研究生英语(人大版第三版)u6
研究生基础综合英语unit 6练习答案
international economic integration to support its further development Both rich countries and poor countries are developing and the market economy’s capacity to fulfill human needs it enhanced. Globalization provides the world with greater economic opportunities and remarkable resilience. WWI is mentioned as an essential part in the pursuit of progress and security.
Understand the content 2
Cooperation is an essential part in the pursuit of progress and security. The “reversal” of globalization refers to the end of free trade, investment and migration. In the future, wars and wrong policies and the bypass of international laws, agreements and institutions may cause reversal. Yes, the author offers two suggestions in order to give globalization a hand: One is countries’ supporting its people in adapting to the market economy; another is the adherence to international cooperation.
大学英语精读（第三版）Unit-6-10-讲稿
大学英语精读（第三版）Unit-6-10-讲稿College EnglishIntensive ReadingBook OneUnit Six Sam Adams, Industrial EngineerTeaching PlanI. Objectives and Requirements：1. Reading and Writing Course教学目标：1. To understand the term of “industrial engineering” and talk about “workefficiency”;2. To understand the main idea and the humorous narration.3. To understand the structure and writing strategy: subordinate conjunctions4. To master key words and phrases5. To conduct a series of listening and speaking tasks教学要求：12．掌握新单词、句型的使用方法；加强相关听说训练：Health。
3. 掌握阅读技巧：快速寻找中心大意。
教学建议：1．在教学过程中启发学生开展关于“工作和学习效率”的探讨，帮助和鼓励学生发现学习过程中的存在的“效率问题”，改变自主学习、自我探究的学习方式，掌握必要的学习效率，培养大学校园中处理学习的能力和效率。
2．提供最新的资料背景知识，如industrial engineering; efficiency; background music 等。
2、Listening and Speaking CourseUnit 6: learn to people talk about health; listening training on Diets, Culture Shock, the Flu and An Appointment; .3、C omprehensive Exercises BookUnit 6: The students finish the exercises in their spare time.II. Teaching arrangement & Time Allotment1）Reading and Writing Course 6 periods2）Listening and Speaking Course 2 periods (every two weeks) III. Teaching MethodsCommunicative ApproachLearner-centered T eachingTask-based LearningTranslation MethodMultimedia ApproachIV. Presentation ProceduresLecture notesText: Sam Adams, Industrial Engineer Part I. Background Information:1. Industrial Engineering (工业管理) and Industrial Engineers:Industrial engineering．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．is the detailed analysis of the use and the cost of men , material and equipment in an organization, with a increasing its productivity, profit and efficiency. Those who are involved in this kind of analysis are called industrial engineers.can be classified into many types, such as construction engineer, production engineer, design engineer, and industrial engineer.An industrial engineer．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．’s duties are 1)tocoordinate personnel, materials and machinery and 2) determine the most productive and efficient use of each. He helps plan the production line, designs and adapts details essential to the manufacturing of a product.2. The American Educational System :In the United States, education is the responsibility of individual states, not of the federal government, so requirements may vary from one state to another. The following is a generalization:Kindergarten．．．．．．．．．．．．:before 5 years oldElementary school．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．:6-11 years old (Grades 1~6)middle school．．．．．．．．．．．．:12-13 years old (Grades 7~8)middle school:．．．．．．．．．．．．． 14-17 years old (Grades 9~12) College．．．．．．．: 4 years for a B.A. or B.S. degreeUniversity．．．．．．．．．．: 2~3 years for an M.A. or M.S.; 2~8 years for an Ph.D.3. Background Music : Background music is music which is played quietly yet audibly. Such music is soothing with a relaxed rhythm and is often played with a reduced volume. It permits a person to continue shopping, working or talking without being distracted. Muzak is the name of one of the earliest companies to produce this type of music.（背景音乐一般声音不大，但可以听见。
研究生英语(人大版第三版)u6
PPaarrtt3 1(0P-a1r2a10-12)
• [10] we must accept our losses,and learn how to let go.
• 为了要解决这个矛盾，我们必须寻找一个较为广阔的视角 ，透过通向永恒的窗口来观看我们的生命。
• [15] Life is never just being.
• 生命绝不只是存在。
• The beauty we fashion cannot be dimmed by death.Our flesh may ,our hands will wither,but that which they create in beauty and goodness and truth lives on for all time to come.
when to hold fast and when to let go.
• 生活的秘诀在于懂得何时抓紧，何时放松。
Part 2 (para.2~9)
Main idea :
• [2]Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous,and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God's own earth.
• 我们创造的美好的东西不会因为我们的死亡而暗 淡无光。我们的肉体会消亡，我们的双手也会枯 萎，但它们在真善美中所创造的一切将在日后长 存!
• [16]Pursue not so much the material as the ideal,for ideals alone invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth.
研究生英语教材Unit6
1、Discussions about the initiation and continuation of treatment in newborns with serious medical conditions are one of the most difficult aspects of pediatric practice.(4)
Unit Six Medical Ethics
The Groningen Protocol——Euthanasia in Severely Ill Newborns
文章大意
目录
CONTENT
重点生词
句意解析
文章大意
PART OLeabharlann E♦1—34新生儿安乐死产生的背景
♦35—129协议产生的必要性以及 针对的三类新生儿
21、implementation n.履行；落实；装置 22、presumably adv.很可能；大概 23、obligatory adj.强制性的；义务的； 必须的 24、extent n. 广度； 宽度； 长度； 大小； 范围； 程度 25、transferable adj.可转让的
句意解析
♦130—186相关案件以及个例的 列举
♦187—245 协议产生的原因以及 协议具体内容
♦246—254 总结与展望
重点生词
PART TWO
1、Euthanasia n.安乐死 2、pediatric department 儿科 3、attorney n.律师 4、initiation n.开始；启蒙；入会仪式 continuation n.继续；延续； 续刊、增刊 5、congenital adj.先天的，天生的 6、alleviate v.减轻；缓和 7、interrogation n.讯问；审问 8、blood-chilling adj.冷血的 chilling adj. 寒冷的；令人恐惧的，吓人的； 使人心寒的 v. 冷却，（使）变冷 9、hypoplasia n.发育不良 10、optimal adj. 最佳的，最优的
研究生英语精读教程第三版Unit1,Unit3,Unit5,Unit6
Unit One你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[2] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[3] “你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[4] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[5] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[6] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。
研究生英语听说教程(第三版)中国人民大学
Section B
1. serious
2. not serious 3. not serious 4. serious
Exercise 1
Section B
Exercise 2
1. dinner, at 7:00 next Friday night
2. game or something; someday 3. get together sometimes
5. not happy; haven’t heard from
family for a long time
Section A
Exercise 2
1. Congratulations! That’s great!
2. How wonderful!
3. Boy, are you lucky!
4. That’s terrible! Is he okay? 5. How often do they usually write?
used as an exclamation for the same purpose as " My God! " or " My Goodness!"
matchmaker – one who arranges or
tries to arrange marriages
Section B
1. A
2. B 3. C 4. C
It’s nice to
2. I’d like you to meet … meet you. 4. Hi,… Yeah, I’m …
3. Hello,… It’s good to meet you. 5. I don’t think we’ve met. I’m … It’s a pleasure to meet you.
研究生精读教程(第三版)PPT下册Unit 6 Culture Shock
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This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. There are house troubles, transportation troubles, shopping troubles, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles.
