ON THE PREDICTION OF THE STRIP SHAPE IN A COLD ROLLING MILL (1700 mm)
沉降处理的参考文献
沉降处理的参考文献1. Shidehara, T., Osada, T., and Matsuo, T. (2010). Prediction model of ground deformations caused by excavation based on dynamic response analysis. Procedia Engineering, 8, 45-53.2. Peck, R.B. (1969). Advantages and limitations of the observational method in applied soil mechanics. Geotechnique, 19(2), 171-187.3. White, D.J., and Bolton, M.D. (2003). The effect of structure stiffness on ground movement induced by the tunnelling in soft ground. Geotechnique, 53(7), 733-743.4. Cacciola, P., and O’Reilly, M.P. (2009). Numerical analysis of the consolidation of a soft clay layer induced bya surcharge. Computers and Geotechnics, 36(1-2), 134-145.5. Chow, Y.K., and Hu, Y.Z. (2001). A numerical study of the consolidation of a soft ground under a strip footing. Geotechnique, 51(8), 701-707.6. Bienen, B., Thompson, P.D., and McCann, D.M. (2009). Impact of tunnelling on buildings in urban areas: How construction, site and building factors influence potential damage. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 24(3), 311-322.7. Ng, C.W.W., Tang, W.H., and Wan, W.Y. (2005). A case study of the isolation of deep excavation-induced building movements using compensated foundation. Geotechnique, 55(6), 429-437.8. Poulos, H.G. (1971). Elastic solutions for soil and rock mechanics. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 8(4), 532-543.9. Mitwally, H. (2012). Numerical simulation of the consolidation problem caused by deep excavations in clay deposits. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, 4(3), 213-223.10. Peuchen, J., and Dias, D. (2016). Monitoring ofground deformations induced by tunnel excavation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 59, 40-50.以上是一些关于沉降处理的参考文献,这些文献涵盖了地质构造、地下挖掘、软土层固结、建筑物振动等方面的研究。
空气介质天线(英文)
Compact Low Cost Antenna for Passive RFID Transponder Yuri Tikhov*, Yongjin Kim, and Young-Hoon MinSamsung Advanced Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 111, Suwon 440-600, Korea, http://www.sait.samsing.co.krE-mail: tikhov@sait.samsung.co.krThis work discloses a new compact planar antenna for low cost RFID passive transponders. The proposed antenna takes advantage of its unique topology in order to assure conjugate matching with essentially complex impedance of the electronic chip directly embedded into radiator. Good performance is predicted theoretically and confirmed experimentally over an operating bandwidth of actual RFID system.IntroductionMarket research predicts that worldwide revenues from Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders will jump to $2.8 billion in 2009 [1]. RFID transponder is a tag device that can respond by sending a content of its embedded memory by backscatter communication to interrogator (reader). A passive RFID transponder (tag) has no battery, instead it gets all the needed energy from the carrier signal of the reader.Generally, the transponder comprises an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) connected to an antenna. Planar antennas for RFID tags with substantially small electrical size are strongly focused in recent years. Because nowadays the antenna size of even a quarter wavelength is precluded in many applications. Another challenge is an extremely low cost requirement in most consumer applications. While it is expected that a tag will cost a few cents in a very mass production, today the best cost is in order of magnitude higher than a projected target. Of course the cost of tags has been driven down mainly by CMOS technology for very small ASIC itself and the effective process of mounting the chip into the tag. At the same time the cost of antenna becomes also rather important. It might be ridiculous in conventional cases, but now even a bulk per tag of conductive material, such as copper or silver ink used for a huge volume production, should be reduced to a minimum.The authors have recently introduced a novel small planar antenna for RFID and a wireless sensor transponder that can operate over enhanced bandwidth without any affect on radiation pattern, gain, and polarization purity [2]. Reported antenna comprises a thin metal layer formed on a surface of thin flexible dielectric substrate, and an original slot pattern within said layer. Antenna based on the slot pattern demonstrates very good radiation performances but generally suffers from the fact that it requires substantial amount of conductive material to form a ground layer.In this paper our idea of small slot-based antenna [2] is extended to its strip-based topological realization. We propose an antenna configuration that consumes substantially less conductive material then our previous one and at the same time can operate without affect on characteristics of RFID tag.Antenna StructureThe strip pattern is formed on the surface of a flexible dielectric substrate. The photograph of realized UHF transponder prototype is shown in Fig. 1. ASIC has been flip-chip bonded directly into radiating element of the antenna. ASIC can be seen as a centrally placed dark spot in Fig. 1.Since the overall required size of antenna issubstantially less than a quarterwavelength, the length of the main strip isall the more so shorter. Taking into accountthe fact that for the case of electricallysmall antenna the phase difference of theelectromagnetic field along the radiatingpart is small, the clockwise andcounterclockwise convolute strip armsprovide the antenna with uniqueelectromagnetic features. Indeed, there are Fig. 1.Photo of assembled transponder.six sectors at each end of the main stripwith the flow of electric current being in the same direction as at the main radiating strip. While the opposite flow with substantially low amplitude exist only on two sectors. A consequent unique alteration in a field distribution supports the resonant features of the radiator. At the same time a useful part of the current at terminating strip arms is reclaimed successfully, thereby increasing the area of antenna that effectively participates in the radiation phenomenon.An additional circle strip (Fig.1) has been created in order to match the antenna impedance with the impedance of the transponder ASIC. Impedance matching between ASIC and antenna is critical on overall RFID system performance [3]. Namely the mismatch very strongly affect a read range – a maximum operating distance between interrogator and transponder. Because the power radiated by interrogator is rather limited due to certain safety regulations and other legislation. And passive transponder extracts its operating power by rectifying interrogation signal delivered by the antenna. Rectifier circuit is a part of ASIC and comprises diodes (such as Schottky diodes) and capacitors, resulting in the complex input impedance with substantial capacitive reactance. Typically the impedance of ASIC comes to a few or tens of active Ohms and a few hundreds of reactive (capacitive) Ohms. Thus the ratio of the reactance to the resistance is very high. The combination of circle strip and convolute strip arms provides the compact antenna with specified ratio of inductive reactance to the resistance. Thereby it assures direct conjugate matching between antenna and ASIC of passive RFID transponder over operating bandwidth.MeasurementMeasurements of electrically small antennas are basically impeded because every sort of cable connection between antenna and Network Analyzer generally disturbs the field near the antenna. Such field disturbance is very severe in the case of antennas with non-traditional feeding by means of direct chip inlet into small radiator. Consequently special measures are required to obtain sufficiently accurate experimental verification of transponder antenna.To overcome this problem, instead of measurement of full antenna, a half of antenna structure has been measured with metal plate of substantial electrical size replacing the E-symmetry-plane. The impedance of a half-antenna with metal plate amounts to a half of impedance of the full antenna. The photograph of the measurement setup is shown in Fig.2. The metal plate is composed of a stainless steel part (1m x 1m) and a brass part (16cm x 16cm). The composition of two parts is chosen for convenience of assembling with replaceable features of small brass part. The cable of Network Analyzer is hidden under the metal plate.Fig. 2.Measurement setup. Fig.3. Half-antenna mounted on the plate.The adjacent metallization of antenna is soldered to brass plate as shown in Fig. 3. The feeding point of antenna is soldered to a central pin of SMA connector. The pin of SMA connector passes through the circular hole in the plate thereby forming a small 50-Ohm section of coaxial line. Since the antenna possesses a mechanical flexibility it has been fixed in normal position to metal plate by two foam posts. The dielectric permittivity of the foam material is close to one of air, so the posts almost do not affect electromagnetic field distribution.The measurements have been performed with Agilent 8722ES Network Analyzer. It should be noted that Network Analyzer has been pre-calibrated without input SMA connector of the test structure. So the reference plane is somewhat below the surface of the metal plate. Besides the coaxial connector itself superinduces capacitive reactanceFig. 4. Comparison of simulated and measured impedance of test structure:symbols –measurement,dashed simulation.Fig. 5. De-embedded impedanceof half-antenna.into the object under test. Therefore resulting resonant frequency must be shifted down.The effect of additional reactance and shift of reference plane has been simulated by HFSS [4]. Fig. 4 shows a comparison between simulated and measured results. Excellent agreement between theoretical prediction and experiment is observed. Fig. 5 shows the half-antenna impedance after de-embedding of reference plane and parasitic reactance of the SMA connector. It can be observed that if double both real and imaginary part of impedance of half-antenna (2.97+j133.6 Ohms @ 915 MHz) those are very close to complex impedance of designed full antenna.The simulated return loss of full antenna ifloaded by specified impedance of actualRFID tag chip is shown in Fig. 6. It hasbeen assumed that complex impedance ofthe chip is constant 6-j270 Ohm. It isobserved that achieved operatingbandwidth of the antenna is 14.4 MHz(1.6%) at the level of –10dB return loss.Actual overall size of antenna is 7.2cm x4.1cm. It amounts to 0.220λ×0.130λ,where 0λ is the wavelength in a free spaceat the center frequency of 915 MHz.As expected, the radiation patterndemonstrates omnidirectional properties inthe principal H-plane. The radiation null isobserved at the longitudinal axis of the main strip. The achieved peak gain value is +1.7dBi. The simulated radiation efficiency amounts to 83 percent and takes into account both metal and dielectric losses. The polarisation of antenna is substantially linear since an orthogonal field is negligible. Besides the small size precludes from a phase shift between orthogonal field components being sufficient for substantially elliptical polarisation.ConclusionA new low cost planar antenna has been proposed for compact passive transponder. The antenna impedance has been directly conjugate matched with essentially complex impedance of the electronic chip inlet over the 1.6-% bandwidth. Precise prototyping and accurate measurements guarantee a veracity of the results.References[1] A. Nogee, “RFID tags and chips,” RFID Journal , , pp. 1-2,Jan. 2005.[2] Y. Tikhov, Y.J. Kim, and Y.H. Min, “Electrically Small Antenna for RFID andWireless Sensor Transponders,” Proc. of International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, ISAP2005, Seoul, Korea, August 3-5, 2005, vol. 3, pp. 1041-1044.[3] K. V .S. Rao, P. V. Nikitin, and S. F. Lam, “Antenna Design for UHF RFID Tags: AReview and a Practical Application,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag ., vol. 53, no.12, pp. 3870-3876, Dec. 2005.[4] High-Frequency Structure Simulator, HFSS v. 9.2, trademark of Ansoft Corporation,Four Station Square, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-1119, USA.Fig. 6. Simulated return loss of full antenna terminated by ASIC chip of RFID transponder.。
