风险术语中英文对照
风险术语中英文对照
R26/27
Very toxic by inhalation and in contactwith skin.
吸入和与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R26/27/28
Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R38
Irritating to skin.
刺激皮肤；
R39
Danger of very serious irreversibleeffects.
有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/23
Toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation.
有毒的：经吸入有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/23/24
Toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin.
有毒的：经吸入和与皮肤接触有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/23/24/25
与皮肤接触和吞食有极高毒性；
R28
Very toxic if swallowed.
吞食有极高毒性；
R29
Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
与水接触释放出有毒气体；
R30
Can become highly flammable in use.
使用会变为高度易燃的；
与水猛烈反应，释放出极易燃气体；
R15
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
风控英文术语
风控英文术语
在风险管理和控制（Risk Management and Control，简称风控）领域，以下是一些常用的英文术语：
1. Risk Management：风险管理，指如何在一个肯定有风险的环境里把风险减至最低的管理过程。
2. Risk Assessment：风险评估，是风险管理的第一步，指识别和分析能够影响项目目标实现的各种潜在事件或因素的过程。
3. Risk Mitigation：风险缓解，指采取措施降低风险发生的概率或影响程度的过程。
4. Risk Acceptance：风险接受，指有意识地选择承担某种风险的行为。
5. Risk Avoidance：风险规避，指通过改变计划来消除风险或保护项目目标不受风险影响。
6. Risk Transfer：风险转移，指通过某种方式（如合同、保险等）将风险转移到其他实体或个人。
7. Credit Risk：信用风险，指借款人或债务人无法按照合约履行义务而导致损失的风险。
8. Market Risk：市场风险，指因市场价格变动（如利率、汇率、股价等）而导致损失的风险。
9. Operational Risk：操作风险，指因内部流程、人员或系统的不完善或失误而导致损失的风险。
10. Liquidity Risk：流动性风险，指因资产无法迅速转化为现金或无法按合理价格出售而导致损失的风险。
风险术语中英文对照
R30
Can become highly flammable in use.
使用会变为高度易燃的；
R31
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
与酸接触释放出有毒气体；
R32
Contact with acids liberates verytoxic gas.
吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食是有毒的；
R23/25
Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed.
吸入和吞食是有毒的；
R24
Toxic in contact with skin.
与皮肤接触有毒；
R24/25
Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
Reacts violently with water.
与水猛烈反应；
R14/15
Reacts violently with water, liberating highly flammable gases.
与水猛烈反应，释放出极易燃气体；
R15
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R27/28
Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
与皮肤接触和吞食有极高毒性；
R28
Very toxic if swallowed.
吞食有极高毒性；
R29
Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
保险术语
2.1 风险风险risk纯粹风险pure risk投机风险speculative risk财产风险property risk责任风险liability risk人身风险personal risk信用风险credit risk环境风险environmental risk职业风险occupational risk自然风险natural risk巨灾风险catastrophic risk；catastrophe 社会风险social risk政治风险political risk经济风险economic risk税收风险tax risk法规风险legal risk ；regulatory risk 2.2 风险因素风险因素hazard物质风险因素physical hazard道德风险因素moral hazard心理风险因素morale hazard风险事故peril2.3 风险管理风险管理risk management风险管理目标risk management goal风险规避risk avoidance风险自留risk retention风险预防risk prevention风险抑制risk restraint风险中和risk neutralization风险转移risk transfer风险集合risk pooling风险分散risk diversification风险识别risk identification风险估测risk estimation风险评价risk evaluation风险分级risk classification风险管理技术选择risk management technique selection控制型风险管理技术loss control risk management techniques 财务型风险管理技术financial risk management techniques 3.精算术语3.1 产品定价精算方法actuarial method精算师actuary精算假设actuarial assumption大数法则Law of large numbers修匀graduation演示利率illustration Internet rate费率厘定rating纯保费法pure premium method损失率法loss ratio method定价利率pricing interest rate保险费率premium rate纯费率pure premium rate费率浮动premium rate adjustment纯保费pure premium净保费net premium附加费用loading总保费Gross premium已赚保费earned premium未满期保费unearned premium特殊费率special premium rate评估净保费valuation net premium风险修正因子credit and surcharge factor财产保险产品定价损失loss损失程度loss severity案均损失average loss per claim损失频率loss frequency直接损失direct loss间接损失indirect loss人身保险产品定价生命表life table死亡表Mortality table经验生命表experience mortality table国民生命表population mortality table选择生命表select mortality table终极生命表ultimate mortality table综合生命表aggregate mortality table平均余命life expectancy疾病发生率表morbidity table发病率morbidity rate死亡率mortality rate3.2 准备金准备金reserve法定责任准备金statutory reserve评估利率valuation interest rate保险公司依法确定的用以计算责任准备金的利率通用会计准则准备金generally accepted accounting principles（GAAP）reserve在保险公司持续经营的前提下，为了在公正、一致的基础上反映经营状况、体现盈利水平，而采用合理而谨慎的假设计算的准备金保费不足准备金premium deficiency reserve（寿险）评估未来交费期间内的纯保费与毛保费之差，若纯保费大于毛保费，则按评估基础计算其在评估日的精算现值。
R-S术语(中英文)
∙R1: Explosive when dry 干燥时易爆炸∙R2: Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition 当遇到撞击、摩擦、火源或者其它的着火源时，有爆炸的风险∙R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition当遇到撞击、摩擦、火源或者其它的着火源时，有极高的爆炸风险∙R4: Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds组成爆炸非常敏感的金属化合物∙R5: Heating may cause an explosion加热可能引发爆炸∙R6: Explosive with or without contact with air爆炸与否与是否接触空气无关∙R7: May cause fire可能引起火灾∙R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire接触易燃物可能引起火灾∙R9: Explosive when mixed with combustible material与易燃物混合易引起爆炸∙R10: Flammable易燃∙R11: Highly flammable 高度易燃∙R12: Extremely flammable极易燃∙R14: Reacts violently with water遇水激烈反应∙R15: Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases与水接触释放出极易燃气体∙R16: Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances与氧化物混合易爆炸∙R17: Spontaneously flammable in air在空气中会自燃∙R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture使用中可能形成爆炸性的蒸气和空气易燃混合气体∙R19: May form explosive peroxides可能形成爆炸性过氧化物∙R20: Harmful by inhalation吸入有害∙R21: Harmful in contact with skin 与皮肤接触有害∙R22: Harmful if swallowed 如果吞下有害∙R23: Toxic by inhalation 吸入有毒∙R24: Toxic in contact with skin 与皮肤接触有毒∙R25: Toxic if swallowed 如果吞下有毒∙R26: Very toxic by inhalation 吸入剧毒∙R27: Very toxic in contact with skin 与皮肤接触剧毒∙R28: Very toxic if swallowed 如果吞下剧毒∙R29: Contact with water liberates toxic gas.与水接触释放有毒气体∙R30: Can become highly flammable in use 使用中可能变得高度易燃∙R31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas 与酸接触释放有毒气体∙R32: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas 与酸接触释放剧毒气体∙R33: Danger of cumulative effects 有蓄积效应的风险∙R34: Causes burns 引起灼伤∙R35: Causes severe burns 导致严重烧伤∙R36: Irritating to eyes对眼睛有刺激性∙R37: Irritating to respiratory system 对呼吸系统有刺激性∙R38: Irritating to skin刺激皮肤∙R39: Danger of very serious irreversible effects 有非常严重的不可逆转影响的风险∙R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect致癌作用的证据有限∙R41: Risk of serious damage to eyes 有严重毁坏眼睛的风险∙R42: May cause sensitisation by inhalation 吸入后可能引起过敏∙R43: May cause sensitisation by skin contact 皮肤接触后可能引起过敏∙R44: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement 在封闭条件下加热有爆炸的风险∙R45: May cause cancer 可能致癌∙R46: May cause heritable genetic damage 可能引起遗传基因的损害∙R48: Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure 长期接触可能对健康造成严重损害的危险∙R49: May cause cancer by inhalation 吸入可能致癌∙R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms 对水生生物有剧毒∙R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms 对水生生物有毒∙R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms 对水生生物有毒∙R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment 可能对水生环境造成长期的不利影响∙R54: Toxic to flora 对植物有毒∙R55: Toxic to fauna 对动物有毒∙R56: Toxic to soil organisms 对土壤生物有毒∙R57: Toxic to bees 对蜜蜂有毒∙R58: May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment 可能造成环境长期不良的影响∙R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer 对臭氧层有危险∙R60: May impair fertility 可能会损害生育能力∙R61: May cause harm to the unborn child 可能对胎儿造成伤害∙R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility 可能存在损害生育能力的风险∙R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child 可能存在损害胎儿的风险∙R64: May cause harm to breast-fed babies 可能对母乳喂养的婴儿造成伤害∙R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed 有伤害：如果吞下可能造成肺部损伤∙R66: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking 反复暴露可能造成皮肤干燥或龟裂∙R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness 蒸气可能造成困倦和头晕∙R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects 可能存在不可逆影响的风险Combinations 组合∙R14/15: Reacts violently with water, liberating extremely flammable gases 遇水激烈反应，并释放出极易燃气体∙R15/29: Contact with water liberates toxic, extremely flammable gases 遇水接触释放出有毒、极易燃气体∙R20/21: Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin与皮肤接触及吸入有害∙R20/22: Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed 吞食及吸入有害∙R20/21/22: Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 吞食、吸入及与皮肤接触有害∙R21/22: Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed 吞食及与皮肤接触有害∙R23/24: Toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin 吸入及与皮肤接触有毒∙R23/25: Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed 吸入及吞食有毒∙R23/24/25: Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 吸入、与皮肤接触及吞食有毒∙R24/25: Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed 与皮肤接触及吞食有毒∙R26/27: Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin 吸入及与皮肤接触有剧毒∙R26/28: Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed 吸入及吞食有剧毒∙R26/27/28: Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 吸入、与皮肤接触及吞食有剧毒∙R27/28: Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed 与皮肤接触及吞食有剧毒∙R36/37: Irritating to eyes and respiratory system 刺激眼睛和呼吸系统∙R36/38: Irritating to eyes and skin 刺激眼睛和皮肤∙R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin 刺激眼睛、呼吸系统和皮肤∙R37/38: Irritating to respiratory system and skin 刺激呼吸系统和皮肤∙R39/23: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation 有毒：吸入会有非常严重的不可逆转影响的危险∙R39/24: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin 有毒：接触皮肤会有严重的不可逆转影响的危险∙R39/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed 有毒：如果吞食会有严重的不可逆转影响的危险∙R39/23/24: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin 有毒：吸入和接触皮肤都会有严重的不可逆转影响的危险∙R39/23/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed 有毒：吸入及吞食都会有严重的不可逆转影响的危险∙R39/24/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed 有毒：接触皮肤及吞食都会有严重的不可逆转影响的危险∙R39/23/24/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 有毒：吸入、接触皮肤及吞食都会有严重的不可逆转影响的危险∙R39/26: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation 剧毒：吸入会有严重的不可逆影响的危险∙R39/27: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin 剧毒：接触皮肤会有严重的不可逆影响的危险∙R39/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed 剧毒：吞食会有严重的不可逆影响的危险∙R39/26/27: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin 剧毒：吸入及接触皮肤都会有严重的不可逆影响的危险∙R39/26/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed 剧毒：吸入及吞食都会有严重的不可逆影响的危险∙R39/27/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed 剧毒：接触皮肤及吞食都会有严重的不可逆影响的危险∙R39/26/27/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 剧毒：吸入、接触皮肤及吞食都会有严重的不可逆影响的危险∙R42/43: May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact 吸入及接触皮肤可能导致致敏性∙R48/20: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation 有害：长期吸入可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/21: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin 有害：长期与皮肤接触可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed 有害：长期吞食可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/20/21: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin 有害：长期吸入及与皮肤接触可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/20/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed 有害：长期吸入及吞食可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/21/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed 有害：长期与皮肤基础及吞食可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/20/21/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 有害：长期吸入、与皮肤接触及吞食可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/23: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation 有毒：长期吸入可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/24: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin 有毒：长期与皮肤接触可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed 有毒：长期吞食可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/23/24: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin 有毒：长期吸入及与皮肤接触可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/23/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed 有毒：长期吸入及与皮肤接触可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/24/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed 有毒：长期与皮肤接触及吞食可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R48/23/24/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 有毒：长期吸入、与皮肤接触及吞食可能导致严重损害健康的危险∙R50/53: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment 对水生生物有极高毒性，可能对水环境造成长期不利的影响∙R51/53: Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment 对水生生物有毒，可能对水环境造成长期不利的影响∙R52/53: Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment 对水生生物有害，可能对水环境造成长期不利的影响∙R68/20: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation 有害：吸入可能导致不可逆影响的风险∙R68/21: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin 有害：与皮肤接触可能导致不可逆影响的风险∙R68/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed 有害：吞食可能导致不可逆影响的风险∙R68/20/21: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin 有害：吸入和与皮肤接触可能导致不可逆影响的风险∙R68/20/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed∙R68/21/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed 有害：与皮肤接触及吞食可能导致不可逆影响的风险∙R68/20/21/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 有害：吸入、与皮肤接触及吞食可能导致不可逆影响的风险R-phrases no longer in use 不再使用的R短语∙R13: Extremely flammable liquefied gas. 极度易燃的液化气∙R47: May cause birth defects. 可能导致出生缺陷。
风险管理术语中英文对照
中文
英文缩写
SOE JV
CEO CFO COO
SBUs
WACC
IT
AI BI
PIN
1/1
管理基础词汇中英文对照
更新日期：2007-10-29 类别
Corporate Governance SoleProprietorship Enterprise/Sole Investment Engerprise Private Enterprise Joint State-private Enterprise State-owned Enterprise Joint Venture Sino-foreign Joint Ventures Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprise Foreign-owned Enterprise Listed / Public Companies 企业类型和公 Stakeholders 司治理 Owner Shareholder / Stockholder The Shareholder Meeting The Board of Directors The Board of Supervisors Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Chief Operating Officer Functional Department Administrative Department Strategic Business Units Liability Contingent Liability Debt Ratio Solvency Cash Flow Account Receivable Working Capital Turnover Inventory Account Payable Manufacturing Overheads G&A Expenses Financial Expenses Operational Expenses 常用财务指标 Annual Audit Term Audit Special Audit Compliance Audit Activity-based Costing(ABC)System Break-even Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Risk-return Tradeoff Interest Coverage Ratio Current Ratio Du-Pont System of Analysis Quick Ratio Capital Asset Pricing Model Weighted Average Cost of Capital Coefficient of Correlation Conditional Probablity Confidence Interval 统计术语 Confidence Level Linear Regression Analysis Mean Normal Distribution Probablity Information Technology Gateway Hub Artificial Intelligence IT术语 Business Intelligence System Analysis Database (Like ORACLE, MSSQL) Personal Identification Number Coding Outsourcing
最新风险术语
风险管理术语风险管理术语1、风险风险 risk事件发生的不确定性。
纯粹风险 pure risk只有损失机会没有获利可能的风险。
投机风险 speculative risk既有损失机会又有获利可能的风险财产风险 property risk因发生自然灾害、意外事故而使个人或单位占有、控制或照看的财产遭受损毁、灭失或贬值的风险。
责任风险 liability risk因个人或单位的行为造成他人的财产损失或人身伤害，依法律或合同应承担赔偿责任的风险。
人身风险 personal risk因事故发生造成人的死亡、伤残或疾病的风险。
信用风险 credit risk在经济交往中，因义务人违约或违法致使权利人遭受经济损失的风险。
环境风险 environmental risk因职业、收入、居住环境、工作环境和生活习惯等因素导致人死亡、患病或伤残的风险。
职业风险 occupational risk因工作环境导致人死亡、患病或伤残的风险。
自然风险 natural risk因自然力的不规则变化产生的现象所导致危害经济活动、物质生产或生命安全的风险。
巨灾风险 catastrophic risk; catastrophe因一次重大自然灾害、疾病传播、恐怖主义袭击或人为事故造成巨大损失的风险。
社会风险 social risk因个人或单位的行为，包括过失行为、不当行为及故意行为对社会生产及人们生活造成损失的风险。
政治风险 political risk因种族、宗教、利益集团和国家之间的冲突，或因政策、制度的变革与权力的交替造成损失的风险。
经济风险 economic risk在经营活动中，因受市场供求关系、经济贸易条件等因素变化的影响或经营决策的失误等导致损失的风险。
税收风险 tax risk因税收政策变动导致个人或单位利益受损的风险。
法规风险 legal risk; regulatory risk因国家法律法规变动导致个人或单位利益受损的风险。
Risk Codes安全术语中英文对照
Risk CodesChemical data sheets available in many countries now contain codes for certain "risk phrases", shown as R23, R45 etc. These risk phrase codes have the following meanings: R1 Explosive when dry. 干燥时易爆。
R2 Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire orother source of ignition. 受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有爆炸危险。
R3 Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction,fire or other sources of ignition. 受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有极高爆炸危险。
R4 Forms very sensitive explosive metalliccompounds. 生成极敏感的爆炸性金属化合物。
R5 Heating may cause an explosion. 受热可能引起爆炸。
R6 Explosive with or without contact with air.极容易爆炸。
R7 May cause fire. 可能引起火灾。
R8 Contact with combustible material may cause fire. 与可燃物料接触可能引起火灾。
R9 Explosive when mixed with combustiblematerial. 与可燃物料混合有爆炸性。
R10 Flammable. 易燃。
R11 Highly flammable. 高度易燃。
R12 Extremely flammable. 极度易燃。
风险术语的英文对照
风险术语的英文对照1. Risk Assessment - 风险评估2. Risk Management - 风险管理3. Risk Mitigation - 风险缓解4. Risk Identification - 风险识别5. Risk Analysis - 风险分析6. Risk Control - 风险控制7. Risk Response - 风险应对8. Risk Avoidance - 风险避免9. Risk Transfer - 风险转移10. Risk Tolerance - 风险容忍度11. Risk Probability - 风险概率12. Risk Impact - 风险影响13. Risk Assessment Matrix - 风险评估矩阵14. Risk Register - 风险登记册15. Risk Treatment Plan - 风险处理计划16. Risk Exposure - 风险暴露度17. Risk Control Measures - 风险控制措施18. Risk Indicator - 风险指标19. Risk Communication - 风险沟通20. Risk Event - 风险事件请注意，上述术语仅提供参考，具体的风险管理术语可能根据行业和上下文有所不同。