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版下)
中国人民大学出版社
［1］Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted* abroad. Like most ailments*, it has its own symptoms and cure.
1. transplant v. move, relocate移居；移植 2. ailment n. an illness, esp. one that is not serious疾病(尤指
不严重的小毛病)
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Translation
［2］Culture shock is precipitated* by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse*.
研究生英语综合教程UNIT6课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT6What does it feel like to help dying patients through their final days? Experience it through the eyes of hospice nurse Jill Campbell, who does her job with grace, compassion, and gratitude.1.Outside, it's noisy on this busy block of row houses in Baltimore. But inside one tidy living room, all is quiet except for the sound of a woman's raspy breathing. The patient is huddled in an easy chair under a handmade pink-and-blue afghan, a knit cap on her head and booties on her feet. She has trouble staying warm these days. Her cancer has returned with a vengeance and she has only a few weeks to life.Hospice nurse Jill Campbell kneels down beside her patient, listens to her breathing, and then checks her blood pressure. Campbell has already hauled in oxygen tanks, showed family members how to work them, organized the medicine, and assessed how her patient has been eating and sleeping.2.But now is a moment to connect one-on-one. Campbell wraps her hands around the woman’s hands and rubs them together to warm them. She looks into her face. “are you feeling a little better?” she asks softly.3.Getting to know her patients and helping them through the toughest time of their lives is what Campbell, 43, appreciates most about being a hospice nurse. “I don’t know of another position where you can do more for people,” she says.4.Her patients have all been told that they have six months or less to live. Rather than continue with often-difficult or painful treatments that probably won’t extend their lives, they have decided to stop trying for a cure. Instead, with the help of hospice care, they’ll focus on comfort and on living whatever they have left of their lives to the fullest ---usually in their own home.5.Being able to die at home is a major part of the appeal of hospice, but patients and family members may not see it that way at first. “A lot of people still view hospice as giving up and letting the disease in,” says Campbell. That’s why the decision to call in hospice care can be an incredibly difficult one for a family to make. Once they do, though, most patients and their families soon understand the value of having a team of dedicated professionals---including social workers, health aides, chaplains, and nurses---work together to provide not only physical but also emotional and spiritual support. 帮助即将离世的患者度过最后的时光会是怎样的感受呢？让我们借助吉尔·坎贝尔的所见经历这一切吧。
研究生英语精读Unit6课后答案+课文翻译
Unit 6l. Comprehension Checki l.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.B l0.A Fii (略) iii (略)lI. Vocabulary Studyi 1. As a matter of fact 2. are plagued 3. versus 4. have been reflecting on5. positive6. is implementing7. will enroll8. has been enriched9. aspiration 10. academic ll. wel1-informed 12. commitment toiil. relevance to 2. voiced 3. plague 4. enhance 5. ref1ected6. otherwise7. aspirations8. rated9. strengthened l0. has been decliningiii1.d2.c3.f4.h5.g6.c7.a8.blII. Clozel.B 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.A l0.Dll.C 12.B l3.A l4.B l5.D l6.B l7.B 18.C l9.C 20.BlV. Translationl. Passing the English examination should enhance your chances of getting the post.2. The discovery of gold in the va1leys will enrich the poor mountain area.3. Only when the police confronted her with evidence did she admited that she had sto1en the money.4. The meeting wi1l afford you an opportunity of hearing good pub1ic speakers.5. An official statement laid to rest the remaining fears about possible redundancies in the industry.6. Mary is pretty bright. As a matter of fact, her teacher told me that she is certain to get a university place this year.V. Writing Practicel. l) Computers are advanced machines that can store and recall information at very high speed. Computers are easy and interesting to use; however, some people are afraid of computers. I used to be afraid of computers, too, because of the fear of failure and because I knew nothing about Programming. But actually I have learned that the procedures of working on computers are very easy.2) When we were very young, we believed that parents could do no wrong. Indeed, they seemed to us to be perfect human beings who knew all the answers to our problems and who cou1d solve any problems that we had. However, as we grow older, we find that parents can make mistakes, too.3) Today's children are our future men and women. They will become the dominant force one day. If they receive proper guidance and have a nice childhood, they will contribute immeasurably to our society after they have grown up. In other words, today's children are going tohave a significant impact on our society in the future; therefore, parents should not neglect the proper conditions that children need during their childhood.2.(略)Key to supplementary readingA l.D 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.DB l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T l0.T参考译文社会服务经历时大学生的影响琳达J 萨克斯大学期间，参加社会服务的学生比不参加社会服务的学生更能提高自己的领导能力和社交方面的自信。
研究生英语Unit 6 Matriculation Fixation
Unit 6Matriculation Fixation Vocabularylanguish garner (L. 7) rue (L.14) feignexude shudder dragoon •wear on•carve out•tick off•follow suit •poke fun at (L. 118) •fork over (L. 128)languishvi.be or become weak; lose strength or vigorTruth may languish, but can never perish. 真理可能衰微,但不会灭亡garnervt. to obtain as a result of effortShe garnered large profits from her unique invention.The issue of corruption in sport has garnered attention for a long time.ruevt. to feel regret, remorse, or sorrow forIndia's ruling Congress party will rue its decision to contest Parliamentary seats alone in eastern Bihar state.Eventually, even with significant changes, all of America will rue the day if the Senate passes this troublesome bill and it is voted into law.spawnn. a young animal or childv. cause or lead to 致使，导致The tyranny spawned widespread rebellion.feignvt. give a false appearanceAt that time he had no way out, but he had to feign madness and act like an idiot.那时他别无他法，只好装疯卖傻。
[上册]Unit 6
![[上册]Unit 6](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d6688ba5b0717fd5360cdc9e.png)
[ 6 ] As we emerged from our unit, the sunlight hit me. That's all there was to my experience. Just the light of the sun. And yet how beautiful it was--how warming, how sparkling*, how brilliant! [ 7 ] I looked to see whether anyone else relished* the sun's golden glow, but everyone was hurrying to and fro, most with eyes fixed on the ground.