炉卷轧机辊系弹性变形与应用研究_王道远
图 3 不同轧制力下辊间压扁 1—单位轧制力 10. 71kN /mm; 2—单位轧制力
12. 5kN /mm; 3—单位轧制力 13. 57kN /mm
随着轧制力的增加 ,整个辊缝形状也变得不 平缓 ;辊间压扁在没有弯辊力的条件下中间部分 更加的凸起 ,辊间压扁因此变得更加不均匀 ,因 此需要采用合适的弯辊力 。 3. 3 弯辊力对辊系变形的影响
炉卷轧机辊系有限元分 析中 , 必须 对工 作 辊 /支撑辊之间的接触问题进行处理 。由于在接 触区 ,其边界条件即力或位移均是未知量 ,这类 问题在有限元分析中属于状态非线性问题 。根 据辊系受力与变形的特点 ,本文采用 ANSYS提供 的面对 面 柔 性 接 触 处 理 [ 15 ] , 接 触 单 元 对 选 用 TARGE170与 CONTA173。为了保证接触问题求 解时的收敛性 ,要对接触问题的解法 、法向接触 刚度 、渗透量及载荷步等有关控制参数进行合理 设置 。ANSYS软件在处理接触问题时默认的法 向接触刚度因子 FKN = 1. 0,接触表面渗透量的 大小取决于接触刚度 ,过大的接触刚度可能会引 起总刚度矩阵病态 ,一般应选取大的接触刚度以 保证接触渗透小到可以接受 ,但如接触刚度过小 则对计算精度产生影响 。本文采用的渗透量容 差系 数 FTLON = 0. 1, 初 始 靠 近 因 子 ICONT = 0. 76074E - 2,采用增广拉格朗日法求解 。在分 析时应检查接触状态 ,检查目标面和接触面的法 向是否正确等 ,以保证能得到准确的收敛结果 。
图 4 不同弯辊力下辊间压扁曲线 1—FW = 0; 2—FW = 400kN; 3—FW = 800kN
由图 4可以看出在不同的弯辊力条件下的 辊间压扁 。无弯辊力时 ,压扁量中间最大 ,辊间 压扁从中间到两边大致呈二次分布 ,沿着辊身方 向逐渐减小 ,在边部压扁量最小 。随着弯辊力的
奶牛酮病的致病机制和诊断方法研究进展
奶牛酮病的致病机制和诊断方法研究进展王世玺1,巴雅尔1,胡 亮21 巴彦淖尔市动物疫病预防控制中心,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 0150002 巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学研究所,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015000摘 要:奶牛酮病作为我国奶牛养殖业面临的重大挑战,其高发率对养殖业的稳定发展构成威胁。
本文详细阐述了奶牛酮病的分类、危害、临床症状以及发病原因,同时对诊断技术进行了深入探讨。
奶牛酮病根据β-羟基丁酸水平分为亚临床型和临床型。
酮病对奶牛健康、产奶量、牛奶质量和繁殖性能造成严重影响,增加了牧场运营成本和风险。
其发病原因多样,包括能量代谢不平衡、围产期疾病、食源性因素、饥饿状态以及特定营养素缺乏等,与糖、脂、蛋白质代谢紊乱及激素调节密切相关。
在诊断方面,文章介绍了定性检测(酮粉法、试剂法、试纸条法)和定量检测(水杨醛比色法、分光光度法、气相色谱法)等多种方法。
本研究为奶牛酮病的有效防控提供了全面的知识基础和技术指导,有助于提升奶牛养殖业的健康管理与可持续发展。
关键词:奶牛酮病;代谢紊乱;发病机制;诊断方法文章编号:1671-4393(2024)03-0035-04 DOI:10.12377/1671-4393.24.03.070 引言奶牛饲养是我国农业重要组成部分,但酮病这一营养代谢性疾病的高发率对养殖业稳定发展造成巨大威胁。
围产后期奶牛由于体内激素水平剧烈变化、环境应激和泌乳而处于能量负平衡状态,容易引发机体的能量代谢紊乱,诱发酮病。
随着我国奶业规模化、集约化饲养模式快速发展,奶牛酮病发病率逐年上升,严重威胁奶牛健康和养殖业可持续发展。
本文详细介绍了奶牛酮病相关知识,重点讨论检测技术,为奶牛养殖业健康管理和发展提供参考。
1 奶牛酮病的分类及危害1.1 奶牛酮病的分类奶牛酮病是一种常见的代谢疾病,主要特征作者简介:王世玺(1976-),内蒙古临河人,本科,中级兽医师,研究方向为动物疫病防控;巴雅尔(1982-),男,内蒙古磴口人,蒙古族,本科,助理兽医师,研究方向为动物疫病防控; 胡 亮(1985-),男,内蒙古巴彦淖尔人,本科,兽医师,研究方向为动物疫病防控。
英语漫画作文时态
英语漫画作文时态应用解析In the realm of English essay writing, comic strip essays occupy a unique space. These essays, which often present a sequence of events through a series of illustrations, require a meticulous understanding of tense usage to convey the story effectively. The correct application of tenses is crucial in ensuring that the narrative flows smoothly, with each event occurring in the appropriate chronological order.When approaching a comic strip essay, it is essentialto first identify the main events depicted in the illustrations. These events, whether they represent actions in the past, present, or future, will determine the tense you should use in your essay. For instance, if the comic strip depicts a series of events that have already occurred, the past tense would be appropriate. Conversely, if the events are happening concurrently or will occur in the future, the present or future tense would be more suitable. Within the past tense, there are several options to choose from, depending on the specificity of the event. Simple past tense, for example, is used to describe actionsthat occurred at a specific time in the past, while continuous past tense is employed to describe actions that were ongoing at a particular moment in the past. It is important to note that the use of tense should be consistent throughout the essay, as any inconsistencies can disrupt the flow of the narrative.The present tense, on the other hand, is often used in comic strip essays to describe actions that are currently happening or that are habitual in nature. This tense can create a sense of immediacy and realism, drawing the reader into the world of the comic strip.Meanwhile, the future tense is reserved for describing events that are yet to occur. It can be used to predict outcomes or to express intentions and plans. When using the future tense, it is important to be clear about whether you are referring to a specific future event or to a general trend or prediction.In addition to these basic tenses, there are also compound tenses that can be employed to add nuance and complexity to your essay. For instance, the present perfect tense can be used to express actions that have beencompleted in the past but have relevance to the present, while the past perfect tense is employed to describe actions that occurred before another past event.When writing a comic strip essay, it is also crucial to pay attention to the sequencing of events. The order in which you describe the events should match the order they appear in the comic strip, ensuring that the reader can follow the story easily. This often involves the use of transition words or phrases to smoothly connect one event to the next.In conclusion, the correct application of tenses is essential in writing an effective comic strip essay. By carefully analyzing the events depicted in the comic strip and choosing the appropriate tense to convey each event, you can create a narrative that is both coherent and engaging. With practice and attention to detail, you can master the art of writing comic strip essays that captivate your readers and bring the story to life.**英语漫画作文时态应用解析**在英语作文领域,漫画作文占据着独特的地位。
介绍人外貌的英语作文
介绍人外貌的英语作文Describing the Physical Appearance of a PersonPhysical appearance is one of the first things we notice about a person when we meet them. It can give us initial impressions and insights into their personality, lifestyle, and background. Describing someone's physical appearance in detail can help paint a vivid picture and allow others to better visualize the individual.When describing a person's physical appearance, it's important to start from the top and work your way down. One of the most noticeable features is the face. The face is the central focus and often what we're immediately drawn to when looking at someone. Describing the shape of the face, such as round, oval, or angular, can provide useful information. The complexion, whether it's fair, olive, or dark, is another important facial characteristic to note. Skin tone and clarity can reveal clues about a person's ethnic heritage and health.Moving down, the eyes are a captivating feature that deserve close attention. Eye color, whether blue, green, brown, or hazel, is adistinct trait. The size and shape of the eyes, whether they're small and almond-shaped or large and wide-set, can convey different qualities. Eyebrows are another facial element that's worth describing. Are they thick and bold or thin and arched? The way a person's eyebrows are groomed and styled can suggest their personal style and grooming habits.The nose is a central facial feature that's worth noting as well. Is it small and pert or large and pronounced? Does it have a straight bridge or is it slightly curved? A person's nose can provide insight into their ethnic background. The mouth is the final major facial feature to describe. Are the lips full and pouty or thin and tight-lipped? The shape and size of the mouth can reveal a lot about a person's personality, from sensual and expressive to reserved and serious.Moving below the face, the neck is an often overlooked but important part of physical appearance. Is it long and slender or short and thick? Does it have any distinguishing marks or features like a prominent Adam's apple? Broadening out, the shoulders are the next area to consider. Are they narrow and slight or broad and muscular? The overall build and frame of a person's upper body can give clues about their physical fitness and activity level.The torso is another key area to describe. Is the person's midsectionslim and trim or thick and sturdy? Do they have a flat, toned stomach or a rounder, softer belly? The overall proportions of the upper body in relation to the lower body can indicate a person's body type, such as an hourglass, pear, or apple shape.Continuing down, the arms and hands are worth noting as well. Are the arms thin and lean or thick and muscular? Do the hands appear small and delicate or large and calloused? Any distinguishing features like tattoos, scars, or jewelry on the hands and arms can provide additional details. The legs are the final major area to describe when painting a full picture of someone's physical appearance. Are they long and slender or short and thick? Do they appear toned and fit or soft and shapeless?In addition to the various body parts, clothing and accessories can also be important elements to include when describing physical appearance. What is the person wearing? Is their style formal and buttoned-up or casual and laid-back? Do they have any distinguishing accessories like glasses, hats, or jewelry that stand out? All of these details can contribute to the overall visual impression.Ultimately, describing physical appearance is about providing a comprehensive and vivid picture of what someone looks like. By carefully observing and detailing all the different features from head to toe, you can create a detailed portrait that allows others tovisualize the individual. Physical appearance is just one aspect of a person, but it can provide valuable insights and first impressions. With a keen eye for detail, you can bring a person's look to life through descriptive language.。
Single Variable Calculus_中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
Single Variable Calculus_西北工业大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.If f (x) and g (x) are differentiable on (a, b), 【图片】and f (x) > 0, g (x) > 0,x∈(a, b), then when x∈(a, b), we have答案:2.For what values of a and b will 【图片】be differentiable for all values of x?答案:a=-1/2, b=13.The evaluation of integral【图片】(where x>1) is答案:4.Find the derivative of【图片】答案:5.Find the centroid of a thin, flat plate covering the “triangular” region i n thefirst quadrant bounded by they-axis, the parabola【图片】, and the line【图片】.答案:6.If【图片】, find the limit of g(x) as x approaches the indicated value.答案:7.Find the derivative of the function below at x=0,【图片】答案:8.【图片】is答案:-1/329.If f (x) is continuous and F′(x) = f(x), then答案:10.Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded bythe curve【图片】and the lines【图片】about【图片】.答案:11.The mean value【图片】that satisfies the Rolle’s Theorem on the function【图片】is答案:12.The critical number of 【图片】is ( )答案:0 and 213.Which statement is true?【图片】答案:A14.If【图片】,then【图片】答案:15.Evaluate【图片】.答案:16.The integtral of【图片】is答案:17.When x approaches infinity, the limit of【图片】is答案:18.The evaluation of integral【图片】is答案:19.If【图片】has continuous second-order derivative, and【图片】, then答案:20.Find the length of the enclosed loop【图片】shown here. The loop starts at【图片】and ends at【图片】.【图片】答案:21.The height of a body moving vertically is given by 【图片】, with s in metersand t in se conds. The body’s maximum height is ( )答案:22.If f (x) is increasing and f(x) > 0, then答案:23. A rock climber is about to haul up 100 N of equipment that has been hangingbeneath her on 40 m of rope that weighs 0.8 newton per meter. How much work will it take? (Hint: Solve for the rope and equipment separately, thenadd.)答案:24.The integral of【图片】is答案:25.Expand【图片】by partial function答案:26.Assume that u is a function of x and v is the derivative of u, then thederivative of arcsin(u) is答案:27.Find the center of mass of a thin plate covering the region bounded below bythe parabola 【图片】and above by the line 【图片】, if the density at the point 【图片】is 【图片】.