Definitions.
DEFINITIONS
In this prospectus,unless the context otherwise requires,the following words and expressions have the following meanings.‘‘Affiliate’’any other person,directly or indirectly,controlling or controlledby or under direct or indirect common control with such specifiedperson‘‘Application Form(s)’’WHITE application form(s)and YELLOW application form(s)orwhere the context so requires,any of them‘‘Articles of Association’’the articles of association of the Company,adopted onSeptember10,2007and as amended from time to time‘‘Board’’the board of directors of the Company‘‘Bosideng Advertising’’Changshu Bosideng Advertising Co.,Ltd.*(常熟市波司登廣告有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC onSeptember12,1996,currently wholly owned by JiangsuBosideng.Bosideng Advertising is a member of our Group‘‘Bosideng BVI’’Bosideng International Fashion Limited(波司登國際服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the BVI on July11,2006,currently wholly owned by the Company.BosidengBVI is a member of our Group‘‘Bosideng Corporation’’Bosideng Corporation Limited by Shares*(波司登股份有限公司),a company limited by shares incorporated in the PRC onJune30,1994,currently owned by Shanghai Bosideng HoldingsGroup(as to67.54%),Dezhou Kangxin Investment Co.,Ltd.(asto19.46%),Shandong Kangbo Industry Co.,Ltd.(as to7.50%),Jiangsu Kangbo Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to5.00%)and Mr.GaoDekang(as to0.50%).Bosideng Corporation is a companycontrolled by Mr.Gao Dekang‘‘Bosideng Design Center’’Shanghai Bosideng Fashion Design Development Center Co.,Ltd.*(上海波司登服裝設計開發中心有限公司),a limited liabilitycompany incorporated in the PRC on March23,2001,currentlywholly owned by Bosideng International Fashion.BosidengDesign Center is a member of our Group‘‘Bosideng Group’’Bosideng Corporation,its shareholders,subsidiary companiesand associated companies at the relevant time and,where thecontext so requires,(a)in respect of the period prior to thecompletion of the Reorganization,may include our predecessorentities,and(b)in respect of the period after the completion ofthe Reorganization,excludes members of the Group‘‘Bosideng Import and Export’’Changshu Bosideng Import and Export Co.,Ltd.*(常熟市波司登進出口有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inPRC on April11,2002,currently wholly owned by JiangsuBosideng.Bosideng Import and Export is a member of ourGroup‘‘Bosideng International Fashion’’Shanghai Bosideng International Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(上海波司登國際服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inthe PRC on June23,2005,currently wholly owned by BosidengBVI.Bosideng International Fashion is a member of our Group ‘‘business day’’a day that is not a Saturday,Sunday or public holiday in HongKong‘‘BVI’’the British Virgin Islands‘‘Cayman Companies Law’’the Companies Law,Cap.22(Law3of1961,as consolidatedand revised)of the Cayman Islands‘‘CCASS’’the Central Clearing and Settlement System established andoperated by HKSCC‘‘CCASS Broker Participant’’a person admitted to participate in CCASS as a brokerparticipant‘‘CCASS Custodian Participant’’a person admitted to participate in CCASS as a custodianparticipant‘‘CCASS Investor Participant’’a person admitted to participate in CCASS as an investorparticipant who may be an individual or joint individuals or acorporation‘‘CCASS Participant’’a CCASS Broker Participant or a CCASS Custodian Participantor a CCASS Investor Participant‘‘Changshu Bingxu’’Changshu Bingxu Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(常熟冰旭服飾有限公司),alimited liability company incorporated in the PRC on October20,2005,currently owned by Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group(as to80%)and Dezhou Kangxin Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to20%).Changshu Bingxu is a company controlled by Mr.GaoDekang‘‘China’’or‘‘PRC’’the People’s Republic of China,but for the purpose of thisprospectus and for geographical reference only and exceptwhere the context requires,references in this prospectus to‘‘China’’and the‘‘PRC’’do not apply to Taiwan,the MacauSpecial Administrative Region and Hong Kong‘‘CIIIC’’China Industrial Information Issuing Centre*(中國行業企業信息發佈中心)‘‘Companies Ordinance’’the Companies Ordinance(Chapter32of the Laws of HongKong)‘‘Company’’or‘‘our Company’’Bosideng International Holdings Limited(波司登國際控股有限公司),a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on July10,2006with limited liability,currently owned by Kong BoInvestment(BVI)(as to85.74%),Kong Bo Development(BVI)(as to0.88%),Olympics Investment(as to12.23%)and GatherWealth Holdings Limited(as to1.15%)‘‘Controlling Shareholders’’Kong Bo Investment,Kong Bo Development,Mr.Gao Dekang,Ms.Mei Dong and Mr.Gao Xiaodong‘‘CSRC’’China Securities Regulatory Commission(中國證券監督管理委員會)‘‘Director(s)’’the director(s)of the Company‘‘ERP system’’the Enterprise Resource Planning system,an applicationsystem to achieve integration of business and technicalinformation with the aim of improving business processes,including both front office and back office functions‘‘Global Offering’’the Hong Kong Public Offering and the International Placing ‘‘Group’’or‘‘our Group’’our Company and its subsidiaries at the relevant time or,wherethe context so requires,in respect of the period before ourCompany became the holding company of its presentsubsidiaries,the present subsidiaries of our Company or thebusinesses operated by its present subsidiaries or(as the casemay be)their predecessors‘‘HKSCC’’Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited‘‘HKSCC Nominees’’HKSCC Nominees Limited,a wholly-owned subsidiary ofHKSCC‘‘Hong Kong’’or‘‘HK’’the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC‘‘Hong Kong Companies Ordinance’’the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance(Chapter32of the Laws of Hong Kong)‘‘Hong Kong dollars’’or‘‘HKdollars’’or‘‘HK$’’Hong Kong dollars,the lawful currency of Hong Kong‘‘Hong Kong Public Offering’’the offer of the Hong Kong Offer Shares for subscription by thepublic in Hong Kong‘‘Hong Kong Offer Shares’’the198,800,000new Shares(subject to adjustment)beingoffered by us for subscription pursuant to the Hong Kong PublicOffering‘‘Hong Kong Stock Exchange’’The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited‘‘Hong Kong Underwriters’’the several underwriters of the Hong Kong Public Offering listedin the section headed‘‘Underwriting—Hong KongUnderwriters’’‘‘Hong Kong Underwriting Agreement’’the underwriting agreement dated September25,2007relating to the Hong Kong Public Offering entered into among us,the Controlling Shareholders(other than Mr.Gao Xiaodong),the Hong Kong Underwriters and the Joint Global Coordinators‘‘HSBC Private Equity’’The HSBC Private Equity Fund3Limited‘‘Huang Qiaolian’’Ms.Huang Qiaolian,also known as Ms.Zhu Lin‘‘IFRS’’International Financial Reporting Standards‘‘International Placing’’the conditional placing of the International Placing Shares toinstitutional,professional and other investors‘‘International Placing Agreement’’the international placing agreement relating to the InternationalPlacing expected to be entered into among us,the SellingShareholder,the Controlling Shareholders(other than Mr.GaoXiaodong),the International Underwriters and the Joint GlobalCoordinators on or around October4,2007‘‘International Placing Shares’’the1,789,200,000Shares(subject to adjustment and the Over-allotment Option),of which1,671,200,000Shares are to beissued by us and118,000,000Shares are to be offered for Saleby the Selling Shareholder‘‘International Underwriters’’the several underwriters of the International Placing‘‘Investment Agreement’’the Investment Agreement entered into by the Company,Mr.Gao Dekang,Kong Bo Investment and Olympics Investmentdated July30,2006(as amended on September5,2006)‘‘Jiangsu Bosideng’’Jiangsu Bosideng Down Wear Limited*(江蘇波司登羽絨服裝有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC onMarch30,2006,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to49%)and Bosideng International Fashion(as to51%).JiangsuBosideng is a member of our Group‘‘Jiangsu Xuezhongfei’’Jiangsu Xuezhongfei Apparels Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.*(江蘇雪中飛製衣有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inPRC on September24,1997,currently wholly owned byBosideng Corporation.Jiangsu Xuezhongfei is a companycontrolled by Mr.Gao Dekang‘‘Jinan Jiahua’’Jinan Jiahua Shopping Square Group Co.,Ltd.by Share*(濟南嘉華購物廣場集團股份有限公司),a limited liability companyincorporated in the PRC on June4,1999,currently owned byShenzhen Jiahe Weiye Investment&Development Co.,Ltd.*(as to53.2%),Jiangsu Kangbo Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to18.3%),Dezhou Kangxin Industry Co.,Ltd.