1. insight※ n. understanding power of seeing into sth. with the mind洞察力；见解 2. glean△ v. pick up (grain) left in a (harvest) field by the workers; (fig) gather (news, facts) in small quantities拾 (遗 穗 )；(喻 )一点点地搜集 (消息，事实 ) 3. commonplace※ adj.＆ n. ordinary or usual平常的；平庸的； 平常话；平凡的事 4. heedless△ adj. not attending to不注意的，掉以轻心的 be heedless of pay no attention to不留心，不注意；不顾
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-6词汇及课后答案(word文档良心出品)
unit 6EmploymentWord Bankass: n. hip (top<->bottom<->margin)臀部; hip-shoot莽撞(audio-:与听力有关->) audition(interview: n./vt.-> interviewer<-> interviewee; trainer教练<->trainee受训者; addresser演讲人<->addressee听众)；employer雇主<->employee雇员): v. to take part in a trial performance试演，试播(push) cart->carriage/coach; auto-: 自动-> (auto + mobile->) automobile汽车; alto): n. the biography written by that person自传buyout: n. the entire purchase全部买下campaign: n. series of operations运动/ movement(celebrate->) celebrity: n. a famous person名人(circle园->cycle周期->recycle回收->circulate->) circulation: n. the number of copies of a publication发行量; public: (1)adj. ~property; (2)n., e.g. in public公开地；publicate =publish出版cognac: n. a brandy produced in the vicinity of cognac一种法国白兰地convention: n. (1)a formal meeting会议; 制度->conventional: adj. traditional传统的copywriter: n. one who writes copy, especially for advertising广告(文案)撰稿人；copier复印机; copyright版权(co + operate->) corporate (->corporation协作): adj. of a company公司的; student version 学生版; home version, professional version, corporate version企业版corporation: n. a company as a separate legal entity公司，法人[de-：(1)向下; (2)加强] dejected: adj. being in low (high) spirits; depressed垂头丧气的，情绪低落的; the Great Depression大萧条[monitor: (1) n. 班长/ 监视器；（2）监控] deputy: n. an assistant of authority for the superior 副手[despair: (1)n.; (2)vi.->] desperate: adj. losing all hope; despairing绝望的fold: v. to fail 失败formidable: adj. fearful; frightening可怕的，难对付的; be frightened be sth.(humiliate->) humiliation: n. degradation羞辱模糊的，难辨的: adv. (attention注意力) not attentively; carelessly未留心地，疏忽地nonprofit: adj. not seeking profits非盈利的; profit from sth.从中获利；profit sb.对…有利outsource: v. to subcontract外包: adj. excessively enthusiastic (->enthusiasm)过分热情的退休金，抚恤金激烈，e.g. ~ competition激烈的竞争) persevere: v. persist; hold on坚持不懈出版物rally: v. to reassemble; to restore , to rouse or to revive重整，重振；assemble组装->assembly lineretrospect: n. a review回顾评论; Peking Review北京周报ruse: (=trick) n. a strategy (->strategic missile战略导弹)诡计，计策;(secret: n. ->secretary->) secretarial: adj. of the secretary秘书的shorthand: n. a system of rapid handwriting速记; be short of sth. 短缺speedwriting: n. a form of shorthand that uses letters速记法temporary (->temporarily暂时地): adj. lasting for a limited time暂时的tenacity: n. perseverance坚韧(turbine涡轮->) turbulent: adj. restless; violent骚动的，动荡的Phrases and Expressionsbe on the air: to broadcast广播[On air]head for (make for / go to somewhere): to proceed for动身，前往keep sb. in line: to control sb.控制某人stand on sb's own (=self-rely): to be independent and responsible for oneself独立，自立thanks to: on account of; because of因为，由于Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. Right after graduation, the author ( B )A. worked as an editor of a magazineB. co-wrote a bookC. worked in a broadcasting companyD. became a secretary2. Why was the author fired? ( C )A. Because she had illegible handwriting.B. Because she had the ass of the company heads in four colors.C. Because she made a mistake when writing letters to the heads of major corporations.D. Because the editor didn't like her.3. Sherrye Henry lost the job because ( A )A. the organization had financial troublesB. she worked for Clinton AdministrationC. she was the last one inD. she was a female4. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Lynn Sherr? ( D )A. She was ABC's award-winning television correspondent.B. She was gainfully employed at WCBS-TVC. She was fired by WCBS.D. She has never been on the air.5. What does the author hope to convey in the article? ( A )A. If fired, don't give up, and you will find a fulfilling career.B. If fired, you should find a way back.C. If fired, your wings will help you.D. Losing a job is the biggest trouble in one's life.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.(1) Fresh out of Barnard College and the Speedwriting Institute (Department), I was lucky enough to find a job as a (2) secretary to the editor of Coupon Magazine which was advertising dependent. I had distinctly illegible handwriting. In a letter to one of the heads of a major corporation, I (3) mistakenly wrote the d in ads as an s. The president who was invited received the letter to "have his ass in four colors" in our (4) publication. I was fired, but lucky enough to become the (5) copywriter of the editor. Firings happened later in my life. But with persistence, I gained my success. (6) Similar experiences happened to Sherrye Henry, Paul Jones, and Lynn Sherr. All of them chose to (7) persevere and they finally found ways back to a (8) fulfilling career. And they all learned that the pain and humiliation were (9) temporary. So don't be afraid to move on and try your (10) wings. Rally your support system. Firing doesn't mean your life is over. It might turn out to be the best thing that ever happened to you.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. ___A__ your advice (->advise), much trouble was avoided.A. Thanks toB. Supposes toC. SinceD. Despite2. She was __C___ in (pursue->) pursuit (law suit诉讼案) of her singing star. She followed him on most occasions.A. excessive过度的B. spontaneous同时/ 及时的C. overzealous 可得到的A. illegibleB. illegalC. obviousD. understandable4. By the way, I __B___ really must correct a false impression that I gave just nowA. attentively关切地B. inadvertently=carelessly (不注意的, 疏忽的, 无意中做的)C. intentionally=on purpose故意地D. insensibly不明智地5. The magazine has ceased (#stopped; cease fire# stop fire) __C___ in the financial crisis.A. publicity (n. 宣传->publicize: vt.)B. (promote->加薪/晋级->) promotionC. publication (n.)D. (prominent卓越的, 显著的, 突出的->) prominence (n.)6. Grandpa, who was born at the dawn (n. /vi. 黎明) of last century, experienced one of the most ___A__ periods of history.A. (turbine->) turbulentB. practical实用的C. legendary (adj.)富有传奇色彩的; leonovoD. perfect完美无缺的7. History shows us with what ___B__ the human race survives.A. difficultyB. tenacity坚韧不拔C. trouble (n. /vt.)D. [find->found->found; found->founded->founded->] foundation (基础)8. Prisoners are purposefully and ___D__ occupied (busy), thus reducing (减少) the risk of unrest (骚动). It also helps them develop (养成) the habit of doing meaningful work.A. pleasantly (令人愉快地)B. adversely (不利的, 敌对的, 相反的)C. (destructively<->) constructively建设性地D. gainfully有益9. One's school life seems (happy->) happier in __A___ than it really was (比实际情况好).A. retrospectB. respect (n./vt.)C. (solve->solution->solvent溶剂->resolve下决心->) resolution决心D. (resist->) resistance抵制10. He hasn't decided whether to pursue the __B___ for the senate (参议院-> senator参议员).A. operationB. campaignC. (war->) battle战役D. movement运动II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. persevere rally temporary stand on one's owncelebrity humiliation convention be on the air foldtenacity head for desperate impartdeject campaign1. They are determined to (=decide to do) persevere in the fight no matter how hard (=difficult) it is.2. After negotiation, they just reached a temporary agreement.3. That program has been on the air for 10 years.4. He is the one who never folds (fails/ bends in/ gives in屈服于压力) under pressure.5. He suffered (蒙受经济损失/ 遭受精神折磨, ~from an illness/ great loss of money) the humiliation of being forced to resign (辞职).6. After the football game, the players (=sportsmen/ athletes) headed for the bus.7. At the recent convention (meeting/ conference), the Democratic Party has elected its presidential (candle->) candidates ().8. They made a desperate attempt (try孤注一掷) to save the company from bankruptcy [->bankrupt 破产的; prevent sb. from doing阻止某人做某事]9. In the long (hike->) hiking (长途跋涉), they paused to refresh (relax) themselves and rally (重整旗鼓) their strength.10. A teacher's aim is to impart (传授convey) knowledge.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.Sherrye, returning home to New York City after a successful political career with the Clinton Administration and working on the Hill, was looking forward to a change of pace as a development officer for a large nonprofit. When the organization hit turbulent financial water, and she was the last one in, she was the first one out.Each of these people found a way back to a fulfilling career. And they all learned that the pain and humiliation are temporary. So don't be afraid to move on and try your wings. Rally your support system. Persevere! Firing doesn't mean your life is over. It might turn out to be the best thing that ever happened to you.参考译文：雪莉成功地在克林顿政府任职，在国会山工作之后回到家乡纽约市，在一家大型非营利机构做开发主管，她期望以此放缓工作节奏。
