中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter 9

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中国文化概况A Glimpse of Chinese Culture(修订版)Chapter 12--World Heritage Sites

Natural Heritage
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
• Located in the mountainous northwest of Yunnan province • refer to the areas where the Jinsha River, the Lancang River and the Nujiang River flow roughly parallel through steep gorges • numerous natural resources and traditional customs of multiple ethnic minorities • harbour the richest biodiversity among the temperate areas of the world
Cultural and Natural Heritage
Cultural and Natural Heritage
Mount Wuyi • Located south of Wuyishan city, Fujian province • subtropical virgin forests and many attractions of exceptional scenic quality • also known for its great historic and cultural value
Natural Heritage
Natural Heritage
Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area • Located in Songpan county, northwest of Sichuan province • Its most important feature is the outstanding karst formation. • tall arbours and shrubs, vines, herbs and moss, as well as rare and endangered plants that only China has. • enjoys the reputation of “Kingdom of Cold Temperate Plants”. • boasts more than 30 species of national Grade-A and Grade-B protected animals

中国文化概况

中国文化概况
Shadow boxing ➢ A school of Chinese popular martial arts marked for slow and gentle movements that are designed for defense, strengthening of physique and prevention of diseases.
中国文化概况
中国文化概况
Traditional Physical Activities
Martial arts (Wushu 武术) Distinguished Chinese Martial Arts
中国文化概况
Martial arts
Wushu is also called Kong fu. According to the
formation of Chinese characters, 武 (wu) is made up of 止 and 戈. The former means “stop” while the later means “dagger-axe” or “any kind of weapon”. The combination of the two means stopping martial actions. With 术 (shu), which means strategies, together, the term means “using methods and skills to stop martial actions and activities”. Another meaning of this word is the martial activities between two people or two groups with the weapons.

中国文化概要

中国文化概要中国文化概要一、基本情况：课程编号：12030058课程名称：中国文化概要学时学分：54/3适用专业：对外汉语课程类型：专业必修课二、课程简介：《中国文化概要》是为对外汉语专业开的一门必修课。

根据对外汉语专业的学科定位及其自身特点，我们认为中国文化概论既是一门对外汉语专业学生必须具备的基本素质课程，也是一门对外汉语教学的辅助课程。

它主要讲授古代文化发展的轮廓及一些相关的基本知识，概要介绍中国文化的特点，中国文化的发展趋势及了解中国民族文化的必要性；具体介绍我国古代学术思想、宗教信仰、古代教育、科举制度、风俗习惯、中外文化交流，简要了解我国的地理状况、历史发展、典籍藏书、科技成就、传统建筑、各类艺术，适当比较民族文化与西方文化。

通过学习，不仅使学生进一步完善知识结构，扩展知识面，而且使学生对祖国文化的博大精深有一个大致的了解，从而增强民族自豪感和自信心。

三、先修课程要求：《中国文化概要》跨度长，积淀深厚，内容涉及到一些古代文献，学生必须首先在语言方面具备一定的素质，所以学习本课程之前，应该先修古代汉语、现代汉语课程，在具备了基本的古代和现代语言知识和阅读水平之后，才能弄懂各种文化现象，进一步挖掘其中的文化精髓。

其次，课程中包含的古代艺术文化也要求学生具有一定的欣赏常识，因此学生在文学方面先修一部分文学和文学概论课，才能深刻理解各种艺术的深刻内涵。

四、教学目的和要求：《中国文化概要》的教学目的是使学生掌握中国文化发展的线索，了解中国文化的主要门类、代表人物与主要成就，分析中国文化的产生背景与总体特征，展望中国文化的发展方向，进一步拓宽知识面，为今后在对外汉语教学中分析解决各种可能的文化冲突做好必要的知识储备。

作为一门对外汉语教学的辅助课程，学生应该学会从文化与语言教学的关系方面去思考问题，能用自己的语言把所学知识加以叙述、解释和归纳；能运用历史唯物主义理论，独立地分析、评价中国文化史上的文化现象、代表人物和文化成就，使学生具备初步分析中国文化和传播中国文化的能力。

中国文化概论(第二版)·第九章·第三节(一)

