue to the killer's identity was his nickname, Peanuts.查明杀手身份的重要线索是他的外号叫“花生”.4. After a pause he asked, "You got any identification?"稍稍停顿了一下，他问道，“你有任何身份证明吗?”5. The gay and lesbian rights group, Stonewall, sees outing as completely unhelpful.男女同性恋权益组织“石墙”认为公开揭露同性恋者身份毫无益处。
6. The identities of the deceased have now been determined.死者的身份现在已经确定。
如何保障个人身份安全：一份英语论文探讨策略
如何保障个人身份安全：一份英语论文探讨策略Title: Safeguarding Personal Identity: An In-Depth Analysis of Strategies in English and ChineseAbstract:In today's digital era, personal identity security has become a paramount concern. This paper explores various strategies to protect individuals from identity theft, fraud, and unauthorized access. It delves into the importance of awareness, technology, legislation, and best practices to ensure a secure digital footprint.I. IntroductionA. The rise of identity threats1. Cybercrime statistics2. Impact on individuals and societyB. The need for effective identity protection measuresII. Understanding Identity Theft: Types and RisksA. Types of identity theft (Phishing, Social Engineering, etc.)B. Common tactics employed by cybercriminalsC. Consequences of identity theftIII. Awareness and EducationA. Importance of digital literacy1. Identifying suspicious activities2. Staying updated on security trendsB. Developing strong online hygiene practices1. Strong passwords and multi-factor authentication2. Regularly monitoring financial accountsIV. Technology as a ShieldA. Encryption and privacy tools1. End-to-end encryption2. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)B. Biometric authentication1. Fingerprint recognition, facial recognition2. Behavioral biometricsC. Security software and servicesV. Legal Framework and PolicyA. National and international laws1. Data Protection Acts (GDPR, CCPA)2. Privacy regulationsB. Reporting mechanisms and dispute resolutionC. Encouraging industry collaborationVI. Best Practices for Organizations and IndividualsA. Corporate policies for employee identity management1. Access controls and data minimization2. Employee trainingB. Personal precautions for consumers1. Secure online shopping habits2. Smart device security settingsVII. ConclusionA. Recap of key strategiesB. The evolving nature of identity protectionC. Future challenges and potential solutionsChinese Translation:标题：个人身份安全的保障：一份深入探讨策略的研究论文摘要：在当今数字化时代，个人身份安全问题日益突出。
Unit3TheInternet重点词汇讲义-高中英语人教版
必修二unit3重点词汇●Chat v./n.闲聊，谈天同根词：Chatty adj.饶舌的；爱讲闲谈的；非正式的Chattily adv.饶舌地；爱讲闲谈地近义词:visit with/chew the fat搭配：chat with同…谈天，和…谈天chat room谈天室have a chat谈天；谈天；闲谈chat about闲聊chat shown. 〔电视或播送电台的〕访谈节目have a chat with与……谈天live chat在线谈天；即时谈天chat up搭讪free chat自由谈天区group chat群组谈天chat and other点点滴滴●Identity n.身份，本体；共性，特性；同根词：Identical adj.同一的；完全相同的Identifiable adj.可识别的；可认明的；可证明是同一的Identically adv.同一地；相等地Identification n.鉴定，识别；认同；身份证明近义词：accordance/estate/unity/agreement/quality 搭配:identity card身份证cultural identity文化身份；文化认同national identity国家认同；民族认同brand identity品牌识别；品牌标识；品牌同一性corporate identity企业形象；企业标识identity theft身份盗窃，身份盗用ethnic identity族群认同，种族认同；民族认同visual identity视觉识别personal identity个人统合，个人身份；人格同一性gender identity性别认同；性别认定；性〔别〕身份sense of identity认同感；本体感identity document身份证件；身分证明文件social identity社会认同；社会身份identity crisis认同的转折点identity certificate身份证明书，身份证individual identity个人统合identity management身份管理；身份认证管理group identity团体同一性；群体认同sexual identity性认同；性身份；性自认identity politics认同政治，身份政治Convenient adj.便利的，便利的；四周的同根词：Convenience n.便利；厕所；便利的事物Conveniently adv.便利地；合宜地近义词：modious/expedient搭配:convenient and efficient便利快捷;be convenient for便于; 宜于; 便利的; 在…四周convenient foods便利食品convenient store便利店●Update v.为……增加最新信息，更新；同根词：updating更新近义词：renovate/refresh搭配:update information更新信息；修正信息dynamic update动态更新；动态升级last update最新更新update now马上更新●Stuckadj.卡住的，动不了的；v.粘，贴；把……放〔某处〕；刺，戳，插同根词：Stick v.坚持；伸出；粘住Sticker n.尖刀；难题；近义词：extend/finger/pink搭配:stuck in陷入，插入stuck with被迫接受；无法摆脱；肩负get stuck 受骗；被卡在……；被堵……stick with坚持；连续做；保持联系stick out突出；坚持；醒目stick at坚持；迟疑；努力做stick into插入；伸入stick up for维护，支持；为……辩护●Benefit v.对〔某人〕有用，使受益/n.好处，好处同根词：Beneficial adj.有益的，有利的；可享利益的Beneficiary adj.拥有封地的；受圣俸的Beneficiary n. 受益人，受惠者；封臣近义词：profit/be good for/behalf/sake/profit搭配:economic benefit经济效益benefit from得益于；得利于；因…而得到好处mutual benefit互惠互利social benefit社会公益for the benefit of为…的利益equality and mutual benefit公平互利benefit by得益于in benefit有资格得到救济金(或补助费、抚恤金、保险金)of benefit to对...有好处ecological benefit生态效益，生态效应public benefit公益maximum benefit最大利益benefit of the doubt假定其无过失或无罪〔因无充分证据证明某人有罪〕；裁判员对可疑状况无把握时不对有关运发动作不利判定mon benefit公共福利reciprocity and mutual benefit互惠互利benefit package给付工程；福利待遇benefit system福利制度；职工福利制度unemployment benefit失业救济金；失业津贴tax benefit税收利益；赋税优待additional benefit附加利益；额外利益；附加利益〔人身保险〕Access n.入口，通道；/v.接近，进入同根词：Accessibility n.易接近；可亲；可以得到Accession n.增加；就职Accessible adj.易接近的；可进入的；可理解的近义词：make use of/fashion/employ/border/exercise 搭配:access control访问掌握have access to使用；接近；可以利用internet access互联网接入easy access便于检修；简单接近market access市场准入；进入市场；开放市场data access数据存取multiple access[电脑]多路存取；多路访问open access开放存取；开架阅览direct access[计]直接存取access network接入网；接取网络broadband access宽带接入；宽频存取；宽带通信network access网络接入；网络访问gain access获得访问权限free access自由访问；自由存取；自由入口remote access[计]远程访问；远程存取get access to获得；接近；可以使用Confirm v.确定，确认；证明，证明；同根词：Confirmed adj.确认的；保兑的；坚决的；惯常的Confirmatory adj.证明的；确定的Confirmation n.确认；证明；证明；批准近义词：identify/favor/sustain/validate搭配:confirm in 使更坚决ticket confirm机票确认confirm an order确认订单●Keep track of 记录；与……保持联系近义词：register/to record搭配:keep in mind记住keep in touch保持联系;keep up with跟上●Go through 参与；经受；认真检查；通过近义词：participate in/take part in/undergo 搭配:going on进行，发生go home回家let go放开；释放；放射go up增长；上升；被兴建起来go on连续；过去；连续下去；发生could go巴不得吃；巴不得喝go straight改正自新go wrong出毛病；弄错；发生故障go in参与；〔太阳等〕被云遮住；放得进go all out鼓足干劲，全力以赴gone on someone[口语]倾心于某人go well进展顺当on the go忙个不停，四处奔波go by经过；顺便走访；凭…推断go somewhere去某个地方；出去一下first go[口语]第一次尝试；一下子，一口气go astray 走入歧途；迷路go slow怠工；渐渐走go easy安闲；沉着不迫●Familiar adj.熟识的；常见的/n.知交，密友同根词：familiarity n.熟识，精通；近义词：conventional/near/close搭配:familiar with熟识get familiar with熟识；变得熟识familiar style简体，●Make fun of 取笑近义词：poke fun at/tease/laugh at搭配:make up for补偿，弥补make for走向; 有助于; 促进; 导致make full use of充分利用。
论自我持存的基本问题——以罗宾森驳帕菲特为例
论自我持存的基本问题———以罗宾森驳帕菲特为例吴向东 秦 岭【摘要】在近现代形而上学的问题域中，关涉自我持存的“人格同一性”问题始终是一个重要的基本问题。
帕菲特在《人格同一性》一文中指出了传统同一性结构的内在矛盾，并采用心理连续性作为存活中重要的事情（ｗｈａｔｍａｔｔｅｒｓ）来解决这一问题。
罗宾森通过同卵双生双胞胎换脑的思想实验作为反例责难帕菲特的观点，并认为人格是一个“进一步的事实”（ａｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｆａｃｔ）。
通过详细和严格地分析罗宾森实验中的前提，将发现如果把影响实验条件的直觉和预设排除于考虑范围之外，那么该思想实验实际上并不能驳斥帕菲特的观点。
帕菲特的视角转变是该问题史中重要的观念革命，其观点不仅在论证上是更稳固的，而且具有启发性意义。
【关键词】人格同一性；建构主义；心理标准；维金斯事例；双胞胎实验中图分类号：Ｂ５６１ ５９ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１０００－７６６０（２０２２）０５－００６７－０８作者简介：吴向东，（北京１００８７５）北京师范大学价值与文化研究中心暨哲学学院教授；秦 岭，（北京１００８７５）北京师范大学哲学学院硕士生。
基金项目：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“价值观基础理论研究”（１９ＪＪＤ７１０００１）自我持存一直以来都是对人的存在进行哲学讨论的重要议题。
在近现代的哲学传统中，这一议题被专门放置在“人格同一性”（ＰｅｒｓｏｎａｌＩｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ）之中来展开。
在泛化的关于自我认同和身份认同的讨论中，我们也常常会使用“Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ”一词，并以此表达对自身具体社会身份、角色等的认知和关切。
相比在这些含义上的使用，“ＰｅｒｓｏｎａｌＩｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ”所标识的人格同一性问题则更为基本，其主要关切ｔ２时刻下的个体ｐ２与ｔ１时刻下的个体ｐ１在何种意义上被归结为某个持存的“我”，这一归结的成立是如何保障的。
围绕这一问题，各个理论派别从自身视角出发给出了极其多样的解答。
洛克以前的哲学家大多将人格同一性的成立和保障追溯到一个“进一步的事实”，或诉诸实体，或依靠灵魂。
identity的用法及搭配
identity的用法及搭配identity的主要用法是指一个人或物体的身份、特征或个性。
以下是identity常见的搭配及用法：1. Personal identity（个人身份） - 指一个人独特的特征、背景或认同感。
例句：She struggled to establish her personal identity in a new city.2. Identity theft（身份盗窃）- 指他人通过盗取他人的个人信息，来冒充他人或进行非法活动。
例句：He was a victim of identity theft and lost all his savings.3. National identity（国家身份）- 指一个人对所属国家的身份认同感。
例句：The celebration of Independence Day reflects our national identity.4. Cultural identity（文化身份）- 指个人对自己所属文化群体的认同感。
例句：She embraced her cultural identity by practicing traditional customs and rituals.5. Gender identity（性别身份）- 指个人对自己的性别认同感。
例句：Transgender individuals often struggle with their gender identity.6. Identity crisis（身份危机）- 指一个人对自己的身份或角色感到困惑和焦虑。
例句：In her twenties, she experienced an identity crisis and questioned her purpose in life.7. Social identity（社会身份）- 指一个人在社会中的地位、角色或认同感。
identity的用法
identity的用法Identity这个词在英语中有很多的用法，涉及到了个人、国家、文化等方面。
本文将从不同的角度介绍Identity的用法，并提供相应的中文翻译。
1. Personal identityPersonal identity通常指一个人的独特性，包括个性、价值观、习惯等等。
例如，一些人可能喜欢旅行、学习新的语言，这已经成为这个人的个人Identity的一部分。
中文翻译：个人身份 / 个人特点2. Identity theftIdentity theft指的是别人盗取或者利用你的个人信息，以假冒你的身份进行欺诈等行为。
中文翻译：身份盗窃Self identity指的是一个人对自己所属群体的认同感。
例如，一个人可能认为自己是电影迷，也有可能认为自己是某种性别、种族、国籍等等。
中文翻译：自我认同National identity指的是一个国家的特定的、固有的形象和文化认同。
例如，法国的国家Identity可能与葡萄酒、时尚、巴黎等等联系在一起。
中文翻译：国家认同 / 国家形象Racial identity指的是一个人在种族方面的认同和意识。
例如，白人可能认为自己与其他种族不同，体验到不同的种族身份感。
Digital identity指的是一个人在网络、互联网以及社交媒体上的个人信息和活动。
例如，在社交平台上，一个人发布的帖子、评论、点赞等行为都构成了他或她的digital identity。
总结上述就是一些常见的Identity的用法和相应中文的翻译。
Identity在英语中的意思和用法非常丰富，我们需要根据上下文来进行理解和翻译。
在不同的场合中，Identity有着不同的含义，理解这些含义有助于我们更好地理解和使用这个词。
Unit 2 Personal versus Social Identity
Unit 2 Personal versus Social Identity1.General understanding of the text:This text talks about personal identity and social identity. The writer first gives the definition of these two terms. Then, he tries to explain the salience of personal or social identity is determined by 3 factors. While putting forward his points, the writer always remembers to give evidence to support his points. Thus, his explanation is convicing and logic. Because of its focus on psychological apects, the passage is no easy to understand.2. Teaching Aims:<1>. To understand the text itself.<2>. To understand the structure of the text.3. Teaching Points:Important Point: Understanding of the text.Difficult Point: The structure of the text.4. Teaching Methods:Discussion, ExplanationTeaching Procedures:Step 1:Warm-upDefinition of identity, personal identity and social identity.1. Identity: A term used to describe a person’s conception and expression of their individuality or group affiliation (such as national identity and cultural identity). The term is used more specifically in psychology and sociology.2. Definition of personal identity and social identity.Which one is salient at any given moment→(influence) how we think about ourselves→(has consequences) for our behavior.Step 2 First ReadingRead the text quickly and answer part A.Step 3 Second ReadingRead the text for the second time and try to understand the structure of the text.Step 4 Third ReadingRead the text for the third time and answer questions in part B.Step 5 Text Structure3. The salience of personal or social identity is determined by 3 factors:<1>. The situation:a.What relationships with others we consider.b.The context.c.The extent to which we have multiple aspects of our self-concepts that areimportant to us.Evidence:<1>. Multiple aspects of our self-conceptsa.distinct→(consequences) less likely to affect how one feels about one’s self.b.interwined→(consequences) identity interference→stress<2>. Context (a particular cultural tradition)Eg: North American culture→individualistic norms and independent self-concept.Asian culture→collectivist norms and interdependent self-conceptMore evidence: what determines aspect of the self will be most influential at any given moment, if how we define ourselves can differ according to the context?a.One aspect of the self might be especially relevant to a particular context.b.Features of the context can make one aspect o the self highly distinctive, with thataspect of identity forming the basis of self-perception.c.Some people may be more ready to categorize themselve in terms of a particularpersonal trait or group identity and its associated attributes because of tis importance to the self.d.Other people can cue us to think of ourselves in personal versus social identityterms.Evidence: nouns→social identityAdjectives or verbs→personal identity<2>. Others’ TreatmentIt has important implications for how we think about ourselves.a.People can change or hide personal identity.b.It’s practically impossible for them to change or hide social identity. Evidence:Body piercings→(hippie identity) a self-perception as a rebel against the establishment.Identity dilemma→Emphasize and take pride in an identity→discard and distance themselves from it.Evidence:Hispanic students →attend an Anglo university→Emphasize and take pride in an identity (social)→(consequences) better self-esteem during the transition to college.→discard and distance themselves from it. →(consequences) reduced self-esteem.<3>. Self-awareness: terror managementSelf-awareness at three levels:a.objective self-awareness.b.Subjective self-awareness.Self-functioning (symbolic self-awareness)Evidence:Those whose self-esteem has been temporaily increased or who are dispositionally high in self-esteem show less defensiveness when mortality is salient…(personal identity)When a group membership has positive implications for self-esteem, they define themselves in terms of that group membership.When a group membership has negative implications for self-esteem, they distance themselves from that (social identity).<3>. Possible selves: the selves over timeSelves change..a.The past selfb.The present selfc.The future self (self-improvement)<a>. give up current activities that are enjoyable.<b>. the goal can’t be too high.Self changes occur because of situational factors.Positive effects: enter a new occupation.Negative effects: losing hobs, contracting a serious illness, losing a close friend to you through death. →Conceptualized as the addition of a new identity or deletion or a prior valued identity.Step 6 Words PracticeFinish exercise C on P7.Step 7 Fast Reading- More PracticeFast Reading from p8 to p12.Step 8 Home Reading。
关于identity的presentation -回复
关于identity的presentation -回复「关于identity的presentation」Identity is a topic that has fascinated philosophers, psychologists, and sociologists for centuries. It is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses an individual's sense of self, their beliefs, values, and the way they identify themselves in relation to others. In this presentation, we will explore the various dimensions of identity and discuss how it is formed and shaped throughout a person's life.1. What is identity?Identity refers to the qualities, beliefs, personality traits, and values that make a person unique. It is the core of who we are and encompasses our likes, dislikes, and how we perceive ourselves. Our identity is formed through a combination of innate factors such as genetics and environmental factors such as family, culture, and society.2. Cultural identityCultural identity is a significant aspect of identity that is shaped by the cultural groups we belong to. It includes factors such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, and traditions. Our cultural identity influences our behavior, values, and worldview, as we learn to navigate and interact with our immediate and larger communities.3. Gender identityGender identity refers to an individual's deeply felt sense of being male, female, or non-binary, which may not necessarily align with their assigned sex at birth. It is a crucial aspect of identity that influences how individuals perceive themselves and their role in society. Gender identity is shaped by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.4. Personal identityPersonal identity is the unique compilation of traits, beliefs, and experiences that distinguish one person from another. It includes aspects such as personality, interests, talents, and life experiences. Personal identity is continuously evolving and shaped throughself-reflection and personal growth over time.5. Social identitySocial identity refers to the way individuals define themselves in relation to the groups they belong to. These groups could be based on characteristics such as age, race, religion, occupation, orsocio-economic status. Social identity influences how individuals perceive themselves and how they are perceived by others. It plays a significant role in shaping our behavior, attitudes, and interactions with others.6. Formation of identityIdentity formation is a lifelong process that begins in infancy and continues throughout our lives. It is influenced by a range of factors, including genetics, family upbringing, culture, societal norms, and personal experiences. During adolescence, individuals often experiment with different identities as they seek to establish a sense of self and belonging.7. Challenges to identityChallenges to identity can arise due to various factors, including societal expectations, discrimination, and cultural clashes. Such challenges may lead to a crisis in identity formation or a lack of congruence between one's internal sense of self and external identity. It is essential to recognize and navigate these challenges to foster a healthy and authentic identity.8. Embracing a diverse identityEmbracing a diverse identity involves recognizing and accepting the multiple dimensions of identity within ourselves and others. By understanding and appreciating different cultural, gender, and personal identities, we can foster inclusivity, respect, and tolerance in our relationships and communities.In conclusion, identity is a complex and dynamic concept that shapes our sense of self and how we relate to others. It encompasses various aspects such as cultural, gender, personal, and social identity. Understanding the formation and challenges to identity is crucial for promoting a more inclusive and acceptingsociety. By embracing diversity, we can foster a more harmonious world in which individuals are valued for their unique identities.。
identity的各种变形
identity的各种变形身份认同无疑是当今国际社会中一个重要的议题，它对社会生活的影响是巨大的。
无论是个人、组织还是地区，都会从自身的身份认同中获得动力。
因此，了解身份的演变和变形是重要的。
身份的变形可分为实体层面的变形和非实体层面的变形。
首先，实体层面的变形指的是使身份变形的实际变化。
例如，社会实体可以通过政治调整、社会结构变革、文化再构等手段来改变自身的身份。
政治调整可以影响一个社会实体的民族、地区特性及其社会地位；社会结构变革可以改变社会实体的经济地位，从而改变社会实体的身份；文化再构可以塑造一个社会实体的文化认同，改变其身份。
其次，非实体层面的变形指的是身份改变的主观过程。
个体可以自行调整自身的价值观和态度，改变自身的身份认知；个体可以改变自身的生活方式，选择不同的生活角色；个体可以通过艺术创作表达自己的内心世界，塑造自己的框架与价值观；个体可以参与诸如博客、论坛等社交互动，获得不同的认同；个体可以获得不同形式的教育，接受新的知识与思想等。
在各种社会变迁的推动下，身份的变形也在不断发生变化。
今天，一个人的身份不再局限于其本身的地域背景，而是拓展到了全球化的社会中。
社会实体可以通过国家和地方政府的政治调整以及企业经济的发展来改变其身份认同，同时这也反映出一种“跨越边界”的身份形式；个体可以通过社交媒体建立起网络认同，形成“虚拟身份”等。
可以说，身份认同变形早已成为当前社会中不可抹去的重要现象，它不仅代表着某一时期的社会变迁，而且正在引导着未来的社会演变。
因此，各种变形的身份认同对发展中国家而言，其重要性不言而喻。
在这些国家，存在着多元社会结构、多种文化和宗教信仰，政府需要通过认知和再造等政策来促进社会实体的身份认同，使不同的社会实体可以更有效地参与社会活动。
同时，对个体而言，更应注重发展个体自身的身份认同，以不断改变它们的身份认同，并能够在自身的认同中获得动力，从而实现个体自身的发展。
TED有关identity话题英语作文
TED有关identity话题英语作文Communication is an important means to express yourself, because it has different ways of expression. Therefore, according to the culture you belong to, different ways of communication are different from those of other countries. It is important to understand some values of other cultures and other ways of communication.First of all, avoid some misunderstandings, and then better understand some aspects of different cultures. That is why cross-cultural communication Flow is an essential exercise, because people from one country do not necessarily have the same ideas about time, death, identity and so on with another person from a different country. First of all, one should have his own identity.The identity of a country is not affected by surname, first name, citizenship and "personal" identity, that is, your activities, your views on problems or your life experience From time to time, your own identity may be changed or influenced by different factors, such as religion, your environment, and your family. The latter example seems to be a paradox, because you can have your own views on certain things, but you may be"influenced" by your family environment or the society you live in (especially when you are a child, parents and even society) This kind of influence can replace your previous view of life, change the way you express yourself, thus changing your way of communication, but you can also adapt the influence to your own way of thinking, which can lead to a different way of communication, although the influence comes from an intimate relationship in the week It is an interesting discovery that everyone can develop their identity through their own opinions and experiences. Even in a close group, everyone will be different.。
哲学英语基础词汇
哲学专业英语Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学 Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质being存在non-being非存在atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法becoming生成irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实efficient cause动力因final cause目的因Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者logos of the universe宇宙理性Theory of recollection回忆说pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义atomism原子论Good being nature善即自然doctrine of like knows like同类相知说platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义purification净化说induction归纳法canonic准则学privation缺失，匮乏Cynics犬儒学派sophists智者academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教heresy异端Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命theology神学faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱grace神恩，神惠，恩宠Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义realism唯实论（ extreme/moderate ）cosmological argument宇宙论证明Moral argument道德论证明Rationalism唯理论（ materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论true idea真观念attribute属性experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念 real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识 real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系Appearance现象（康德）critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志moral law道德律Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性command律令representation表象Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神civil society市民社会dialectic辩证法actuality现实anthropologism 人本主义asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论Bible《圣经》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》A treatise of human nature《人性论》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Discourse on method《方法谈》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》The ethics《伦理学》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。
关于自我身份的英文作文
关于自我身份的英文作文My Identity。
Identity is a complex concept that is shaped by various factors, including culture, family, education, and personal experiences. As an individual, my identity is a unique combination of these factors, which have influenced my beliefs, values, and behaviors.First and foremost, my cultural background has played a significant role in shaping my identity. I was born and raised in a multicultural family, where my parents come from different countries and have different cultural backgrounds. Growing up, I was exposed to a diverse range of traditions, customs, and beliefs, which have influenced my worldview and shaped my identity. For instance, I have learned to appreciate the beauty of cultural diversity and to embrace different perspectives and viewpoints.Secondly, my family has also played a crucial role inshaping my identity. My parents have instilled in me the values of hard work, honesty, and integrity. They have taught me to be respectful towards others and to always strive for excellence in everything I do. Moreover, my siblings have also influenced my identity by providing me with emotional support and guidance throughout my life.In addition to my cultural and family background, my education has also played a significant role in shaping my identity. Through my academic pursuits, I have gained knowledge and skills that have helped me to become a well-rounded individual. Moreover, my education has also taught me to be critical and analytical, which has enabled me to form my own opinions and beliefs.Lastly, my personal experiences have also contributed to shaping my identity. From my travels to different parts of the world to my interactions with people from diverse backgrounds, each experience has taught me something new and has helped me to grow as an individual. For instance, my volunteer work with underprivileged communities has taught me the importance of empathy and compassion, and hasinspired me to make a positive difference in the world.In conclusion, my identity is a unique combination of my cultural background, family, education, and personal experiences. Each of these factors has contributed to shaping my beliefs, values, and behaviors, and has made me the person I am today. As I continue to grow and develop, I look forward to exploring new experiences and learning more about myself and the world around me.。
Unit 2 Personal versus Social Identity
Unit 2 Personal versus Social Identity1.General understanding of the text:This text talks about personal identity and social identity. The writer first gives the definition of these two terms. Then, he tries to explain the salience of personal or social identity is determined by 3 factors. While putting forward his points, the writer always remembers to give evidence to support his points. Thus, his explanation is convicing and logic. Because of its focus on psychological apects, the passage is no easy to understand.2. Teaching Aims:<1>. To understand the text itself.<2>. To understand the structure of the text.3. Teaching Points:Important Point: Understanding of the text.Difficult Point: The structure of the text.4. Teaching Methods:Discussion, ExplanationTeaching Procedures:Step 1:Warm-upDefinition of identity, personal identity and social identity.1. Identity: A term used to describe a person’s conception and expression of their individuality or group affiliation (such as national identity and cultural identity). The term is used more specifically in psychology and sociology.2. Definition of personal identity and social identity.Which one is salient at any given moment→(influence) how we think about ourselves→(has consequences) for our behavior.Step 2 First ReadingRead the text quickly and answer part A.Step 3 Second ReadingRead the text for the second time and try to understand the structure of the text.Step 4 Third ReadingRead the text for the third time and answer questions in part B.Step 5 Text Structure3. The salience of personal or social identity is determined by 3 factors:<1>. The situation:a.What relationships with others we consider.b.The context.c.The extent to which we have multiple aspects of our self-concepts that areimportant to us.Evidence:<1>. Multiple aspects of our self-conceptsa.distinct→(consequences) less likely to affect how one feels about one’s self.b.interwined→(consequences) identity interference→stress<2>. Context (a particular cultural tradition)Eg: North American culture→individualistic norms and independent self-concept.Asian culture→collectivist norms and interdependent self-conceptMore evidence: what determines aspect of the self will be most influential at any given moment, if how we define ourselves can differ according to the context?a.One aspect of the self might be especially relevant to a particular context.b.Features of the context can make one aspect o the self highly distinctive, with thataspect of identity forming the basis of self-perception.c.Some people may be more ready to categorize themselve in terms of a particularpersonal trait or group identity and its associated attributes because of tis importance to the self.d.Other people can cue us to think of ourselves in personal versus social identityterms.Evidence: nouns→social identityAdjectives or verbs→personal identity<2>. Others’ TreatmentIt has important implications for how we think about ourselves.a.People can change or hide personal identity.b.It’s practically impossible for them to change or hide social identity. Evidence:Body piercings→(hippie identity) a self-perception as a rebel against the establishment.Identity dilemma→Emphasize and take pride in an identity→discard and distance themselves from it.Evidence:Hispanic students →attend an Anglo university→Emphasize and take pride in an identity (social)→(consequences) better self-esteem during the transition to college.→discard and distance themselves from it. →(consequences) reduced self-esteem.<3>. Self-awareness: terror managementSelf-awareness at three levels:a.objective self-awareness.b.Subjective self-awareness.Self-functioning (symbolic self-awareness)Evidence:Those whose self-esteem has been temporaily increased or who are dispositionally high in self-esteem show less defensiveness when mortality is salient…(personal identity)When a group membership has positive implications for self-esteem, they define themselves in terms of that group membership.When a group membership has negative implications for self-esteem, they distance themselves from that (social identity).<3>. Possible selves: the selves over timeSelves change..a.The past selfb.The present selfc.The future self (self-improvement)<a>. give up current activities that are enjoyable.<b>. the goal can’t be too high.Self changes occur because of situational factors.Positive effects: enter a new occupation.Negative effects: losing hobs, contracting a serious illness, losing a close friend to you through death. →Conceptualized as the addition of a new identity or deletion or a prior valued identity.Step 6 Words PracticeFinish exercise C on P7.Step 7 Fast Reading- More PracticeFast Reading from p8 to p12.Step 8 Home Reading。
社会语言学中Identity应译为“身份”
社会语言学中Identity应译为“身份”社会语言学中身份(identity)概念的重要性日益彰显,但是学界对其内涵并未形成共识,存在三种不同的中文译词,分别为“认同”、“身份”、“同一性”。
很少有人为如此翻译提供理由。
笔者以为,在社会语言学领域内,identity应该翻译为“身份”,主要指一种社会现象,是主体共同建构的社会符号,是语言在共同体中运用的结果。
Identity不能译为“认同”或“同一性”将Identity翻译为认同,意味它是心理现象,蕴含赞同的意思。
社会心理学将其译为“认同”。
社会心理学自我分为自我概念、自我尊重和自我呈现,对应于认知层面、情感层面和行为层面。
社会心理学家泰弗尔认为,identity是个体自我概念的一部分,包括知识、价值观和情感意义,源于他/她所属社会群体的成员资格。
社会心理学中强调认知层面,而“认同”突显个体的主观倾向和自觉意识。
社会语言学中的identity注重行为,亦即自我呈现。
无论变体社会语言学研究,还是互动和话语研究,均关注说话者使用的语言符号和社会范畴的关系,即外在的话语表现。
社会语言学关注被试自发状态下的语言使用,将identity译为“体认”。
译为“同一性”则是参照了identity的拉丁词源“同一”,强调和其他人的相似性。
但是,该词同时强调自己的独特性,还包含延续性、能动性、矛盾性和多重性等,单纯译为“同一性”有失偏颇。
“身份”是社会现象对于自我呈现的研究,可以追溯至社会学家考夫曼的《日常生活中的自我呈现》。
该书中,身份和自我交织在一起,难分彼此。
自我来源于人们对情景的理解及情景中的自我表演,而身份在与他人协商中建立起来,是交往的戏剧效果。
人们在日常生活中表演自我,最终成为所表演的那个角色。
考夫曼更进一步提出了具体的印象管理的技巧,如通过神秘化、戏剧化等方式进行身份建构。
他甚至认为,我们的身体就像是衣帽架,而身份就像是挂在架上的衣服。
身份是外在的自我,是在情景中创造出来的,每一次交流互动都创造出一个身份。
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The Ship of Theseus
We can’t say that both the Continuously Repaired ship and the Plank-Hoarder’s Ship are the Ship of Theseus because The Continuously Repaired Ship ≠ The Plank-Hoarder’s Ship
Best Candidate Theory
Actual World
Continuously Repaired Ship PlankHoarder’s Ship
Another Possible World
PlankHoarder’s Ship
Ship of Theseus
Ship of Theseus
Personal Identity
• Personal identity is identity • So all these problems arise in a particularly virulent form when we consider the identities of persons • Parfit will consider – “fission” and “fusion” cases in which transitivity is violated – cases in which personal survival seems to me a matter of degree • We’ll consider the general problem posed by the identities of spatio-temporal objects generally and then the way in which these problems arise in the special case of personal identity
• It would be deeply counterintuitive to say that there is a crucial plank (first, last or something in between) so…
• The Continuously Repaired Ship = The Ship of Theseus
• The Plank Hoarder’s Ship = The Ship of Theseus
The Ship Repaired AND Reassembled
The Continuously Repaired Ship
≠
The PlankHoarder’s Ship
Transitivity of Identity violation!
Best Candidate Theory
Actual World
Dead, written Latin Modern Italian
Another Possible World
Modern Italian
Roman Latin
Roman Latin
It seems plausible to adopt a best candidate theory when it comes to the identities of languages through time: Italian is no further from Latin then English is from Anglo-Saxon but in the absence of any better candidate we think English is the same language as Anglo-Saxon, a.k.a. “Old English.”
The Ship Repaired AND Reassembled
The Continuously Repaired Ship
≠ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้≠
The PlankHoarder’s Ship
≠
So why can’t it survive both?
time
The Ship of Theseus
The Ship of Theseus (we agreed) could survive either the gradual replacement of all its parts or (we agreed also), it could survive disassembly and reassembly.
Things can survive the gradual replacement of parts
• Suppose the planks that composed the Ship of Theseus were gradually replaced until none of the original planks is part of the Continuously Repaired Ship at the end of the process – If you claim that it wouldn’t be the Ship of Theseus then you have to say at what point the Ship ceases to exist
On this account identity is extrinsicly grounded—the Continuously Repaired Ship fails to be identical to the Ship of Theseus because of an extrinsic property, viz.its coexisting with the Continuously Repaired Ship. But maybe this is OK…
Identity Problems for S-T Objects
• Identity is transitive: if a = b and b = c then a = c – But there are cases in which identity seems to be one-many rather than one-to-one, so that a = b and b = c but a ≠ c • Identity does not admit of degree
The Ship Repaired AND Reassembled
The Continuously Repaired Ship
≠ ≠
The PlankHoarder’s Ship
Intrinsic Grounding violation!
time
=
The Ship of Theseus
The Plank-Hoarder’s Ship would have been the Ship of Theseus if it weren’t for the Continuously Repaired Ship, which is the “better candidate” for being the Ship of Theseus.
Personal Identity
Fission, Fusion and Survival
What Matters for Survival?
• “Surviving” in the memory of others? Having your good deeds live after you? – I don’t think so! • The continued existence of your mummified corpse? • The continued existence of a spiritual substance? • Is the existence of anything identical to me in the future a necessary condition on “what matters” for survival?
The Ship of Theseus
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned [from Crete] had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians …for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers for the logical question of things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same.
Things can survive disassembly and reassembly
• Suppose instead of being gradually repaired the Ship of Theseus had been disassembled by a Plank Hoarder and then reassembled somewhere else
– But spatio-temporal objects can undergo gradual change and “become” other things