研究生英语听力第六单元
Unit Six Globalization*************Part one Three Eras of Globalization************* Listening Script oneBasically what I am arguing there is that, there’ve been 3 great eras of globalization, I would argue. The first era, try to call globalization 1.0, lasted from while, I would say, 1492 until the early 1800s. Say, 1820 was the beginning of global arbitrage. The first era of globalization 1.0 really shrank the world from a size large to a size medium. That era of globalization was really spearheaded by countries globalizing. You went global through your country. Whether it’s Spain exploring the new world, Portugal East Asia, Britain colonizing India, it was countries going global for reasons of imperialism, power, natural resources. But the dynamic agent of globalization in that era was really the country. The second era of globalization, globalization 2.0, I would argue, was from early 1800s until the year 2000. It just ended. And that era of globalization shrank the world from size medium to size small. And that era of globalization, I would argue, was spearheaded by companies globalizing, multinationals globalizing for markets and for labor. And in that era of globalization, you went global through your company. The company was the dynamic agent of that era of globalization. What I am trying to argue in this book is while you were sleeping, we enter globalization 3.0, certainly while I was sleeping. It is shrinking the world from size small to size tiny and flattening the global economic playing field at the same time. Only what’s really new, unique and different about this era is that this era of globalization is not built around countries globalizing, and it’s not built around companies globalizing. What is new and unique about this era is the degree to which it is and will continue to be built around individuals globalizing, individuals and small groups. What is the new and unique thing about this era is the degree to which individuals and small groups can globalize themselves and increasingly must think of themselves globally and locate themselves globally. And pay attention, this era of globalization, I would argue, unlike globalization 1.0 and 2.0, is not gonna be built exclusively around a group of white western individuals who dominated the first 2 eras of globalization. It’s gonna be built around individuals and small groups of every color of the rainbow who will be able to plug and play. Listening Script twoScott London: The case, as it’s usually presented, is that the globalized economy is a good thing that will secure jobs, allow us to remain competitive, and promote democracy abroad.Isn’t there some truth to that?Jerry Mander: The people who are making that case are the people who are promoting globalization — corporations and banks and governments. They are saying that globalization can solve the world’s problems, that it’s going to give people something to eat and so on. They are redesigning an economy that they say works. But it doesn’t work.We’ve had globalization for quite a while, it’s just being accelerated right now. Wherever the rules of free trade and economic globalization are followed, you have economic and ecological disasters immediately thereafter. You’ve got the complete destruction of small, traditional farming in Africa and elsewhere; you’ve got the complete devastation of nature all around the world; you’ve got people shoved off their lands to make Way for giant damsand agri-business and so on, who then become part of the millions and millions of people roaming the land and going into cities looking for impossible-to-find jobs, all in competition with each other, and violent and angry. And then people are angry with them, because who needs more people around? So you’ve set into motion a global disarray and nonfunctionalism that would not have been achieved — certainly not at the same level and with the same speed — without this emphasis on global development.However poorly people lived in terms of material wealth in traditional societies, there was much that they retained. They retained a fair amount of local control. They retained some degree of traditional culture. Even in societies that had already been impacted, like India, you had a lot of cultural identity and a history of relationships to scale that were really different. It was an economy of small-scale institutions. That has been wiped out by economic globalization with the invasion of franchises and giant institutions that have taken over the land.London: I remember a full-page ad in the New York Times. A long list of Nobel laureates in economics and the various sciences expressed their support for the free-trade agreement.How is it that so many “experts” could speak out in favor of something that has such damaging effects?Mander: Look, the roots of globalization are in the concepts that are underneath it. The concepts of economic globalization are the absolute need for economic growth and the viability of the free market. Economic globalization is an acceleration of both of those conceptual frameworks. Those frameworks are not questioned in this society. In every newspaper report about the economy, in every presidential campaign, and in a high percentage of congressional speeches, people insist on the need for more economic growth.This idea is at the root of our classical economics. The fact that so-called experts, like five former presidents and five former secretaries of state, all got together in a press conference and said that free trade is a good thing was already known. They were the ones who helped create it. What was the big news about that? The fact that big economists and big corporations all think the global economy is a good thing is not news. Of course they think so, they are the ones who have been running it all along.***************Part Two Globalization and China************** Listening Script oneMr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I am honored to be here at this critical point in China’s remarkable development. Your topic, globalization and its far-reaching impacts, could not be more timely. It tops the international agenda in policymaking circles, it absorbs academics and scholars, it generates much interest in the media, and it fascinates people around the world as they debate the impact on their own lives.For China, this topic is anything but theoretical. It could not be more real. In the coming months and years, China must make decisions that will determine how well it integrates further into the global system. There is no longer a question of whether to integrate, but only of how best to do so.Globalization offers enormous benefits, in the form of higher productivity and living standards. But it also poses daunting challenges — navigating capital markets and ensuring that the benefits of the globalized economy are shared by all. In the end, China, like all nations, mustfind its own way, true to its culture and institutions. The IMF, along with the rest of the UN family, can help by providing a safer environment to do so. As UN Secretary General Kofi Annan recently said: “It is our job to ensure globalization provides benefits, not just for some, but for all; that peace and security hold, not only for a few, but for the many; that opportunities exist, not merely for the privileged, but for every human being everywhere.”China’s decision to further open up its economy should help to make domestic industry more efficient, spur the development of the legal and regulatory framework necessary for a market economy, and increase foreign direct investment. But it will also give rise to major short-term dislocations in the transition--possibly including higher unemployment and greater income disparities. It will certainly increase competitive pressures in a number of sectors (agriculture, automobiles, and certain capital-intensive producers, such as in telecommunications), all of which should work in the right direction for the longer term.For these reasons, it is essential that China continue to prepare its domestic enterprises and banking system for global competition. This will entail establishing a government social security system, strengthening the banking system, and further liberalizing interest rates. As the effects of increased competition feed through into efficiency and productivity gains, reversing the declines witnessed in recent years, the benefits will be seen in higher living standards for China’s people.Listening Script