答案:28.Find the limit【图片】答案:-129.Find the length of the curve【图片】, from【图片】 to【图片】.答案:53/630.Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the regions bounded bythe curve 【图片】and line 【图片】about the x-axis.答案:31.Find the total area of the shaded region in the following picture.【图片】答案:4/332.The total area between the region 【图片】and the x-axis is答案:33.Which statement is NOT true?答案:34.Calculate【图片】答案:-135.The second derivative of the function y=secx is ( )答案:36.If gas in a cylinder is maintained at a constant temperature T, the pressure Pis related to the volume V by a formula of the form 【图片】in which a, b, n, and R are constants. Then【图片】答案:37.If【图片】then【图片】.答案:38.Calculate 【图片】The limit is ( )答案:139.Find the tangent to the folium of descartes 【图片】at the point (3,3)答案:x+y=640.Let 【图片】The tangent line to the graph of g(x) at (0,0) is ( ).答案:x-axis41.Find the derivative of the function below at x=0, 【图片】答案:It does not exist42.Find【图片】答案:43.The average value of 【图片】over theinterval [【图片】] is答案:44.Find the average rate of change of the function【图片】over the giveninterval [2,3]答案:1945.For【图片】 find the number【图片】 by using the two steps learned in 2.3.答案:0.0546.The linearization of the function 【图片】at x=1 is ( ).答案:47.If and only if x=ln(y),y=e^x.答案:正确48.Find the derivative of the function【图片】答案:49.Find the derivative of the function 【图片】It is ( )答案:50.If f (x) is an antiderivative of【图片】then【图片】答案:51.If f ′(x ) < 0, f ′′(x ) < 0, x∈(a, b), then the graph of f (x) on (a, b) is答案:decreasing and concave down.52.If【图片】, find【图片】.答案:753.At what points are the function【图片】 continuous?答案:Discontinuous at odd integer multiples of , but continuous at all other x.54.On what interval is the function 【图片】continuous?答案:55.On what interval is the function【图片】continuous?答案:56.【图片】【图片】and【图片】答案:0, 357.Suppose that the functionf(x)is second order continuous differentiable, and【图片】,【图片】. Therefore,【图片】答案:58.When x approaches 0, the limit of【图片】is答案:59.Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve 【图片】aboutthe x-axis to generate a solid.答案:60.Find the average rate of change of the function【图片】 over the giveninterval [0,2]答案:161.Find the limit of the function【图片】 and is the function continuous at thepoint being approached?答案:The limit is 0 and the function is continuous at62.The integral of [x/(x^2+1)]dx is答案:1/2[ln(x^2+1)]+C63.When x approaches 0, the limit of (1+3x)^(1/x) is答案:e^364.When x approaches infinity, the limit of x^(1/x) is答案:165.When x approaches infinity, for two functions f(x) and g(x), the limit off(x)/g(x) is infinity, and the limit of g(x)/f(x) is 0, thus a relationship between their growth rates can be said that答案:Function f(x) grouws faster than g(x).66. A function f is called a One-to-One function if it never takes on the same valuetwice.答案:正确67.The integtral of [e^(2x+1)]dx is答案:1/2[e^(2x+1)]+C68. A force of 2 N will stretch a rubber band 2 cm (0.02 m). Assuming thatHooke's Law applies, how far will a 4-N force stretch the rubber band?答案:4 cm69.Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve【图片】aboutthey-axis.答案:70.Which statement is true?答案:71.Which statement is false?答案:72.Find the integration formula of the solid volume generated by the curve 【图片】, the x-axis, and the line 【图片】revolved about the x-axis by the shell method.答案:73.Find the integration formula of the area of the region bounded above by thecurve 【图片】, below by the curve 【图片】, on the left by 【图片】, and on the right by 【图片】.答案:74.If 【图片】is continuous on [-1,1] and the average value is 2, then 【图片】答案:475. A cubic function is a polynomial of degree 3; that is, it has the form 【图片】,where a≠0. Then ( ) is false.答案:x=1 is critical number when the cubic function has only one criticalnumber.76.The graph of【图片】has ( )asymptotes.答案:377.If 【图片】then答案:78.The average value of【图片】on【图片】is答案:79.If f (x) is continuous on (−1, 1), and【图片】then答案:80.The derivative of the function【图片】 is答案:81.The function 【图片】has ( )答案:A. neither a local maximum nor a local minimum82.Find the derivative of function【图片】答案:83.Find y' , if【图片】答案:84.The derivative of 【图片】is( )答案:85.Let【图片】,Then【图片】答案:18x(x+1)86.At what points, is the function 【图片】continuous?答案:A. Discontinuous only when x= 3 or x= 187.Find the derivative of x(e^x).答案:e^x(x+1)88.The integral of (1/x)dx is答案:ln|x|+C89.Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve 【图片】aboutthe y-axis to generate a solid.答案:90.Find the length of the curve【图片】.答案:7ing the trapezoidal rule to estimate the integralwith n=4 steps【图片】答案:0.70500。
描写高个外貌的作文英语
In the tapestry of human diversity,physical attributes often serve as the first brushstrokes that paint an individuals image in the minds of others.Among these,height stands out as a prominent feature,shaping first impressions and,at times,influencing social interactions.This narrative seeks to delve into the experiences of individuals who are tall, exploring the unique perspectives they bring to the world and the distinctive challenges they face.Tall individuals,often towering over their peers,are frequently the subject of both admiration and curiosity.Their stature can be a source of pride,as it is often associated with strength,confidence,and a commanding presence.For instance,take the case of Alex,a young man who,at the age of21,stands at an impressive65.His height has been a defining characteristic since his teenage years,setting him apart in a crowd and often leading to him being the center of attention at social gatherings.Alexs height has been both a blessing and a curse.On one hand,it has given him an air of authority and has been an asset in his chosen sport of basketball,where he is a formidable presence on the court.His long limbs and reach allow him to dominate in defense and effortlessly score points, earning him the respect and admiration of his teammates and opponents alike.However,being tall also comes with its own set of challenges.Alex often finds himself bumping his head on low door frames or struggling to find clothing that fits his frame comfortably.Public transportation,with its limited space,can be particularly uncomfortable for him,as he is oftenforced to hunch over to avoid hitting his head on the overhead handrails.Moreover,societal expectations can place additional pressure on tall individuals.They are sometimes expected to be more outgoing,assertive, or even intimidating,which may not align with their true personalities.For Alex,this has led to moments of selfconsciousness,as he has had to navigate the delicate balance between embracing his height and not letting it define him.In the professional world,height can also play a role in how individuals are perceived.Studies have shown that taller people are often seen as more competent and are more likely to be promoted to leadership positions. This phenomenon,known as heightism,can be both advantageous and disheartening for those who are tall,as it suggests that their physical stature may influence their career trajectory more than their skills or qualifications.Despite these challenges,many tall individuals,like Alex,learn to embrace their height and use it to their advantage.They develop a sense of humor about their stature,often poking fun at themselves and using their height as an icebreaker in social situations.This ability to laugh at oneself can be a powerful tool in building connections and disarming any potential awkwardness that their height might cause.Furthermore,tall individuals often possess a unique perspective on the world,quite literally.Their elevated vantage point allows them to see things from a different angle,both literally and metaphorically.This canlead to innovative thinking and a broader understanding of the world around them.In conclusion,being tall is a multifaceted experience that encompasses both advantages and disadvantages.It shapes an individuals interactions with the world in various ways,from the physical challenges of navigating spaces not designed for their height to the social and professional implications of being perceived as a commanding presence.By embracing their stature and using it to their advantage,tall individuals like Alex can turn what might be seen as a disadvantage into a unique strength.。
山西省大同一中等重点中学2025届高三(最后冲刺)英语试卷含解析
山西省大同一中等重点中学2025届高三(最后冲刺)英语试卷考生须知:1.全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分,全部在答题纸上作答。
选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂;非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。
2.请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。
3.保持卡面清洁,不要折叠,不要弄破、弄皱,在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。
第一部分(共20小题,每小题1.5分,满分30分)1.High-speed trains which travel through my hometown ________ up to 250 km per hour make it a small world. A.with B.againstC.at D.over2.I was on a business trip then, otherwise I ________ to the hospital for tests.A.went B.had goneC.would have gone D.would go3.---Do you think Peter is a good partner?--- Not really! There are some things that are not easy to ________ , and his laziness is one.A.put aside B.put up withC.think of D.get along with4.--- I’ll send you the signed contract personally this time tomorrow.--- Sorry, I ______ a meeting then.A.am attending B.attendedC.have attended D.will be attending5.Facing the global financial crisis, the Chinese government has taken many measures ________ people's life to deal with it.A.related B.related toC.relating D.relating to6.Philips won 8 gold medals at the Beijing Olympic Games, __________astonished the world.A.that B.which C.what D.who7.Never turn down a job because you think it’s too small. You don’t know _____ it can lead.A.how B.whereC.whether D.what8.It was announced that only after the candidates’ papers were collected _____to leave the room.A.had they been permitted B.would they be permittedC.that they would be permitted D.that they had been permitted9.Some people are able to multitask well—they can two or more businesses at the same time very well. A.turn to B.relate toC.lead to D.attend to10.Perhaps you ________ stop playing computer games now. Your boss may be turning up in the office at any moment. A.will B.must C.should D.can11.-Could you possilby take to the railway station tomorrow?A.No way B.Never mind C.Not at all D.No problem12.Many people fall into panic due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan but experts don’t expect this to be ________ as proper measures have been taken.A.compulsory B.contemporary C.temporary D.permanent13.The farmer used wood to build a house ________ to store grain.A. thatB. in whichC. whichD. what14.If you have a job, ______ yourself to it and finally you’ll succe ed.A.do devote B.to devoteC.devoting D.devoted15.— I am worn out. —Me too, all work and no play. So it’s time to ________.A.burn the midnight oil B.push the limitsC.go with the flow D.call it a day16.The little girl ________ a foreign language fairly quickly.A.picked up B.got up C.stepped up D.made up17.Wild swans’ ________ in the area is a good indication of a better environment.A.exhibition B.escapeC.absence D.appearance18.— Looking back on _____ in years gone by and the good time that I had makes today seem rather sad.— Absolutely. So much has changed.A.how it was B.who it was C.how was it D.who was it19.---I went to see The Wandering Earth last night. It was fantastic!---You were so lucky! How I wish I _____ the ticket too.A.get B.gotC.had got D.would get20.—What a pity! You missed my birthday party.—Terribly sorry!___________my uncle not visited me unexpectedly.A.Should B.WouldC.Had D.Did第二部分阅读理解(满分40分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
26个英语字母教学课件
The style and form of letter shapes can vary depending on the typeface or font used.书法 (calligraphy) is the art of beautifully writing letters, often using specialized tools and techniques.