(as to16.7%),JinanHualian Store Group Company Limited by Shares*(as to3.8%),and Labour Union Committee of Jinan Hualian Store GroupCompany Limited by Shares*(as to8.0%)‘‘Joint Global Coordinators’’,‘‘Joint Bookrunners’’,‘‘Joint Sponsors’’or‘‘Joint Lead Managers’’Goldman Sachs(Asia)L.L.C.and Morgan Stanley Asia Limited (in alphabetical order)‘‘Kong Bo Development’’Kong Bo Development Limited(康博發展有限公司),a limitedliability company incorporated in the BVI on June28,2006wholly-owned by Ms.Mei Dong‘‘Kong Bo Investment’’Kong Bo Investment Limited(康博投資有限公司),a limitedliability company incorporated in the BVI on June28,2006,owned by Mr.Gao Dekang(as to95%)and by Mr.GaoXiaodong(as to5%)‘‘Latest Practicable Date’’September14,2007,being the latest practicable date prior tothe printing of this prospectus for the purpose of ascertainingcertain information contained in this prospectus‘‘Listing Date’’the date,expected to be on October11,2007,on which dealingsin the Shares first commence on the Hong Kong StockExchange‘‘Listing Rules’’the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The StockExchange of Hong Kong Limited(as amended from time to time)‘‘Memorandum of Association’’the memorandum of association of our Company‘‘Ministry of Commerce’’Ministry of Commerce of the PRC‘‘OEM’’original equipment manufacturing‘‘Offer Price’’the final Hong Kong dollar price per Share(exclusive ofbrokerage fee,Hong Kong Stock Exchange trading fee andSFC transaction levy)at which the Offer Shares are to besubscribed pursuant to the Hong Kong Public Offering‘‘Offer Shares’’the Hong Kong Offer Shares and the International PlacingShares together,where relevant,with any additional Sharesissued pursuant to the exercise of the Over-allotment Option ‘‘Olympics Investment’’Shanghai Olympics Investment Holdings Company Limited,aninvestment vehicle of HSBC Private Equity‘‘Over-allotment Option’’the option expected to be granted by us to the Joint GlobalCoordinators exercisable under the International PlacingAgreement pursuant to which we may be required by the JointGlobal Coordinators to issue up to an aggregate of280,500,000additional Shares,representing in aggregate approximately14.11%of the Offer Shares initially available under the GlobalOffering,at the Offer Price‘‘PBOC’’the People’s Bank of China(中國人民銀行),the central bank ofthe PRC‘‘PRC Government’’or‘‘State’’the central government of the PRC including all governmentalsubdivisions(including provincial,municipal and other regionalor local government entities)and instrumentalities thereof,or,where the context requires,any of them‘‘Parent Group’’Mr.Gao Dekang and his associates,other than members of theGroup(as defined for the sole purpose of the section headed‘‘Relationship with Controlling Shareholders and ConnectedTransactions’’)‘‘Performance Adjustment Option’’the call option granted by Kong Bo Investment to OlympicsInvestment,as further described in the section headed‘‘OurHistory and Structure—Performance Adjustment Optiongranted by Kong Bo Investment’’‘‘Price Determination Date’’the date,expected to be on or around October4,2007but nolater than October8,2007,on which the Offer Price is fixed forthe purposes of the Global Offering‘‘Put Option’’the put option granted by Kong Bo Investment to OlympicsInvestment,as further described in the section headed‘‘OurHistory and Structure—Put Option granted by Kong BoInvestment’’‘‘Qualified Institutional Buyers’’orqualified institutional buyers within the meaning of Rule144A ‘‘QIBs’’‘‘Regulation S’’Regulation S under the US Securities Act‘‘Renminbi’’or‘‘RMB’’the lawful currency for the time being of the PRC‘‘Reorganization’’the reorganization of the businesses comprising our Group,asdescribed in the section entitled‘‘Our History and Structure’’‘‘Repurchase Mandate’’the repurchase mandate granted to the Board pursuant to aShareholders’resolution as described in Appendix VIII‘‘Rule144A’’Rule144A under the US Securities Act‘‘Sale Shares’’the118,000,000Offer Shares initially being offered for sale bythe Selling Shareholder at the final Offer Price under theInternational Placing‘‘SAFE’’State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC‘‘Securities and FuturesCommission’’or‘‘SFC’’the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong‘‘Selling Shareholder’’Olympics Investment‘‘Series A Shares’’the Series A Voting Convertible Redeemable PreferenceShares of US$0.0001each in the capital of the Company‘‘Series B Shares’’the Series B Voting Convertible Preference Shares ofUS$0.0001each in the capital of the Company‘‘SFO’’the Securities and Futures Ordinance(Chapter571of the Lawsof Hong Kong)‘‘Shanghai Bingjie’’Shanghai Bingjie Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(上海冰洁服飾有限公司),alimited liability company incorporated in the PRC on April21,1999,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to49%)andBosideng International Fashion(as to51%).Shanghai Bingjie(previously known as‘‘Shanghai Bosideng Fashion Co.,Ltd.’’*(上海波司登服飾有限公司)or Shanghai Bosideng)is a memberof our Group‘‘Shandong Bosideng’’Shandong Bosideng Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(山東波司登服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC on May17,2006,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to49%)andBosideng International Fashion(as to51%).ShandongBosideng is a member of our Group‘‘Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group’’Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group Co.,Ltd.*(上海波司登控股集團有限公司)(previously known as Dezhou Dekang Investment Co.,Ltd.德州德康投資有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC on April22,2004,currently owned by Mr.Gao Dekang(as to69.55%),Dezhou Kangxin Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to24.36%),and Jiangsu Kangbo Investment Co.,Ltd.(as to 6.09%).Shanghai Bosideng Holdings Group is a company controlled by Mr.Gao Dekang‘‘Shanghai Kangbo’’Shanghai Kangbo International Trading Co.,Ltd.*(上海康波國際貿易有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in thePRC on November6,2000,currently owned by ShanghaiBingjie(as to90%)and Shanghai International BiddingCompany(as to10%).Shanghai Kangbo is a member of ourGroup‘‘Shanghai Kangbo Feida’’Shanghai Kangbo Feida Apparels Co.,Ltd.*(上海康博飛達服裝有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC onMay26,2005,owned by Bosideng Corporation(as to55%)andShanghai Feida Down Apparel Clothing Factory*(as to45%).Shanghai Kangbo Feida is a company controlled by Mr.GaoDekang‘‘Shanghai Shuangyu’’Shanghai Shuangyu Fashion Co.,Ltd.*(上海雙羽服飾有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated in the PRC on June28,2006,currently owned by Bosideng BVI(as to25%)andBosideng International Fashion(as to75%).ShanghaiShuangyu is a member of our Group‘‘Share(s)’’ordinary share(s)with nominal value of US$0.00001each in theshare capital of our Company‘‘Shareholder(s)’’holder(s)of the Share(s)‘‘Shareholders’Agreement’’the Shareholders’Agreement entered into by the Company,Olympics Investment,Kong Bo Investment,Kong BoDevelopment,Mr.Gao Dekang,Ms,Mei Dong and Mr.GaoXiaodong dated July30,2006(as amended on September5,2006and September14,2007)‘‘Share Option Scheme’’the share option scheme conditionally adopted by the Companypursuant to a resolution passed by the Shareholders onSeptember10,2007,the principal terms of which aresummarized in the section headed‘‘Share Option Scheme’’inAppendix VIII to this prospectus‘‘Share Scheme’’the share scheme of the Company,the principal terms of whichare summarized in the section headed‘‘Share Scheme’’inAppendix VIII to this prospectus‘‘Stabilizing Manager’’Morgan Stanley Asia Limited‘‘Suzhou Shuncheng’’Suzhou Shuncheng Investment Management Co.,Ltd.*(蘇州順成投資管理有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inthe PRC on February26,2001,currently owned by ShanghaiBosideng Holdings Group(as to95.74%)and Dezhou KangxinInvestment Co.,Ltd.(as to4.26%).Suzhou Shuncheng hasbeen a company controlled by Mr.Gao Dekang since February1,2005‘‘Underwriters’’the Hong Kong Underwriters and the International Underwriters ‘‘Underwriting Agreements’’the Hong Kong Underwriting Agreement and the InternationalPlacing Agreement‘‘Union Holdings’’China Union Holdings Ltd.*(深圳華聯控股股份有限公司),itsformer name being Shenzhen Huizhong Chemical FiberIndustrial Co.,Ltd.by Shares*(深圳市惠中化纖實業股份有限公司),a company limited by shares incorporated in PRC onNovember11,1993and listed on the Shenzhen StockExchange(000036).Union Holdings is a third partyindependent from the Group‘‘United States’’or‘‘US’’the United States of America,its territories,its possessions andall areas subject to its jurisdiction‘‘US$’’or‘‘US dollars’’United States dollars,the lawful currency of the United States ‘‘US Securities Act’’the US Securities Act of1933,as amended,and the rules andregulations promulgated thereunder‘‘we’’,‘‘us’’or‘‘our’’our Company or our Group(as the context may require)‘‘Zhejiang Sanhong’’Zhejiang Sanhong International Feather Co.,Ltd.*(浙江三弘國際羽毛有限公司),a limited liability company incorporated inPRC on March30,1994,currently wholly owned by Hong KongSanhong International Co.,Ltd.*.Zhejiang Sanhong is a thirdparty independent from the GroupThe terms‘‘associate’’,‘‘connected person’’,‘‘connected transaction’’,‘‘controlling shareholder’’,‘‘subsidiary’’and‘‘substantial shareholder’’shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Listing Rules,unless the context otherwise requires.*denotes English translation of the name of a Chinese company or entity,or vice versa,and is provided for identification purposes only。
comparative and superlative (definitions)
Superlative (极致)
• In the superlative you talk about one thing only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do not compare two things.
“As…as”
• Another way to compare adjectives is to use the “as .. as” expression. When comparing with as .. as, the adjective does not change.
• She's twice as old as her sister. • He's not as stupid as he looks!