twoAnd I’m going to give you a very quick overview of some of the things that I’ve written in my new book called Integrating China into the Global Economy. The first question I try to re-answer in the book is “why did they bother?” The first diagram I think poses the question. They increased their share in the world trade more rapidly than the other countries in post WWII period. They’ve grown from not being a trader basically to the seventh largest trading country in the world. And all these outside the WTO and not subjected to any of the disciplines and the constraints that the WTO system imposes. So the second question I try to answer is “What was the motivation for making the commitments they did in WTO accession package. And basically my argument here is a familiar one. I think that the motivation is at least to a considerable degree internal, that they wanna to use WTO to push ahead their own domestic reforms to lock in a number of market opening moves that would introduce more competition in critical sectors on a very predictable and irrevocable, hopefully irrevocable schedule and I think, you know, the problems they still have are reflected in some of the structural challenges. The slowing growth was apparent through much of the 90s and apparently slower since the date for the year 2001 when they break down quarter by quarter in the largest stimulus programs they’ve been engaged in last three years trying to maintain the growth rate. But I was saying more than that... I would say the leadership is really committed to globalization. They see the (globalization as an inevitable trend. In the questionnaires, you know, “how do we position China to take the best advantage of it.” And I think we see there are a lot of commitments. And they can gain even more than what they have in the first diagram.************Part Three Globalization and Inequality************ Listening Script oneMy task is to talk about globalization and inequality in developing countries, withemphasis on Latin America. I have a simple point to make: globalization puts developing countries at risk of increasing income inequality. The increase in inequality in the United States over the last 25 years (during which the income of the poorest 20 percent of households has fallen in real terms by about 15 percent) has been blamed, rightly or wrongly, on changes in trade, technology and migration patterns associated with increasing economic integration with other countries. For developing countries, any risk of increasing inequality associated with active participation in the global economy is even greater, if only because of the greater inherent institutional weaknesses associated with being poor. Latin America has a special disadvantage: its historical legacy of already high inequality. Inequality that is already high complicates the task of effective conflict management, which Dani Rodrik has just reminded us is a critical input to managing open economies. In the past, for example, high inequality combined with the politics of redistribution led to periodic bouts of populism in Latin America—ineffective and counterproductive efforts to manage the conflicts provoked by the dangerous combination of high inequality and hard times.Let me start with two prefatory remarks. First, globalization — that is the trend of increasing integration of economies in terms not only of goods and services, but of ideas, information and technology — has tremendous potential benefits for developing countries. Nothing I say should suggest otherwise. The challenge is to realize the potential benefits without undertaking huge offsetting costs. Second, not all inequality is a bad thing. Some inequality represents the healthy outcome of differences across individuals in ambition, motivation and willingness to work. This constructive inequality provides incentives for mobility and rewards high productivity. Some would say constructive inequality is the hallmark of the equal opportunity society the U.S. symbolizes. Increases in this constructive inequality may simply reflect faster growth in income for the rich than the poor — but with all sharing in some growth. But of course it can also be true that inequality is destructive, when for example it reflects deep and persistent differences across individuals or groups in access to the assets that generate income — including not only land (which is extremely unequally distributed in Latin America) but, most important in today’s global information age, the asset of education. Obviously this destructive inequality undermines economic growth and efficiency, by reducing the incentives for individuals to work, to save, to innovate and to invest. And it often results in the perception if not the reality of injustice and unfairness — with the political risk in the short term of a backlash against the market reforms and market institutions that in the long term are the critical ingredients of shared and sustainable growth.I have three parts to my remarks: first, on inequality and market reforms; second, on inequality and the recent financial crisis; third, on what to do, or more grandly on policy implications.Listening Script twoThe question is, given the difficulties and problems that already stand particularly in developing world, has the way globalization being managed increased inequality and poverty? And I believe quite strongly that in some part of the world, not all, in some parts of the world, it has. So I began the discussion talking about how globalization had benefited East Asia and how East Asian countries had managed to grow very rapidly on the basis of globalization, but how they in the late 80s and early 90s, they were forced to have, for instance, capital market globalization and that exposed them to enormous amount of risk and then they had the crisis.That crisis increased poverty enormously, which was really quite striking that the progress, for instance, Indonesia had made in about 30 years reducing poverty, was undone in the space of about two years. So you can do, you know, it’s easier, general rule is, it’s easier to create poverty than to reduce it. And some of our institutions have done a fantastic job. Now they, there're two, I guess my time is running out. OK. There’re two examples that I can talk, there’re more but let me just give you two examples. The first is that some of the rules I referred to earlier expose countries to additional risks. Additional risk means higher volatility. And it’s the poor that disproportionally bear the cost of that higher volatility. The second point is that there’ve been an asymmetry, by the way, just to abide by George’s point. He pointed out academics do tend to talk longer and the natural unit of time is 15 minutes for us. So that, whereas George is used to making short presentations (to) people whose time was very valuable. That’s a difference between getting pay for talking vs. trying to get somebody to do what you want. So, anyway, so the second point is that the asymmetries in globalization have some inequality generating consequences. The asymmetries in trade and globalization have, we call, in terms of trade of facts, the main fact of which was that all we want was the champion of a great success. Whereas the poorest region in the world, the sub-Saharan Africa saw its income decline by 2%. It wasn’t just the United States got the lion’s share of the gains that you might have thought. Those gains were partly at the expense of the poorest region in the world. Similarly capital market globalization means that capital can go in and out very easily, as George pointed out. That means the capital gives the right to who’s applicable domestically. Because it’s more difficult to get capital. It’s asymmetry in domestically, in the rules of games, how you abide by the rules of governance, as a result of that again were to enhance inequality. In short, I think there’re enormous numbers of problems. I think globalization has enormous potential for reducing poverty as we’ve seen that it has. But the way that it has been managed has not done that. And the way that we address those problems is, I think, is to try to address the gap that has occurred between the way globalization has occurred at economic level and political globalization to make globalization more democratic and then more responsive.。
研究生英语课后翻译答案第6单元答案
本句主要涉及定语从句的处理问题。tasks的修饰成分复杂， 因而有必要将定语从句拆分出来。另外，原文specialize省 略，应注意在汉语中补全。
Answer: There was a poor turnout for the meeting.
1) With rapid economic growth, Chinese people are generally enjoying higher living standards. thanks to
After Reading
2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words or phrases from the text.