第三节俗文化与中国古典小说、戏曲的辉煌成就
与文化传统的大小相应，士大夫的诗赋、古文等构成雅文学，出于民间的风谣、乐歌等 “口头文学 ”则是所谓“俗文学 ”。关于何为 “俗文学”，郑振铎认为：“„俗文学‟ 就是通俗的文学，就是民间的文学，也就是大众的文学，换一句话，所谓俗文学就是不登大雅之堂，不为士大夫所重视而流行于民间，成为大众所嗜好，所喜悦的东西。” “差不多除诗与散文外，凡重要的文体，像小说、戏曲、变文、弹词之类，都要归到„俗文学‟的范围里去。”宋元以降，以市民为主要接受、消费对象的古代白话小说和戏曲勃兴发展，成为俗文学的主要代表形式。作为流行于城市中的小说、戏曲等通俗文学，以现实市井社会的世俗生活或世俗化的历史为主要表现内容，以消费文化的方式进入市民生活，其主要接受对象（听众、观众、读者）是市民阶层，与商业化传播方式相应，年轻时代的郑振铎和妻子高君箴年轻时代的郑振铎和妻子高君箴其主要的功能是娱乐性。
元代皮影三顾茅庐（上）宋代绘画小青小影（下）
市井细民的婚姻观
小说话本中，市井细民的婚姻观念中“父母之命，媒人之约”已不再是绝对恪守的。那些情爱故事往往突出女子的大胆、主动，私订终身。像贩海商人之女周胜仙与开酒店的范二郎一见钟情，甚至死后鬼魂仍与范相会（《闹樊楼多情周胜仙》）。
在话本作者看来，不论以何种方式结合，只要情真意切，甚至能超越生死。小说话本也从男女之欲是难以违反的天性角度肯定其合理性，并在婚姻观念中表现为早婚、早嫁的观念。公案小说也往往是以两性关系作穿插线索或将男女离合死生事件置于刑案背景之下（《简帖和尚》）。
隋代说唱俑（上）宋代西夏乐班壁画（下）
二、话本小说的产生和发展
宋代的小说话本在发展之初就是非常丰富的。宋人罗烨《醉翁谈录》著录“小说”名目就有 108 种，这些名目在当时应有写定之本流传。宋至元的小说话本少量幸存篇目则经过明人的润色、改写，收于明人编刊的各种选集如《清平山堂话本》、《喻世明言》（《古今小说》）、《警世通言》、《醒世恒言》中。据判断现存在各种集子中的原属宋代小说话本者有40种，属元代作品者有16种。明中叶后，伴随着城市商品经济的再度发展繁荣和印刷业的进步，作为通俗文学的话本终于走出低谷，迎来了新局面，洪唵编刊了第一部话本小说总集《清平山堂话本》。

中国文化概况 Chapter 9

1. Chinese Food (30 minutes) 2. Chinese Tea (15 minutes) 3. Chinese Wine (15 minutes)

讨论 (10 minutes)
学生课件展示 (30 minutes)
Chinese Food

The Features of Chinese Food Eight Regional Cuisines Table Manners

Fujian Cuisine, also known as Min Cai, is noted for its light taste and sweet and sour flavour. The cooking puts great emphasis on choosing the choicest ingredients, and is thus particularly apt in preparing seafood dishes.

Eight Regional Cuisines

Foods vary from north to south. Tastes also differ regionally because of the climatic differences. One popular summary of Chinese food is “sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east”.

Jiangsu Cuisine, also known as Su Cai, has characteristically sweet taste. It preserves the food’s original flavour, while emphasising strictly choice ingredients, exquisite workmanship, and elegant shapes.

中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter-5

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Ancient Science and Technology
Four Great Inventions Traditional Chinese Medicine Other Impressive Ancient Inventions
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Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Other Impressive Ancient Inventions
Porcelain
• made generally from clay • heated at a high degree • the first glazing color is blue
Abacus
• an early form of calculator
compass
printing
gunpowder
paper-making
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Four Great Inventions
Compass
• shows geographic directions • use the earth’s magnetic field • enables international trade and exploration • denotes eight main directions • helpful for the explorations of Zheng
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Four Great Inventions
Printing
• known as “mother of civilization” • includes block printing and movable type printing • block printing is time-consuming and the blocks become useless after the printing • movable type printing is more convenient with the pieces being durable and reusable

中国文化概况

中国文化概况中国文化概况1.天何言哉？四时行焉，百草生焉，天何言哉？Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.2.生生之谓易。

Continuous creation of life is change.3.天地之大德曰生。

The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is creating life.4.获罪于天，无所祷也。

He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray.5.仁者，人也，亲亲为大。

The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.6.父母在，不远游，游必有方。

Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.7.父母之年，不可不知也。

一则以喜，一则以惧。

Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel feel happy for the healthy and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.8.己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。

While fulfilling one’s own desires, allow others to fulfill theirs.9.己所不欲，勿施于人。

中国文化概论-2024鲜版

使用规范
遵循国家语言文字工作委员会发布的《现代汉语通用字表》、《普通话异读词审音表》等规范标准，注意避免使用生僻字和异体字，正确使用标点符号等。
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哲学思想与宗教信仰自由政策
Chapter
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儒家思想体系及其影响
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儒家思想的核心观念
仁、义、礼、智、信等。
经典剧目欣赏
各剧种都有其经典剧目，如京剧《穆桂英挂帅》、豫剧《花木兰》、越剧《红楼梦》等。
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传统美术创作理念和代表作品
传统美术创作理念
注重意境的表现和情感的传达，追求笔墨的韵味和画面的诗意。
代表作品
中国传统美术作品丰富多样，如山水画、花鸟画、人物画等，代表作品有《清明上河图》、《富春山居图》等。
天文图谱与星表古代中国天文学家编制了多种天文图谱和星表，如《石氏星表》、《步天歌》等，为天文研究提供了重要资料。
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医学理论体系构建及治疗方法探讨
中医理论体系
中医以阴阳五行学说为基础，构建了独特的医学理论体系，包括脏腑经络学说、病因病机学说、诊法治则学说等。
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中药与方剂
地域性
中国文化具有鲜明的地域特色，不同地域的文化在饮食、建筑、艺术等方面表现出多样性。
民族性
中国文化是多元一体的，由56个民族共同创造，各民族的文化相互交融、相互影响。
包容性
中国文化具有强大的包容性，能够吸收和融合外来文化，形成独特的文化景观。
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历史传承与发展脉络
历史传承
中国文化具有悠久的历史传承，自古至今，文化传承从未中断，形成了独特的文化传统。

中国文化概况复习资料

Chapter 1The Origin of Chinese Culture文化词汇Confucian philosophy 儒家哲学Confucius孔子Mencius孟子the descendants of Y an and Huang 炎黄子孙the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods 春秋战国时期The Art of War《孙子兵法》porcelain 瓷器三皇五帝Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns)Gregorian calendar/ solar calendar格里高利历,是国际通用的历法,即公历lunar calendar阴历the Twenty-four Solar Terms二十四节气Chinese Zodiac生肖Chinese Culture---Past and PresentChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.Traditional Chinese culture is recorded not only in history books and documents, but also in archeological records(考古记载), such as ancient city walls, palaces（宫殿）, temples（寺庙）, pagodas（宝塔）, and grottos（洞窟）; artifacts（史前古器物）, such as bronze objects, weapons, bronze mirrors, coins, jade and pottery objects, and curios; and folk culture, including song and dance, embroidery（刺绣）, cuisine（烹饪）, clothing, tea ceremonies, drinking games, lanterns, riddles, martial arts（武术）, chess and kites. With a continuous history of 5,000 years, it has undergone frequent transformations to produce a rich and vital cultural heritage.In the modern day, with the rise of western economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century, Western systems of social and political organization have gained adherents in China. Indeed, within today’s globalized environment, modern cultures interact and cooperate increasingly more with each other. China’s culture of the future will most likely reflect this cross-cultural dimension. Thus, obtaining a solid understa nding of China’s culture of the past is necessary in order to successfully embrace all that the culture has to offer to the world.The Appellation of ChinaChina is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.The Alternative Names of China⏹Chixian, Shenzhou(赤县、神州)⏹Jiuzhou (九州)⏹Hua ( 华)⏹Huaxia(华夏)⏹Zhonghua(中华)⏹Hainei(海内)Chinese MythologyChinese Mythology is a collection of cultural history, folktales（民间故事）, and religions that have been passed down in oral or written form. Chinese mythology is similar to modern religion in that they both believe in relationships between mankind and a higher power.Historians have conjectured（推测）that Chinese mythology began in 12th century BC (close to the time of the Trojan War 特洛伊战争). The myths and legends were passed down in oral form for over a thousand years, before being written down in early book such as Shui Jing Zhu and Shan Hai Jing.The classification of myth神话的分类Creation myth 创世神话：Nvwa Created Man(女娲造人）Hero myth 英雄神话：Houyi Shooting the Sun(后羿射日)War myth 战争神话：Yellow Emperor Tackled Human-God(黄帝擒蚩尤)Cultural MosaicHeavenly Stems and Earthly BranchesThe standard Gregorian calendar is generally referred to as the solar calendar in China. The traditional Chinese lunar calendar, also known as the Jiazi calendar, counts the years in sixty-year cycles by combining two series of numbers---the 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches.The Twenty-four Solar TermsThe traditional Chinese lunar year is divided into twenty-four solar terms, according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic in relationship to the earth. The solar terms designate agricultural periods, and can predict changing seasonal conditions, temperature, and weather throughout the course of the year. They are extremely important to agricultural production.Changes in the four seasons are determined by eight solar terms:立春( the Beginning of Spring),春分( the Spring Equinox ),立夏(the Beginning of Summer ),夏至(the Summer Solstice),立秋(the Beginning of Autumn),秋分( the Autumnal Equinox),立冬( the Beginning of Winter),冬至(the Winter Solstice )Changes in temperature are indicated by five solar terms:小暑Slight Heat ,大暑Great Heat ,处暑the Limit of Heat ,小寒Slight Cold ,大寒Great ColdChanging weather conditions are indicated by seven solar terms:雨水Rain Water ,谷雨Grain Rain ,白露White Dew ,寒露Cold Dew,霜降Frost's Descent ,小雪Slight Snow ,大雪Great Snow .Recurring natural phenomena are indicated by four solar terms:惊蛰the Waking of Insects ,清明Pure Brightness ,小满Grain Full,芒种Grain in EarChinese ZodiacIn ancient times, our ancestors counted the years with 10 heavenly stems and 12 earthly branches. Although this was scientific, most people were illiterate and could not memorize or calculate easily. Thus the animals that influenced people's lives were chosen to symbolize the terrestrial branches: the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey , rooster, dog and pig.Chapter 2 Culinary Culture文化词汇culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）Fire temperature火候food tonic 食补“Food is the first necessity of the people”(“民以食为天。

中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter10

odd numbers represent yang; even numbers yin Nine is the largest odd number under ten, it was regarded an extremely lucky number. emperors liked to monopolize it to symbolize their superiority Designs related to nine appeared almost on every imperial structure.
Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Architecture
Plain, flexible and beautiful layout Chinese structures are based on the principle of balance and symmetry the main structure is the axis The secondary structures were positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room and yard.
Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Architecture
The colorful paint plays the roles of decoration and protection. initially used on wood for antisepsis Later, it became an architectural ornament

