语言学试题
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的科学？A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的起源和发展2. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇构成C. 语言的发音机制D. 语言的书写形式3. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 化学4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素M. 词汇C. 语素D. 句子5. 语义学研究的是语言的哪一方面？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写D. 语言的语法6. 语言的词汇量是如何增长的？A. 通过新词的创造B. 通过旧词的淘汰C. 通过语言的混合D. 通过语言的简化7. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口头形式C. 一种语言的地区变体D. 一种语言的官方标准8. 语言的同化现象是指什么？A. 语言的统一B. 语言的分化C. 语言的借用D. 语言的变异9. 语言的转换是指什么？A. 语言的翻译B. 语言的转写C. 语言的转述D. 语言的转换10. 什么是语言的语境？A. 语言的使用环境B. 语言的书写环境C. 语言的发音环境D. 语言的语法环境二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）11. 语言学的两大分支是________和________。
12. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。
13. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。
14. 语言的词汇化是指________转化为词汇的过程。
15. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在________中的使用。
三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 简述语言的交际功能。
17. 简述语言的规范性与变异性。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述语言与文化的关系。
19. 论述语言的演变过程及其影响因素。
五、案例分析题（每题20分，共20分）20. 请分析一种方言的形成过程，并讨论其对标准语的影响。
语言学自考纲要试题及答案
语言学自考纲要试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 文学作品B. 语言行为C. 语言结构D. 语言教学答案：C2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 社会语言学B. 神经语言学C. 文化研究D. 心理语言学答案：C3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 语义和语法B. 语音和语义C. 符号和象征D. 能指和所指答案：D4. 语音学中的“最小对立对”是指什么？A. 发音相似的词B. 发音不同的音节C. 只有一处发音不同的词对D. 音节数量不同的词答案：C5. 哪种语言现象说明了语言的任意性？A. 同义词B. 同音词C. 外来词D. 拟声词答案：B6. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔答案：B7. 在语言的词汇-语法连续体中，词汇通常位于哪个位置？A. 左端B. 右端C. 中间D. 两端都有可能答案：A8. 语言的同化现象通常发生在什么情况下？A. 语言接触B. 语言孤立C. 语言标准化D. 语言简化答案：A9. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语义特征D. 隐喻答案：C10. 哪种语言现象可以体现语言的创造性？A. 套话B. 习语C. 新词创造D. 同音词答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言符号的任意性，即符号的形式与其指代的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意性原则12. 社会语言学研究的是语言与_______之间的关系。
答案：社会13. 在语言学中，“_______”是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：方言14. 语言的“_______”是指语言随时间演变的过程。
答案：历时变化15. “_______”是指语言在特定情境下的使用，包括语言的选择、组织和解释。
答案：语用学16. 语音学中的“_______”是指音素的最小区别特征。
(完整word版)语言学试题与答案
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as BritishEnglish and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, forexample, within British English or American English.2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherentmeaning of the linguistic form.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations.4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relationto the physical world of experience.5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts.6.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differentlyaccording to their degree of formality.9.“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic formand what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it dealswith the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, theyare called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items.17.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dividedinto meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with thenominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to belabels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents_______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms.31.semantics 32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy 36.homonymy37.homophones pletehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy ponentialanalysis43.grammatical 44.predication45.Argumentmeaning46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV. Answer the following questions.48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings ofall its components?49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?51.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52.According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonymsinto? Illustrate them with examples.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Semantics 12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational ponential18.selectional19.argument 20.namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV. Define the following terms.31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It isthe collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.33. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physicalworld; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more thanone meaning.36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound orspelling, or in both.37. Homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are calledhomophones.38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling,they are called complete homonyms.40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning.It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generallyidentical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.46. Predicate: A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states thelogical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains twoarguments.V. Answer the following questions.48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example:(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning a nd semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis, proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in themeaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truthvalues?