1) In the following week, the questiorneiterated itself in his mind, but he was incapable of answering it.
The fall in oil prices brought about an increase in business activity.
5) As our knowledge increases, our perception of the mind becomes greater. enlarge ( v. )
After Reading
4) How do you understand the “reversal” of globalization as mentioned by the author? What are the possible reversals in the future as implied by the author?
研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson6
A Beautiful MindSylvia Nasar[1]John Forbes Nash, Jr. —mathematical genius, inventor of a theory of rational behavior, visionary of the thinking machine —had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over his unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag doll’s, his finely molded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey finally could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof... how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you messages? How could you believe that you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you ...?”[2]Nash looked up at last and fixed Mackey with an unblinking stare as cool and dispassionate as that of any bird or snake. “Because,” Nash said slowly in his soft, reasonable southern drawl, as if talking to himself, “the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that my mathematical ideas did. So I took them seriously.”[3]The young genius from Bluefield, West Virginia—handsome, arrogant, and highly eccentric—burst onto the mathematical scene in 1948. Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its dark anxieties about mankind's survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century.” Games of strategy, economic rivalry, computer architecture, the shape of the universe, the geometry of imaginary spaces, the mystery of prime numbers—all engaged his wide-ranging imagination. His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions.[4]Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue.” Nash’s genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences. It wasn’t merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionists —Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Ramanujan—Nash saw the vision first, constructing the laborious proofs long afterward. But even after he’d try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried to follow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950s, used to say about him that “everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a pathsomewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak”.[5]No one was more obsessed with originality, more disdainful of authority, or more jealous of his independence. As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century science—Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wiener—he joined no school, became no one's disciple, got along largely without guides or followers. In almost everything he did—from game theory to geometry—he thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. He almost always worked alone, in his head, usually walking, often whistling Bach. Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly from studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for himself. Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. When he focused on some new puzzle, he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as naive or wrongheaded. Even as a student, his indifference to others' skepticism, doubt, and ridicule was awesome.[6]Nash’s faith in rationality and the power of pure thought was extreme, even for a very young mathematician and even for the new age of computers, space travel, and nuclear weapons. Einstein once chided him for wishing to amend relativity theory without studying physics. His heroes were solitary thinkers and supermen like Newton and Nietzsche. Computers and science fiction were his passions. He considered “thinking machines”, as he called them, superior in some ways to human beings. At one point, he became fascinated by the possibility that drugs could heighten physical and intellectual performancedd9 He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational beings who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion. 10 Compulsively rational, he wished to turn life’s decisions—whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry—into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Even the small act of saying an automatic hello to Nash in a hallway could elicit a furious “Why are you saying hello to me?”[7]His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof ”, “haughty”, “without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated” and “queer”, Nash mingled rather than mixed with his peers. Preoccupied with his own private reality, he seemed not to share their mundane concerns. His manner—slightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretive—suggested something “mysterious and unnatural”. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of grrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain. A mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study remembers meeting Nash for the first time at a crowded student party at Princeton:I noticed him very definitely among a lot of other people who were there. He was sitting on the floor in a half-circle discussing something. He made me feel uneasy. He gave me a peculiar feeling. I had a feeling of a certain strangeness. He was different in some way. I was not aware of the extent of his talent. I had no idea he would contribute as much as he really did.[8]But he did contribute, in a big way. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure. In 1958, Fortune singled Nash out for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics. Nash's insight into the dynamics of human rivalry —his theory of rational conflict and cooperation —was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendel’s ideas of genetic transmission, Darwin’s model of natural selection, and Newton’s celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in their day.。
(完整word版)研究生英语高级教程第6单元AtWhatCostBeauty
At What Cost BeautyPlastic surgery may have lost some of its stigma，but that doesn’t mean the risks have vanished too.[1] It was not that long ago that the term makeover suggested little more than a new eye shadow or a dye job。
Now it is just as likely to result in a straighter nose, larger breasts and a brow that won’t furrow when confronted by even the most noxious odor. That attaining such features often involves anesthesia, injections，incisions, blood and a professional with at least seven years of medical training is a distinction increasingly lost on the general population.[2] But plastic surgery does mean going under the knife，and lately there have been plenty of reminders of the risks involved. From May 2003 to January 2004, five people in Florida died following cosmetic plastic surgery，prompting the state’s board of medicine to open an investigation。
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 6 Discussing Results
Unit 6 Discussing ResultsObjectives:- Understand the discussion section- Learn how to present your results- Learn how to compare your results with others- Learn how to interpret your results- Learn how to express opinions in the discussionContents:- Reading and discussion: a sample result section- Language focus: comparison and contrast; strengthening or weakening a claim- Signal words of comparison and contrast- Writing practice: writing comparison and contrast, and writing a short discussion section- Classroom extension: writing a result section for a classroom experiment.1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskThe results section presents your research findings, and the discussion section is an analysis of those findings. You may include a discussion section at the end of your results section to explain and contemplate the results. The discussion can either be a part of the results section or a separate section of its own, which should be in line with the practice of your target journal. Sometimes, the results, discussion and conclusion sections are combined in journal articles. Most articles do not contain all three sections.The function of the discussion part is to interpret your results in light of what has already been known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. TheDiscussion will always be connected to the Introduction by way of the question(s) or posed hypotheses and cited literature, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the Introduction. Instead, it tells how your study has moved us forward from the place you leave us at the end of the Introduction.Before reading the following sample discussion section, think about the following questions:How many elements does a discussion section include?What do those elements function?What expressions are typical in writing a discussion section?1.2Reading PassageIn this large, prospective investigation of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk, we found elevated risks for colorectal and lung cancer with both meat types. Red, but not processed, meat intake was also associated with increased risk for cancer of the esophagus and liver. We observed borderline statistically significant elevated risks for advanced prostate cancer with both red and processed meat intake, for laryngeal cancer with red meat, and for bladder cancer and myeloma and with processed meat intake.The cancer site most consistently associated with meat intake has been the colorectum. A recent meta-analysis reported elevated risks in the highest category of consumption of meat. Our study included 1,000 colorectal cancer cases, and it lends strong support to implicate red and processed meat as risk factors for this malignancy. Consistent with previous studies, we observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer. The first prospective study of meat intake and esophageal cancer was published recently; that study had only 65 cases and found a positive association for processed meat, but not red meat, with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Our study suggests a threshold effect for red meat intake on esophageal cancer risk, beginning at a low level of intake, with no further increase in risk with higher intakes, as reflected in the p-trend (p = 0.13), although it is possible that the referent group had a smaller-than-expected cancer incidence by chance. Data on meat intake and cancers of the liver and larynx are limited, and our study is the first prospective investigation to report on these associations. Two case-control studies reported elevated risks for laryngeal cancer for those in the highest intake categories of red meat intake and fried beef/veal.Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer; this association was not attenuated by adjustment for known risk factors, such as body mass index or menopausal hormone therapy, or by fine controlfor smoking, which has been inversely associated with this malignancy. Previous studies have reported null or positive relations between red meat and endometrial cancer. We also observed inverse associations between processed meat intake and leukemia and melanoma. In contrast to our findings, childhood leukemia has been positively associated with intake of processed meats in a case-control study.Previous studies of meat intake and prostate cancer are conflicting. Some studies have reported null findings, and others suggest positive associations. Despite finding no association between red or processed meat intake and overall prostate cancer risk, we observed a suggestion of an elevated risk for advanced prostate cancer with both meat types. If the relation of meat intake to prostate cancer is confined to advanced disease, this could explain some of the inconsistencies in the literature as most previous studies have not specifically addressed advanced prostate cancer.With regard to breast cancer, a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies found no association with red meat intake; however, the two most recent prospective studies found positive associations for both red and processed meat, specifically for estrogen and progesterone receptor–positive breast cancers in premenopausal women. Although breast cancer risk related to meat intake did not appear to differ by menopausal status in our study, we had very few premenopausal cases (n = 94) and lacked information on hormone receptor status for a large number of cases.Both red meat, regardless of processing procedure, and processed meat can be linked to carcinogenesis by different mechanisms; for example, they are both sources of saturated fat and iron, which have independently been associated with carcinogenesis. Associations between saturated fat and cancer are likely to be related to energy balance in general, whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress. Most recently, dietary fat was positively associated with breast cancer, and iron intake was positively associated with liver and colorectal cancers.This study was primarily limited by its relatively small sample size. An earlier start in data collection would have increased the time needed to survey more participants. Ideally, the number of participant would have been more evenly distributed across gender/year in population. A larger sample with diversity would have benefited our results. Other limitations of this study included some degree of possible measurement errors, although we attempted at minimizing the error in measurement and the measurement data compared very favorably to other researches. In conclusion, a diet high in red or processed meat was associated with an elevated risk of both colorectal and lung cancer; in addition, red meat was associated with an elevated risk of esophageal and liver cancer. A decrease in the consumption of red and processed meat could reduce the incidence of cancer at multiple sites.1.3Reading Comprehension1.3.1What are the results discussed?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Cause and effect2.1.1 Read the following sentence from the text, and see the causal relations.Associations between saturated fat and cancer are likely to be related to energybalance in general, whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress.2.1.2 Using signal words for causal relations.Emphasising causegiving rise tobringingaboutIf people smoke more, the death rate from cancer will increase.Additionally, you should be careful when using commas. Conjunctions such as therefore, consequently, as a result, and for this reason are usually followed by a comma, as in these examples:The weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the window.The weather was cold. Therefore, Sally put on her coat.The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her scarf.A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were closed.2.1.3 Causal markersComplete the following paragraph by filling in missing causal words.Recurring headaches can have initiate disruptive effects in a person'slife. __(1)___, in many cases, these headaches make a person nauseous to the point that he or she must go to bed. ___(2)___, sleep is often interrupted ___(3)___ the pain. Disrupted sleep worsens the physical and emotional state of the sufferer. For those who try to maintain a normal lifestyle, drugs are often relied on to get through the day. Such drugs, of course, ___(4)___ other negative effects. Drugs can inhibit productivity on a job, perhaps even ___(5)___regular absences. Not only is work affected, but the seemingly unpredictable occurrence of these headaches ___(6)___ disruption in family life. The interruption to a person's family life is enormous: cancelling plans in the last minute and straining relationships with friends and family. It is no wonder that many of these people feel discouraged and even depressed ___(7)___ the cycle of misery reoccurring headaches cause.2.1.4Notes into a Causal ParagraphTurn the following notes into a paragraph of cause and effect.•Lack of water dryness in the soil leaves wilt death of plant.•Too much water leaves droop or become yellow death of plant.•Too strong sun baked soil roots killed death of plant.•Lack of light pale leaves & thin stems death of plant.2.2Strengthening or weakening of your statementsThe discussion sections of a research paper focus on making claims and then adding support for those claims. What are claims? Claims are statements about ideas and data from you and other people. Here is an example of a claim.Example:Basic claim: An increase in smoking among teenagers caused long-term health problems.When the proof of your idea or data is clear, you should strengthen your claim. When the evidence is less certain, you should limit or weaken your claim. Below are some examples of strengthening and limiting the above claim.Examples of Stronger Claims:Increase: a sharp increaseCaused: undeniably caused, clearly caused, undoubtedly caused, must have caused, etc. long-term health problems, widespread long-term health problemsYou could also add expressions to the beginning of the sentence:It is clear that an increase . . .A great deal of evidence leads us to conclude that an increase . . .We must conclude that an increase . . .Examples of Limited Claims:Increase: A probable increaseCaused: may have caused, seemed to have caused, contributed to, was one cause of, etc.Again, you could also add expressions to the beginning of the sentence:We have reason to believe that an increase . . .It is possible that an increase . . .2.2.1 Read the sample discussion section and look for expressions of strengthening or weakening claims.2.2.2 Strengthening or weakening of your claimsLearn the following words for strengthening or weakening a claim.Strengthening a claimNouns: certainty, evidence, the fact thatAdverbs: very, pretty, quite, clearly, obviously, undoubtedly, certainly, of course, indeed, inevitably, invariably, always, literallyAdjectives: key, central, crucial, basic, fundamental, major, principal, essential, significantVerbs: show, prove, establish, confirm, conclude, determine, it is clear that, it is obvious thatWeakening a claimVerbs: appear , argue, doubt, estimate, seen (as), seem, speculate, suggest Adverbs: largely, likely, mainly, maybe, perhaps, possible/possibly, probable/probably, rather, relatively, seemingly, somewhat, sometimesThe following text comes from an article testing the benefits of providing children under 4 years old with zinc dietary supplements. It comes from the very beginning of the discussion section, where the authors summarize the findings they have already presented in the results section. Try to fill the following blanks with a variety of expressions to show the strength or weakness of each claim.In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a ________ reduction in ________ mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, __________ the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a __________18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was __________ a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a __________ effect of vitamin A supplementation . . .3Writing Practice3.1Writing comparison and contrastA contrast paragraph discusses the difference between at least two things. The following is a table of differences between the two states of Arizona and Rhode Island. Write a text about the following table.States Arizona Rhode IslandPhysical size square miles 1214 square milesPopulation 4 million Less than 1 millionNatural environments Dry, large desert area Temperate zone, an average of 44inches of rain per yearlandscape Landlocked, no seashore Lies on the Atlantic Ocean,coastline3.2Writing a short discussion textWrite about the three different ways of dealing with polluted land according to the table information below.4. Writing Project4.1 Before writing a discussion section to explain your results from the research, first think about the follow questions:Do your results provide answers to your testable hypotheses? If so, how do you interpret your findings?Do your findings agree with what others have shown? If not, do they suggest an alternative explanation or perhaps an unforeseen design flaw in your experiment (or theirs?)Regarding your conclusion, what is your new understanding of the problem you investigated and outlined in the Introduction?If warranted, what would be the next step in your study?4.2 Work as a team.4.3 Go back to your questionnaires and results gathered respectively from Units 4 and5. Your discussion is based upon the data you collected.4.4 When you finish your writing, pool your pieces of work to polish.4.5 Present your discussion in class.5. Final ChecklistHere is a final checklist for the discussion section. Use it to check what you have written in the previous task.。
研究生精读教程(第三版)PPT下册Unit 6 Culture Shock
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People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. "The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad." When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse* about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.