Encourage students to practice writing the letter C in different sizes and styles.
Letter D
01
02
Summary: The letter D has a closed circular shape at the top and a straight line connected to the bottom of the circle.
Common Words
The letter B is found in many common English words, such as "bed", "bus", "box", "ball".
Pronunciation and Writing of A-B
Teaching Pronunciation
When teaching the pronunciation of letters A and B, teachers should provide clear examples and demonstrate the correct pronunciation. Students should be encouraged to imitate and practice.
小学上册第9次英语第5单元综合卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第5单元综合卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. TransformationD. Development 答案: A. Metamorphosis2.Helium was first discovered in the ______ spectrum.3.The capital of Indonesia is _______.4. A ____ has large, flapping ears and can hear very well.5.What do we call the stars and planets in the sky?A. UniverseB. Solar SystemC. GalaxyD. Atmosphere答案: A6.The _______ (The fall of the Berlin Wall) marked the end of Communist control in Eastern Europe.7.My friend is very ________.8.When it snows, I enjoy making __________ with my friends. (雪人)9.What is the main purpose of a refrigerator?A. To heat foodB. To cool foodC. To cook foodD. To freeze food答案: B10. A _____ (植物研究合作) can lead to groundbreaking discoveries.11.The __________ is a natural wonder located in the United States. (黄石公园)12.Turtles can live for a ______ (很长的时间).13.My brother is __________ (富有想象力).14. A ____(mixed-use development) combines residential and commercial spaces.15.What is the name of the famous ancient ruins in Mexico?A. TeotihuacanB. Machu PicchuC. Angkor WatD. Petra答案: A16.We visit the ______ (自然史博物馆) to learn about fossils.17.The discovery of ________ changed the course of history.18. A dolphin leaps gracefully out of the _______ and splashes down again.19.I enjoy playing ________ with my family.20.I like to ___ (play/watch) games.21.What do we call a young female goat?A. KidB. CalfC. LambD. Foal答案:A.Kid22.My friend is __________ (聪明绝顶).23.The _______ can change its shape with the seasons.24.The _____ (养分) in the soil is vital for plant health.25.What is the term for a young goat?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案: B26.An electric motor converts electrical energy into _______ energy.27.Animals that have scales are typically __________.28.The capital of Bonaire is __________.29.My favorite animal is a ______ (dolphin).30. A __________ is a reaction that involves a change in temperature.31.The first successful cloning of a mammal was of _____.32.I like to go ________ (爬山) with my friends.33.The ______ (小鸟) builds a nest for its eggs.34.My _____ (仓鼠) runs on its wheel.35.The ______ helps us learn about communication.36.The painting is very ___ (colorful).37.I often visit my ____.38.I can see a ______ in the sky. (bird)39. A strong acid has a pH less than ______.40.The atomic number of an element tells you the number of _____ (protons) it has.41.What do we call the part of the brain that controls balance?A. CerebellumB. CerebrumC. BrainstemD. Cortex答案:A42.The __________ is a famous natural landmark in the United States. (黄石公园)43.The capital of Ecuador is __________.44.The iguana is often seen basking in the ______ (阳光).45.The __________ (农业) is important for our economy.46.The ______ (小龙) is a mythical creature often found in ______ (故事).47.What is the term for a baby capybara?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Hatchling答案:c48.The fish swims in the ___. (water)49.The chemical formula for calcium chloride is ______.50.The ancient Romans practiced ________ (宗教多元).51.I want to _____ (go/stay) at home.52.The speed of light is very ______.53.What do we call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CalfD. Chick答案:B54.The chemical formula for yttrium oxide is _____.55.The Earth's surface is shaped by both climatic and ______ factors.56.Understanding plant _____ (结构) helps in gardening.57.The _____ (spoon) is shiny.58.The _____ (温带雨林) hosts a variety of plant species.59.The balloon is ______ (floating) in the air.60.The river is ______ (calm) and clear.61. A solution with a pH of contains more ______ than a solution with a pH of .62. A ____ is a large animal that can be trained to work.ets are made of ice, dust, and ______.64.__________ are used in the beauty industry for skincare.65.The _____ is a phenomenon where the moon blocks the sun.66.My cat enjoys the warmth of the _______ (阳光).67.The __________ is important for keeping bones strong.68.The __________ is the area of land between two rivers.69.The __________ (历史的深度剖析) reveals nuances.70.Certain plants can ______ (提供) habitat for endangered species.71. A _______ can measure the amount of energy consumed by a device.72.The ________ was a significant treaty that fostered diplomatic relations.73.The chemical symbol for silver is ________.74.I like to draw pictures of my ________ (玩具名) and imagine their adventures.75.I share my toys with my ______. (我和我的______分享玩具。
航海英语翻译
第六章 34-54,第七章第九节 93-98,第八章99-110,第十章 128-144,第十一章 145-163,第十三章 174-192 第一节第二节各类证书的内容、展期与更新各类报表(海事、海关、检疫、边防等)航海图书资料( 16)第二章航海图书资料(1-16)第一节第二节第三节第1组航路指南进港指南航海出版物(灯标表、天文表、海员手册、大洋航路图等) 1. __D____ are published for the correction of AdmiraltyCharts. A.Admiralty Sailing Directions B.Admiralty List of Signals C.Mariner's Handbook D.Admiralty Notices to Mariners 英版《航海通告》出版用于英版海图的改正。
2.___C___ gives a description of the combined Cardinal and Lateral Buoyage system including textual and diagrammatic explanations of the five types of marks;lateral;cardinal,isolated danger;safe water and special marks. A.Ocean Passages for the World(NP136) B.Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty Charts,Chart 5011 C.IALA Maritime Buoyage System(NP735)D.The Mariners Handbook(NP100)国际航标协会海上浮标系统给出有关包括文字和图表解释的方位标和侧标(五种航标:侧标,方位标,安全水域,特殊标志)的描述。
翻译
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All GPIO pins are I/O/Z and have an internal pullupenabled upon reset.,JTAGInternal Reference Positive Output.ceramic bypassADCREFP 56 P5 P5capa citor of 2.2 μF to analog ground. (O)Memory blocks are not to scale.Peripheral FrameAssumes。
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Force parameters
1500N for 0.5 mm 3300N for 0.75mm 5900N for 1mm
Principles
2. Chemical composition
Principles
Method 1
Gap between the punch and the die
Equal to the thickness of sheet metal The punch has no complete touch with the die at the corner
[7] F. Pourpoghrat, E. Chu, Prediction of springback and side-wall curl in 2D draw bending, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 50 (1–4) (1995) 361–374.
[8] J. Shu, C. Hung, Finite element analysis and optimisation of springback reduction: the double-bent technique, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 36 (4) (1996) 423–434.
[16] P.S. Dunston, S. Ranjithan, L.E. Bernold, Neural network model for the automated control of springback in rebars, IEEE Expert 11 (4) (1996) 45– 49.
船舶与海洋工程论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献A Simple Prediction Formula of Roll Damping of Conventional Cargo Ships on the Basis of lkeda's Method and Its LimitationSince the roll damping of ships has significant effects of viscosity, it is difficult to calculate it theoretically. Therefore, experimental results or some prediction methods are used to get the roll damping in design stage of ships. Among some prediction methods, Ikeda’s one is widely used in many ship motion computer programs. Using the method, the roll damping of various ship hulls with various bilge keels can be calculated to investigate its characteristics. To calculate the roil damping of each ship, detailed data of the ship are needed to input. Therefore, a simpler prediction method is expected in primary design stage. Such a simple method must be useful to validate the results obtained by a computer code to predict it on the basis of Ikeda,s method, too. On the basis of the predicted roll damping by Ikeda’s method for various ships, a very simple prediction formula of the roll damping of ships is deduced in the present paper. Ship hull forms are systematically changed by changing length, beam, draft, mid-ship sectional coefficient and prismatic coefficient. It is found, however, that this simple formula can not be used for ships that have high position of the center of gravity. A modified method to improve accuracy for such ships is proposed.Key words: Roll damping, simple prediction formula, wave component, eddy component, bilge keel component.IntroductionIn 1970s, strip methods for predicting ship motions in 5-degree of freedoms in waves have been established. The methods are based on potential flow theories (Ursell-Tasai method, source distribution method and so on), and can predict pitch, heave, sway and yaw motions of ships in waves in fairly good accuracy. In roll motion, however, the strip methods do not work well because of significant viscous effects on the roll damping. Therefore, some empirical formulas or experimental dataare used to predict the roll damping in the strip methods.To improve the prediction of roll motions by these strip methods, one of the authors carried out a research project to develop a roll damping prediction method which has the same concept and the same order of accuracy as the strip methods which are based on hydrodynamic forces acting on strips. The review of the prediction method was made by Himeno [5] and Ikeda [6,7] with the computer program.The prediction method, which is now called Ikeda’s method, divides the roll damping into the frictional (BF), the wave (Bw),the eddy (Be) and the bilge keel (Bbk) components at zero forward speed, and at forward speed, the lift (Bi) is added. Increases of wave and friction components due to advance speed are also corrected on the basis of experimental results. Then the roll damping coefficient B44 (= roll damping moment (kgfm)/roll angular velocity (rad/sec)) can be expressed as follows: B44 B bk (1)At zero forward speed, each component except the friction and lift components are predicted for each cross section with unit length and the predicted values are summed up along the ship length. The friction component is predicted by Kato’s formula for a three-dimensional ship shape. Modification functions for predicting the forward speed effects on the roll damping components are developed for the friction, wave and eddy components. The computer program of the method was published, and the method has been widely used.For these 30 years, the original Ikeda’s method developed for conven tional cargo ships has been improved to apply many kinds of ships, for examples, more slender and round ships, fishing boats, barges, ships with skegs and so on. The original method is also widely used. However, sometimes, different conclusions of roll mot ions were derived even though the same Ikeda’s method was used in the calculations. Then, to check the accuracy of the computer programs of the same Ikeda’s method, a more simple prediction method with the almost same accuracy as the Ikeda’s original one h as been expected to be developed. It is said that in design stages of ships, Ikeda’s method is too complicated to use. To meet these needs, a simple roll damping prediction method was deduced by using regression analysis [8].Previous Prediction FormulaThe simple prediction formula proposed in previous paper can not be used for modem ships that have high position of center of gravity or long natural roll period such as large passenger ships with relatively flat hull shape. In order to investigate its limitation, the authors compared the result of this prediction method with original Ikeda’s one while out of its calculating limitation. Fig. 1 shows the result of the comparison with their method of roll damping. The upper one is on the condition that the center of gravity is low and the lower one on the condition that the center of gravity is high.From this figure, the roll damping estimated by this prediction formula is in good agreement with the roll damping calculated by the Ikeda’s method for low positi on of center of gravity, but the error margin grows for the high position of center of gravity. The results suggest that the previous prediction formula is necessary to be revised. Methodical Series ShipsModified prediction formula will be developed on the basis of the predicted results by Ikeda’s method using the methodical series ships. This series ships are constructed based on the Taylor Standard Series and its hull shapes are methodically changed by changing length, beam, draft, midship sectional coefficient and longitudinal prismatic coefficient. The geometries of the series ships are given by the following equations. Proposal of New Prediction Method of Roll DampingIn this chapter, the characteristics of each component of the roll damping, the frictional, the wave, the eddy and the bilge keel components at zero advanced speed, are discussed, and a simple prediction formula of each component is developed.As well known, the wave component of the roll damping for a two-dimensional cross section can be calculated by potential flow theories in fairly good accuracy. In Ikeda's method, the wave damping of a strip section is not calculated and the calculated values by any potential flow theories are used as the wave damping.reason why viscous effects are significant in only roll damping can be explained as follows. Fig. 4 shows the wave component of the roll damping for 2-D sections calculated by a potential flow theory.ConclusionsA simple prediction method of the roll damping of ships is developed on the basis of the Ikeda’s original prediction method which was developed in the same concept as a strip method for calculating ship motions in waves. Using the data of a ship, B/d, Cb,Cm, OG/d, G),bBK/B, Ibk/Lpp,(pa, the roll damping of a ship can be approx imately predicted. Moreover, the limit of application of Ikeda’s prediction method to modern ships that have buttock flow stern is demonstrated by the model experiment. The computer program of the method can be downloaded from the Home Page of Ikeda’s Labo (AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (No. 18360415).The authors wish to express sincere appreciation to Prof. N. Umeda of Osaka University for valuable suggestions to this study.References五、Y. Ikeda, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, On roll damping force of shipEffects of friction of hull and normal force of bilge keels, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 161 (1976) 41-49. (in Japanese)六、Y. Ikeda, K. Komatsu, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, On roll damping force of ship~Effects of hull surface pressure created by bilge keels, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 165 (1977) 31-40. (in Japanese)七、Y. Ikeda, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, On eddy making component of roll damping force on naked hull, Journal of the Society of Naval Architects 142 (1977) 59-69. (in Japanese)八、Y. Ikeda, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, Components of roll damping of ship at forward speed, Journal of the Society of Naval Architects 143 (1978) 121-133. (in Japanese) 九、Y. Himeno, Prediction of Ship Roll Damping一State of the Art, Report of Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, No.239, 1981.十、Y. Ikeda, Prediction Method of Roll Damping, Report of Department of Naval Architecture, University of Osaka Prefecture, 1982.十一、Y. Ikeda, Roll damping, in: Proceedings of 1stSymposium of Marine Dynamics Research Group, Japan, 1984, pp. 241-250. (in Japanese)十二、Y. Kawahara, Characteristics of roll damping of various ship types and as imple prediction formula of roll damping on the basis of Ikeda’s method, in: Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodymics, Taipei, China, 2008,pp. 79-86.十三、Y. Ikeda, T. Fujiwara, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, Velocity field around ship hull in roll motion, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 171 (1978) 33-45. (in Japanese)十四、N. Tanaka, Y. Himeno, Y. Ikeda, K. Isomura,Experimental study on bilge keel effect for shallow draftship, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 180 (1981) 69-75. (in Japanese)常规货船的横摇阻尼在池田方法基础上的一个简单预测方法及其局限性摘要:由于船的横摇阻尼对其粘度有显着的影响,所以很难在理论上计算。
The effect of deep excavation-induced lateral soil movements
ORIGINAL ARTICLEThe effect of deep excavation-induced lateral soil movements on the behavior of strip footing supported on reinforced sandMostafa El Sawwaf *,Ashraf K.NazirStructural Engineering Department,Faculty of Eng.,Tanta University,Tanta,Egypt Received 28August 2011;revised 13October 2011;accepted 2November 2011Available online 3December 2011KEYWORDSGranular soil reinforcement;Strip footing;Footing load level;Settlement;Deep excavationAbstract This paper presents the results of laboratory model tests on the influence of deep exca-vation-induced lateral soil movements on the behavior of a model strip footing adjacent to the exca-vation and supported on reinforced granular soil.Initially,the response of the strip footings supported on un-reinforced sand and subjected to vertical loads (which were constant during the test)due to adjacent deep excavation-induced lateral soil movement were obtained.Then,the effects of the inclusion of geosynthetic reinforcement in supporting soil on the model footing behavior under the same conditions were investigated.The studied factors include the value of the sustained footing loads,the location of footing relative to the excavation,the affected depth of soil due to deep excavation,and the relative density of sand.Test results indicate that the inclusion of soil rein-forcement in the supporting sand significantly decreases both vertical settlements and the tilts of the footings due to the nearby excavation.However,the improvements in the footing behavior were found to be very dependent on the location of the footing relative to excavation.Based on the test results,the variation of the footing measured vertical settlements with different parameters are presented and discussed.ª2011Cairo University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.IntroductionIn urban areas,there are many situations where basement con-struction or underground facilities such as cut-and-cover tun-nels are proposed to be constructed adjacent to old buildings.Of greatest concern are buildings with shallow foun-dations that do not extend below the zone of influence of the adjacent excavation.Due to the greater depth of the founda-tion level of the new building below the existing foundation le-vel of the old building,the excavation needs to be braced during foundation construction.A major concern is to prevent or minimize damage to adjacent buildings and underground utilities using different types of retaining monly adopted wall types include contiguous piles,secant piles,sheet*Corresponding author.Tel./fax:+20403352070.E-mail address:Mos_sawaf@ (M.El Sawwaf).2090-1232ª2011Cairo University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Peer review under responsibility of Cairo University.doi:10.1016/j.jare.2011.11.001pile wall or diaphragm walls.However,basement excavation works for the new building always cause ground movements in soil under foundations of adjacent building behind the retaining structure.These soil movements due to excavation in front of a retaining wall in turn can induce large deflection which may lead to structural distress and failure on the foun-dations supporting existing structures behind the wall.The magnitude and distribution of ground movements for a given excavation depend largely on soil properties,excavation geom-etry including depth,width,and length,and types of wall and support system,and construction procedures.Because of the great effects of deep excavation-induced ground movements on the nearby structures,the assessment of ground movements’effects of deep excavations has been the subject of interest of several studies.Most of these re-searches have been on the prediction of ground settlement and the lateral movement associated with deep excavation [1–8].Clough and O’Rourke[2]extended the work by Peck [1]and developed empirical settlement envelopes.Ou et al.[3]compiled and analyzedfield data regarding wall movement associated with deep excavation and defined the apparent influence range for damage assessment of adjacent structures. Yoo[5]collectedfield data on lateral wall movement for walls constructed in soils overlying rock from more than60different excavation sites and analyzed the data with respect to wall and support types.Also,Leung and Ng[8]collected and analyzed field monitored data on lateral wall deflection and ground sur-face settlement of the performance of14multi propped deep excavations in mixed ground conditions.Since many high-rise buildings are supported on pile foun-dations,there is a concern that lateral ground movements resulting from the soil excavation may adversely affect the nearby pile foundation systems.Several numerical and experi-mental studies were conducted to examine the behavior of piles subject to excavation-induced soil movement[9–15].These studies have demonstrated that lateral soil movements from excavation activities can be detrimental to nearby existing piles.Several studies have reported the successful use of soil rein-forcement as a cost-effective method to improve the load–set-tlement behavior of cohesionless soils under shallow foundations[16–23].This was achieved by the inclusion of multiple layers of geogrid at different depths and widths under the footing.These reinforcements resist the horizontal shear stresses built up in the soil mass under the footing and transfer them to the adjacent stable layers of soils and thereby improve the vertical behavior of the footing.The focus of the aforementioned previous studies were the estimation of maximum wall movement,the estimation of ground surface settlement,its effect on the exciting deep pile foundations and the potential of damage to occur to adjacent building due the differential settlement.However to the best knowledge of the author,the behavior of shallow footing sup-ported on either un-reinforced or reinforced soil adjacent to deep excavation has not been investigated.Hence,there is a lack of information in the literature about the effect of deep excava-tion-induced lateral soil movements on the behavior of reinforced soil loaded by strip loading.Therefore,the aim of this research was to model the retaining wall rotations and its effect on the behavior of a strip footing supported on either un-reinforced or reinforced sand.The object was to study the relationships between the lateral soil displacements due to deep excavation and the response of model footings and the variable parameters including initial relative density of sand,the foot-ing load level,and the location of the footing relative to the excavation.Model box and footingThe experimental model tests were conducted in a test box, having inside dimensions of 1.00m·0.50m in plan and 0.50m in depth.The test box is made from steel with the front wall made of20mm thickness glass and is supported directly on two steel columns.These columns arefirmlyfixed in two horizontal steel beams,which arefirmly clamped in the lab ground using4pins.The glass side allows the sample to be seen during preparation and sand particle deformations to be observed during testing.The tank box was built sufficiently ri-gid to maintain plane strain conditions by minimizing the out of plane displacement.To ensure the rigidity of the tank,the back wall of the tank was braced on the outer surface with two steel beamsfitted horizontally at equal spacing.The inside walls of the tank are polished smooth to reduce friction with the sand as much as possible by attachingfiber glass onto the inside walls.In order to correctly simulate the deep excava-tion-induced ground movement characteristics on the adjacent footing,a498mm in length steel plate made with rotating hinge was used as shown in Fig.1.The steel plate was allowed to rotate anticlockwise direction around the hinge and the resulting settlements of the footing due to the lateral move-ments of soil under the footing were measured.A model strip footing made of steel with a hole at its top center to accommodate a bearing ball was used.The footing was498mm long,80mm in width and20mm in thickness. The footing was positioned on the sand bed with the length of the footing running the full width of the tank.The length of the footing was made almost equal to the width of the tank in order to maintain plane strain conditions.The two ends of the footing plate were polished smooth to minimize the end friction effects.A rough base condition was achieved byfixing a thin layer of sand onto the base of the model footing with epoxy glue.The load is transferred to the footing through a bearing ball.Such an arrangement produced a hinge,which al-lowed the footing to rotate freely as it approached failure and eliminated any potential moment transfer from the loading fixture.The loading system consists of a horizontal lever mecha-nism with an arm ratio equal to4,pre-calibrated load cell, and incremental weights as shown in Fig.1.The load was applied by small incremental weights which were maintained constant until the footing vertical displacements