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. if he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. if he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. if he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows:Suppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: John's bike needs repairing.Y:John has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. if John's bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John's bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. if John has a bike, it may or may notneed repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. if John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymousrelation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y.e.g. X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y.e.g. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classifysynonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples:British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still others are neutral in style. For example:old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentchap, pal, friend, companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. For exam ple, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for.v. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to theword "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, "astound" implies difficulty in believing.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(‘seal’ meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(‘seal’ meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。
语言学：语言学概论考试试题
语言学：语言学概论考试试题1、填空题语言学的三大发源地：（）正确答案：中国、印度、希腊—罗马2、名词解释语言融合正确答案：是指某个民族或某个民族中一部分人放弃本民族的语言而专用其他民族的语言，一种语言取代其（江南博哥）他语言，成为不同民族共同的交际工具，又叫语言转用、语言同化或语言替换。
3、多选下列有关普通话的表述中，正确的有（）A.以北京语音为标准音B.以北京话为基础方言C.以北方方言为基础方言D.以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范E.以历代经典的文学作品为语法规范正确答案：A, C, D4、名词解释通语正确答案：或称凡语、凡通语、通名等，是杨雄《方言》一书用来指西汉时没有地域限制，通行比较广的共同语的术语。
5、名词解释词汇意义（词义）正确答案：由人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价。
词典的释义所说明的一般都是词的词汇意义。
6、填空题根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
正确答案：语言的谱系分类、语言的发生学分类7、单选下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究正确答案：B8、名词解释社会语言学正确答案：用社会学的方法研究社会上的形形色色的语言变异等问题9、问答题简答复元音与几个相连的单元音的区别。
正确答案：复元音的几个成分同属于一个音节，发音时发音器官只有一次肌肉紧张；相连的单元音则各自分属于不同的音节，发音时有几个元音就有几次肌肉紧张；复元音是一个整体，发音时发音器官的运动是连续滑动的，元音的音质是不间断地逐渐变化的，中间会产生一连串的过渡音。
几个相连的单元音是彼此独立的整体，发音时发音器官的运动是跳跃式的，元音的音质是突变的，中间没有过渡音。
10、填空题句子结构关系的意义可以分为（）意义和（）意义两种。
正确答案：显性；隐性11、名词解释单纯字符正确答案：不能再分解为更小字符的字符。
语言学概论试题答案
语言学概论试题答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科，其研究对象是（B）。
A. 人类思维B. 人类语言C. 人类文化D. 人类行为2. 语音学是语言学的一个重要分支，它主要研究的是（C）。
A. 语法B. 词汇C. 声音系统D. 语义3. 语言学家关注的语言现象有哪些特征？（A）A. 具有普遍性、可刺激性、可被学得性、可被忘却性B. 具有多样性、诸变性、一致性、可被听说性C. 具有多样性、可被了解性、可被学得性、可被传承性D. 具有多样性、可刺激性、可被了解性、可被掌握性4. 语言是人类思维的外在表现，它的特点包括（B）。
A. 符号性、逻辑性、经验性、情感性B. 音素性、词汇性、语法性、交际性C. 语音性、声调性、音节性、语义性D. 文化性、习得性、传承性、社会性5. 语言学的研究方法主要包括哪些方面？（D）A. 观察法、统计法、实验法、调查法B. 比较法、分析法、综合法、实证法C. 形态法、句法法、语义法、语用法D. 理论法、实证法、历时法、内在法二、简答题1. 什么是语音学？简述语音学的基本研究对象。
语音学是语言学的一个分支学科，主要研究的是语言中声音的产生、传播和感知机制。
它研究的基本对象是语音。
语音是一种由声音信号组成的符号系统，通过声音的不同组合和规则，人们能够进行语言的交际和沟通。
2. 语言学的研究范围包括哪些方面？简要描述其中两个方面的内容。
语言学的研究范围涵盖了语音、词汇、语法、语义和语用等多个方面。
其中语音学主要研究语言中的声音系统，通过研究语音的音素、音位和音系等要素来揭示其规律和变化。
而语法学研究语言中的句子构成和组合规律，包括短语结构、词类、句法关系等内容。
三、论述题语言作为人类最为基本的交流工具和思维表达方式，对于人类社会和文化的发展起到了重要的作用。
语言学作为一门学科，对于深入研究和探索语言的本质和规律具有重要意义。
首先，语言学研究语言的普遍性和多样性。
语言在世界各地的人类社会中普遍存在，但不同语言之间又表现出多样性。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词？A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是：A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是：A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指：A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案：1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。
2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。
3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。
4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。
5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。
6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。
7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 数学2. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 语音和语义B. 语形和语义C. 语形和语用D. 能指和所指3. 在语言学中，“深层结构”和“表层结构”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔4. 下列哪个术语是描述语言随时间变化的现象？A. 语言变异B. 语言演化C. 语言转换D. 语言借用5. 社会语言学研究的是语言与哪种因素之间的关系？A. 社会结构B. 文化传统C. 个人心理D. 经济发展6. 哪种语言现象是指在特定情境下，说话者选择不同语言或语言变体的能力？A. 语码转换B. 语码混用C. 语用学D. 语言礼貌7. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 言语行为B. 隐喻理解C. 语言礼貌D. 语言的生物学基础8. 什么是“双重否定”？A. 使用两个否定词来表达否定意义B. 使用两个否定词来表达肯定意义C. 使用一个否定词来表达否定意义D. 使用一个否定词来表达肯定意义9. 在语言学中，“同音词”是指什么？A. 意义相同但拼写不同的词B. 拼写相同但意义不同的词C. 发音相同但意义不同的词D. 发音和意义都相同的词10. 下列哪项是“语言接触”的一个例子？A. 语言的地理分布B. 语言的独立发展C. 语言的借用和融合D. 语言的孤立使用二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”是指研究语言的结构特征，不涉及语言的社会功能。
答案：形式语言学12. 转换生成语法是由_______提出的，它强调语言的生成能力。
答案：诺姆·乔姆斯基13. “Hello”一词在不同的语境中可以有不同的功能，这属于_______的研究范畴。
答案：语用学14. 社会语言学中的“_______”是指语言随社会因素（如年龄、性别、社会阶层等）而变化的现象。
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学的定义是：A. 研究语言与社会的关系的学科B. 研究语言结构与语言演化的学科C. 研究语言的起源和发展的学科D. 研究语言的本质和特性的学科答案：D2. 下列属于语音学研究范畴的是：A. 词法学B. 句法学C. 语言变异与语言变体D. 语言习得与语言教育答案：C3. 句法学主要研究的是：A. 语音形态的变化规律B. 词性和句子结构C. 语音的音位和音位组合D. 语义和语用规则答案：B4. 下列关于语言习得的描述，错误的是：A. 语言习得是指儿童在自然环境中习得母语的过程B. 成年人可以通过学习掌握一门新的语言C. 语言习得是通过语言输入和输出实现的D. 语言习得是一个渐进的、自然而然的过程答案：C5. 下列属于语用学研究范畴的是：A. 语音学B. 句法学C. 话语分析D. 语言变异与语言变体答案：C二、简答题1. 什么是语音学？答：语音学是研究语言中的语音系统和语音形态的学科，主要关注语音的音位和音位组合规律，以及语音变体和语音变异等现象。
2. 什么是语法？答：语法是研究语言结构和语法规则的学科，包括词法学和句法学。
词法学研究词汇和词的构词法规律，句法学研究句子的构建和句法规则。
3. 什么是语义学？答：语义学是研究语言意义的学科，主要关注词义、句义和上下文语境对语言意义的影响。
研究对象包括词汇的意义、句子的意义以及语义关系等。
4. 什么是语用学？答：语用学是研究语言使用和交际的学科，主要关注语言在实际交际中的运用和语用规则。
研究对象包括语音、语法、语义在特定语境下的意义解释和语用前提等。
三、论述题语言学是一门跨学科的学科，涉及到多个子学科的研究内容和方法。
在语言学的研究中，语音学、语法学、语义学以及语用学是其中最为核心的四个分支。
语音学是研究语音系统的学科，主要研究语音的音位和音位组合规律，以及语音变体和语音变异等现象。
通过语音学的研究，我们能够了解不同语言中的语音系统差异，以及语音变体对语义和语用的影响。
语言学概论试题及答案解析
语言学概论试题及答案解析一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 修辞学D. 语用学答案：C解析：修辞学虽然与语言使用有关，但它更多地关注语言的美学和说服效果，不是语言学的核心分支。
2. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词汇C. 语素D. 句子答案：C解析：语素是语言中最小的意义单位，它可以单独存在，也可以组合成词汇。
3. 下列哪项是语言的同步研究？A. 历史语言学B. 社会语言学C. 结构语言学D. 心理语言学答案：C解析：结构语言学关注的是特定时间点上语言的结构，是语言的同步研究。
4. 语言的任意性原则是由哪位学者提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 弗洛伊德答案：A解析：索绪尔是现代语言学的奠基人，他提出了语言的任意性原则，即语言符号的形式与其指代的对象之间没有必然的逻辑关系。
5. 下列哪项不是语言的功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会认同D. 艺术创作答案：D解析：虽然语言可以用于艺术创作，但它本身不是一种艺术形式，因此不是语言的基本功能。
二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）6. 语言学研究的对象是________。
答案：人类语言7. 语音学研究的是语音的________和________。
答案：产生、传递、感知8. 转换生成语法是由________提出的。
答案：诺姆·乔姆斯基9. 在语言的词汇-语法参数中，________是指语言中词汇和语法的关系。
答案：词汇-语法参数10. 社会语言学研究的是语言与________之间的关系。
答案：社会三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. 简述语言的创造性特点。
答案：语言的创造性体现在用户能够使用有限的词汇和语法规则生成无限多的句子。
这种能力源于语言的组合性质，即通过不同的词汇和语法结构的组合，创造出新的句子和表达。
12. 解释什么是“深层结构”和“表层结构”。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
语言学概论试题
语言学概论试题第一部分：选择题1.语言学是研究什么的学科？a.人的语言能力和语言行为b.人与社会的关系c.人的神经系统和思维过程d.人的文化和传统e.以上都对2.下列哪个不是语言的基本属性？a.可计算性b.可性状性c.可普遍性d.可抽象性3.以下哪个是真正的语言？a.动物的交流方式b.人类的手势语言c.沉默d.手语4.语音学是语言学的哪个分支？a.语言学的理论基础b.语言的声音系统c.语言的语法结构d.语言的语义内容5.下列哪种学派认为语言习得有先天基础？a.习得主义派b.行为主义派c.理性主义派d.结构主义派第二部分：填空题6.从______学说的角度看，语言是一种特殊的社会行为。
（社会学）7.语音的基本单位是______。
（音素）8.语义学研究的是不同语言中的______。
（词义）9.词的具体形式称为______。
（形态）10.______是将语段分析为句子，并研究各种短语及词形位置关系的学科。
（句法学）第三部分：简答题11.请简要解释下列语言学术语的含义：音位、语素、句法。
•音位是语言中具有区别意义的最小音响单位。
不同语言中的音位数量和音位系统都不相同。
•语素是语言中具有意义的最小单位，是词的组成部分。
语素可以独立存在，也可以与其他语素组合成词。
•句法是语言学中的一个分支，研究的是句子的结构和句子中各个成分之间的关系。
句法研究的是句子的句法组成和句法规则。
12.解释什么是语言的共时和历时研究。
•共时研究是对某一特定语言在某一特定时期的研究。
研究的对象是该语言在某一时期内的语音、语法、词汇等方面。
•历时研究是对某一语言在其历史发展过程中的研究。
研究的对象是该语言在不同时期的发展变化以及背后的原因和影响。
第四部分：论述题13.请阐述语言变异的原因和形式。
语言变异是指同一语言使用者之间或不同语言使用者之间在语音、词汇、语法等方面的差异。
语言变异的主要原因有以下几点：•地理因素：地理因素包括地理隔离和地理接触。
语言学全部习题
语言学全部习题1. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。
它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。
2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些？语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。
语音研究发音和音系，词汇研究词的形态和词义，句法研究语言的句子结构，语义研究词和句的含义，语用研究语言的使用和交际。
3) 语音学和音系学有何区别？语音学研究语言中的语音现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
音系学研究语言中的音素系统，即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。
2. 选择题（每题10分，共40分）1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案：D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案：C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容？A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案：D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象？A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案：A3. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言的演变？语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中，由于多种因素的影响，其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。
语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程，涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。
2) 语言和思维之间有何关系？语言和思维之间有密切的关系。
一方面，语言是人类思维的表达工具，通过语言的运用，人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。
另一方面，语言也影响思维的方式和内容。
语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式，不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。
3) 什么是语言交际？语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。
语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释，以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。
语言学概论题目及答案
语言学概论试题（一）一、填空（每空1分，共15分）1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。
•3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
•5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
•7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
•8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
•9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
•10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）••••••1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ）••Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学• •Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学•2. 汉语属于（ B ）•Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 •Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语•3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ）••Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ••Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节•4. 文字的前身是（ C ）••Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ••Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事•5. 派生词中包含（ B ）••Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ••Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词•6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ）••Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ••Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ）••Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ••Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ）•••Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 •••Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ）•••Ａ.初Ｂ.视 •••Ｃ.人Ｄ.民10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ）••Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ••Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）•1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。
语言学纲要试题及答案
语言学纲要试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 心理学答案：D二、填空题1. 语言学的两大研究领域是______和______。
答案：语音学；语法学2. 索绪尔是______学派的创始人。
答案：结构主义三、简答题1. 简述语言学研究的基本方法。
答案：语言学研究的基本方法包括观察法、实验法、比较法和统计法。
观察法是通过直接观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验；比较法是对比不同语言或同一语言的不同变体；统计法是通过统计分析来研究语言现象的规律性。
2. 语言学中的“语言能力”与“语言表现”有何区别？答案：语言能力指的是一个人理解和使用语言的内在能力，是抽象的、潜在的；而语言表现是指实际使用语言的行为，是具体的、外在的。
四、论述题1. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。
答案：语言与文化是相互依存、相互影响的。
语言不仅是文化的载体，也是文化的一部分。
一方面，语言反映了一个民族的历史、社会结构和思维方式；另一方面，文化也影响着语言的发展和变化。
例如，不同文化背景下的语言表达方式和交际习惯可能存在差异。
2. 分析现代语言学与传统语言学的主要区别。
答案：现代语言学与传统语言学的主要区别在于研究方法和研究重点。
现代语言学更侧重于使用科学的方法，如实验和统计，来研究语言的内在规律；而传统语言学则更侧重于语言的历史演变和文献研究。
此外，现代语言学强调跨学科的研究方法，与传统语言学相比，它更关注语言的功能性和社会性。
五、案例分析题1. 请分析以下对话中的语言现象，并解释其语言学意义。
对话：A: 你今天去图书馆了吗？B: 去了，我借了一本书。
答案：这段对话展示了语言的交际功能。
A通过提问来获取信息，B 通过回答来提供信息。
此外，对话中的疑问句和陈述句的使用，体现了语言的语法结构和语用功能。
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共30分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是（）。
a) 计算机语言b) 外语学习c) 人类语言d) 口头表达技巧答案：c) 人类语言2. 下列哪个学科与语言学关系最为密切？a) 心理学b) 数学c) 化学d) 历史学答案：a) 心理学3. 下列哪个学者被誉为现代语言学之父？a) 爱因斯坦b) 柴可夫斯基c) 萨普尔d) 弗洛伊德答案：c) 萨普尔4. 语言学的研究方法主要包括（）。
a) 实证研究和理论研究b) 文字分析和数学模型c) 外语学习和内语运用d) 思辨和推理答案：a) 实证研究和理论研究5. 语言学的研究层次包括（）层次。
a) 语音、语法、语义b) 单词、短语、句子c) 声音、词汇、语境d) 语法、词汇、语义答案：d) 语法、词汇、语义二、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 什么是语音学？答案：语音学是研究语音的科学，主要研究语音的产生、传播、感知和结构等方面的问题。
它关注语音的音素、音节、音变规律、音系等内容，以及语音的分类、描述和比较等。
2. 试述语言的本质特征。
答案：语言的本质特征包括交际性、社会性和符号性。
交际性指语言主要用于人与人的交流，实现意义的传递。
社会性指语言是一种社会现象，不同社会群体会形成不同的语言体系。
符号性指语言是由一系列符号组成的系统，每个词汇和语法结构都有特定的意义。
三、论述题（共50分）请阐述语言学的研究内容和意义。
答案：语言学是研究语言现象的学科，它关注语言的各个方面，如语音、语法、语义等，以及语言的演化、变化和使用等。
语言学的研究内容非常广泛，既包括对特定语言的研究，也包括对语言普遍规律的探索。
其意义主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，语言学有助于我们深入了解语言本身。
通过语言学的研究，我们可以揭示语言的内在结构和规律，探究语言发展的历史和演化的过程。
这有助于我们更好地理解人类语言的本质和特点。
其次，语言学对语言教育和外语学习具有指导作用。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它主要关注语言的哪些方面？A. 语音和语法B. 词汇和语义C. 语音、语法、词汇和语义D. 语法和语用答案：C2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的物理表现形式。
答案：语音5. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的抽象系统，包括语法规则和词汇。
答案：语法6. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的最小意义单位。
答案：语素三、简答题7. 简述语言学的主要研究方法。
答案：语言学的主要研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法等。
观察法是通过观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验以验证假设；调查法是通过问卷、访谈等方式收集语言使用情况；统计法是利用统计学原理分析语言数据。
8. 描述语言学和历史语言学的区别。
答案：描述语言学关注的是特定语言在某一特定时间点的状态，它试图描述和解释语言的结构和功能；而历史语言学关注的是语言随时间的变化和发展，研究语言的起源、演变以及不同语言之间的亲缘关系。
四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。
答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。
首先，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传递和保存文化信息。
其次，语言反映了文化的特点，不同文化背景下的语言会有不同的表达方式和词汇。
此外，语言的使用也受到文化规范和价值观的影响，例如礼貌用语、禁忌语等。
最后，语言的发展和变化也受到文化因素的影响，文化变迁往往伴随着语言的演变。
10. 分析语言的多样性对全球化的影响。
答案：语言的多样性对全球化有着复杂的影响。
一方面，语言多样性丰富了人类的文化生活，促进了不同文化之间的交流与理解。
另一方面，语言多样性也带来了沟通上的障碍，全球化进程中需要跨越语言障碍以实现信息的自由流通。
语言学能力测试题库与解析
语言学能力测试题库与解析1. 词汇测试题目：根据所给的中文释义，选择最恰当的英文单词。
1) 对策 (A) strategy (B) tactic (C) solution (D) approach2) 缺点 (A) flaw (B) advantage (C) strength (D) benefit3) 惩罚 (A) reward (B) punishment (C) consequence (D) penalty解析：1) A。
根据中文释义，对策的意思是"strategy"，表示为一种解决问题的计划或方案。
2) A。
缺点表示不足或不完美的一部分，最适合的词汇是"flaw"，表示某物的缺陷或问题。
3) B。
惩罚的英文是"punishment"，表示对违反规定或犯错行为的处罚措施。
2. 语法测试题目：选择最佳的选项来修正下面句子中的语法错误。
1) She invited Jessica and me to dinner, but I could not go because I have a test tomorrow.(A) She invited Jessica and me (B) She invited Jessica and myself(C) She invited Jessica and I (D) She invited Jessica and another person解析：A。
正确选项是"A"，即"She invited Jessica and me to dinner"，使用了正确的宾格代词"me"作为动词"invite"的宾语。
3. 句子改错题目：在下列句子中找出并改正语法错误。
1) There is many people in the park.解析：将"is"改为"are"，即"There are many people in the park."，因为"people"是复数形式。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
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1.1.Which of the following statements about language is not true?A .Language is a systemnguage is symbolieC . Animals also have languages .DLanguageis arbitrary2.Which of the following choices is NOT a constituent?A.I like the songB.IC.SongD.Like3.Of the following sound conbinations ,only is permissible.A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk4.The relation between the deter minmer”this” and the noun “man”in the phrase “this man”isermentB.concordC.bindingD.paradigmatic5.The sentence that has a NP and a VP is nostly shown in a formula “SNP+VP”A.A.HierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical6.”Big” and “small”are a pair of opposites.plementaryB. gradablepleteD.converse7.Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A.women and menB.on the tableC.a clever boyD.an ugly man8.Arbitrariness of language was first discussed by .A.ChomskyB.HallidyC.FirthD.Saussure9.Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit10.Which function is the major role of Language?rmativeB. InterpersonalC.PerformativeD.Emotive11.If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are of the same phoneme.A.symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD.signs12. Which branch of study cannot be included in the scope of Linguistics?A. SyntaxB. PragmaticsC. PhoneticsD. Anthropology13. Atom is a word of origin.A. LatinB. GreekC. ArabicD. Spanish14. The distinction of langue and parole is made by .A. HallB. SapirC. ChomskyD. Saussure15. are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds16. is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreter.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. AffixesD. Compounds17. is the defining properties of units like nouns (number, gender, case, etc) and verbs (tense, aspect, voice, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classesC. CategoriesD. Functions of words18. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are .A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. allophones19. The function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.A. performativeB. phaticC. recreationalD. emotive20. The term may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronic linguisticsB. comparative linguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. historical comparative linguistics21. examines how meaning is encoded in a language.A. SemanticsB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Morphology22. Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as .A. paroleB. languageC. systemD. langue23. This fundamental distinction between competence is discussed by .A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Austin24. An affix can be added to certain type of to form a new word.A. infixB. affixC. stemD. word25. In a sentence, which of the following is usually NOT stressed?A. Nouns.B. Verbs.C. Prepositions.D. Adj.26. The maxim of requires that a partic ipant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation27. The relationship between “meat” and “meet” is.A. synonymyB. antonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy28. That there is no direct link between language and the real world is the view ofconcerning the study of meaning.A. namingB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behaviorist29. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.30.30.Where are the vocal cords ?A.Sounds and letters.B.Sounds and meaning .C. Letters and meaning .D.Sounds and symbols.31.31.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true ?nguage is a means of means of verbal communication.nguage is some arbitrary symbols .C.The language system is unique to human begins.nguage is yet to be understand.32.32. studies the sound systems in a certain language.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax33.33. is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression andcontent.A. RootB. AllomorphC. MorphemeD. Word34.34.A speaker's actual utterance in Chomsky 's is called .A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammar C. surface structure35.35.A word with several meanings is called word .A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple36.36.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is.A. general linguisticsB.PhonologyC. semanticsD.morphology37.37.Leech divided meanings into types .A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 738.38.English has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languagesexcept .A.FrenchB. KoreantinD. Greek39.39.Distinctive features are used to describe .A. phonesB. phonologyC. AllophonesD. phonemes40.40.The English word "untouchable" is composed ofmorphemes .A.fourB. threeC. twoD.five41.41.The process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several wordstogether is called .poundingB.clippingC.acronymD.blending42. “The Adam's Apple”is.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD.on the top of larynx43. The founder of modern linguistics is .A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD.Saussure44.44.Modern linguistics focuses on the present day language , and it will be possibleto describe languages from a perspective .A. sociologicalB.synchronicC. diachronicD. Psychological45. The four major modes of semantic change are .A. extension , narrowing , meaning shift and class shiftB. extension , generalization , elevation and degradationC. extension , narrowing , specialization and degradationD. extension , elevation , amelioration and degradation46. In the production of consonants at least articulators{发音器官}are involved.A. oneB. twoC. threeD.psychological47. The basic unit in the study of morphology is .A. the internal structureB. morphemeC. the rules by which words are formedD. word48. The relation between "food" and "bread" is called .A. SynonymyB. polysemyC. homonymyD. Hyponymy49. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are .A. closedB.apartC. totally closedpletely open50.50.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A.Pencil boxB.UnreasonableC. DeadlineD.Upstairs51. involve more than one manners of articulation .A.StopsB.FricativesC. Affricatesterals52.52.Which is NOT true for the vowel [i] ?A. HighB. UnroundedC. MidD. Front53. The sentence "I apologize !" belongs to the category ofaccording to thespeech act theory.A.expresstiveB. performativeC. representativeD. Constative54.General linguistics is the scientific study of .A. language of a certain individualB.the English LanguageC.human Language in generalD.the system of a particular language55. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in.A.the place of articulationB.the obstruction ofairstreamsC.the position of the tongueD. The shape of the lips56. studies how speech sounds are made , transmitted and received .A. PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.PhonemeD.Phonics57. sounds are produced with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.A.VelarB.PalatalC.GottalD.Alveolar58. is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication.A .Sociolinguistics B.Semantics C.PragmaticsD.Synchronic linguistics59.59.Where is the primary stress of the word "phonology" ?A.phoB. noC.loD.gy60. refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A.Locutinary actB.Illocutinary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act61.61.Which of the following words is built by abbreviation ?62.62.Which of the following words is built by abbreviation ?A.SmogB.FridgeC.MotelD.Edit63.63.What is the full from of LAD?nguage associative districtnguage acquisition districtnguage associative devicenguage acquisition device63.The semantic components of the word "man" can be expressed as.A.+animate , +human , +male , adultB.+animate , +human , +male ,+ adultC.+animate , +human , -male ,- adultD.+animate , +human , -male ,+ adult64.A{n} is the smallest unit of sound in a language , which can distinguish two words .A.morphemeB. soundC.phonemeD. allophone65.Productivity is one of the features of languages .A.distinctiveB.designC.SuprasegmentalD.pragmatic66.66.What is the common feature of the three sounds :[b],[p],[m] ?A.,V oicelessB.V oicedC.NasalD.Bilabial67.67.Which of the following items is NOT one of grammatical categories of English pronouns ?A.GenderB.NumberC.CaseD.V oice68.68.In the word "internationalism",which part is the root ?A.interB.nationC. alD.ism69."voiced fricatives voiceless/voiceless '' is a .A.phonological ruleB.syntactic ruleC.phrase structure ruleD.functional rule70.70.The word "pen" originally meant "feather used for writing with ink". Now it refers to anydevise used for writing with ink.This is an example of .A.degradation of meaningB.broadening of meaningC.narrowing of meaningD.elevation of meaning71.The word “smog” is formed through ______.A. backformationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation72. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their _____language.A. firstB. secondC. dialectalD. individualized73. Which of the following statements are NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants .B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruent74. All syllables must have a ____.A. codaB. onsetC. nucleusD. consonant75. Ikaps is not a possible word form in English due to ____.A. sonority scaleB. phonological ruleC. syntactic ruleD. morphological rule76. Which of the following is the major cause of invention of new lexical items?A. The rapid development of science and technologyB. The way of language teaching.C. The way of children’s language acquisition.D. Economic activities79. In Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which theory focuses discussion on government and binding?A. The classical TheoryB. The Standard TheoryC. The Extended Standard TheoryD. The Revised Extended Standard Theory80. When the suffix _____is added to a verb, it changes this verb into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. er81 .The function o f sentence “lovely weather isn’t it?” is______.A. informativeB. phaticC. performativeD. recreational82.Once the notion of _____was taken into consideration , semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content83.Which of the following criteria can NOT be used to classify vowels?A The part of the tongue that is held highestB The opnness of the mouthC The vibration of the vocal cordsD The shape of the lips84. there are _____maxims under the cooperative principle.A 2B 3C 4D 585. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of ____elements.A 2B 3C 4D 586. “Buy” and “sell’ form a pair of ______.A converse antonymsB gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. marked antonyms87.If a phoneme is substituted for another in a word and the substitution results in a change of the word meaning, the two phonemes are said to be_____.A minimal pairB minimal setC distinctive phonemesD distinctive features88. _____is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word.A .collocationB .idiomC .semantic component D. synonym89.The well-known formula: S→r….s→R was put forward by ____.A. BloomfieldB. FirthC. HackettD. Harris90.______is a pair of complementary antonyms.A .wild and tame B. nimble and lameC .Cold and warm D. Alive and dead91. Firth’s se cond important contribution to linguistics is his method of his method of prosodic analysis , called_____.A. prosodic phonologyB. feature geometryC optimality phonology D. supersegmental phonology92. Which of the following is not a Supersegmental feature?A. SyllableB. StressC.ToneD.V oicelessness93. The s in drums is______A . a morpheme B. a stemC derivational word D. free morpheme94. The word bodyguard is a _______.A .compound word B. complex wordC .derivational wordD .free morpheme95. In English, the gender distinction are______.A. not related to real world entitiesB. on the whole naturalC divided into Feminine, Masculine and neuterD divided into Feminine and Masculine96. Halliday’s Systemic-Functional Grammar takes ____as the object of study.A actual uses of language B. ideal speaker’s linguistic competence C. children’s language D. adult’s language97.Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A.［b］B. ［m］mC.［p］D.［f］98._____can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots99. Which of the following words is a derivational one?A . Blackboard B. Sings C.Astonishment. D. Boys100. John Austin proposed ____in the late 1950s.A .Speech Ace Theory B. 7 types of meaningC. Cooperative PrincipleD. Predication Analysis101 .WTO is ______A. an abbreviationB. an acronymC. a word which is formed by blendingD. a word which is formed by backformation102. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology and specifically of the brand of psychology known as______.A .behaviorism B. structuralism C. competence D performance 103. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A .［w］ B. ［m］ C. ［b］ D.［p］104._____is NOT a grammatical category of English verbs.A Tense B. Aspect C. Number D.Gender105. All words contain a ______.A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefix D .suffix106.of the following word formation processes,_____ is the most productive.A .clippingB .blending C. initialism D. derivation107.______ practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in term of function.A. the London SchoolB. American structuralismC. the Prague SchoolD. The TG Grammar108._______is not included in leech’s associative meaning .A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC . Collocative meaning D. Thematic meaning109._______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and nonlinguistic world of experience.A. SenseB. ReferenceC. SymbolD. Thought110. Luggage and baggage are _____synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. semantically differentD. collocational111. The maxim of quality requires: do not say what you believe tobe _______.A. falseB. trueC. indirectD. insufficient 112. Knight originally meant youth,but now it means a medieval gentleman soldier. This is a meaning ______.A . broadening B. narrowing C. meaning shift D. class shift 113. Expressions like “Tom” or “He” can both be filled in the black of the sentence “_____is smiling .” So Tom and He have _____relation.A. syntagmaitcB. paradigmaticC. systematicD. governing 114. Foolish which comes from “foll+ ish” is a ____word.A. derivationalB. syntaxC. morphologyD. phonology 115. The Prague School is best known for its contribution to____. A. phonetics B. syntax C. morphology D. phonology 116. Which of the following is NOT the function of language?A. Metalingual function.B. Interpersonal function.C. Emotive function.D.Cultural transmission.117. ”We can do things with words” is the main idea of _____.A. the speech act theoryB. the cooperative principlesC. the polite principlesD. pragmatics118. Motel is a(n)_____.A. abbreviationB. coinageC. blendingD. acronym 119. _____ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. “Fair” (adj) and “fair” (n)B. “Flea” and “flee”C. “Lead”(v)and“lead” (n)D. “Compliment” and “complement”120. The classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance mainly illustrates the view of _____.A. conceptualismB. contextualismC. behaviorismD. structuralism121. We can refer to Confucius, even though he has been dead for over 2, 500 years. This feature of language is called_____.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement 122. Which function of language is also called ideational function (达意功能) in the framework of functional grammar?A. Informative function.B. Interpersonal functionC. Emotive functionD. Recreational function123. _____ investigates the interrelation of language and mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Anthropological linguisticsD. Computational linguistics 124. Morphology is concerned with_______.A. the meaning of wordsB. the pronunciation of wordsC. the internal organization of wordsD. the combination of words into sentences125. The sentence “ You schould never use cliché in writing” is______.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. systematicD. narrative 126. If a study focuses on Shakespearean language , it is _____ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. systematicD. pragmatic 127. _____ is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Acoustic phoneticsD. Phonology128./l/ is the only ____ in English.A. fricativeB. affricativesC. nasalD. lateral129.[f, v ] are both labiodentals and _______.A. nasalsB. fricativesC. affricativesD. alveolar130. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian.A. Otto JespersenB. Daniel JonesC. A.J.EillsD.A.M.Bell 131. The Sound Patterns of English (SPE 1968) mainly deals with ____.A. multi-level phonologyB. non-linear phonologyC. super segment phonologyD. linear approach of phonology132. In Chinese Putonghua , only ____ can occur after the vowel.A. nasalsB. stopsC. lateralD. vowel133. A compound is composed of _____.A. a root and an affixB. a stem and an affixC. a root and a free morphemeD. two free morphemes134. The word hamburger is of _____ origin.A. AmericanB. ItalianC. GermanD. French135. The phrase “the three small Chinese “ is ____construction.A. endocentricB. exocentric C hierarchical D. linear136. The conceptualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from ______.A. functionB. contextC. instinctD. observation137. If one word has more than one meaning , then we call it ____.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy 138. The words “male “or “female “ are ____antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. converseD. complete139. The words “amaze “ and “astound” are very close in meaning , they are _____synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. semantically differentD. collocational140. Which pair is the emotive synonym?A. dad and fatherB. flat and apartmentC. mean and frugalD. charge and accuse141. The words “rain “ and “reign “ are______.A. homographsB. complete homonymsC. homophonesD. allophones142. B.L.Whorf was the student of _____.A .Bloomfield B. Firth C. Halliday D. Sapir143. Which of the following functions are NOT the functions put forward by Halliday?A. the Ideational FunctionB. The Interpersonal FunctionC. Generative FunctionD. The Textual Function144. Which of the following is NOT Saussure’s field of study?A. LinguisticsB. SociologyC. PsychologyD. Anthropology145. Grice introduced four categories of maxims, which one means we should be clear in our meaning?A. Quantity MaximB. Manner MaximC. Quality MaximD. Relation Maxim146. The Q-principle is ______.A. hearer-basedB. speaker-basedC. both the hearer and the speaker basedD. context-based147. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of _____.A . word function B. word meaning C. word formation D. word system148. The notion of Functional Sentence Perspective is used to describe____.A. how information is distributed in sentencesB how sentences ate formedC the function of sentencesD the relation between language and its users149. The first major theory in the study of language in use is called _____.A. illocutionary theoryB.Speech Act theoryC. conversational implicatureD. the Q and R-principle150._____ is the major concern of semantics.A. MeaningB. WordsC. Sentence structures D .Phrase structure rules答案：1.C2.A3.A4.B5.C6.B7.B8.D9.B10.A11.B12.D13.B14.D15.C16.C17 .C18.B19.D20.C21.A22.D23A.24.C25.C26.D27.D28.B29.B30.D31. B32.B33.C34.D35.A36.B37.D38.B39.D40.B41.C42.C43.D44.B45. A46.B47.B48.D49.B50.B51.C52.C53.B54.C55.B56.A57.A58.C59. B60.A61.B62.D63.B64.C65.B66.D67.D68.B69.A70.B71.B72.A73. D74C75.A76.D77.C78.D.79.D80.A81.B82.B83.C84.C85.B86.A87. C88.B89.A90.D91.A92.D93.D94.A95.B96.A97.D98.A99.C100.A10 1.B102.A103.D104.D105.A106.D107.C108.D109.A110.A111.A112. B113.B114.A115.D116.D117.A118.C119.C120.A121.D122.A123.A 124.C125.B126.B127.C128.D129.B130.A131.D132.A133.D134.C135.A136.B137.A138.B139.C140.C141.C142.D143.C144.D145.B14 6.A147.B148.A149.B150A。