1. precipitate v. cause to happen; hasten the coming of (an unwanted event)引起；加速来临
2. Intercourse n. interaction, interchange互相作用, 交际, 交 往
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Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient* ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.
研究生英语 Unit6
Before Reading
Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading
Unit 6 Euthanasia Supplementary Reading
2 Active euthanasia
It involves painlessly putting individuals to death for merciful reasons, as when a doctor administers a lethal dose of medication to a patient.
Байду номын сангаас
Background Information
Seneca
Percy Williams Bridgman
Hippocrates
Immanuel Kant
Before Reading
Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading
Unit 6 Euthanasia Supplementary Reading
研究生英语视听说Unit 6 Social Issues
Unit 6 Social IssuesTopic Preview1.What are some common social issues in China?2.What do you know about domestic violence?Part 1 Movie TimeExercise 1Watch the video about bullying in school and answer the following questions.1.Were mean-spirited students involved with Phoebe Prince’s places?2.Does school bullying happen only in some specific places?3.How are students bullied according to the principal’s letter?4.Did the school concerned take immediate action to stop bullying?5.What message does Sirneaner Walker send to people?Exercise 2Watch the video clip and filling the missing words in the following sentences.1.Many child beggars have _________________ in far away villages, while others have beenbrought to the city by their parents.2.Some knock on windows and peep inside. Many _________________ by pointing to babiesin their arms.3.Even though begging is a crime, the police response is _____________. This young childwas begging while ____________ and did nothing about it.4.The NGO’s 24-hour _________________ more than a decade ago as a hostile for childrenwho are lonely or in danger.5.He says __________________ if callers continue to see the same kids begging every day.Part II Listening ActivitiesI. Listen to the passage about domestic violence, and fill in the missing words while you are listening.Family violence occurs in about 30 percent of China’s 270 million households and about 90 percent of the (1) _____________ are male, according to a survey. The results of another survey indicate that about 12.1percent of husbands kick their wives when they (2) _________________, 9.7 percent beat them with some kind of instrument and 5.8 percent force them to have sex. According to the All-China Women’s federation, its sub-organizations at all levels throughout the country receive large numbers of (3) ______________ of family violence each year, including(4) _____________ burning with cigarettes and pouring sulfuric acid. However, not all (5) _____________ are willing to report their sufferings in families due to the (6) __________________________ that conflicts between couples are merely domestic affairs, which should not be made publicly known. The key to this problem, as suggested by a female rights advocate, is to (7) ________________________ and enable them to bravely stand out to protect themselves with law.II. Listen to the passage about bullying in schools, and then complete the following sentences according to what you hear.1．Every day in our Nation’s schools, children are _______________by schoolyard bullies.2．For some children, bullying is a fact of life __________________________.3．Not only does it harm its______________________________ for all students to learn and achieve in school.4．For such acts to be defined as bullying ________________________between the bully and the victim.5．Acts of bully usually _________________________________________.III. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.1.Why do travelers find it difficult to decide whether to give money to child beggars?2.What does the author say about those adults who ask their children to beg?3.Why does the author mention the word “marketing”?4.What is the author’s attitude toward giving school supplies to child beggars?5.What does the author mean by “a numbers game”?Part III Oral Practice。
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Part 2
(para.2~9)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Main idea : • [2]Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous,and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God's own earth.
• 我们必须接受损失，学会放松。
• [12]At every stage of life we sustain losses—and grow in the process.
• 在生命的每个阶段上，我们都要蒙受损失——但也是在这 个过程中得到成长。
Part4 13-17
• [13] But why should we be reconciled to life's contradictory demands?Why fashion things of beauty when beauty is evanescent?Why give our heart in love when those we love will ultimately be torn from oue grasp?
• 这时我想到自己过去又何尝不是往往对每天的壮 观景象视而不见，一头埋在细小的，有时甚至是 卑鄙、自私的事务中，而对日常的奇观麻木不仁 呢?
• [8] life's gifts are precious— but we are too heedless them.
• 生命的赐予是宝贵的，可惜我们对它们太掉 以轻心了。
Unit Six Two Truths to Live By
Hold fast,and let go:understand this paradox, and you stand at the very gate of wisdom
Part. 1 （Para 1 )
Main idea : • [1]The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go.
• 但是，为什么我们甘愿顺从于这些生活的矛盾需 求呢?既然美转眼就会消逝，那为什么我们还要去 创造那些美的东西呢?既然我们所爱的终归要被夺 走，为什么我们还要倾心相爱呢?
• [14] In order to resolve this paradox,we must seek a wider perspective,viewing our lives as through windows that open on eternity.
• [9] Here then is the first pole of life's paradoxical demands on us:Never too busy for the wonder and the awe of life.Be reverent before each dawning day.Embrace each hour.Seize each golden minute.
• 这就是人生向我们提出的矛盾要求的第一个方面 ：不要因为太忙就忽视了生活中令人惊奇、令人 敬畏的东西。每天黎明开始就要恭谨从事。抓紧 每个小时，捉住宝贵的每一分钟。
Part3 Part 3 10-12 (Para10-12) • [10] we must accept our losses,and learn how to let go.
• 可是，我们更痛苦的回忆 是：我们没 有看见顶峰时的美，没有在别人以爱 对我之时也以爱回报。
• [7] Then I remembered how often I ,too,had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day,too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.
• 与其追求物质不如追求理想，因为只有理想才能使生命有 意义，才有长存的价值。
谢谢观赏 !
Group 1
funwater conservancy project
• 毫无疑问，我们应该牢牢抓住生命，因为它奇妙，它有一 种在上帝创造的世界里无孔不入、无处不在的美。
• [3]We remenber a beauty that faded,a love that waned.
• 我们能记起已经凋谢的美、已经消逝 的爱。
• we did not see that beauty when it flowered,that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.
• 为了要解决这个矛盾，我们必须寻找一个较为广阔的视角 ，透过通向永恒的窗口来观看我们的生命。
• [15] Life is never just being.
• 生命绝不只是存在。
• The beauty we fashion cannot be dimmed by death.Our flesh may perish,our hands will wither,but that which they create in beauty and goodness and truth lives on for all time to come.
• 我们创造的美好的东西不会因为我们的死亡而暗 淡无光。我们的肉体会消亡，我们的双手也会枯 萎，但它们在真善美中所创造的一切将在日后长 存!
• [16]Pursue not so much the material as the ideal,for ideals alone invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth.