怎么计算GDP

Essay question #1

a.Example: During the year of 2010, Starbucks U.S. buys coffee beans from Kana

Company in Cuba for $300 and sugar from Atlantica Company in Brazil for $50.

Starbucks spends $50 on advertising from Ogilvy&Mather in New York.

Starbucks pays its employees $80. Starbucks sells coffee in U.S. for $500, making

a profit of $20.

Explanation: The net GDP impact is $500 of final consumption minus the $350 of

imports =$150. Starbucks purchases $300+$50+$50=$400 from 3rd parties and

adds value of $500-$400=$100, which is divided by the employees of $80 and

profit of $20.

b. 3 kinds of spending in the economy that are either excluded or deducted from

Calculating GDP:

1.)Purchases of existing houses: it is not part of the investment expenditure

because residential investment only refers to the purchase of new houses

and apartments. Existing houses were produced in earlier periods.

2.)Transfers paid by government: it is not part of the government spending

because they are not payments in exchange for currently produced goods

and services. Government payments for Social Security, Medicare, and

unemployment insurance benefits are transfers from one segment of society

- healthy, working people to another segment of society - the elderly, sick and

jobless.

3.)Interest payments on government debt: It is not part of the government

spending because the interest payments are not made in exchange for goods

and services.

c.Consumption is the total spending of currently produced consumer goods and

services. Consumption is by far the largest component of GDP and was 70.8% in

2009. It consists of 3 basic categories: consumer durable goods, nondurable

goods, and services. Investment is spending on currently produced capital goods

that are used to produce goods and services over an extended period of time.

Investment was 11.4% of GDP in 2009. It consists of 3 basic categories: fixed

income, inventory investment and residential investment. Government

purchases is spending by the government on currently produced goods and

services. Government purchases was 20.6% in 2009. Net exports are exports

minus imports, which is the value of currently produced goods and services

exported or sold to other countries minus the value of goods and services

imported of purchased from aboard. Net exports is -2.7% in 2009, in which

exports at 11.0% of GDP and imports at 13.7%at GDP. Y=C+I+G+NX, where

Y=GDP=the value of total output=supply of goods and services.

C+I+G+NX=aggregate expenditure=demand for goods and services. When people

do accounting calculation, unsold output goes into inventory, and it is counted as

inventory investment, no matter the change is intentional or not. In effect, we

are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output.

d.In every transaction, the buyer’s expenditure becomes the seller’s incom

e. Thus,

the sum of all expenditure equals the sum of all income. In the U.S. economy,

shares of income to labor is 67% and shares of owners of capital is 33%, and it is