中国文化要略第九章知识点总结归纳

【我国文化要略第九章知识点总结归纳】一、我国文化要略第九章知识点总结我国文化要略第九章主要介绍了我国传统文化中的艺术。

通过对绘画、书法、音乐、舞蹈等多个方面进行了深入的探讨和介绍，让我们更加全面地了解了我国传统艺术的魅力和博大精深。

在这一章中，我们了解到了我国传统艺术的起源、发展历程、特点和在我国文化中的重要地位。

这一章也介绍了一些知名的我国传统艺术家和作品，让我们更加直观地感受到了我国传统艺术的独特魅力。

二、我国传统绘画和书法我国传统绘画和书法被誉为“东方艺术之冠”，其源远流长，具有深厚的文化底蕴和艺术魅力。

我国绘画和书法强调意境的表达和笔墨的运用，注重表达作者的情感和思想。

在我国文化要略第九章中提到了一些知名的我国画家和书法家，如顾恺之、米芾、张大千等，他们的作品在我国传统艺术史上具有重要的地位。

通过学习和了解这些艺术家的作品，我们可以更加深入地了解我国传统绘画和书法的特点和魅力，同时也能够感受到我国传统文化对艺术的独特追求和表达方式。

三、我国传统音乐和舞蹈我国传统音乐和舞蹈是我国文化的重要组成部分，具有丰富多彩的形式和内涵。

我国古代音乐以雅乐、庙堂音乐为代表，具有深厚的宗教、礼仪和宫廷背景。

而我国传统舞蹈则以民间舞蹈和宫廷舞蹈为主，包括了华族舞、少数民族舞等多种形式。

在我国文化要略第九章中，我们对我国传统音乐和舞蹈进行了全面的了解和介绍，从古代传统音乐舞蹈到现代的发展和传承，让我们更加全面地认识和感受到了我国传统音乐和舞蹈的魅力和意义。

四、对我国传统艺术的个人观点和理解我国传统艺术是我国文化的瑰宝，具有悠久的历史和深厚的文化内涵，其独特的表现形式和艺术魅力给人们带来了无尽的艺术享受和审美愉悦。

对于我个人而言，我国传统艺术是我国民族精神和文化基因的重要载体，通过对传统艺术的学习和了解，我们可以更加深刻地认识和理解我国文化的独特魅力。

我国传统艺术也具有很强的时代传承性和当代创新性，我们需要继承和传承我国传统艺术，同时也要推动其与时代的融合和创新，让我国传统艺术焕发出新的生机和活力。

中国文化概况A Glimpse of Chinese Culture(修订版)Chapter 8

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Features of Chinese Food
Yin-yang Principle Each food has its own characteristics of yin or yang.

Yin foods : thin, cold ,low calories. Boiling makes food yin. Yang foods : rich, spicy, hot ,high calories. Frying makes food yang.

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Features of Chinese Food
Seasonings
taste mainly depends on the seasonings. many tastes—salty (salt, soy sauce), sweet (sugar, honey), sour (vinegar), fragrant (sesame oil, coriander, wine), spicy(chilli, garlic, ginger), tangy(monosodium glutamate or MSG), bitter(dried tangerine, bitter apricot kernel),etc.
Lead-in Activity
Chinese diet
Discussion & Presentation
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Culinary Culture
Features of Chinese Food
Eight Regional Chinese Delicacy Table Manners
Cuisines A Bite of China

【高校与高等教育】中国文化概况英汉对照版

中国文化概况英汉对照版1️⃣ 引言：探索中华文明的博大精深中国文化，作为世界上最古老、最连续不断的文化之一，承载着五千年的辉煌历史与智慧结晶。

从古老的哲学思想到精湛的艺术工艺，从独特的文字体系到丰富的传统节日，中国文化以其独特的魅力影响着世界。

本文将以英汉对照的方式，带领读者一窥中国文化的概况，感受其深厚底蕴与独特韵味。

2️⃣ 中国文化的核心要素儒家思想儒家思想，以孔子为代表，强调“仁爱”、“礼制”与“中庸之道”，对中国乃至东亚社会的伦理道德、教育体系及政治理念产生了深远影响。

其经典著作《论语》等，至今仍被广泛研读。

道家哲学道家以老子、庄子为代表，主张“无为而治”、“道法自然”，追求与自然和谐共处，强调内在修养与心灵自由。

道家思想对中国古代科学、医学、文学等领域均有重要贡献。

书法艺术作为中国文化的重要载体，书法艺术融合了文字之美与情感之深，通过点画线条展现书写者的个性与情感。

从甲骨文、金文到小篆、隶书、楷书、行书、草书，书法艺术经历了漫长的发展历程，成为中国独有的文化瑰宝。

四大发明造纸术、印刷术、火药和指南针，这四项伟大发明不仅推动了中国古代社会的进步，也对世界文明的发展产生了革命性的影响。

它们展示了中国人民的聪明才智与创新能力。

3️⃣ 中国文化的传统节日与习俗春节春节，又称农历新年，是中国最重要的传统节日之一。

家家户户贴春联、放鞭炮、拜年、吃年夜饭，象征着辞旧迎新、团圆与希望。

中秋节中秋节，以赏月、吃月饼为主要习俗，寓意团圆与丰收。

月亮的圆满象征着家庭的团聚与和谐。

端午节端午节，纪念爱国诗人屈原，习俗包括赛龙舟、吃粽子等，体现了中华民族对忠诚与勇气的赞美。

清明节清明节，又称踏青节，是祭祖扫墓、缅怀先人的日子，同时也是春季踏青、享受大自然美景的好时节。

中国文化如同一幅绚丽多彩的画卷，每一笔都蕴含着深厚的历史底蕴与文化内涵。

通过英汉对照的方式，我们不仅能更深入地理解中国文化的精髓，还能促进文化的交流与传播，让这份宝贵的文化遗产在世界舞台上绽放更加璀璨的光芒。

大学公共课《中国文化概论》中国文化概论

3 思想观念方面
讲究“和”、“天人合一”、“中庸”。
和：和而不同、求同存异、和谐、和为贵、家和万事兴
天人合一：人顺应自然。“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。”
中庸：不走极端，具有包容性，讲究兼收并蓄，己所不欲，勿施于人。他人之心，予忖度之。
4 审美观念方面
质财富并不是物质本身，而是体现在物质上的精神层面的东西。
文化的特点
1、社会性
2、民族性
3、传承性
4、时代性
文化的社会性
1 文化随社会的产生而产生，当然，也会随社会的消亡而消亡。
2 个人的文化特点要受社会的制约，反映出社会的文化特征。
文化的民族性
1 不同的民族具有不同的文化。跨国家的民族一般具有相同的文化，同一国家的不同民族具有不同的文化。
约600年
周（公元前11世纪—公元前221年）
约800年
秦（公元前221年—公元前206年）
15年
汉（公元前206年—265年）
471年
晋（265年—581年）
316年
隋（581—618）
37年
唐（618—960）
342年
宋（960—1279）
319年
元（1279—1368）
89年
明（1368—1644）
山地占65%，耕地面积少。中国文化的发源地都处于内陆。所以，中国文化具有陆地文化的特点，不具有海洋文化的特点。在农、林、牧、渔等生产活动中，农占主要地位。
2 历史经济因素
中国历史经历的阶段：
夏（公元前21世纪—公元前17世纪）
约400年
商（公元前17世纪—公元前11世纪）
3 类型文化
中国文化表现在各个方面，形成不同的类型文化，主要有：思想文化、建筑文化、医药文化、饮食文化、服饰文化等。

大二英语中国文化概况中国文化概况期末资料

Chapter 1 A General Introduction to Chinese CultureWords and Expressions:the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙porcelain 瓷器The appellation of ChinaChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.China is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.In Europe, people regarded Changnan porcelain as something precious and delicate and would take pride in possessing one. As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.Chapter 2 Chinese Philosophy and ReligionPart 1 Chinese Thoughts and PhilosophyWords and Expressions:Confucianism 儒家Taoism 道家The Analects 《论语》benevolence 仁慈，善行ritual礼制，仪式，惯例filial piety 孝，孝心The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学)The buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学)Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清实学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views.The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)1.ConfucianismConfucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese for thousands of years and is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. It is an integration of intellectual, political, and religious tradition with the focus on the individual morality and ethics in daily life and the proper exercise of political power.Who is Confucius?Family name: Kong; Given name: Qiu; courtesy name: ZhongniHe is a great thinker, an educator, a statesman, a philosopher, the founder of the Confucian school and Confucianism.The landmark of Confucianism is the Analects, which was written by his disciples after his death. The core of Confucius’s philosophy are the concepts ofRen (benevolence)Ren(仁): Confucius defines it as “Airen”(爱人），that is , to love others.The Chinese character “仁”（benevolence) consists of “a person （人）” on the left and “two(二)” on the right indicating the relationship between people.Li (ritual)Li （ritual-礼）refers to the rules of human conduct and moral norms such as politeness, courtesy, propriety, proper etiquette and good manners ranging from speech and behavior to the performance of rituals which are usually codified and treated as an all-embracing system of socialnorms.Xiao (filial piety)Xiao(孝）refers to the filial piety, which was regarded as one of the greatest of virtues in Chinese tradition, denoting the respect and obedience that the children should show to their parents. Zhong (loyalty)Zhong(loyalty-忠）is a great virtue, which emphasizes the obligations and duties to the superior, to friends, family, and spouse.2. TaoismFounded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, the school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all of them must conform. Based on the work of Dao De Jing, Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. The school favours the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action”(无为而治)3. MohismBase on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there will be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities.In politics and ethics, Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism (宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness(节俭).4. LegalismLegalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the campaign of “banning all schools of thought except Confucianism(罢黜百家，独尊儒术)”. He chose officials from th ose who were steeped in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.Traditional Chinese ethicsTraditional Chinese ethics includes both good and bad elements. Some reflect the high standard ofmoral pursuit of the Chinese people, while others seem less relevant in modern society. For example, the three obediences and four virtues (三从四德) and the three basic rules and five constant virtues (三纲五常) have long been abandoned by the Chinese people.The traditional ideal of a woman is that she is a dependant being whose behavior is governed by “three obediences” (to father before marriage, to husband after marriage, and to son after becoming a widow: 未嫁从父, 既嫁从夫, 夫死从子) and four “virtues” (morality, pro per speech, modest manner, and diligence: 品德、言语、仪态、女工).These were the social norms prescribed by feudal morality.The three basic rules: a king should rule over his subjects; a father, his son; a husband, his wife (君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).The five constant virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity (仁、义、礼、智、信).Part 2 Religions and BeliefsWords and Expressions:Heaven worship 祭天Ancestor worship 祭祖Confucianism 儒教The Confucian Temple 孔庙Taoism 道教The Five Elements 五行Buddhism 佛教Buddha 佛像，佛祖，佛陀nirvana涅盘Heaven worshipThe heaven worship was the bureaucratic(官僚的) belief system adopted by most dynasties of China until the overthrow(推翻) of the Qing Dynasty.Heaven was believed to manifest itself through the powers of the weather and natural disasters. Heaven was seen as a judge of humans.The emperors are Sons of Heaven(天子), and their power are authorized by heaven. Such beliefs actually consolidated(巩固) the authority of the Emperor.Ancestor worshipChinese worship of ancestors dates back to the prehistory. Chinese culture, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism all value filial piety as a top virtue, and the act is a continued display of piety and respect towards departed ancestors.Confucianism儒教Confucianism is not a real religion, it is just an ethical(伦理道德的) and philosophical system, which developed from?Confucius’ thoughts and later was treated as a kind of belief to educate common people(教化大众).The Taoist ReligionA General Introduction of TaoismTaoism is the indigenous (土生土长的) religion in China.The Taoist religion evolved out of witchcraft (巫术), necromancy（方术) and self-cultivation techniques. Its highest belief is called “Dao”, its bible is called “Dao De Jing”. It had great impact on the thinking of the Chinese people, as well as on the political, economic and cultural life of the country.BeliefsYin-yang TheoryYin-yang are opposing, Yin-yang are mutually rooted, Yin-yang mutually transform, Yin-yang mutually wax and waneThe Five Elements/Wuxing“五行”The relationship between the five elements:The Generating CycleWood feeds Fire; Fire creates Earth; Earth bears Metal; Metal carries Water; Water nourishes Wood.The Overcoming CycleWood parts Earth; Earth absorbs Water; Water quenches Fire; Fire melts Metal; Metal chops Wood.BuddhismBuddhism is the most important religion in China. It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) from Hotan（和田）in Xinjiang to Central China. During its development in China, it has a profound （深远的）influence on traditionalChinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.Its Deity is Sakyamuni(释迦牟尼);Its doctrine is based on transmigration(轮回).What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?Desire!What did the Buddha teach?The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛)⏹life is suffering,⏹the cause of suffering is desire,⏹the answer is to quench (抑制) desire,⏹the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path (八正道).What do Buddhists believe?Nirvana is a peaceful, detached state of mind.Achieving Nirvana means escape from the cycle of rebirth.Buddhism in China has developed into three sections, namely the Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.Chapter 3 Chinese Characters, Calligraphy and PaintingWords and Expressions:Chinese Characters 汉字calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家Oracle bone script甲骨文The regular Script 楷书Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝brush 毛笔ink stick 墨ink stone 砚台The origin of the Chinese characters1.Keep records by tying knots (结绳说）2.The Eight Diagrams (八卦说)3.Cang Jie created the characters(仓颉造字说)The evolution of Chinese characters font(汉字的字体演变)Oracle bone scriptIt refers to incised(雕刻的) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which are animal bones or turtle shells used in divination(预言) in ancient China.Bronze ware script金文It refers to characters found engraved on bronze vessels, utensils, weapons etc.The Seal Characters (篆书)Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shape keep the seal form characters more close to pictography (象形文字). Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (对称的) pattern. The Official Script(隶书)It was the turning point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and is the foundation of the later script forms. It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal form into linear (直线的) and flat square (扁方形) shapes.The regular Script (楷书)It is still today’s standard writ ing. It is square in form, and non-cursive in strokes.The running Script (行书)The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms allowing simpler and faster writing.The Cursive/Grass Character(草书)This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together.The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next. It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated (夸张的).CalligraphyPlaying musical instruments, playing chess, calligraphy and painting were considered as the four essential skills for a learned scholar.The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝brush毛笔ink stick墨paper 纸ink stone砚Famous Chinese Calligraphers in HistoryWang Xizhi —the sage of Chinese calligraphyZhang Xu (张旭）——the “sage of the cursive hand””草圣”Yan Zhenqing——the four greatest masters of Regular script.Liu Gongquan——a master of Regular Script and Running-cursive(行草)PaintingPaintingChinese Traditional Painting refers to ink - wash painting (水墨画) .Traditional Chinese paintings are not “purely” paintings. T hey combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison (一致). Human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions are the most important themes of traditional Chinese painting.The classification of Chinese paintingAccording to subject matterFigure paintingLandscape paintingBird-and-flower paintingAccording to the techniqueThe xie yi schoolThe gong bi schoolChapter 4 LiteratureWords and ExpressionsCelestial Poet (诗仙)Saint Poet (诗圣)Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》The Tang PoemThe Tang Dynasty saw the continued development of Chinese poetry. The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems (《全唐诗》), edited in the early Qing Dynasty, is the biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry. It contains 48,977 poems by 2,208 poets who wrote in different styles.The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages, namely Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang, and Late Tang (初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐）Early TangThe Four Literary Eminences(初唐四杰)Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu ZhaolinHigh TangA whole generation of literary giants appeared during the High Tang period when society enjoyed prosperity and stability. Li Bai and Du Fu are regarded as the twin master poets of the Tang Dynasty.Li Bai,the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature. In his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are blended effortlessly.Du Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature. A mirror of the times, his poems faithfully and profoundly reflect the social realities of Tang Dynasty in decline, like a poetic historical account. Because he reached perfection in developing a depressing literary style, his works have been considered as the classics of realism. The other poets in this period can be grouped into two categories: frontier poets (边塞诗人）represented by Gao Shi and Cen Shen, and pastoral poets (田园诗人）represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei.Mid-TangThe outstanding poet Bai Juyi succeeded Du Fu with poems reflecting the reality of society.Late TangWith the deterioration of the government in the late Tang Dynasty, the poems reflected, more and more, the hopeless and helpless feelings of the people. Poets turned to the theme of nostalgia (怀旧) for the former splendor (辉煌)of old times. The most talented of these were Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who were often called “Young Li Bai and Du Fu”.Fiction in the Ming and Qing DynastyIn the Song Dynasty, huaben (话本), the earliest novels written in colloquial language started to appear. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, novels grew rapidly as a lively and free literary form. The language of the novels was simple, easy to understand, and welcomed by the public.Four famous Chinese classical novelsRomance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》Winner of the Noble Prize in Literature, Mo YanOn 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Yan had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work . Aged 57 at the time of the announcement, he was the 109th recipient of the award and the first ever resident of mainland China to receive it .Mo Yan has written 11 novels, and several novellas and short story collections.《红高粱家族》Red Sorghum, 《天堂蒜薹之歌》The Garlic Ballads, 《十三步》Thirteen Step,《食草家族》The Herbivorous Family, 《丰乳肥臀》Big Breasts and Wide Hips, 《酒国》The Republic of Wine: A Novel,《红树林》Red Forest, 《檀香刑》Sandalwood Death, 《生死疲劳》Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out, 《四十一炮》Pow!, 《蛙》FrogChapter 5 EducationWords and ExpressionsPrivate Schools私塾Official Schools官学the Four Books and the Five Classics四书五经Imperial Examination 科举Nine-year Compulsory Education 九年制义务教育V ocational Education 职业教育College Entrance Examination 高考Bachelor’s degree学士学位Master’s degree 硕士学位Doctor’s degree 博士学位Confucius Institute孔子学院Private SchoolsA private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study.In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schoolsof thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.Confucius’ private school:3000ciples(弟子); 72 virtuous and talented studentsConfucius’ educational ideas:“Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status.”（有教无类）“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）Official SchoolsOfficial schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called Xiangxue .Only children of nobles were admitted.The teaching materials were centered on the Four Books and the Five Classics(四书五经). Imperial Examination System (科举)Imperial Examination System in China began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination was held during the Qing Dynasty.It was conducted at two levels: xiangshi(乡试) and huishi(会试)During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the examination was designed to select jinshi(进士). It featured writing ,which involved the writing of an Eight-part Essay(八股文).After the Opium War in 1840 with the spread of the Western ideology and technology in China , it was under attack by people. It was abolished in 1905.Nine-year Compulsory EducationThe law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education.China’s Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope (希望工程) and the Spring Bud Project (春蕾计划) These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.The National College Entrance Examination is an academic examination held annually in China aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.Higher EducationMore than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. Confucius InstituteConfucius Institute is not a general sense of the university, but the promotion and dissemination （传播）of Chinese culture and Chinese language education.Chapter 6 Dress and Adornment CultureWords and Expressionsattire/ costume/trappings 服装、服饰The Silk Road 丝绸之路The Maritime Silk Road海上丝绸之路embroidery/im‘br?id?ri /刺绣;刺绣品Li Brocade 黎锦The Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产China has many ethnic groups with a long history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture.Cheong-sam(Qi Pao)Cheong-sam came from Qizhuang of manchu women’s costume. The cheongsam is easy and comfortable to wear, snugly fitting the female Chinese figure. Its neckline is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be short, med ium or full length, depending on the season or the wearer’s taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose bodice, a fitted waist, and side-slits to the hem, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female’s figure.Chinese tunic suit (Zhongshan suit /Mao suit)The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication.Tang CostumesA tang costumes (literally: "Chinese suit" ) is a Chinese jacket that originated at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The tangzhuang evolved from the magua (Chinese: 马褂), which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.In Chinese communities, the Zhongshan suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions.The Silk RoadThe Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, and the Maritime Silk Road. Embroidery (刺绣)Embroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraft featuring flowers, birds and scenery on silk or other cloth in colored silk threads. Chinese embroidery dates back over 3,000 years. It has distinct regional and ethnic characteristics.Embroidery in China includes:Shu Embroidery (蜀绣) from Sichuan,Su Embroidery (苏绣) from SuzhouSu embroidery enjoys a good reputation of the first of the Top-four embroidery in China.Xiang Embroidery (湘绣) from HunanYue Embroidery (粤绣) from Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaimed as a "living fossil" of Chinese textiles, the Li-style brocade was chosen in the first batch of items for the Intangible Cultural Heritage list released by UNESCO in 2009. The Li brocade has been part of China's national cultural heritage, but as few people nowadays have the skills necessary to weave the special brocades, the practice is in danger of becoming extinct.Chapter 7 Part 1Food CultureWords and Expressionsfoodie 吃货culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）aroma芳香，香味seasonings调味品、调料A general introduction of Chinese foodChinese cuisine(菜肴)is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverseculinary(烹饪的) cuisines and heritages in the world.A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: Zhushi (main food)---typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed bun), and accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items, known as cai (dish) in the Chinese language. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein(蛋白质) is often considered the main food(主食).Chinese cuisine is a complete presence of color, aroma(芳香，香味) and taste. (色香味俱全)In China, we have eight branches of cuisine.Shandong Cuisine山东菜系(鲁菜)Guangdong Cuisine广东菜系(粤菜)Sichuan Cuisine四川菜系(川菜)Hunan Cuisine湖南菜系(湘菜)Jiangsu Cuisine淮扬菜系(苏菜)Zhejiang Cuisine浙江菜系(浙菜)Fujian Cuisine福建菜系(闽菜)Anhui Cuisine安徽菜系(徽菜)Hainan CuisineHainan is noted for its "Four Best Known Dishes" -- Wenchang Chicken, Jiaji Duck, Dongshan Mutton东山羊and Hele Crab和乐蟹.Chapter 7 Part 2 Tea and Wine CultureA Brief Introduction to Tea CultureTea (茶) commonly denotes the drink made from steeping(浸泡）the processed leaves, buds（芽）, or twigs of the tea bush (茶树) in water.On both casual and formal Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly. In addition to being a drink, Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.It is universally acknowledged that China is the original tea-growing area, as well as the firstcountry to grow, produce and drink tea.At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch(荷兰人) brought word to Europe that there was a kind of magic leaf in the east, from which tasty drinks could be made, and this was the first time that Europeans heard of tea.In 1610, the East India Company(东印度公司) was the first to sell tea to Europe, after which the habit of drinking tea took root there. Britain is famous for its tea drinking.The Classifications of Chinese TeaGreen tea绿茶Black tea红茶Oolong tea乌龙茶Yellow tea黄茶White tea 白茶Scented tea花茶Compressed tea砖茶Unique customs of taking tea in different regions:Guangdong Morning teaFujian Kongfu teaSichuan “Covered-bowl tea”Tibetan Buttered tea(酥油茶)Inner Mongolia Milk teaHainan Laoba TeaHainan Laoba Tea“Laoba tea”(La oba means father) is a special scene in Haikou, a pot of tea with some snacks, people sit around an old table,for killing time and strengthening the relationship with theirs friends, it hasn’t the limitation of time or place. Most of places of traditional Laoba tea are barely furnished, the prices of food and tea there are cheap. The teahouse of Laoba tea is a little world of society, a mirror of the traditional life in Hainan.The Functions of Offering TeaTo show respectTo apologizeTo express thanks to the elders on one’s wedding dayTea EtiquetteServing a cup of tea is more than mere politeness.When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip.When you pour tea, the rule of “full cup for wine and half cup for tea”should be observed. Chinese Wine CultureThe Origin of Chinese WineChinese wine, as a special form of culture, has a history of more than five thousand years . Chinese wine making can be traced back as far as 4000 BC, to the early period of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture (新石器时代的仰韶文化). During its long development, Chinese wine has developed distinctive characteristics.Types of Chinese WineHuangjiu (yellow rice wine)Huangjiu is one of three dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in the world. Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a history of several thousand years. Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.Baijiu(white wine)Being made from sorghum, corn, barley or wheatFruit WineFermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); May also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs.Red WineA type of wine made from dark-coloured (black) grape varieties. The actual colour of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines.BeerToast etiquetteChinese Drinking Etiquette(礼仪)The Chinese people care more about the people we drink with.That is Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect of the drinkersThe host and guests have their own seat and order of toast(敬酒顺序)When toast,the host come first,and firstly,they should toast the most honored guest.The wine vessel must be full.The younger should toast the elder and drink all of the wine.(先干为敬)Western Drinking EtiquetteThe drinking etiquette of west show the respect of wine.To distinguish wine we need to watch its color, smell its fragrance, taste its taste(观其色、闻其香、品其味). They drink for enjoying, so sometimes they drink themselves. They do not encourage others to drink, neither do they consider letting other drunk is a way to show their etiquette.Chapter 4 Traditional Festivals and CustomsWords and ExpressionsLegal holiday/ official holiday 法定节假日Solar calendar阳历Lunar calendar 阴历/ Agricultural calendar 农历Spring Festival （春节）Lantern Festival (元宵节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/ Qing Ming Festival (清明节）Dragon Boat Festival（端午节）Mid-autumn Festival （中秋节）Double Ninth Festival （重阳节）Intangible Cultural Heritage非物质文化遗产Spring Festival （春节）China’s most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.CustomsSpring CleaningWrite and paste couplets(对联) on doorsSet off fireworksReceive Gift MoneyGreet each otherLantern Festival (元宵节）The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival. It marks the end of the New Year celebrations, following which life returns to normal. The most prominent activity of the Lantern Festival is the grand display of beautiful。

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