• 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y: change the y to -iest • happy - the happiest. • easy - the easiest
• Other 2-syllable adjectives and adjectives with 3 or more syllables: use the most with the unchanged adjective
Irregular (不规则的) adjectives:
• good - better – the best • bad – worse – the worst • far – farther (further) – the farthest (the furthest) • little (少) – less – the least
词汇学
（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.) exicology (p. 1)V ocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p.1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantly changing, growing and decaying, together with the development of human society.2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is a structural and semantic entity within the language system. 3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content. 4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definite system of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, which distinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, for instance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The two approaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3. The Division of the History of English 1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional 2) The Middle English period Duration: 1150-1500 The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8) (1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional 3) The Modern English period (page 8) Early Modern English (1500-1700) Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English V ocabulary1. The naive elements of English V ocabulary 1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11) a. all-national character b. great stability c. mono-syllabic words d. Great word-forming ability e. wide collocability f. plurality of meanings g. high frequency value h. stylistically neutral2. The foreign elements of English V ocabulary (pp. 11-26) 1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the English vocabulary (p. 12) a. through oral speech b. through written speech c. through invaders2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreign elements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13) a. aliens ; b. denizens; c. translation loan; d. semantic loan3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviations vice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f., viz.4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words, partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33)Chapter Three Word-Building1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.): morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examples appearing the ways of word-building) 1) affixation (pp. 39-51) 2) conversion (pp.51-55) 3) compounding (pp.55-59) 4) backformation (pp. 59-60) 5) shortening (pp. 60-63) 6) blending (pp. 63-64) 7) imitation (p. 64)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Four Semantics1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph (p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2. important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter Five Change of Meaning1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradation of meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p. 119)2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Six English Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128) 2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134) 3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Seven Varieties of English1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.): slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149), 2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Eight American English 1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162) 2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension 1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Ten English Lexicography1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia (p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).。
学术英语习题答案text1-15+18
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
economics definitions(经济学术语大全)
经济学的一些术语绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。
IEC-61854架空线.隔离层的要求和检验
NORMEINTERNATIONALECEI IEC INTERNATIONALSTANDARD 61854Première éditionFirst edition1998-09Lignes aériennes –Exigences et essais applicables aux entretoisesOverhead lines –Requirements and tests for spacersCommission Electrotechnique InternationaleInternational Electrotechnical Commission Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueurFor price, see current catalogue© IEC 1998 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reservedAucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite niutilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucunprocédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo-copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, SwitzerlandTelefax: +41 22 919 0300e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http: //www.iec.chCODE PRIX PRICE CODE X– 2 –61854 © CEI:1998SOMMAIREPages AVANT-PROPOS (6)Articles1Domaine d'application (8)2Références normatives (8)3Définitions (12)4Exigences générales (12)4.1Conception (12)4.2Matériaux (14)4.2.1Généralités (14)4.2.2Matériaux non métalliques (14)4.3Masse, dimensions et tolérances (14)4.4Protection contre la corrosion (14)4.5Aspect et finition de fabrication (14)4.6Marquage (14)4.7Consignes d'installation (14)5Assurance de la qualité (16)6Classification des essais (16)6.1Essais de type (16)6.1.1Généralités (16)6.1.2Application (16)6.2Essais sur échantillon (16)6.2.1Généralités (16)6.2.2Application (16)6.2.3Echantillonnage et critères de réception (18)6.3Essais individuels de série (18)6.3.1Généralités (18)6.3.2Application et critères de réception (18)6.4Tableau des essais à effectuer (18)7Méthodes d'essai (22)7.1Contrôle visuel (22)7.2Vérification des dimensions, des matériaux et de la masse (22)7.3Essai de protection contre la corrosion (22)7.3.1Composants revêtus par galvanisation à chaud (autres queles fils d'acier galvanisés toronnés) (22)7.3.2Produits en fer protégés contre la corrosion par des méthodes autresque la galvanisation à chaud (24)7.3.3Fils d'acier galvanisé toronnés (24)7.3.4Corrosion causée par des composants non métalliques (24)7.4Essais non destructifs (24)61854 © IEC:1998– 3 –CONTENTSPage FOREWORD (7)Clause1Scope (9)2Normative references (9)3Definitions (13)4General requirements (13)4.1Design (13)4.2Materials (15)4.2.1General (15)4.2.2Non-metallic materials (15)4.3Mass, dimensions and tolerances (15)4.4Protection against corrosion (15)4.5Manufacturing appearance and finish (15)4.6Marking (15)4.7Installation instructions (15)5Quality assurance (17)6Classification of tests (17)6.1Type tests (17)6.1.1General (17)6.1.2Application (17)6.2Sample tests (17)6.2.1General (17)6.2.2Application (17)6.2.3Sampling and acceptance criteria (19)6.3Routine tests (19)6.3.1General (19)6.3.2Application and acceptance criteria (19)6.4Table of tests to be applied (19)7Test methods (23)7.1Visual examination (23)7.2Verification of dimensions, materials and mass (23)7.3Corrosion protection test (23)7.3.1Hot dip galvanized components (other than stranded galvanizedsteel wires) (23)7.3.2Ferrous components protected from corrosion by methods other thanhot dip galvanizing (25)7.3.3Stranded galvanized steel wires (25)7.3.4Corrosion caused by non-metallic components (25)7.4Non-destructive tests (25)– 4 –61854 © CEI:1998 Articles Pages7.5Essais mécaniques (26)7.5.1Essais de glissement des pinces (26)7.5.1.1Essai de glissement longitudinal (26)7.5.1.2Essai de glissement en torsion (28)7.5.2Essai de boulon fusible (28)7.5.3Essai de serrage des boulons de pince (30)7.5.4Essais de courant de court-circuit simulé et essais de compressionet de traction (30)7.5.4.1Essai de courant de court-circuit simulé (30)7.5.4.2Essai de compression et de traction (32)7.5.5Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissement (32)7.5.6Essais de flexibilité (38)7.5.7Essais de fatigue (38)7.5.7.1Généralités (38)7.5.7.2Oscillation de sous-portée (40)7.5.7.3Vibrations éoliennes (40)7.6Essais de caractérisation des élastomères (42)7.6.1Généralités (42)7.6.2Essais (42)7.6.3Essai de résistance à l'ozone (46)7.7Essais électriques (46)7.7.1Essais d'effet couronne et de tension de perturbations radioélectriques..467.7.2Essai de résistance électrique (46)7.8Vérification du comportement vibratoire du système faisceau/entretoise (48)Annexe A (normative) Informations techniques minimales à convenirentre acheteur et fournisseur (64)Annexe B (informative) Forces de compression dans l'essai de courantde court-circuit simulé (66)Annexe C (informative) Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissementMéthode de détermination de la rigidité et de l'amortissement (70)Annexe D (informative) Contrôle du comportement vibratoire du systèmefaisceau/entretoise (74)Bibliographie (80)Figures (50)Tableau 1 – Essais sur les entretoises (20)Tableau 2 – Essais sur les élastomères (44)61854 © IEC:1998– 5 –Clause Page7.5Mechanical tests (27)7.5.1Clamp slip tests (27)7.5.1.1Longitudinal slip test (27)7.5.1.2Torsional slip test (29)7.5.2Breakaway bolt test (29)7.5.3Clamp bolt tightening test (31)7.5.4Simulated short-circuit current test and compression and tension tests (31)7.5.4.1Simulated short-circuit current test (31)7.5.4.2Compression and tension test (33)7.5.5Characterisation of the elastic and damping properties (33)7.5.6Flexibility tests (39)7.5.7Fatigue tests (39)7.5.7.1General (39)7.5.7.2Subspan oscillation (41)7.5.7.3Aeolian vibration (41)7.6Tests to characterise elastomers (43)7.6.1General (43)7.6.2Tests (43)7.6.3Ozone resistance test (47)7.7Electrical tests (47)7.7.1Corona and radio interference voltage (RIV) tests (47)7.7.2Electrical resistance test (47)7.8Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle-spacer system (49)Annex A (normative) Minimum technical details to be agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier (65)Annex B (informative) Compressive forces in the simulated short-circuit current test (67)Annex C (informative) Characterisation of the elastic and damping propertiesStiffness-Damping Method (71)Annex D (informative) Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle/spacer system (75)Bibliography (81)Figures (51)Table 1 – Tests on spacers (21)Table 2 – Tests on elastomers (45)– 6 –61854 © CEI:1998 COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE––––––––––LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISESAVANT-PROPOS1)La CEI (Commission Electrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composéede l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI, entre autres activités, publie des Normes internationales.Leur élaboration est confiée à des comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut participer. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec la CEI, participent également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.2)Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesuredu possible un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux intéressés sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.3)Les documents produits se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales. Ils sont publiéscomme normes, rapports techniques ou guides et agréés comme tels par les Comités nationaux.4)Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer defaçon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les Normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes nationales et régionales. Toute divergence entre la norme de la CEI et la norme nationale ou régionale correspondante doit être indiquée en termes clairs dans cette dernière.5)La CEI n’a fixé aucune procédure concernant le marquage comme indication d’approbation et sa responsabilitén’est pas engagée quand un matériel est déclaré conforme à l’une de ses normes.6) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent fairel’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.La Norme internationale CEI 61854 a été établie par le comité d'études 11 de la CEI: Lignes aériennes.Le texte de cette norme est issu des documents suivants:FDIS Rapport de vote11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDLe rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant abouti à l'approbation de cette norme.L’annexe A fait partie intégrante de cette norme.Les annexes B, C et D sont données uniquement à titre d’information.61854 © IEC:1998– 7 –INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION––––––––––OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERSFOREWORD1)The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprisingall national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.2)The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, aninternational consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested National Committees.3)The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the formof standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.4)In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC InternationalStandards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter.5)The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for anyequipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subjectof patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61854 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 11: Overhead lines.The text of this standard is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.Annexes B, C and D are for information only.– 8 –61854 © CEI:1998LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISES1 Domaine d'applicationLa présente Norme internationale s'applique aux entretoises destinées aux faisceaux de conducteurs de lignes aériennes. Elle recouvre les entretoises rigides, les entretoises flexibles et les entretoises amortissantes.Elle ne s'applique pas aux espaceurs, aux écarteurs à anneaux et aux entretoises de mise à la terre.NOTE – La présente norme est applicable aux pratiques de conception de lignes et aux entretoises les plus couramment utilisées au moment de sa rédaction. Il peut exister d'autres entretoises auxquelles les essais spécifiques décrits dans la présente norme ne s'appliquent pas.Dans de nombreux cas, les procédures d'essai et les valeurs d'essai sont convenues entre l'acheteur et le fournisseur et sont énoncées dans le contrat d'approvisionnement. L'acheteur est le mieux à même d'évaluer les conditions de service prévues, qu'il convient d'utiliser comme base à la définition de la sévérité des essais.La liste des informations techniques minimales à convenir entre acheteur et fournisseur est fournie en annexe A.2 Références normativesLes documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite, constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées étaient en vigueur. Tout document normatif est sujet à révision et les parties prenantes aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de l'ISO possèdent le registre des Normes internationales en vigueur.CEI 60050(466):1990, Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International (VEI) – Chapitre 466: Lignes aériennesCEI 61284:1997, Lignes aériennes – Exigences et essais pour le matériel d'équipementCEI 60888:1987, Fils en acier zingué pour conducteurs câblésISO 34-1:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 1: Eprouvettes pantalon, angulaire et croissantISO 34-2:1996, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 2: Petites éprouvettes (éprouvettes de Delft)ISO 37:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination des caractéristiques de contrainte-déformation en traction61854 © IEC:1998– 9 –OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERS1 ScopeThis International Standard applies to spacers for conductor bundles of overhead lines. It covers rigid spacers, flexible spacers and spacer dampers.It does not apply to interphase spacers, hoop spacers and bonding spacers.NOTE – This standard is written to cover the line design practices and spacers most commonly used at the time of writing. There may be other spacers available for which the specific tests reported in this standard may not be applicable.In many cases, test procedures and test values are left to agreement between purchaser and supplier and are stated in the procurement contract. The purchaser is best able to evaluate the intended service conditions, which should be the basis for establishing the test severity.In annex A, the minimum technical details to be agreed between purchaser and supplier are listed.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication of this standard, the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.IEC 60050(466):1990, International Electrotechnical vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 466: Overhead linesIEC 61284:1997, Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittingsIEC 60888:1987, Zinc-coated steel wires for stranded conductorsISO 34-1:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test piecesISO 34-2:1996, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 2: Small (Delft) test piecesISO 37:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tensile stress-strain properties– 10 –61854 © CEI:1998 ISO 188:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Essais de résistance au vieillissement accéléré ou à la chaleurISO 812:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la fragilité à basse températureISO 815:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la déformation rémanente après compression aux températures ambiantes, élevées ou bassesISO 868:1985, Plastiques et ébonite – Détermination de la dureté par pénétration au moyen d'un duromètre (dureté Shore)ISO 1183:1987, Plastiques – Méthodes pour déterminer la masse volumique et la densitérelative des plastiques non alvéolairesISO 1431-1:1989, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Résistance au craquelage par l'ozone – Partie 1: Essai sous allongement statiqueISO 1461,— Revêtements de galvanisation à chaud sur produits finis ferreux – Spécifications1) ISO 1817:1985, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de l'action des liquidesISO 2781:1988, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la masse volumiqueISO 2859-1:1989, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 1: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles lot par lot, indexés d'après le niveau de qualité acceptable (NQA)ISO 2859-2:1985, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 2: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles de lots isolés, indexés d'après la qualité limite (QL)ISO 2921:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination des caractéristiques à basse température – Méthode température-retrait (essai TR)ISO 3417:1991, Caoutchouc – Détermination des caractéristiques de vulcanisation à l'aide du rhéomètre à disque oscillantISO 3951:1989, Règles et tables d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par mesures des pourcentages de non conformesISO 4649:1985, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion à l'aide d'un dispositif à tambour tournantISO 4662:1986, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résilience de rebondissement des vulcanisats––––––––––1) A publierThis is a preview - click here to buy the full publication61854 © IEC:1998– 11 –ISO 188:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Accelerated ageing or heat-resistance testsISO 812:1991, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature brittlenessISO 815:1991, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of compression set at ambient, elevated or low temperaturesISO 868:1985, Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)ISO 1183:1987, Plastics – Methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plasticsISO 1431-1:1989, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Resistance to ozone cracking –Part 1: static strain testISO 1461, — Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated ferrous products – Specifications1)ISO 1817:1985, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of the effect of liquidsISO 2781:1988, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of densityISO 2859-1:1989, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspectionISO 2859-2:1985, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 2: Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality level (LQ) for isolated lot inspectionISO 2921:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature characteristics –Temperature-retraction procedure (TR test)ISO 3417:1991, Rubber – Measurement of vulcanization characteristics with the oscillating disc curemeterISO 3951:1989, Sampling procedures and charts for inspection by variables for percent nonconformingISO 4649:1985, Rubber – Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating cylindrical drum deviceISO 4662:1986, Rubber – Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates–––––––––1) To be published.。
definitions翻译
definitions翻译Definitions翻译为“定义”，是指对某个词语、概念或事物的解释、说明或描述。
下面是一些关于“definitions”的中英文对照例句和用法：1. Definition of love:爱的定义：- Love is a deep affection or attachment towards someone or something.爱是对某人或某物的深深情感或依恋。
- The definition of love varies from person to person.爱的定义因人而异。
2. Legal definition of harassment:骚扰的法律定义：- Harassment is the act of persistently annoying or tormenting someone, often with the intention to intimidate or harm.骚扰是指持续不断地使某人烦恼或折磨，通常是出于恐吓或伤害的目的。
- The legal definition of harassment may vary in different jurisdictions.骚扰的法律定义在不同的司法管辖区可能会有所不同。
3. Official definition of a kilogram:千克的官方定义：- The official definition of a kilogram is the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.千克的官方定义是国际计量局保存的铂铱制圆柱体——国际千克原器的质量。
飞机构造定义
飞机结构4. Definitions4. 定义A. The definitions of primary and secondary structures are as follows: A. 定义基本的和次级的结构依下列各项:WARNING: THE FAILURE OF PSE’S COULD RESULT IN THE CATASTROPHIC FAILURE OF THE AIRPLANE.警告: PSE （主要构件）的失效可以造成飞机灾难性的故障。
(1) Primary Structure: Structure which carries flight, ground, or pressure loads. Primary structure is classified into two categories: Principal Structural Elements (PSE) and Other Structure. Most of the primary structures on the airplane are Principal Structural Elements (PSE). PSEs are also known as Structural Significant Items (SSI). (1) 基本结构:承传受飞行, 地面, 或压力载荷的结构。
基本的结构又分为两类: 主要构件 (PSE) 和其他构件。
飞机上的大部分基本结构是主要构件(PSE). PSEs （主要构件）也是被作为结构的重要项目(SSI).(a) Principal Structural Elements (PSE): Primary structure which contribute significantly to carrying flight, ground, and pressurization loads, and whose failure could result in the catastrophic failure of the airplane.(1) 主要构件 (PSE):主要承受飞行, 地面, 和压力载荷的基本结构,这些构件的失效将造成飞机的灾难性故障。
服务一般条款和条件Definitions
General Terms and Conditions for Services服务一般条款和条件Definitions定义VDA QMC China may perform services for persons or entities (hereinafter, the “Client”).The General Terms and Conditions shall be applicable to all orders, resulting contracts and related arrangements, including all offers made or service provided by VDA QMC China or any of its affiliated companies.VDA QMC China strongly recommends any Client or potential Client to read the full text of these General Terms and Conditions prior to placement of any order to or conclusion of any contract with VDA QMC China. The Client’s placement of orders as well as the conclusion of contracts with VDA QMC China shall be regarded as awareness and acceptance of these General Terms and Conditions.Ancillary agreements, promises and other statements made on the part of staff or experts of VDA QMC China by them shall be binding only if they are expressly confirmed by VDA QMC China in writing.VDA QMC China 向个人和实体（以下简称“客户”）提供服务。
key
Key points of chapter 14
1. The main challenge of translation and the solution 2. The structure and function of four components of the translation machinery. 3. Translation initiation, elongation and termination (具体过程和翻译因子的作用 具体过程和翻译因子的作用) 具体过程和翻译因子的作用 4. The mRNA and protein stabห้องสมุดไป่ตู้lity dependent on translation (生物学问题是 生物学问题是 什么，怎么解决的) 什么，怎么解决的
Key points of chapter 15
Definitions: codon, degeneracy, synonyms, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, suppressor gene • What is the wobble concept? • What are the three rules governing the genetic code? • What are the benefits of the code universality (P475)?
2. Regulation in bacteria ---transcription initiation : the lac operon,
alternative σ factors, NtrC, MerR, Gal rep, araBAD operon operon, riboswitch, regulation of the synthesis of ribosomal proteins
AS 9103 关键特性变动管理 本文翻译版
AEROSPACE STANDARDAS9103 Issued 2001-10Variation Management of Key Characteristics關鍵特性變動管理FOREWORD 序言In December1998,the Aerospace Industry had established the International Aerospace Quality Group(IAQ G)with the purpose of achieving significant improvements in quality and reductions in cost throughout the value stream.1998年12月，航空航天工業建立了國際航空航天質量集團（IAQG），目的是在整個價值流中實現質量的顯著提高和成本的降低。
This organization,with representation from Aerospace companies in Americas,Asia and Europe and sponso red by SAE,SJAC,and AECMA has agreed to take responsibility for the technical contents of this standard.該組織由美國，亞洲和歐洲的航空航天公司代表，SAE，SJAC和AECMA贊助，同意對本標準的技術內容負責。
INTRODUCTION 介紹This Aerospace Standard establishes variation management requirements for Key Characteristics.The Stan dard also specifies general requirements and provides a process to achieve those requirements.The Standar d requires a thorough assessment of the part production process with the primary goals being to control an d minimize variation in characteristics being produced by this process.該航空航天標準確定了關鍵特性的變更管理要求。
《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP600)中英文对照版-Definitions【圣才出品】
Article 2 Definitions第二条定义For the purpose of these rules:就本惯例而言：Advising bank means the bank that advises the credit at the request of the issuing bank.通知行意指应开证行要求通知信用证的银行。
Applicant means the party on whose request the credit is issued.申请人意指发出开立信用证申请的一方。
Banking day means a day on which a bank is regularly open at the place at which an act subject to these rules is to be performed.银行日意指银行在其营业地正常营业，按照本惯例行事的行为得以在银行履行的日子。
Beneficiary means the party in whose favour a credit is issued.受益人意指信用证中受益的一方。
Complying presentation means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit, the applicable provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice.相符提示意指与信用证中的条款及条件、本惯例中所适用的规定及国际标准银行实务相一致的提示。
Confirmation means a definite undertaking of the confirming bank, in addition to that of the issuing bank, to honour or negotiate a complying presentation.保兑意指保兑行在开证行之外对于相符提示做出兑付或议付的确定承诺。
学术英语Unit1 练习答案
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
Translate the following sentences from Text 2 into Chinese.
4 间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生 厌的互联网害虫。尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从 而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着其他通 常是免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。
the wedding 21 _a_c_c_o_m_p_a_n_y_ (陪伴) with her to watch movies
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
Complete the paragraph
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
Match the words with their definitions.
1 a(n) symbolic (象征的) gesture of love 2 The publisher distribute (分发) the book in Asia. 3 A “ site ” (地点) is a place, and so a website. 4 a(n) complex (复杂的) network of systems 5 be used to identify (识别) potential terrorists 6 deal the matter with him physically (完全地) 7 start with a pretty straightforward (直截了当) question 8 beyond the capability (功能) of the computers 9 hit the target (目标) at a distance 10 the person never attempt (尝试) to do anything more 11 a highly sophisticated process (过程)
学术英语(理工)课后词汇Match the words with their definitions.