Risk management is an essential component of any organization, as it involves the identification, assessment, and mitigation of potential risks that could impact the achievement of objectives. In order to effectively manage risks, itis crucial to have a clear understanding of various risk terminologies and their corresponding translations in English.Risk assessment, or 风险评估, is the process of identifying and evaluating potential risks to determine their likelihood and potential impact. This involves analyzing the probability of a risk occurring and assessing the potential consequences it could have on the organization. Risk assessments are typically conducted using various tools and techniques such as risk matrices, scenario analysis, and historical data.Once risks have been identified and assessed, the organization can proceed with risk management, or 风险管理. This involves developing strategies and action plans to minimize or eliminate the identified risks. Risk management aims to reduce the likelihood of a risk occurring or its potential impact if it does occur. It includes risk mitigation, or 风险缓解, which involves implementing measures to reduce the probability and/or severity of a risk.Risk identification, or 风险识别, is the process of identifying potential risks that could impact the organization's objectives. This includes analyzing internal and external factors that could lead to risks, such as changes in regulations, market volatility, or operational vulnerabilities. Risk analysis, or 风险分析, is the process of evaluating the identified risks to determine their potential impact and prioritize their treatment.Risk control, or 风险控制, involves implementing measures to reduce or manage the identified risks. This includes developingand implementing risk control measures, such as implementing safety protocols, conducting regular inspections, or implementing redundancy measures. Risk response, or 风险应对, refers to the actions taken by the organization to address identified risks. This could include accepting the risk, avoiding the risk, transferring the risk to a third party, or implementing measures to mitigate the risk.Risk avoidance, or 风险避免, refers to the strategy of completely eliminating the exposure to a particular risk. This could involve making changes to business processes, discontinuing certain activities, or avoiding certain markets or investments. Risk transfer, or 风险转移, involves transferring the responsibility and financial implications of a risk to another party, such as purchasing insurance coverage.Risk tolerance, or 风险容忍度, refers to the level of risk that an organization is willing to accept in order to achieve its objectives. This involves striking a balance between maximizing opportunities and minimizing potential risks. Risk probability, or 风险概率, refers to the likelihood or chance of a risk occurring. Risk impact, or 风险影响, refers to the magnitude of the consequences that would result if a risk were to occur.A risk assessment matrix, or 风险评估矩阵, is a tool used to evaluate and prioritize risks based on their likelihood and impact. It provides a visual representation of risks and helps in determining appropriate risk management strategies. A risk register, or 风险登记册, is a document that records all identified risks, along with their likelihood, potential impact, and mitigation measures.To implement effective risk management, organizations develop risk treatment plans, or 风险处理计划, which outline the specific actions to be taken to manage identified risks. These plans include a clear description of the risk, its potential impact, the desired risk treatment strategy, and the individuals responsible for its implementation.Risk exposure, or 风险暴露度, refers to the level of vulnerability or susceptibility of the organization to a particular risk. It considers the organization's potential financial, operational, and reputational losses resulting from a risk event. Risk control measures, or 风险控制措施, are actions implemented to mitigate or prevent identified risks. These measures may include implementing internal controls, conducting training programs, or investing in technologies to mitigate risks.Risk indicators, or 风险指标, are quantitative or qualitative measures used to monitor and assess risks. These indicators help in identifying early warning signs of emerging risks, enabling timely and proactive risk management. Risk communication, or 风险沟通, refers to the process of sharing information about risks within the organization or with external stakeholders. Effective risk communication is crucial for ensuring that everyone understands the risks, their potential impact, and the organization's strategiesfor managing them.Overall, understanding and utilizing risk terminologies in both English and their native language is vital for effective riskmanagement. It ensures clear communication, facilitates collaboration, and enhances the organization's ability to identify, assess, and mitigate risks. By effectively managing risks, organizations can safeguard their interests, minimize losses, and enhance their overall performance and resilience.。
安全与风险术语中英文一览表
S27
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
一旦衣物受到污染，请立即脱去。
S28
After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds.
避免接触，使用前须获得特别指示说明。
S56
Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point.
在危险或特殊性废料收集点处置该物质及其容器。
S57
Use appropriate container to avoid environmental contamination.
熏蒸/喷洒时，须佩戴适当的呼吸器。
S43
In case of fire use ... (there follows the type of fire-fighting equipment to be used.)
一旦起火，用(灭火设备类型的)灭火。
S45
In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)
该物质及其容器须作为危险性废料处置。
S61
Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.
风险术语中英文对照
R9
Explosive when mixed with combustible material.
与可燃物料混合时发生爆炸；
R10
Flammable.
易燃的；
R11
Highly flammable.
高度易燃的；
R12
Extremely flammable.
极易燃的；
R14
与皮肤接触和吞食是有毒的；
R25
Toxic if swallowed.
吞食有毒；
R26
Very toxic by inhalation.
吸入有极高毒性；
R26/27
Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin.
吸入和与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R26/27/28
风险术语中英文对照
Risk Phrases
英文解释
中文解释
R1
Explosive when dry.
干燥时有爆炸性；
R2
Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.
受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有爆炸危险；
R39/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed.
极高毒性：吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R40
Possible risks of irreversible effects.
可能有不可逆作用的风险；
R40/20
R17
英语信用风险专业术语
英语信用风险专业术语 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020SWOT分析（SWOT analysis）——分析经营风险的方法。
即对企业的优势（strengths）、弱点（weaknesses）、机会（opportunities）、威胁（threats）列表分析。
Z值（Z Score）——指对企业财务状况、破产可能性的量化评估。
Z值主要利用核心的财务指标进行评估，它是由企业破产预测模型得出。
Z值模型（Z score models）——用少量关键指标衡量企业破产风险的模型。
每一个z值模型都有自己的关键指标。
不同的z值模型适用于不同的行业和不同的国家。
巴塞尔协议（Basle Agreement）——由各国中央银行、国际清算银行成员签订的国际协议，主要是关于银行最小资本充足的要求。
它也被称为BIS规则（BIS rules）。
保兑信用证（Confirmed Letter of Credit）——开出信用证的银行和第二家承兑的银行都承诺有条件地担保支付的信用证。
保留所有权的条款（Retention of Title Clause）——销售合同中注明，供应商在法律上拥有货物的所有权，直到顾客支付了货款的条款。
保证契约（Covenant）——借款人承诺遵循借款条约的书面文件，一旦借款人违背了契约书的规定，银行有权惩罚借款人。
本票（Promissory Note）——承诺在指定的日期支付约定金额的票据。
边际贷款（Marginal Lending）——新增贷款。
可以指对现有客户增加的贷款，也可指对新客户的贷款。
边际客户（Marginal Customer）——指额外的客户。
寻求成长机会的企业会尽力将产品销售给新客户，而且通常是不同种类的客户。
这些新增客户的信用风险可能比企业现有的客户要高。
财产转换贷款（Asset Conversion Loan）——用于短期融资的短期贷款，例如，季节性的筹集营运资金。
风险术语安全术语.doc
安全术语Chemical data sheets available in many countries now contain codes for certain "risk phrases", shown as R23, R45 etc. These risk phrase codes have the following meanings:R1Explosive when dry. 干燥时易爆。
R2Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other source of ignition. 受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有爆炸危险。
R3Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有极高爆炸危险。
R4Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds. 生成极敏感的爆炸性金属化合物。
R5Heating may cause an explosion. 受热可能引起爆炸。
R6Explosive with or without contact with air. 极容易爆炸。
R7May cause fire. 可能引起火灾。
R8Contact with combustible material may cause fire. 与可燃物料接触可能引起火灾。
R9Explosive when mixed with combustible material. 与可燃物料混合有爆炸性。
R10Flammable. 易燃。
R11Highly flammable. 高度易燃。
R12Extremely flammable. 极度易燃。
R13Extremely flammable liquefied gas 极度易燃的液化气体。
(风险管理)风险术语中英文对照
Irritatingtorespiratorysystemandskin.
刺激呼吸系统和皮肤；
R38
Irritatingtoskin.
刺激皮肤；
R39
Dangerofveryseriousirreversibleeffects.
有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/23
Toxic:dangerofveryseriousirreversibleeffectsthroughinhalation.
刺激眼睛和呼吸系统；
R36/37/38
Irritatingtoeyes,respiratorysystemandskin.
刺激眼睛、呼吸系统和皮肤；
R36/38
Irritatingtoeyesandskin.
刺激眼睛和皮肤；
R37
Irritatingtorespiratorysystem.
刺激呼吸系统；
吸入和与皮肤接触是有毒的；
R23/24/25
Toxicbyinhalation,incontactwithskinandifswallowed.
吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食是有毒的；
R23/25
Toxicbyinhalationandifswallowed.
吸入和吞食是有毒的；
R24
Toxicincontactwithskin.
有毒的：吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/26
Verytoxic:dangerofveryseriousirreversibleeffectsthroughinhalation.
极高毒性：经吸入有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/26/27
Verytoxic:dangerofveryseriousirreversibleeffectsthroughinhalationandincontactwithskin.
风险术语中英文对照
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
极高毒性：经吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
与水接触释放出极易燃气体；
R15/29
Contact with water liberates toxic, highly flammable gas.
与水接触释放出有毒的，极易燃气体；
R16
Explosive when mixed with oxidizing substances.
与氧化性物质混合时发生爆炸；
极高毒性：与皮肤接触有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/27/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effectsin contact with skin and if swallowed.
极高毒性：与皮肤接触和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R3
Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.
受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有极高爆炸危险；
R4
Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds.
风险术语中英文对照
Risk Phrases
英文解释
中文解释
R1
Explosive when dry.
干燥时有爆炸性；
R2
风险投资常用术语英英解释7
Narrow-based weighted average ratchet: A type of anti-dilution mechanism. A weighted average ratchet adjusts downward the price per share of the preferred stock of investor A due to the issuance of new preferred shares to new investor B at a price lower than the price investor A originally received. Investor A's preferred stock is repriced to a weighed average of investor A's price and investor B's price. A narrow-based ratchet uses only common stock outstanding in the denominator of the formula for determining the new weighed average price. Compare Broad-Based Weighted Average Ratchet and Chapter 2.9.4.d.ii of the Encyclopedia for specific examples. NASD: The National Association of Securities Dealers. An mandatory association of brokers and dealers in the over the counter securities business. Created by the Maloney Act of 1938, an amendment to the Securities Act of 1934. NASDAQ: An automated information network which provides brokers and dealers with price quotations on securities traded over the counter. NDA （Non-disclosure agreement）: An agreement issued by entrepreneurs to potential investors to protect the privacy of their ideas when disclosing those ideas to third parties. Net Asset Value （NAV）: NAV is calculated by adding the value of all of the investments in the fund and dividing by the number of shares of the fund that are outstanding. NAV calculations are required for all mutual funds （or open-end funds） and closed-end funds. The price per share of a closed-end fund will trade at either a premium or a discount to the NAV of that fund, based on market demand. Closed-end funds generally trade at a discount to NAV. Net Financing Cost: Also called the cost of carry or, simply, carry, the difference between the cost of financing the purchase of an asset and the asset's cash yield. Positive carry means that the yield earned is greater than the financing cost; negative carry means that the financing cost exceeds the yield earned. Net income: The net earnings of a corporation after deducting all costs of selling, depreciation, interest expense and taxes. Net IRR: IRR if a portfolio or fund taking into account the effect of management fees and carried interest. Net Present Value: An approach used in capital budgeting where the present value of cash inflow is subtracted from the present value of cash outflows. NPV compares the value of a dollar today versus the value of that same dollar in the future after taking inflation and return into account. Net present value （NPV）: A firm or project's net contribution to wealth. This is the present value of current and future income streams, minus initial investment. New Issue: A stock or bond offered to the public for the first time. New issues may be initial public offerings by previously private companies or additional stock or bond issues by companies already public. New public offerings are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. （See Securities and Exchange Commission and Registration）. Newco: The typical label for any newly organized company, particularly in the context of a leveraged buyout. No Shop, No Solicitation Clauses: A no shop, no solicitation, or exclusivity, clause requires the company to negotiate exclusively with the investor, and not solicit an investment proposal from anyone else for a set period of time after the term sheet is signed. The key provision is the length of time set for the exclusivity period. No-fault divorce: A "no fault divorce" clause permits investors at a time after the final closing date, to remove the general partner of a fund and either terminate the Partnership or appoint a new general partner. This clause covers situations where the general partner has not defaulted or breached the terms and conditions of the Limited Partnership Agreement. Either an ordinary consent or a special consent may be required to effectuate the removal of the general partner and this clause will usually be subject to the general partner receiving compensation for its removal. Non-Compete Clause: An agreement often signed by employees and management whereby they agree not to work for competitor companies or form a new competitor company within a certain time period after termination of employment. Governed by state law. Nonaccredited: An investor not considered accredited for a Regulation D offering. （Accredited Investor） NYSE: The New York Stock Exchange. Founded in 1792, the largest organized securities market in the United States. The Exchange itself does not buy, sell, own or set prices of stocks traded there. The prices are determined by public supply and demand. Also known as the Big Board.- O - Open-end Fund: An open-end fund, or a mutual fund, generally sells as many shares as investor demand requires. As money flows in, the fund grows. If money flows out of the fund the number of the fund's outstanding shares drops. Open-end funds are sometimes closed to new investors, but existing investors can still continue to invest money in the fund. In order to sell shares an investor generally sells the shares back to the fund. If an investor wishes to buy additional shares in a mutual fund, the investor generally buys newly issued shares directly from the fund. Option Pool: The number of shares set aside for future issuance to employees of a private company. Original Issue Discount: OID. A discount from par value of a bond or debt-like instrument. In structuring a private equity transaction, the use of a preferred stock with liquidation preference or other clauses that guarantee a fixed payment in the future can potentially create adverse tax consequences. The IRS views this cash flow stream as, in essence, a zero coupon bond upon which tax payments are due yearly based on "phantom income" imputed from the difference between the original investment and "guaranteed" eventual payout. Although complex, the solution is to include enough clauses in the investment agreements to create the possibility of a material change in the cash flows of owners of the preferred stock under different scenarios of events such as a buyout, dissolution or IPO. OTC: Over-the-Counter. A market for securities made up of dealers who may or may not be members of a formal securities exchange. The over-the-counter market is conducted over the telephone and is a negotiated market rather than an auction market such as the NYSE. Outstanding Stock: The amount of common shares of a corporation which are in the hands of investors. It is equal to the amount of issued shares less treasury stock. Oversubscription: Occurs when demand for shares exceeds the supply or number of shares offered for sale. As a result, the underwriters or investment bankers must allocate the shares among investors. In private placements, this occurs when a deal is in great demand because of the company's growth prospects. Oversubscription Privilege: In a rights issue, arrangement by which shareholders are given the right to apply for any shares that are not purchased.- P - Paid-in Capital: The amount of committed capital a limited partner has actually tranferred to a venture fund. Also known as the cumulative takedown amount. Pari Passu: At an equal rate or pace, without preference. Participating Preferred: A preferred stock in which the holder is entitled to the stated dividend, and also to additional dividends on a specified basis upon payment of dividends to the common stockholders. The preferred stock entitles the owner to receive a predetermined sum of cash （usually the original investment plus accrued dividends） if the company is sold or has an IPO. The common stock represents additional continued ownership in the company. Participation: Describes a right of a holder of Preferred Stock to enjoy both the rights associated with the Preferred Stock and also participate in any benefit available to Common Stock, without converting to Common Stock. This may occur with Liquidation Preferences, for example, a series of Preferred Stock may have the right to receive its Liquidation Preference and then also share in whatever money is left to be distributed to the holders of Common Stock. Dividends may also be "Participating" where after a holder of Preferred Stock receives its Cumulative Dividend it also receives any dividend paid on the Common Stock. Partnership: A nontaxable entity in which each partner shares in the profits, loses and liabilities of the partnership. Each partner is responsible for the taxes on its share of profits and loses. Partnership agreement: The contract that specifies the compensation and conditions governing the relationship between investors （LP's） and the venture capitalists （GP's） for the duration of a private equity fund's life. Pay to Play : A "Pay to Play" provision is a requirement for an existing investor to participate in a subsequent investment round, especially a Down Round. Where Pay to Play provisions exist, an investor's failure to purchase its pro-rata portion of a subsequent investment round will result in conversion of that investor's Preferred Stock into Common Stock or another less valuable series of Preferred Stock. Penny Stocks: Low priced issues, often highly speculative, selling at less than $5/share. Piggyback Registration: A situation when a securities underwriter allows existing holdings of shares in a corporation to be sold in combination with an offering of new public shares. PIK Debt Securities: （Payment in Kind） PIK Debt are bonds that may pay bondholders compensation in a form otherthan cash. PIV: Pooled Investment Vehicle. A legal entity that pools various investor's capital and deploys it according to a specific investment strategy. Placement Agent: A company that specializes in finding institutional investors that are willing and able to invest in a private equity fund or company issuing securities. Sometimes the "issuer" will hire a placement agent so the fund partners can focus on management issues rather than on raising capital. In the U.S., these companies are regulated by the NASD and SEC. Plain English Handbook: The Securities and Exchange Commission online version of Plain English Handbook: How to Create Clear SEC Disclosure Documents Plum: An investment that has a very healthy rate of return. The inverse of an old venture capital adage （see Lemons）claims that "plums ripen later than lemons." Poison Pill: A right issued by a corporation as a preventative antitakeover measure. It allows rightholders to purchase shares in either their company or in the combined target and bidder entity at a s u b s t a n t i a l d i s c o u n t , u s u a l l y 5 0 % . T h i s d i s c o u n t m a y m a k e t h e t a k e o v e r p r o h i b i t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 0 8 " > 0 0 P o o l e d I R R : A m e t h o d o f c a l c u l a t i n g a n a g g r e g a t e I R R b y s u m m i n g c a s h f l o w s t o g e t h e r t o c r e a t e a p o r t f o l i o c a s h f l o w . T h e I R R i s s u b s e q u e n t l y c a l c u l a t e d o n t h i s p o r t f o l i o c a s h f l o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 0 9 " > 0 0 P o r t f o l i o C o m p a n i e s : C o m p a n i e s i n w h i c h a g i v e n f u n d h a s i n v e s t e d . / p >。
英汉词汇表(风险管理与保险)
词汇表Aabstract 摘要：土地所有权的简要历史。
accelerated death benefit 提前给付：在某些情况下，人寿险保单面值的一部分,可以在被保险人身故前（须扣除利息）得到支付。
accidental death benefit 意外死亡额外给付：是一种两全保险。
若被保险人死于意外事故，则向受益人支付附加保险金。
accounts receivable insurance 应收账款保险：因被保险风险造成应收账款记录损毁，因而无法从记账赊销的债务人处收回应收账款，该损失可在应收账款保险项下得到补偿。
accumulation units 积累单位：用于已购买的变额年金。
积累单位的价值取决于投资组合的表现，所以每期保费能购买的积累单位数目是不同的。
activities of daily living 日常活动能力：诸如进食、洗浴、盥洗、换车、穿衣和节制等日常活动，当被保险人无法进行上述部分活动时，长期护理保险将予以给付。
acts of God 天灾：难以合理防范的危险，如洪水、地震。
acts of negligence of the shipper 托运人的疏忽或过失行为：如不当装货或包装缺陷，造成损失的原因不是承运人的责任的。
actual cash value（ACV）实际现金价值：财产的重置成本扣除折旧。
actual loss ratio 实际赔付率：某一险种在先前一个时期，赔付额与已收保费之间的实际比率。
Actual total loss 实际全损：财产完全损毁造成的损失。
actuarial cost assumption 精算成本假设：对投资收益率、死亡率、销售量、工资增长模式、可能的费用及员工实际退休年龄分布的假设。
精算成本方法的选择取决于这些假设。
actuarial cost methods 精算成本方法：计算为建立承诺的养老基金，每年必须缴纳多少金额的方法。
additional insureds 附加被保险人：对保单承保的财产或个人具有保险利益，而且能够根据保单条件得到损失补偿的人。
英语信用风险专业术语
英语信用风险专业术语Z值模型（Z score models）——用少量关键指标衡量企业破产风险的模型。
每一个z值模型都有本身的关键指标。
不合的z值模型有用于不合的行业和不合的国度。
巴塞尔协定（Basle Agreement）——由各国中心银行、国际清理银行成员签订的国际协定，主假如关于银行最小本钱充分的要求。
它也被称为BIS规矩（BIS rules）。
保兑信用证（Confirmed Letter of Credit）——开出信用证的银行和第二家承兑的银行都承诺有前提地担保付出的信用证。
储存所有权的条目（Retention of Title Clause）——发卖合同中注明，供给商在司法上拥有货色的所有权，直到顾客付出了货款的条目。
包管契约（Covenant）——借钱人承诺遵守借钱合同的书面文件，一旦借钱人违抗了契约书的规定，银行有权处罚借钱人。
本票（Promissory Note）——承诺在指定的日期付出商定金额的单子。
边际贷款（Marginal Lending）——新增贷款。
能够指对现有客户增长的贷款，也可指对新客户的贷款。
边际客户（Marginal Customer）——指额外的客户。
寻求成长机会的企业会尽力将产品发卖给新客户，同时平日是不合种类的客户。
这些新增客户的信用风险可能比企业现有的客户要高。
家当转换贷款（Asset Conversion Loan）——用于短期融资的短期贷款，例如，季候性的筹集营运资金。
财务申报／财务报表（Financial reports／statements）——财务申报或财务报表是分析企业信用风险时的重要信息来源。
财务申报和财务报表供给了和收入、成本、利润、现金流量、资产和负债相干的信息。
财务信息的最重要来源是企业的年报。
财务比率（Financial ratios）——财务比率一样用于分析企业的信用。
每一个比率都有特定的分析目标和分析对象。
财务比率是企业一个管帐科目与另一个管帐科目数值的比值。
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R22
Harmful if swallowed.
吞食是有害的；
R23
Toxic by inhalation.
吸入有害；
R23/24
Toxic by inhalation and in contactwith skin.
吸入和与皮肤接触是有毒的；
R23/24/25
Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
有害的：经吸入和与皮肤接触可能有不可逆作用的风险；
R40/20/21/22
Harmful : possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
Harmful : possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation.
有害的：经吸入可能有不可逆作用的风险；
R40/20/21
Harmful : possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin.
Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食有极高毒性；
R26/28
Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed.
吸入和吞食有极高毒性；
R27
Very toxic in contact with skin.
R39/23/25
Toxic : danger of very seriousirreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed.
有毒的：经吸入和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/24
Toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin.
与酸接触释放出极高毒性气体；
R33
Danger of cumulative effects.
有累积作用危险；
R34
Causes burns.
引起灼伤；
R35
Causes severe burns.
引起严重灼伤；
R36
Irritating to eyes.
刺激眼睛；
R36/37
Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
与皮肤接触和吞食是有毒的；
R25
Toxic if swallowed.
吞食有毒；
R26
Very toxic by inhalation.
吸入有极高毒性；
R26/27
Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin.
吸入和与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R26/27/28
Reacts violently with water.
与水猛烈反应；
R14/15
Reacts violently with water, liberating highly flammable gases.
与水猛烈反应，释放出极易燃气体；
R15
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
有毒的：与皮肤接触有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/24/25
Toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed.
有毒的：与皮肤接触和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/25
极高毒性：经吸入有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/26/27
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin.
极高毒性：经吸入和与皮肤接触有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/26/27/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
极高毒性：经吸入、与皮肤接触和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
与水接触释放出极易燃气体；
R15/29
Contact with water liberates toxic, highly flammable gas.
与水接触释放出有毒的，极易燃气体；
R16
Explosive when mixed with oxidizing substances.
与氧化性物质混合时发生爆炸；
与皮肤接触有极高毒性；
R27/28
Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
与皮肤接触和吞食有极高毒性；
R28
Very toxic if swallowed.
吞食有极高毒性；
R29
Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
R39/28
Very toxic : danger of very seriousirreversible effects if swallowed.
极高毒性：吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R40
Possible risks of irreversible effects.
可能有不可逆作用的风险；
R40/20
刺激眼睛和呼吸系统；
R36/37/38
Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
刺激眼睛、呼吸系统和皮肤；
R36/38
Irritating to eyes and skin.
刺激眼睛和皮肤；
R37
Irritating to respiratory system.
极高毒性：与皮肤接触有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/27/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed.
极高毒性：与皮肤接触和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R3
Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.
受冲击、摩擦、着火或其他引燃源有极高爆炸危险；
R4
Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds.
与水接触释放出有毒气体；
R30
Can become highly flammable in use.
使用会变为高度易燃的；
R31
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
与酸接触释放出有毒气体；
R32
Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas.
Toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed.
有毒的：吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/26
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation.
刺激呼吸系统；
R37/38
Irritating to respiratory sห้องสมุดไป่ตู้stem and skin.
刺激呼吸系统和皮肤；
R38
Irritating to skin.
刺激皮肤；
R39
Danger of very serious irreversible effects.
有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/26/28
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed.
极高毒性：经吸入和吞食有极严重不可逆作用危险；
R39/27
Very toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin.
R17
Spontaneously flammable in air.
在空气中易自燃；
R18
In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture.
使用中可能形成易燃/爆炸性蒸气空气混合物；
R19
May form explosive peroxides.
R39/23
Toxic : danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation.
有毒的：经吸入有极严重不可逆作用危险；