第1单元1 a(n) symbolic (象征的) gesture of love2 The publisher distributed (分发) the book in Asia.3 A “site”(地点) is a place, and so a website.4 a(n) complex (复杂的) network of systems5 be used to identify (识别) potential terrorists6 deal the matter with him fairly (完全地)7 start with a pretty straightforward (直截了当) question8 beyond the capability (功能) of the computers9 hit the target (目标) at a distance10 the person never attempt (尝试) to do anything more11 a highly sophisticated process (过程)12 work within the parameter (限定因素) of time and budget13 thanks for your kind interpretation (解释)14 use many technical (专业的) terms15 Prices range (变化范围) from 340 U.S. Dollars to 390 U.S. Dollars.16 exploit (开拓) a new market in the city17 be absorbed in the social networking (社交网络)18 involve (涉及) unnecessary extra charges19 only one instance (实例) out of many20 get to know more about the specification (具体的细节) of the wedding21 accompany (陪伴) with her to watch movies22 the only thing predictable (可预言的) about life23learn the profile (概要) of the project第2单元1 throw away a(n) compromised (损坏的) computer2 earn somebody considerable notoriety (恶名)3 be used interchangeably (可互换地)4 A computer has malfunctioned (发生故障).5 squeeze (挤) milk into the bottle6 a(n) ingenious (有独创性的) solution to the problem7 China’s emergence (出现) as a great power8 of humble (卑微的) birth9 Cunning (狡猾的) men often pass for wise.10 exploit their vulnerability (弱点) to fight them11 a suspected criminal (罪犯)12 a jacket with leather patches (补丁) on the elbows.13 the sinister(阴险的) looks on his face14 This is a(n) daunting (艰巨的) challenge.15 the virus that can replicate (复制) itself16 His malicious (恶毒的) gossip caused much mischief.17 The path spirals(盘旋) up the mountain.18 a(n) secure(安全的) operating system19 blur(使模糊) my vision20 stem(阻止) the spread of an epidemic21 fall into disrepute (坏名声)22 solve sophisticated (复杂的) electrical problems23 harness (利用) natural resources24 write a personal note to each recipient (收件人)25 convert (转换) holdings into shares第3单元1 irrespective (不管) of their age and education2 The program must be tailored (迎合) to the needs of your customers.3 prone(易于) to develop lung cancer4 opt(选择) for one style or the other5 He supplies the maximum (最大的) amount of information.6 These product orders should be coded(编号).7 the provision (提供) of facilities for children 8 a restaurant catered (合适于) for families9 the need for a tighter check(检查) on arms sales10 ready-made (现成的) excuse11 The aircraft has been modified (改进) and improved.12 provide treatment on-demand (所要求的)13 the whereabouts (去向) of the missing documents14 Hazardous (有害的) waste must be appropriately dealt with.15 The terrible damage has been incurred (遭受到了).16 Few of the rules are applicable (适合于) to the country.17 an industrial developer (开发商)18 a whole range of services on offer (所提供的)19host (主持) a talk show20 It is free or for a nominal(极小的，象征性的) charge.21 get these accounts certified (核证)22 a highly automated (自动化) factory23 a power outage (断供期)24 Demand and supply are out of sync(同步一致).25 The evidence can back up (证实) his story.26 a great victory with minimal (最小的) price27 a highly mobile(流动的) society第4单元1 A(n) analogy (类比) is drawn between the two things.2 Cats and birds are seldom compatible (协调的).3 Distribute (分发) the prizes among the winners.4 implement (执行) a new policy to help the unemployed5 The function can be activated (激活) anytime.6 a(n) static(静止的) view of the world7 The audiences aggregated (总计达到) a million people.8 a(n) clone(一模一样的复制品) of a real panda9 look for a(n) innovative (革新的) way10 try to find the replacement (替代品) of a damaged desk11 Their business crashed (突然垮了).12 Their equality is compromised (受到损害).13 mine(挖掘有价值的) for detailed information14 a bridge substantial (坚固的) enough to last a hundred years15 He is a national asset(宝贵的人).16 centralize (使集中) power in him17 airport facilities (设施)18 He has to loose(松开) his hold.19 monitor (监听) his conversation20 help individuals integrate (使适应，融合于) into the community21 From his father he derived(获得) his enthusiasm for sports.22 update (修订，更新) a textbook23 download (下载) the material to your computer24 upgrade (提高) the pay and status of the teacher25 They are only licensed (批准) for beer.26 pay differential (级差的) rents according to their income27 install(安装) a new computer in the office28 practice each day for a(n) minimum (最少的) of 30 minutes29 a lot of company will do in-house (内部的) training30 a(n) crucial(重要的) decision第5单元1 electric power automation (自动化) equipment2 occupational (职业的) disease3 illegal immigrant (移民)4 Music can uplift(振奋) your spirits.5 result in substantial population displacement (转移)6 the hand-crafted (手工制作的) furniture7 He has ranched (在牧场工作) in the north for 20 years.8 eat nutritious (有营养的) food9 be involved (卷入) in the trouble10 a new assembly (装配) line11yield (屈服) to the enemy12 make incredible (难以置信的) progress13 unrealistic optimism (乐观)14 in recent mob(暴徒) violence15 get professional (专业的) help16 the luggage should be labeled (加上标签)17 financial analyst(分析员)18 trade surplus(盈余)19 attack on pearl harbor(海港)20 a professional columnist (专栏作家)21 the virtual(事实上的) manager of the business22 underestimate the strength of the revolutionary (革命的) forces23 untie the lace(鞋带) and take off your shoes24 trying to undercut (削弱) his authority25 barter(交换) furs for guns26 a(n) litigable (可诉讼的) case27 raise the specter (恐惧) of oil crisis28sift (仔细翻看) through her purse29 He has got a(n) pot(大量的) of money.第6单元1 Some places are problematic (有问题的) for women traveling alone.2 I have to make some presumptions (推测).3 go through what he calls a period of political brinkmanship (边缘政策)4 She reminds us of the famous dictum(格言).5 enjoy the monopoly (垄断) of cigarette business6 try to conceal (隐藏) his envy7 If you want a(n) share(份额) of the pay, you’ll have to do your fair share of the work.8 They threatened him with a(n) lawsuit(诉讼).9 No difficulty can deter(阻止) us from trying it again.10 joint together for mutual(相互的) benefits11 If you are serious about our relationship, you should make commitment (保证).12 promise never to reveal(泄露) his secret13 a(n) purposive (有目的的) decision and action14 fare(过得) badly during those days15 the interdependence (相互依赖) between humans and nature16 The troops were thoroughly demoralized (士气低落) by this setback.17 The children helped the old man collectively (共同地).18 He stipulated (规定) payment in advance.19 The car is sold with a 12-month warranty (担保).20 The benefits have outweighed (超过) the risk.21 Too much food will induce(引起) sleepiness.22 force applied uniformly (一致地) over a surface23 the optimal(最佳的) method for improving speaking practice24 refuse to confess (承认) to his crime25 Even the best quality rubber will perish(毁坏) with age.26 Unless the employers move(采取行动) quickly, there will be a strike. 27 be faced with a(n) dilemma (两难境地)28 remain neutral(中立的) in the war29 intolerable (无法忍受的) temper and attitude30 The right hand is dominant (占优势的) in most people.31 His statement doesn’t square(符合) with the facts.32 the outcome (结果) of the election33 bluff (吓退) the man offexpand34 It is a(n) linear (直线的) diagram.第7单元1 amateur astronomer (天文学家)2 sign a(n) contract (合同) with the landlord3 professional dedication (奉献)4 theory of evolution (进化)5 a(n) trace(踪迹) of evidence for the claim6 have no conception (概念) of the law7 diffuse(散发) light and heat8 correct erroneous (错误的) data9 be embedded (插入) in the soil10 climate prediction (预报)11 quantitative (数量的) information on both costs and benefits12 (扩大) domestic demand13 be precisely (精确地) the same14 No one can degrade (贬低) us except ourselves.15 a(n) repulsive (排斥的) force16 goods in transit(运送)17 give us a(n) insight(洞察力) into the problems of education18 capture (俘获) an escaped convict19 sufficient (充分的) and necessary condition20 a huge gulf(分歧) between them21 have a productive capacity (能力) of 200 cars a week22 cling to a somewhat static(静态的) view of society23 The flames licked(舔着) against the building.24 slowly fall into decay(衰落)25 primitive (原始的) accumulation of capital26 Success entails(使承担) hard work.27 refined(精炼的) oil28 the most spectacular(引人注目的) global event29 unbreakable(不易破碎的) glass30 theoretical(理论上的) foundation31 a(n) barrier(障碍) to understanding32 cancel(取消) the dinner party33 broaden our horizon(眼界)34 a pair of mismatched(配错的) shoes35 blatantly(公然地) break promises36 witness(目击) the robbery37 literally(照字面地) translated38 be of vital(至关重要的) importance第8单元1 We love the valley in all its aspects (方面).2 Please replicate (折叠) the paper.3 The two accidents took place simultaneously (同时地).4 There was an air of expectancy (期望) among the waiting crowd.5 Article in The Wall Street Journal (日报) leans heavily on fashion.6 What does it require to be a successful mechanic (技工), to do all the mechanics problems?7 Thousands of wounded were brought to the next town of Castiliogne where he arrived and there was practically (几乎) no medical assistance.8 A text message confirming the policy number and sale is then sent automatically (自动的)9 He says the troops will have to launch quick, sharp and precise (精确的) attacks in the area if they hope to prevail.10 The trouble with Bill was that he never had a(n) specific(明确的) aim in life.11 Kevin drove erratically (不规律地), knocked down several cones, and ran over atleast one of the inflatable dolls.12 This is a(n) exclusive (纯粹的) white residential area.13 “Good morning”is a(n) conventional (传统的) greeting.14 Honesty, industry and kindness are elements (基础) ofa good life.15 I needed a place to fire ceramic semiconductor (半导体) substrates for homemade integrated circuits.16 The findings appeared just days after another team reported its findings in the journal Nature Structural and molecular (分子的) Biology.17 It is a(n) vast(广阔的) desert.18 The appearance (外貌) of the old house completely changed.19 The dispute has scared away potential (潜在的) investors.20 This small house is my only property (资产).21 Do you know how to manipulate (操作) a computer?22 You are not allowed to fabricate (伪造) a certificate.23 It is hard to foresee(预见) what will happen.24 The substance (主旨) of his speech was that he was better than the other candidates.25 Exceptions cannot be made for individual (个体).26 She then looked at the reverse(反面) side of the coin.27 The government and central bank were in theoretical(理论上的) harmony.第9单元1 the magnitude (巨大) of loss2 increase significantly (显著地) overnight3 atmosphere (大气) pressure4 work with greater intensity (紧张)5 give evidence (证据) in support of a theory6 birds migrating (迁徙) in winter7 speak more specifically (明确地)8 amplify(增强) the electric current9 a disease of frequent occurrence (发生)10 be in control of your own destiny (命运)11 strong motivation (动机) to succeed12annual (年度的) bonus13 be released (释放) from prison14 a(n) vicious(恶毒的) enemy to defeat15 create a(n) environmentally (有关环境方面) safe society16 alternate (交替) between rain and sunshine17 the most prominent (突出的) feature of the book18 his reaction (反应) to the news19 drastically (大幅度地) cutting staff20 traffic regulation (规则)21 a(n) minimal (最小的) charge for the service22 exposure (暴露) of the body to strong sunlight23retain (保持) youthful vigor24 compound (混合) the ingredients25 They are free eventually (最后).26 decline(谢绝) an invitation 27 Man is a reasoning creature (生物).第10单元1 undergo (经历) a smooth transition2 be offered massive (大量的) sums to leave3 unprecedented (史无前例的) reforms in any socialist countries4 runaway (失控的) inflation5 achieve a wide variety of consensus (共识) on many issues6 such a motion will largely hinder(阻碍) any move by the new Governor7 total farm output(产量) for this year8 a child’s concentration span (注意力集中的时间)9 paint a(n) bleak(无望的) picture for the future of the U.S. labor market10 make a dent (有点进展) in the work11 constantly(经常地) changing population12 complete the project with a satisfactory outcome(结果)13 play down (淡化) the significance of the meeting14 temperature variation (变化) due to solar radiation15 skills that are absolutely (绝对地) vital to these performers16 denigrate (诋毁) his rivals17 Don’t mess with (干预) things you don’t know.18 windows which admit light but totally herald(隔离) from cold or heat19 resist the overwhelming (无法抗拒的) temptation to eat chocolate20 witness the results of savage(野蛮的) attacks on the public21 take actions to help resolve(解决) housing problems22 create a(n) gigantic(巨大的) bubble in shares and house prices23 the innovative system which reduced pollution output(输出) to zero24 conditions that vary dramatically (戏剧化地) day to day25 ban the use of sex-selective (性别选择性的) abortion 第11单元1 a small breach(缺口) in the dam2 shallow(浅的) foundation3implement (履行) a promise4 the survivor(s) (幸存者) of the earthquake5 hypothetical (假设的) situation6 initiate(发起) a reform7 have potential (潜力) as an artist8 despite(不顾) their strong disagreement9 neutralize (中和) acids10 be in contact(联系) with each other11 transport (运输) goods by lorry12 the volume(大量) of exports13 penetrate (穿透) the fog14 confirm(证实) my suspicious15 strategy(战略) of sustainable development16 a rough estimate(估计) of your income17 noticeable(显著的) change18 power generation (产生)19 avert(转移) one’s glance from an ugly sight20 medical (医学的) apparatus and instruments21 disperse(传播) knowledge22 territorial integrity(完整)23 compensate(赔偿) for the loss第12单元1 The match won’t collide with(发生冲突) the general election.2 brave (勇敢面对) difficulties3 Some drugs have a deleterious (有毒的) effect on the body.4 The fuel gauge (测量仪器) dropped swiftly.5 Its aftermath(后果) will never be fully known.6 the duration(持续时间) of the movie7 a box of tissues(纸巾)8 Accounting and banking have changeddramatically (戏剧地).9 suggest a possible scenario (情况)10 Physics is governed by cosmic(宇宙的) laws.11 Everything is absolutely normal(正常的).12 Water power can be used to generate (形成) electricity.13 The children were evacuated (疏散) to the country.14 This city underwent (经历) great changes.15 sustain (承受) the severe fuel shortage16 Energy is released by the fission(裂变) of atomic nuclei.17 reposition (调整) a number of its strategies18 Everyone must abide(遵守) by the law.19 keep calm in an emergency (突发事件)20 a famine in the wake of(随之而来的) the war21 The project could stoke(刺激) imports.22 The house was a wreck (残骸).23 be used for tracking virus prevalence (传播)24 make great profit in the long-term (长期的) growing25 To err(犯错误) is human.26 I would caution(警告) you against undue optimism.第13单元1 make the masses panic (恐慌)2 feed the malnutritioned (营养不良的)3 the poultry(禽类) market4 monitor(监控) the radiation in food5 synthetic (合成的) drugs6 floor(难倒) by his question7 smaller concentrations (浓度) of radiation in the environment8 lie blatantly(明目张胆地)9 a dire(极端的) situation10 ensure(确保) safety11 a less-informed populace (老百姓)12 local livestock (家禽) farmers13 be perplexed (困惑不解) by increases in disease14 represent (代表) manufacturing companies15 deem(认为) the radioactive elements harmless16 in a state of bliss(极乐)17 a(n) detectable (检测得到的) increase of radiation in the milk18 a(n) devoure (吞食) their prey19 distract(分心) me from my work20 pose(造成) no health concern21 a milk sample(样品)22 have an adverse(不利的) impact23 new glass cases hermetically (密不透风地) sealed24 elevated(偏高的) levels of radioactive material in water25 the forthcoming (即将到来的) talks第14单元1 the symptoms (症状) of depression2 the core(核心) curriculum3 speak in a menacing (威胁的) tone4 a study on the male sterility(不育)5 compromise (危害) human health6 the cumulative (日积月累的) effect of human activity on the environment7 a harmful dose(剂量) of radiation8 ingest(摄入) radioactive particles throughexposed food9 penetrate (穿透) the skin10 his premature (过早的) death at the age of 3711 the temperature hovering (徘徊) around 38 degrees12 disrupt(打乱) the process of repairing damaged tissue13 a rise in premarital conception(s) (受孕)14 an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude (震级)15 spark(激发) interest in art16 a(n) acute(剧烈的) pain in the chest17 special facilities (设施) for the disabled18 energy transmitted (传送) in the form ofParticles。
NRC_ 10 CFR 50.2 Definitions
Home > NRC Library > Document Collections > NRC Regulations (10 CFR) >Part Index > § 50.2 Definitions.§ 50.2 Definitions.As used in this part,Act means the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (68 Stat. 919) including any amendments thereto.Alternate ac source means an alternating current (ac) power source that is available to and located at or nearbya nuclear power plant and meets the following requirements:(1) Is connectable to but not normally connected to the offsite or onsite emergency ac power systems;(2) Has minimum potential for common mode failure with offsite power or the onsite emergency ac power sources;(3) Is available in a timely manner after the onset of station blackout; and(4) Has sufficient capacity and reliability for operation of all systems required for coping with station blackout and for the time required to bring and maintain the plant in safe shutdown (non-design basis accident).Applicant means a person or an entity applying for a license, permit, or other form of Commission permission or approval under this part or part 52 of this chapter.Atomic energy means all forms of energy released in the course of nuclear fission or nuclear transformation.Atomic weapon means any device utilizing atomic energy, exclusive of the means for transporting or propelling the device (where such means is a separable and divisible part of the device), the prinicipal purpose of which is for use as, or for development of, a weapon, a weapon prototype, or a weapon test device.Basic component means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter:(1) When applied to nuclear power reactors, any plant structure, system, component, or part thereof necessary to assure(i) The integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary,(ii) The capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition, or(iii) The capability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents which could result in potential offsite exposures comparable to those referred to in § 50.34(a)(1), § 50.67(b)(2), or § 100.11 of this chapter, as applicable.(2) When applied to other types of facilities or portions of such facilities for which construction permits are issued under § 50.23, a component, structure, system or part thereof that is directly procured by the construction permit holder for the facility subject to the regulations of this part and in which a defect or failure tocomply with any applicable regulation in this chapter, order, or license issued by the Commission could create a substantial safety hazard.(3) In all cases, basic component includes safety related design, analysis, inspection, testing, fabrication, replacement parts, or consulting services that are associated with the component hardware, whether these services are performed by the component supplier or other supplier.Byproduct material means—(1) Any radioactive material (except special nuclear material) yielded in, or made radioactive by, exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or using special nuclear material;(2)(i) Any discrete source of radium-226 that is produced, extracted, or converted after extraction, before, on, or after August 8, 2005, for use for a commercial, medical, or research activity; or(ii) Any material that—(A) Has been made radioactive by use of a particle accelerator; and(B) Is produced, extracted, or converted after extraction, before, on, or after August 8, 2005, for use for a commercial, medical, or research activity; and(3) Any discrete source of naturally occurring radioactive material, other than source material, that—(i) The Commission, in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other appropriate Federal agency, determines would pose a threat similar to the threat posed by a discrete source of radium-226 to the public health and safety or the common defense and security; and(ii) Before, on, or after August 8, 2005, is extracted or converted after extraction for use in a commercial, medical, or research activity.Certified fuel handler means, for a nuclear power reactor facility, a non-licensed operator who has qualified in accordance with a fuel handler training program approved by the Commission.Commission means the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its duly authorized representatives.Committed dose equivalent means the dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50-year period following the intake.Committed effective dose equivalent is the sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to these organs or tissues.Common defense and security means the common defense and security of the United States.Construction or constructing means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e), the analysis, design, manufacture, fabrication, quality assurance, placement, erection, installation, modification, inspection, or testing of a facility or activity which is subject to the regulations in this part and consulting services related to the facility or activity that are safety related.Controls when used with respect to nuclear reactors means apparatus and mechanisms, the manipulation of which directly affects the reactivity or power level of the reactor.Controls when used with respect to any other facility means apparatus and mechanisms, the manipulation of which could affect the chemical, physical, metallurgical, or nuclear process of the facility in such a manner as to affect the protection of health and safety against radiation.Cost of service regulation means the traditional system of rate regulation, or similar regulation, including "price cap" or "incentive" regulation, in which a rate regulatory authority generally allows an electric utility to charge its customers the reasonable and prudent costs of providing electricity services, including capital, operations, maintenance, fuel, decommissioning, and other costs required to provide such services.Decommission means to remove a facility or site safely from service and reduce residual radioactivity to a level that permits—(1) Release of the property for unrestricted use and termination of the license; or(2) Release of the property under restricted conditions and termination of the license.Deep-dose equivalent, which applies to external whole-body exposure, is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000mg/cm2).Defect means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter:(1) A deviation in a basic component delivered to a purchaser for use in a facility or activity subject to a construction permit under this part, if on the basis of an evaluation, the deviation could create a substantial safety hazard; or(2) The installation, use, or operation of a basic component containing, a defect as defined in paragraph (1) of this definition; or(3) A deviation in a portion of a facility subject to the construction permit of this part provided the deviation could, on the basis of an evaluation, create a substantial safety hazard.Department and Department of Energy means the Department of Energy established by the Department of Energy Organization Act (Pub. L. 95-91, 91 Stat. 565, 42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), to the extent that the department, or its duly authorized representatives, exercises functions formerly vested in the Atomic Energy Commission, its Chairman, members, officers and components and transferred to the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration and to the Administrator thereof pursuant to sections 104 (b), (c) and (d) of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-438, 88 Stat. 1233 at 1237, 42 U.S.C. 5814) and retransferred to the Secretary of Energy pursuant to section 301(a) of the Department of Energy Organization Act (Pub. L. 95-91, 91 Stat. 565 at 577-578, 42 U.S.C. 7151).Design bases means that information which identifies the specific functions to be performed by a structure, system, or component of a facility, and the specific values or ranges of values chosen for controlling parameters as reference bounds for design. These values may be (1) restraints derived from generally accepted "state of the art" practices for achieving functional goals, or (2) requirements derived from analysis (based on calculation and/or experiments) of the effects of a postulated accident for which a structure, system, or component must meet its functional goals.Deviation means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter, a departure from the technical or quality assurance requirements defined in procurement documents, safety analysis report, construction permit, or other documents provided for basic components installed in a facility subject to the regulations of this part.Director means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter, an individual, appointed or elected according tolaw, who is authorized to manage and direct the affairs of a corporation, partnership or other entity.Discovery means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter, the completion of the documentation first identifying the existence of a deviation or failure to comply potentially associated with a substantial safety hazard within the evaluation procedures discussed in § 50.55(e)(1).Electric utility means any entity that generates or distributes electricity and which recovers the cost of this electricity, either directly or indirectly, through rates established by the entity itself or by a separate regulatory authority. Investor-owned utilities, including generation or distribution subsidiaries, public utility districts, municipalities, rural electric cooperatives, and State and Federal agencies, including associations of any of the foregoing, are included within the meaning of "electric utility."Evaluation means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter, the process of determining whether a particular deviation could create a substantial safety hazard or determining whether a failure to comply is associated with a substantial safety hazard.Exclusion area means that area surrounding the reactor, in which the reactor licensee has the authority to determine all activities including exclusion or removal of personnel and property from the area. This area may be traversed by a highway, railroad, or waterway, provided these are not so close to the facility as to interfere with normal operations of the facility and provided appropriate and effective arrangements are made to control traffic on the highway, railroad, or waterway, in case of emergency, to protect the public health and safety. Residence within the exclusion area shall normally be prohibited. In any event, residents shall be subject to ready removal in case of necessity. Activities unrelated to operation of the reactor may be permitted in an exclusion area under appropriate limitations, provided that no significant hazards to the public health and safety will result.Federal Government funding for conversion means funds appropriated to the Department of Energy or to any other Federal Agency to pay directly to or to reimburse non-power reactor licensees for costs attendant to conversion.Federal licensee means any NRC licensee, the obligations of which are guaranteed by and supported by the full faith and credit of the United States Government.Fuel acceptable to the Commission means that the fuel replacing the existing HEU fuel in a specific non-power reactor (1) meets the operating requirements of the existing license or, through appropriate NRC safety review and approval, can be used in a manner which protects public health and safety and promotes the common defense and security; and (2) meets the Commission's policy of limiting, to the maximum extent possible, the use of HEU fuel in that reactor.Government agency means any executive department, commission, independent establishment, corporation, wholly or partly owned by the United States of America which is an instrumentality of the United States, or any board, bureau, division, service, office, officer, authority, administration, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Government.Highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel means fuel in which the weight percent of U-235 in the uranium is 20% or greater. Target material, special instrumentation, or experimental devices using HEU are not included. Historical site assessment means the identification of potential, likely, or known sources of radioactive material and radioactive contamination based on existing or derived information for the purpose of classifying a facility or site, or parts thereof, as impacted or non-impacted.Impacted areas mean the areas with some reasonable potential for residual radioactivity in excess of naturalbackground or fallout levels.Incentive regulation means the system of rate regulation in which a rate regulatory authority establishes rates that an electric generator may charge its customers that are based on specified performance factors, in addition to cost-of-service factors.License means a license, including a construction permit or operating license under this part, an early site permit, combined license or manufacturing license under part 52 of this chapter, or a renewed license issued by the Commission under this part, part 52, or part 54 of this chapter.Licensee means a person who is authorized to conduct activities under a license issued by the Commission.Low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel means fuel in which the weight percent of U-235 in the uranium is less than 20%.Low population zone means the area immediately surrounding the exclusion area which contains residents, the total number and density of which are such that there is a reasonable probability that appropriate protective measures could be taken in their behalf in the event of a serious accident. These guides do not specify a permissible population density or total population within this zone because the situation may vary from case to case. Whether a specific number of people can, for example, be evacuated from a specific area, or instructed to take shelter, on a timely basis will depend on many factors such as location, number and size of highways, scope and extent of advance planning, and actual distribution of residents within the area.Major decommissioning activity means, for a nuclear power reactor facility, any activity that results in permanent removal of major radioactive components, permanently modifies the structure of the containment, or results in dismantling components for shipment containing greater than class C waste in accordance with § 61.55 of this chapter.Major radioactive components means, for a nuclear power reactor facility, the reactor vessel and internals, steam generators, pressurizers, large bore reactor coolant system piping, and other large components that are radioactive to a comparable degree.Non-bypassable charges mean those charges imposed over an established time period by a Government authority that affected persons or entities are required to pay to cover costs associated with the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant. Such charges include, but are not limited to, wire charges, stranded cost charges, transition charges, exit fees, other similar charges, or the securitized proceeds of a revenue stream.Non-impacted areas mean the areas with no reasonable potential for residual radioactivity in excess of natural background or fallout levels.Non-power reactor means a research or test reactor licensed under §§ 50.21(c) or 50.22 of this part for research and development.Notification means the telephonic communication to the NRC Operations Center or written transmittal of information to the NRC Document Control Desk.Nuclear reactor means an apparatus, other than an atomic weapon, designed or used to sustain nuclear fission in a self-supporting chain reaction.Permanent cessation of operation(s) means, for a nuclear power reactor facility, a certification by a licensee to the NRC that it has permanently ceased or will permanently cease reactor operation(s), or a final legally effective order to permanently cease operation(s) has come into effect.Permanent fuel removal means, for a nuclear power reactor facility, a certification by the licensee to the NRC that it has permanently removed all fuel assemblies from the reactor vessel.Person means (1) any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, government agency other than the Commission or the Department, except that the Department shall be considered a person to the extent that its facilities are subject to the licensing and related regulatory authority of the Commission pursuant to section 202 of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, any State or any political subdivision of, or any political entity within a State, any foreign government or nation or any political subdivision of any such government or nation, or other entity; and (2) any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing.Price-cap regulation means the system of rate regulation in which a rate regulatory authority establishes rates that an electric generator may charge its customers that are based on a specified maximum price of electricity.Procurement document means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter, a contract that defines the requirements which facilities or basic components must meet in order to be considered acceptable by the purchaser.Produce, when used in relation to special nuclear material, means (1) to manufacture, make, produce, or refine special nuclear material; (2) to separate special nuclear material from other substances in which such material may be contained; or (3) to make or to produce new special nuclear material.Production facility means:(1) Any nuclear reactor designed or used primarily for the formation of plutonium or uranium-233; or(2) Any facility designed or used for the separation of the isotopes of plutonium, except laboratory scale facilities designed or used for experimental or analytical purposes only; or(3) Any facility designed or used for the processing of irradiated materials containing special nuclear material, except (i) laboratory scale facilities designed or used for experimental or analytical purposes, (ii) facilities in which the only special nuclear materials contained in the irradiated material to be processed are uranium enriched in the isotope U-235 and plutonium produced by the irradiation, if the material processed contains not more than 10–6 grams of plutonium per gram of U-235 and has fission product activity not in excess of 0.25 millicuries of fission products per gram of U-235, and (iii) facilities in which processing is conducted pursuant to a license issued under parts 30 and 70 of this chapter, or equivalent regulations of an Agreement State, for the receipt, possession, use, and transfer of irradiated special nuclear material, which authorizes the processing of the irradiated material on a batch basis for the separation of selected fission products and limits the process batch to not more than 100 grams of uranium enriched in the isotope 235 and not more than 15 grams of any other special nuclear material.Prototype plant means a nuclear reactor that is used to test design features, such as the testing required under §50.43(e). The prototype plant is similar to a first-of-a-kind or standard plant design in all features and size, but may include additional safety features to protect the public and the plant staff from the possible consequences of accidents during the testing period.Reactor coolant pressure boundary means all those pressure-containing components of boiling and pressurized water-cooled nuclear power reactors, such as pressure vessels, piping, pumps, and valves, which are:(1) Part of the reactor coolant system, or(1) Part of the reactor coolant system, or(2) Connected to the reactor coolant system, up to and including any and all of the following:(i) The outermost containment isolation valve in system piping which penetrates primary reactor containment,(ii) The second of two valves normally closed during normal reactor operation in system piping which does not penetrate primary reactor containment,(iii) The reactor coolant system safety and relief valves.For nuclear power reactors of the direct cycle boiling water type, the reactor coolant system extends to and includes the outermost containment isolation valve in the main steam and feedwater piping.Research and development means (1) theoretical analysis, exploration, or experimentation; or (2) the extension of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature into practical application for experimental and demonstration purposes, including the experimental production and testing of models, devices, equipment, materials, and processes.Responsible officer means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter, the president, vice-president, or other individual in the organization of a corporation, partnership, or other entity who is vested with executive authority over activities subject to this part.Restricted Data means all data concerning (1) design, manufacture, or utilization of atomic weapons; (2) the production of special nuclear material; or (3) the use of special nuclear material in the production of energy, but shall not include data declassified or removed from the Restricted Data category pursuant to section 142 of the Act.Safe shutdown (non-design basis accident (non-DBA)) for station blackout means bringing the plant to those shutdown conditions specified in plant technical specifications as Hot Standby or Hot Shutdown, as appropriate (plants have the option of maintaining the RCS at normal operating temperatures or at reduced temperatures).Safety-related structures, systems and components means those structures, systems and components that are relied upon to remain functional during and following design basis events to assure:(1) The integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary(2) The capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition; or(3) The capability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents which could result in potential offsite exposures comparable to the applicable guideline exposures set forth in § 50.34(a)(1) or § 100.11 of this chapter, as applicable.Source material means source material as defined in subsection 11z. of the Act and in the regulations contained in part 40 of this chapter.Source term refers to the magnitude and mix of the radionuclides released from the fuel, expressed as fractions of the fission product inventory in the fuel, as well as their physical and chemical form, and the timing of their release.Special nuclear material means (1) plutonium, uranium-233, uranium enriched in the isotope-233 or in the isotope-235, and any other material which the Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 51 of the act, determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material; or (2) any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing, but does not include source material.enriched by any of the foregoing, but does not include source material.Station blackout means the complete loss of alternating current (ac) electric power to the essential and nonessential switchgear buses in a nuclear power plant (i.e., loss of offsite electric power system concurrent with turbine trip and unavailability of the onsite emergency ac power system). Station blackout does not include the loss of available ac power to buses fed by station batteries through inverters or by alternate ac sources as defined in this section, nor does it assume a concurrent single failure or design basis accident. At single unit sites, any emergency ac power source(s) in excess of the number required to meet minimum redundancy requirements (i.e., single failure) for safe shutdown (non-DBA) is assumed to be available and may be designated as an alternate power source(s) provided the applicable requirements are met. At multi-unit sites, where the combination of emergency ac power sources exceeds the minimum redundancy requirements for safe shutdown (non-DBA) of all units, the remaining emergency ac power sources may be used as alternate ac power sources provided they meet the applicable requirements. If these criteria are not met, station blackout must be assumed on all the units.Substantial safety hazard means, for the purposes of § 50.55(e) of this chapter, a loss of safety function to the extent that there is a major reduction in the degree of protection provided to public health and safety for any facility or activity authorized by the construction permit issued under this part.Testing facility means a nuclear reactor which is of a type described in § 50.21(c) of this part and for which an application has been filed for a license authorizing operation at:(1) A thermal power level in excess of 10 megawatts; or(2) A thermal power level in excess of 1 megawatt, if the reactor is to contain:(i) A circulating loop through the core in which the applicant proposes to conduct fuel experiments; or(ii) A liquid fuel loading; or(iii) An experimental facility in the core in excess of 16 square inches in cross-section.Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) means the sum of the effective dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures).Unique purpose means a project, program, or commercial activity which cannot reasonably be accomplished without the use of HEU fuel, and may include: (1) A specific experiment, program, or commercial activity (typically long-term) that significantly serves the U.S. national interest and cannot be accomplished without the use of HEU fuel; (2) Reactor physics or reactor development based explicitly on the use of HEU fuel; (3) Research projects based on neutron flux levels or spectra attainable only with HEU fuel; or (4) A reactor core of special design that could not perform its intended function without using HEU fuel.United States, when used in a geographical sense, includes Puerto Rico and all territories and possessions of the United States.Utilization facility means any nuclear reactor other than one designed or used primarily for the formation of plutonium or U-233.Note: Pursuant to subsections 11v. and 11cc., respectively, of the Act, the Commission may from time to time add to, or otherwise alter, the foregoing definitions of production and utilization facility. It may also include as a facility an important component part especially designed for a facility, but has not at this time included any component parts in the definitions.[21 FR 355, Jan. 19, 1956; 72 FR 49489, Aug. 28, 2007; 72 FR 55932 Oct. 1, 2007; 72 FR 68059, Dec. 4, 2007]Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting § 50.2, see the list of CFR Sections Affected.Page Last Reviewed/Updated Thursday, August 25, 2011©2000-2011 NRC。
学术英语理工类Unit1 课后练习答案
(来自于对……误解) of
cloud computing. Although the security of cloud computing ____________________________( leaves a lot of problems unsolved 留下很多问题没有得到解决), it opens a path for (打开了通道) the future development of computers. Hence a better understanding of a new technology requires a different frame of mind (需要有新的思想)_______________________________.
Enhancing your academic language
Match the words with their definitions.
1 —— d 2 —— f 3 —— h 4 —— i 5 —— a
6 —— e 7 —— b 8 —— j
9 —— g 10 —— c
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Ege
Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.
1 有些人声称黑客是那些扩宽知识 界限而不造成危害的好人 （或即使造成危害，但并非故意 而为），而“破碎者”才是真正 的坏人。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
definitions AS物理定义大全
Section
Item
Definition
1.1 (a)
Quantity
In S.I. a quantity is represented by a numbera unit, (e.g.m= 3.0 kg).
1.1 (c)
Scalar
A scalar is a quantity that has magnitude only.
The resistance of a conductor is theratio ofp.d. (V) across ittothecurrent (I)init.R = V / I
Unit: ohm () [= VA-1].
1.5 (g)
Resistivity,
The resistance,R, of a metal wire of lengthLand cross-sectional areaAis given byR=L/A, in whichthe resistivity, is a constant (at constant temperature) for the material of the wire.
1.3 (a)
Work
Work done by a force is the product of the magnitude of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.( W.D. =Fxcos)
Unit: J [= Nm]
Longitudinal wave
A longitudinal wave is one where the particle oscillations are in line with (parallel to) the direction of travel (of propagation) of the wave.
常用名词解释DEFINITIONS经常用到的慢投垒球专有名词
第一章常用名词解释（DEFINITIONS）经常用到的慢投垒球专有名词，按照英文字母先后顺序逐一解说。
1. 改造球棒（Altered Bat）当合格球棒的结构被改变之后，即成为改造球棒。
2. 促请裁决（Appeal Play） (也就是申诉)促请裁决在比赛进行中，或是死球状况时，都可以提出。
促请裁决是指有一些特殊状况，依规则不由裁判主动判定，而必须由对方球队的经理、教练或球员先提出后，再由裁判决定如何判决。
提出促请裁决的球员，必须在内野区。
促请裁决提出的时机，要在投手投出下一球之前，合法及违规投球都算。
如果促请裁决的时机是在攻守交换时，或是比赛结束时刻，必须在所有守备球员离开界内区以前提出。
促请裁决所有状况如下：(1) 空过垒。
（也就是漏踏垒包）(2) 提早离垒。
(3) 错位击球。
(4) 上一垒企图前进二垒。
(5) 违规替补。
(6) 违规再上场。
3. 四坏球（Base On Balls）当击球员获得四坏球时，可以安全上一垒。
如果投手要故意给予击球员四坏球，可以由投手直接向主审表示，称为故意四坏球。
4. 垒道（Base Path）垒道既是在垒包与防守球员企图触杀跑垒员当时位置的直线。
5. 击出之球（Batted Ball）投出之球，经球棒碰触或击出后，无论落在界内或界外区，都成为击出之球。
除防守球员以外，任何人不可以故意去碰触击出之球。
6. 击球区（Batter，s Box）击球区是供击球员打击进攻的区域，左右各一，在本垒板两侧。
各条围线都视为区域之内。
投手投球前，击球员的双脚要在击球区之内。
7. 击球跑垒员（Batter-Runner）简称击跑员。
击球员刚完成打击任务，在尚未出局也尚未到达一垒前，称为击跑员。
8. 打击顺序（Batting Order）进攻球队必须按照攻守名单上的顺序轮流打击。
名单上同时记载球员守备位置，背号及预备球员。
9. 障碍球（Blocked Ball）当击出或传出之球，被非参与比赛的人碰触、停止或是控制时，或者碰触到非正式比赛器材，或场地内任何物体时，都成为障碍球，比赛暂停。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
PurposeThe purpose of this form is to provide readers of your manuscript with information about your other interests that could influence how they receive and understand your work. The form is designed to be completed electronically and stored electronically. It contains programming that allows appropriate data display. Each author should submit a separate form and is responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the submitted information. The form is in seven parts.Identifying informationThe work under consideration for publication.This section asks for information about the work that you have submitted for publication. The time frame for this reporting is that of the work itself, from the initial conception and planning to the present. The requested information is about resources that you received, either directly or indirectly (via your institution), to enable you to complete the work. Checking "No" means that you did the work without receiving any financial support from any third party -- that is, the work was supported by funds from the same institution that pays your salary and that institution did not receive third-party funds with which to pay you. If you or your institution received funds from a third party to support the work, such as a government granting agency, charitable foundation or commercial sponsor, check "Yes".Relevant financial activities outside the submitted work.This section asks about your financial relationships with entities in thebio-medical arena that could be perceived to influence, or that give the appearance of potentially influencing, what you wrote in the submitted work. You should disclose interactions with ANY entity that could be considered broadly relevant to the work. For example, if your article is about testing an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist in lung cancer, you should report all associations with entities pursuing diagnostic or therapeutic strategies in cancer in general, not just in the area of EGFR or lung cancer.Report all sources of revenue paid (or promised to be paid) directly to you or your institution on your behalf over the 36 months prior to submission of the work. This should include all monies from sources with relevance to the submitted work, not just monies from the entity that sponsored the research. Please note that your interactions with the work's sponsor that are outside thesubmitted work should also be listed here. If there is any question, it is usually better to disclose a relationship than not to do so.For grants you have received for work outside the submitted work, you should disclose support ONLY from entities that could be perceived to be affected financially by the published work, such as drug companies, or foundations supported by entities that could be perceived to have a financial stake in the outcome. Public funding sources, such as government agencies, charitable foundations or academic institutions, need not be disclosed. For example, if a government agency sponsored a study in which you have been involved and drugs were provided by a pharmaceutical company, you need only list the pharmaceutical company.Intellectual Property.This section asks about patents and copyrights, whether pending, issued, licensed and/or receiving royalties.Relationships not covered above.Use this section to report other relationships or activities that readers could perceive to have influenced, or that give the appearance of potentially influencing, what you wrote in the submitted work.Definitions.Entity: government agency, foundation, commercial sponsor, academic institution, etc.Grant: A grant from an entity, generally [but not always] paid to your organizationPersonal Fees: Monies paid to you for services rendered, generally honoraria, royalties, or fees for consulting , lectures, speakers bureaus, expert testimony, employment, or other affiliationsNon-Financial Support: Examples include drugs/equipment supplied by the entity, travel paid by the entity, writing assistance, administrative support, etc. Other: Anything not covered under the previous three boxesPending: The patent has been filed but not issuedIssued: The patent has been issued by the agencyLicensed: The patent has been licensed to an entity, whether earning royalties or notRoyalties: Funds are coming in to you or your institution due to your patent。