had stabilized. The settlement of the footing was measured using two50mm travel dial gauges accurate to0.001mm placed on opposite sides of the footing at points A and B.Material and methodsTest materialThe sand used in this research is medium silica sand washed, dried and sorted by particle size.It is composed of rounded to sub-rounded particles.The specific gravity of the soil parti-cles was measured according to ASTM standards854.Three tests were carried out producing an average value of specific338M.El Sawwaf and A.K.Nazirgravity of2.66.The maximum and the minimum dry unit weights of the sand were found to be18.44and15.21kN/m3 and the corresponding values of the minimum and the maximum void ratios were0.44and0.75.The particle size dis-tribution was determined using the dry sieving method and the results are shown in Fig.2.The effective size(D10),the mean particle size(D50),uniformity coefficient(C u),and coefficient of curvature(C c)for the sand were0.12mm,0.38mm, 4.25and0.653respectively.In order to achieve reasonably homogeneous sand beds of reproducible packing,controlled pouring and tamping techniques were used to deposit sand in layers into the model box.In this method the quantity of sand for each layer,which was requiredrelative density,wasfirst weighed toand placed in the bin and eliminatedcompactor until achieving the requiredimental tests were conducted onaverage unit weights of16.37and17.50kN/m3representing loose and dense conditions,respectively.The relative densities of the samples(R d)were35%and75%,respectively.The esti-mated internal friction angle of the sand determined from direct shear tests using specimens prepared by dry tamping at the same relative densities were33.2°and39.4°,respectively.Geogrid reinforcementOne type of geogrid with peak tensile strength of13.5kN/m was used as reinforcing material for the model tests.Typical physical and technical properties of the grids were obtained from manufacturer’s data sheet and are given in Table1.Fig.1Schematic view of the experimental apparatus.size distribution of the used sand.Table1Engineering properties of geogrid. StructureAperture shapeAperture size,mm·mmPolymer typeWeight,g/m2Tensile strength at2%strain,kN/mTensile strength at5%strain,kN/mAt peak tensile strength kN/mThe experimental setup and test programThe experimental work aimed to study the effects of deep exca-vation-induced lateral soil movements on the behavior of a strip footing placed at different locations adjacent to the exca-vation and supported on either un-reinforced or reinforced sands.A425mm in height soil model samples were constructed in layers with the bed level and excavation ob-served through the front glass wall.Initially beds of either loose or dense sand were placed by pouring and tamping.In the reinforced tests,layers of geogrid were placed in the sand at predetermined depths during preparing the ground soil. The inner faces of the tank were marked at25mm intervals to facilitate accurate preparation of the sand bed in layers. On reaching the reinforcement level,a geogrid layer was placed and a layer of sand is poured and tamped and so on.The prep-aration of the sand bed and geogrid layers was continued in layers up to the level required for a particular depth of embed-ment.Great care was given to level the sand using special rulers so that the relative density of the top surface was not af-fected.The footing was placed at desired position andfinally the load was applied incrementally until it reached the required value and it was kept constant during the test.All tests were conducted with new sheets of geogrid used for each test.It should be mentioned that three series of tests were performed to study the effects of the depth of a single geogrid layer(u), the vertical spacing between layers(x)and the layer length (L)as shown in Fig.3.These series were performed on footings supported on dense sand using three layers of geogrid(N=3). The maximum improvement was obtained at depth ratio of u/ B=0.30,x/B=0.60and L/B=5.0.Thesefindings were consistent with the observed trends reported by Das and Omar [19],and El Sawwaf[22].Therefore,the test results andfigures are not given in the present manuscript for brevity and the val-ues of u/B=0.30and x/B=0.60and L/B=5.0were kept constant in the entire test program.A total of50tests in three main groups were carried out. Tests of group I(series1–3)were performed on model footing supported on sands with excavation at loose and dense condi-un-reinforced sand.In these tests,sand samples were set up at the required relative density.Then,the footing was placed in position and the load was applied incrementally until it reached the required value which was kept constant until the end of the test.Finally,the wall was forced to rotate and both lateral displacement of the wall and the vertical settlement of the footing were observed and measured.The studied param-eters include the value of footing load level(q m/q u),the loca-tions of the footing from the excavation(b/B),the relative density of sand(R d),and the different heights of rotation (H/B).Finally group III(series10–15)were carried out to study the effect of deep excavation-induced lateral soil move-ments on the behavior of strip model footing when placed on reinforced sand.The geometry of the soil,model footing, deep excavation and geogrid layers is shown in Fig.3.Table 2summaries all the tests programs with both the constant and varied parameters illustrated.Several tests were repeated at least twice to examine the performance of the apparatus, the repeatability of the system and also to verify the consis-tency of the test data.Very close patterns of load–settlement relationship with the maximum difference in the results of less than3.0%were obtained.The difference was considered to be small and negligible.It demonstrates that the used technique procedure and adopted loading systems can produce repeat-able and acceptable tests results.Results and discussionBearing capacity testsModel footing tests were carried out on un-reinforced loose and dense sands to measure the ultimate bearing capacity and the associated settlement of the model footing to establish the required values of the sustained constant load during the tests.Several values of monotonic loads applied prior to soil excavation were adopted to represent different values of factors of safety(FS=q u/q m).The footing settlement(S)is ex-pressed in non-dimensional form in terms of the footing width (B)as the ratio(S/B,%).The bearing capacity improvement of the footing on the reinforced sand is represented using a non-dimensional factor,called bearing capacity ratio(BCR).This factor is defined as the ratio of the footing ultimate pressure reinforced sand(q u reinforced)to the footing ultimate pressure when supported on un-reinforced sand(q u).The ultimate bear-ing capacities for the model footing are determined from the load–displacement curves as the pronounced peaks,after which the footing collapses and the load decreases.In curves which did not exhibit a definite failure point,the ultimate load is taken as the point at which the slope of the load settlement curvefirst reach zero or steady minimum value[24].The mea-sured bearing load of model footing supported on un-rein-forced loose,and dense sands are147,and510N respectively.Typical variations of bearing capacity pressure(q)of foot-ing supported on dense sand with settlement ratio(S/B)for different number of geogrid layers are shown in Fig.4a.The behavior of the footing placed on un-reinforced sand is in-cluded in thefigure for comparison.Thefigure clearly shows that soil reinforcement greatly improves both the initial stiff-ness(initial slope of the load–settlement curves)and the bear-ing load at the same settlement level.Also,for the same footing load,the settlement ratio decrease significantly by340M.El Sawwaf and A.K.Nazirincreasing the number of geogrid layers.The curves show thatthe inclusion of four geogrid layers resulted in the increase of the ultimate bearing load to294.01kN/m2relative to a value of125.28kN/m2for the case of un-reinforced sand.However, these improvements in bearing capacity were accompanied with an increase in both settlement ratio and footing tilt.This increase in footing ultimate load can be attributed to reinforcement mechanism,which limits the spreading and lat-eral deformations of sand particles.The mobilized tension in the reinforcement enables the geogrid to resist the imposed horizontal shear stresses built up in the soil mass beneath the loaded area.With increasing the number of geogrid layers, the contact area and interlocking between geogrid layers and soil increases.Consequently,larger soil displacements and hor-izontal shear stresses built up in the soil under the footing were resisted and transferred by geogrid layers to larger mass of soil. Therefore,the failure wedge becomes larger and the frictional resistance on failure planes becomes greater.The effect of number of geogrid layersTypical variations of BCR measured from model tests against number of layers are shown in Fig.4b.Two series of tests were carried out with all the variable parameters were kept constant except the number of layers was varied.It can be seen that the BCR much improves with the number of geogrid layers for both relative densities of sand.However,the effect of soil rein-forcement in dense sand is much greeter than that when placed in loose sand.The curves show that the increase in the BCR is significant with increasing number of geogrid layers until N=3after which the rate of load improvement becomes much less.Similar conclusion that N=3is the optimum num-ber of layers were given by previous studies of centrally loaded strip or square plates over reinforced sands[16,19,22].How-ever,it should be mention that the optimum number of geogrid layers is much dependent on the vertical spacing be-tween geogrid layers and the embedment depth of thefirst layer.This is due to the fact that soil reinforcement is signifi-cant when placed in the effective zone under the footing. Deep excavation-induced lateral displacements testsModel tests were carried out to model the rotation of retaining wall and the associated lateral soil displacements on the behav-ior of adjacent strip footing supported on either un-reinforcedBehavior of strip footings adjacent to deep excavation341or reinforced sand at different densities.In these tests,the model retaining walls were forced to rotate around a hinge. The settlements and tilts of the model footings due to the wall rotations were measured.The lateral wall displacement(D)at the wall top was measured as shown in Fig.3and the wall rotation is expressed in non-dimensional form as the ratio D/H,%).The improvements in deep excavation nearby-modelIn order to investigate the effect of footing load level on the deep excavation-nearby footing behavior,three different val-ues of q m/q u equal to0.30,0.45,and0.60were applied to the footing and were kept constant before allowing the retaining wall to rotate.In these tests,the depth of excavation(H/ B=3)along with the location of the footing(b/B=0)were kept constant.Fig.5shows typical variations of wall rotation (D/H)against settlement ratio(S/B)for model footings sup-ported on both un-reinforced and reinforced dense sand.The figure shows that the footing settlement increases significantly with increasing the value of footing load q m/q u particularly when supported on un-reinforced sand.However,the inclusion of soil reinforcement not only much improves footing behavior and significantly decreases the footing settlements but also provided more stability to the footing.For example,footing on un-reinforced sand loaded with q m/q u=0.45and0.60 and subjected to wall rotation failed with punching and tilted. However,the inclusion of soil reinforcement significantly de-creased the deformations of supporting soil and no punching failure was observed.Fig.6a shows the variations of settlement ratio S/B with the footing load level q m/q u of footing supported on un-reinforced and reinforced sands set up at both loose and dense conditions. It can be seen that the footing settlement increases with increasing monotonic load level.Thefigure clearly indicates that geogrid reinforcement causes significant reduction in the footing settlement in dense sand particularly at greater footing load level.However,the inclusion of soil reinforcement in loose sands causes little effect on the footing behavior.Effect of footing location relative to the excavationIn order to study the effect of the proximity of a footing to the excavation(b/B),four series of tests were carried out on model footings placed at different locations as shown in Table2.While thefirst two series were carried out on un-reinforced loose and dense sands,the other two series were performed on reinforced sands set up at the same relative densities.The variations of the settlement ratio S/B against the footing locations b/B are shown in Fig.6b.As the footing location moves away from the excava-tion,the effect of deep excavation-induced lateral soil move-ments decreases.However,the effect of deep excavation on the footing behavior is obvious until a value of about b/B=3 after which the effect can be considered constant.Also,it can be seen that the inclusion of soil reinforcement in dense sands causes greater effect on the footing behavior when the footing location was closer to the excavation.The effect of the height of rotationWhen approaching failure,a yield point is mobilized about which the retaining system may rotate.The depth of the af-fected depth of soil under the footing depends on the location of this point.However the location of this point depends in turn on several factors including type of soil,excavation depth, type of retaining system,the stiffness of retaining system and the support system.In order to study the effect of the depth of affected soil(H)under the footing due to the wall rotation, four series of tests were performed on model footing supportedFig.5Variations of S/B with D/H for different values of footing load level.on un-reinforced and reinforced dense sands.In these tests,the value of the footing load (q m /q u =0.30)was kept constant.Fig.6c shows the variations of the settlement ratio S /B against the ratio H /B for un-reinforced and reinforced dense sands.It is clear that the increase in the depth of excavation directly causes the footing settlement to increase.However the rate of increase is moderate until a value H /B =2.5after which the effect of H /B is significant.However,the figure shows the beneficial effect of soil reinforcement in decreasing footing settlement particularly at greater height of affected depth of soil for both locations of strip footing.Scale effectsThe present study indicated the benefits that can be obtained when using geogrid to reinforce sandy soil on the behavior of an existing strip footing adjacent to deep excavation and provided encouragement for the application of geosynthetic reinforcement under footing placed at shallow depths.How-ever,the physical model used in this study is small scale while the problem encountered in the field is a prototype footing-cell system.Although the use of small scale models to investigate the behavior of full scale foundation is a widely used tech-nique,it is well known that due to scale effects and the nature of soils especially granular soils,soils may not play the same role in the laboratory models as in the prototype [24].Also,the used reinforcement in this study are prototype geogrid while the used footing was reduced to a certain scale.Further-more,it should be noted that the experimental results were obtained for only one type of geogrid,one size of footing width,and one type of sand.Therefore,application of test results to predict the behavior of a particular prototype relying on these results cannot be made until the above limitations were considered.Despite this,test results provide a useful basis for further research using full-scale tests or centrifugal model tests and numerical studies leading to an increased understanding of the real behavior and accurate design in application of soil reinforcement.ConclusionsThe effect of deep excavation-induced lateral soil movements on the behavior of adjacent shallow strip footing resting on un-reinforced and reinforced sands were modeled and studied.The response of model footings due to the rotation of retaining wall and the associated lateral soil displacements wereare,the greater are footing settlements and tilts.Reinforce-ment is most effective when the footing is placed closer to the excavation and the influence of the excavation on the foot-ing behavior may be neglected once footing was placed a dis-tance of more than three footing width from the excavation.References[1]Peck RB.Deep excavations and tunneling in soft ground.State-of-the-art report.In:Proceedings of the 7th international conference on soil mechanics found engineering.Mexico;1969.p.225–90.[2]Clough GW,O’Rourke TD.Construction induced movements of in situ walls.In:Proceedings of the design and performance of earth retaining structures.Geotechnical Special Publication,vol.25,no.4.New York:ASCE;1990.p 390–470.[3]Ou CY,Hsieh PG,Chiou DC.Characteristics of ground surface settlement during excavation.Can Geotech J 1993;30:758–67.[4]Long M.Database for retaining wall and ground movements due to deep excavations.J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 2001;127(3):203–24.[5]Yoo C.Behavior of braced and anchored walls in soils overlying rock.J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 2001;127(3):225–33.[6]Wang ZW,Ng CW,Liu GB.Characteristics of wall deflections and ground surface settlements in Shanghai.Can Geotech J 2005;42(5):1243–54.[7]Liu GB,Ng CW,Wang ZW.Observed performance of a deep multi-strutted excavation in Shanghai soft clays.J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 2005;131(8):1004–13.[8]Leung HY,Ng CW.Wall and ground movements associated with deep excavations supported by cast in situ wall in mixed ground conditions.J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 2007;133(2):129–43.[9]Finno RJ,Lawence SA,Allawh NF.Analysis of performance of pile groups adjacent to deep excavation.J Geotech Eng ASCE 1991;117(6):934–55.[10]Poulos HG,Chen LT.Pile response due to unsupportedexcavation-induced lateral soil movement.Can Geotech J 1996;33:670–7.[11]Poulos HG,Chen LT.Pile response due to excavation-inducedlateral soil movement.J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 1997;123(2):94–9.[12]Chow YK,Yong KY.Analysis of piles subject to lateral soilmovements.J Inst Eng Singapore 1996;36(2):43–9.[13]Chen LT,Poulos HG.Piles subjected to lateral soil movements.J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 1997;123(9):802–11.[14]Leung CF,Chow YK,Shen RF.Behavior of pile subject toexcavation-induced soil movement.J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 2000;126(11):947–54.。
迈特尔托德湿度仪HX204 HS153软件版本 说明书
Moisture Analyzer HX204/HS153Software Release NotesContents1. HX204 and HS153 Software Version History ......................................................... 22. Software Product Lifecycle Policy ........................................................................... 33. Software version 3.0 and higher ............................................................................. 44. Software version 2.x and 1.x .................................................................................. 85.Support and Contact Information (13)S o f t w a r e R e l e a s e N o t e sS W R e l e a s e N o t e s1. HX204 and HS153 Software Version History1For TDNR (Type Definition Number) update, please contact your METTLER TOLEDO representative.DateTopic DescriptionTerminal Drying Unit TDNR 1 update needed June 25, 2021 Bug FixSee Information on Annex 3.31 3.31 1.60 No Jan 25, 2021 SW update & Bug fix See information on Annex 3.30 3.30 1.60 No May 25, 2020 SW update & Bug fix See information on Annex 3.20 See information on Annex 2.50 3.20 2.50 1.60 No Jan 10, 2020 SW update & bug fixSee information on Annex 3.10 See information on Annex 2.40 3.10 2.40 1.60 No Sept 19, 2019 New Hardware See information on Annex 3.00 3.00 1.50 No June 17, 2019 Bug fixSee information on Annex 2.32 2.32 1.50 No May 15, 2019 SW update & bug fix See information on Annex 2.31 2.31 1.50 No Sept 20, 2017 Bug fix See information on Annex 2.22 2.22 1.40 No Jan 26, 2017 Bug fixSee information on Annex 2.21 2.21 1.40 No Jan 23, 2017 SW update & bug fix See information on Annex 2.20 2.20 1.40 No Oct 15, 2015 Bug fix See information on Annex 2.13 2.13 1.31 No Dec 19, 2014 Bug fix See information on Annex 2.12 2.12 1.30 No Sept 30, 2014 Bug fixSee information on Annex 2.11 2.11 1.30 No July 1, 2014 SW update & bug fix See information on Annex 2.10 2.10 1.20 No Nov 22, 2013 Bug fix Relevant for production only 2.02 1.10 No Nov 07, 2013Bug fixFixes for SmartCal test display2.011.10NoNov 01, 2013 SW update & bug fix A4/Letter printouts, network connectivity, PDF reports, automatic SmartCal normalization, RHT sensor, SOC delay, AutoMet, FreeFactor. Bug Fixes.2.00 1.10 NoDec 19, 2012 SW update & bug fix MT-SICS commands, acoustic feedback, new export functions. Improved test measurement, step drying and SW upgrade process. Bug fixes.1.20 1.10 NoJuly 26, 2012 Bug fixFixes in Russian and Japanese translations 1.10 1.00 No Apr 18, 2012Initial Version HX2041.001.00NoS W R e l e a s e N o t e s2. Software Product Lifecycle PolicyThe Software versions 1.x and 2.x are supported until 20th of December 2022. This means that patches for critical bugs are guaranteed until this date, new features will not be implemented after software version 2.50.The terminals of the instruments with serial number B940371811 and lower contain a processor which only supports software version 1.x and 2.x (terminal software identification 30008642).When using a terminal with the terminal software identification 30535417, the new software version 3.xx or higher is automatically delivered, which will continue to be extended with new features.S W R e l e a s e N o t e s3. Software version 3.0 and higherA new terminal hardware including a different processor is existing in instruments starting with serial number B940371812. This new hardware is not compatible with software versions 2.xx and 1.xx and requires software version 3.0 and higher (terminal software identification 30535417).ANNEX 3.31DescriptionTerminal Software V3.31, Drying Unit Software V1.60S W R e l e a s e N o t e sDescriptionTerminal Software V3.30, Drying Unit Software V1.60S W R e l e a s e N o t e sDescriptionTerminal Software V3.20, Drying Unit Software V1.60ANNEX 3.10DescriptionTerminal Software V3.10, Drying Unit Software V1.60S W R e l e a s e N o t e sANNEX 3.00DescriptionTerminal Software V3.00, Drying Unit Software V1.50S W R e l e a s e N o t e s4. Software version 2.x and 1.xInstruments with serial number B940371811 and lower contain a processor which only supports software version 1.x and 2.x (terminal software identification 30008642) but not 3.x and higher. In case of defect, the terminal needs to be replaced which runs on software version 3.x and higher.ANNEX 2.50DescriptionTerminal Software V2.50, Drying Unit Software V1.60ANNEX 2.40DescriptionTerminal Software V2.40, Drying Unit Software V1.60ANNEX 2.32DescriptionTerminal Software V2.32, Drying Unit Software V1.50S W R e l e a s e N o t e sANNEX 2.31DescriptionTerminal Software V2.31, Drying Unit Software V1.50ANNEX 2.22DescriptionTerminal Software V2.22, Drying Unit Software V1.40S W R e l e a s e N o t e sANNEX 2.21DescriptionTerminal Software V2.21, Drying Unit Software V1.40ANNEX 2.20DescriptionTerminal Software V2.20, Drying Unit Software V1.40S W R e l e a s e N o t e sANNEX 2.13DescriptionTerminal Software V2.13, Drying Unit Software V1.31ANNEX 2.12DescriptionTerminal Software V2.12, Drying Unit Software V1.30S W R e l e a s e N o t e sANNEX 2.11DescriptionTerminal Software V2.11, Drying Unit Software V1.30ANNEX 2.10DescriptionTerminal Software V2.10, Drying Unit Software V1.20S W R e l e a s e N o t e s5. 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基于激光超声的带钢晶粒尺寸在线检测系统
增刊(1)2020年6月HEBEI M ET ALLU RGYSuppl N o.1Jun.2020檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪殏殏殏殏信息自动化基于激光超声的带钢晶粒尺寸在线检测系统武旭1,左文朝2,张佳敏3(1.河钢工业技术服务有限公司,河北石家庄053000;2.营口钢铁有限公司,辽宁营口115005;3.北京科技大学工程技术研究院,北京100083)摘要:金属板带晶粒尺寸在线检测技术是实现板带材组织性能在线实时闭环控制的关键技术,是提高金属板带生产质量的重要手段。
激光超声技术是目前最有可能实现金属板带晶粒尺寸在线无损检测的技术手段。
介绍了基于激光超声技术的晶粒尺寸的检测,阐述了基于超声衰减谱的晶粒尺寸预测模型,设计了实验室环境下满足运动板带检测要求的激光超声系统,研究了板带运动速度,面外抖动对晶粒尺寸准确度的影响。
结果表明,抖动幅度在ʃ7.2mm 内,移动速度控制在20mm /s ,超声检测系统信号稳定,为生产过程中带钢晶粒尺寸的在线检测提供了基础。
关键词:激光超声;晶粒尺寸;分布;在线检测;超声衰减谱中图分类号:TG115.2文献标识码:B文章编号:1006-5008(2020)S1-0096-03doi :10.13630/j.cnki.13-1172.2020.S129ON -LINE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGYOF STRIP GRAIN SIZE BASED ON LASERULTRASONICWu Xu 1,Zuo Wenchao 2,Zhang Jiamin 3(1.HBIS Group Industrial Technology Service Co.,Ltd.,Shijiazhuang ,Hebei ,053000;2.Yingkou Iron &Steel Co.,Ltd.,Yingkou ,Liaoning ,115005;3.Institute of Engineering Technology ,University of Science and Technology Beijing ,Beijing ,100083)Abstract :The on -line measurement technology of the grain size of metal strip is the key technology to real-ize the on -line real -time closed -loop control of the microstructure and properties of metal strip.It is also an important means to improve the production quality of metal strip.Laser ultrasonic technology is the most likely method to realize the on -line nondestructive testing of metal strip grain size.This paper introduces the principle of grain size detection based on laser ultrasonic technology ,expounds the grain size prediction mod-el based on ultrasonic attenuation spectrum ,designs a laser ultrasonic system that can meet the requirements of detecting the moving strip in laboratory environment ,and studies the influence of the strip movement speed and out -of -plane juttering on the accuracy of grain size.The results show that when the dithering ampli-tude is within ʃ7.2mm and the moving speed is 20mm /s ,the ultrasonic detection system signal is stable ,which provides a basis for the online detection of the grain size of strip in the production process.Key Words :laser ultrasonic ;grain size ;distribution ;on -line detection ;ultrasonic attenuation spectrum收稿日期:2020-05-25作者简介:武旭(1986-),女,硕士,工程师,2012年毕业于河北联合大学控制理论与控制工程专业,现在河钢工业技术服务有限公司工作,E -mail :barbiewx@163.com 0引言晶粒尺寸是金属材料微观组织特征的重要参数之一,对金属材料的力学性能、电磁性能有着至关重要的影响。
英语作文胖女孩怎么说
As a high school student, Ive always been conscious of my body image, especially in a society that often idolizes thinness. However, Ive come to understand that beauty comes in all shapes and sizes, and theres no onesizefitsall definition of attractiveness. In English, we can refer to a person who is overweight as a plussized girl or simply as a large girl, but its important to use such terms respectfully and without judgment.Growing up, I was often teased for my size. The words chubby or fat were thrown at me, making me feel selfconscious and uncomfortable in my own skin. But as I matured, I realized that these labels dont define who I am. Instead of letting them bring me down, I decided to embrace my body and promote body positivity.One of the first steps I took was to change the way I spoke about myself. Instead of using derogatory terms, I started using phrases like curvy or fullfigured to describe my body. These words carry a more positive connotation and help to shift the focus from weight to shape.Moreover, I began to challenge societal norms by participating in activities that were traditionally seen as not for me. I joined a dance class, where I learned to move with grace and confidence. I also started running, not to lose weight, but to feel the wind in my hair and the joy of movement. These experiences taught me that my body is capable and strong, regardless of its size.In school, I took the initiative to educate my peers about body positivity. I organized workshops where we discussed the harmful effects of bodyshaming and the importance of selflove. We shared stories of our struggles and victories, creating a safe space for everyone to express themselves without fear of judgment.I also made it a point to follow role models who represented diverse body types. Seeing women like Ashley Graham and Tess Holliday on magazine covers and runways made me feel seen and valued. Their confidence and success showed me that beauty is not exclusive to a certain size.Furthermore, I started to pay attention to the language used in the media.I noticed how certain phrases can perpetuate negative stereotypes about plussized individuals. For example, using terms like fat girl can be offensive and demeaning. Instead, I advocate for the use of more respectful language that acknowledges and celebrates the diversity of body shapes.In conclusion, being a plussized girl in a society that often favors thinness has been a journey of selfdiscovery and empowerment. It has taught me the importance of selflove, body positivity, and the power of language. By embracing my body and challenging societal norms, Ive learned to see beauty in all forms and to appreciate the unique qualities that make each person special. So, to anyone struggling with their body image, remember that you are more than your size, and your worth is not determined by the number on the scale. Embrace your uniqueness and let your confidence shine.。
板翅式换热器翅片性能数值模拟及其优化
板翅式换热器翅片性能数值模拟及其优化摘要:为提升板翅式换热器的综合性能,采用数值模拟方法,探究翅片结构参数对板翅式换热器翅片的流动传热特性的影响。
结果表明,减小翅片长度可以增强板翅式换热器的换热效果,但同时也会增加换热器的阻力,因此要根据实际情况进行综合考虑;在研究范围内,翅片长度在l=5m时,翅片的JF因子最高,综合性能最好;模拟结果在v=5m/s的综合换热效果是最好的,说明在低雷诺数的情况下换热性能要优于高雷诺数的条件。
研究结果可以为板翅式换热器错位翅片的优化设计提供理论指导。
关键词:板翅式换热器;错位翅片;换热性能; JF因子1引言板翅式换热器广泛应用于空分、航天、化工等领域,得益于其传热效率高、紧凑轻巧、适应性强等优点,可在200℃到接近绝对零度的温度区间内工作。
科技工业的发展,对板翅式换热器的综合性能有了更高的要求,主要体现在板式换热器的翅片上,其结构尺寸对换热器的性能影响较大,因此研究翅片结构如何影响板翅式换热器就有重要的应用价值。
本文来源于高温空气换热的实际工程背景,以板翅换热器错位翅片为研究对象,对翅片取不同长度进行建模,利用数值模拟方法,研究错位翅片通道内流场的换热特性,分析结构参数对其换热性能的影响,以JF因子最大为优化目标,对错位翅片结构进行优化研究。
2几何结构及计算模型2.1物理模型及边界条件图1为计算物理模型,其中翅片参数包括翅片高度h、翅片间距s、翅片长度l、翅片厚度t、模型长度L。
为了使流体在翅片入口前端处于充分发展状态,进口段延长了20mm;为了避免出口出现回流现象,出口段延长了50mm。
由于翅片入口前端流体分配均匀,入口边界条件设为速度入口,入口温度为313K。
由于在翅片结构的进出口处添加了延长段,为了维持通道内的雷诺数不变,需要将延长段入口速度进行换算,计算方法如下:本文中当量直径定义为:式中——流体流通截面的面积,m2;——流体流通截面的湿周,m。
出口为了防止回流现象,设为压力出口;上下隔板表面边界条件设为定壁温(443K);侧面设定为对称边界条件,板翅材料为铝,通道流体为空气。
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ON THE PREDICTION OF THE STRIP SHAPE IN A COLD ROLLING MILL (1700 mm)Stefan DRAGOMIR, Georgeta DRAGOMIR,Marian BORDEI“Dunărea de Jos” University of Galatie-mail: doromir@ABSTRACTIn this paper is shown a new way for predict the precision of laminated strip in a cold rolling mill (1700 mm ) .The increasing demands on the quality of rolled strip ; need new technology for monitoring the strip shape, by using complex system control for technological parameter of rolling mill process. It is very important to reduce the dynamics load, to choose the optimal functionary parameters and modern systems to control the stress, tensions, lamination force and speed in cold rolling mill machine.KEYWORDS: shape, prediction, dynamic load, monitoring, roll bending1. IntroductionThe shape control determines the deviation of the measured strip tension stress distribution from the selected set point curve. It uses a special procedure to convert the control deviation into a polynomial whose coefficients can be individually assigned to the available execution elements.These can be: tilt; roll bending; variable crown roll shifting; roll force; strip speed.Each execution element takes over a component of the control difference according to its "execution element efficiency". The analysis is based on the control deviations, a least square analysis and on the self-adapted execution element efficiencies. In order to coordinate the operation of execution elements which have similar effects, the control system uses a priority principle.This ensures that the faster execution elements react for the first, the slower execution elements being brought in later so as to achieve the best possible operating point for the faster execution elements. The flatness control procedure then combines the execution element setting so as to ensure, even during the alteration, a coordinated interaction between the execution elements. In this way undesirable tension distribution during the execution element setting are avoided.The variable combination of the execution element movements, together with the self-learning function for the estimation of the execution element efficiencies allow the application of the control principle for any execution element or stand type.The control system adapts itself automatically to achieve the best performance for any combination of the available execution elements.2. Experiments and resultsThe efficiencies of the mechanical execution elements which are required for the set point calculation and shape control are determined by an "on-line self-learning process" (patent learning).An accurate knowledge of the execution element efficiencies is a prerequisite for the calculation of the execution element set points and a successful compensation of shape errors. The execution element efficiencies are automatically determined on-line during rolling, using measured data from the rolling mill. The self-adaptive estimation of the plant behavior is based on the execution element control actual values and the associated changes in shape values. The self-learning of the execution element efficiencies takes place in two stages. In the first stage the efficiencies are determined based on the strip width. In the second, stage the efficiencies are determined by functionary of the strip width, the roll force and roll diameters by means of neural networks.This two stage operation has the advantage that, even after a short time, that is after the first stage, relatively accurate execution element efficiencies are available to the shape control and that no separate.These, accurate execution element efficiencies are also made available to the process (setup) computerfor the improvement of the calculated preset execution element position (fig.1).Fig.1. On – line monitoring system.The execution element efficiencies are extremely difficult to determine mathematically being heavily dependent on various operating point parameters, such as for example strip width, roll load, roll diameter and roll shape.The strip thickness is not only one of the most important quality factors of rolled strip, it is also of vital importance to the rolling process since shape errors lead to non-uniform distribution of tension stresses across the strip width. As this can lead the strip breaks in many cases, a reliable measurement of the strip tension distribution or shape is necessary. A measure of the shape of a cold-rolled strip is the strip tension stress distribution, recorded across the strip during rolling.Unflatness or waviness for a strip is caused by length differences between neighboring segments across the strip. Provided that the material remains completely stressed and within its elastic range, these length differences are converted proportionally into strip tension stresses.The tension stress distribution across the strip is recorded by the shape measurement roll consisting of a solid body which is divided into individual measuring zone. Each measuring zone contains a sensor which records the pressure resulting from thestrip tension. The sensors are inserted in such a way to prevent the transmission of any forces from the roll body, thus torque and force errors caused by roll bending are not transferred to the sensors.The sensors operate according to the piezzo-electric principle and the recorded signals are processed in charge-coupled amplifiers built in to the shape roll. The output of each charge-coupled amplifier is digitized and transmitted over an optical decoupler to the processing electronics.The processing electronics allocate the signals to the measuring zones, evaluate them and pass them to the monitor for display. Measurement errors are avoided by monitoring the channels continuously and calibrating them automatically. An optimum signal level is ensured by means of automatic amplification switching in the charge-coupled amplifier (Fig. 2.). The research effectuated on the strip shape concerning the thickness, the length, the width, have the purpose to increase a new quality for laminated sheet. It must to control and monitoring all the rolling mill parameters (force, tension, mill speed, rolls bending) and too the drive parameters who can be the attribute of a good work for mill. On the monitoring display of the mill stand it can see the gauge of strip shape, determined by work rolls bending.Fig.2. Shape Measurement, Transmission and ProcessingThis tension distribution is recorded and displayed by the shape measurement system (Fig.3.). The shape control has the task of setting the required strip tension stress distribution whereby the roll gap is matched to the strip shape as far as possible. Various execution elements are available to the shape control for this purpose. Any roll force change causes a corresponding alteration of the roll gap profile leading to shape errors which must be corrected by the shape control. This, delayed, correction is avoided by the implementation of a feed forward control which simultaneously alters the other roll gap execution elements (roll bending) is such way as to compensate the expected effect of a roll gap change.MESSAGE: WR BENDING A T LIMITSTRIP SHAPESTRIPWRBACKUP ROLL WIDTH0 387.5 775 1162.5 1550TENSION 45 kN WIDTH 1550 mm SPEED 350 m/min STRIP LENGTH 8000 mROLL FORCE 11 MNTHICKNESS 250 mm STRIP TENSION DISTRIBUTIONΔl / l 0+ 1.00- 1.000.00+ 0.50- 0.50Fig.3. Shape Display Screen.The relationship between roll force changes and changes of the other execution element positions is given by a factor, which is determined by the on-line self-learning function.A feed forward correction is only executed if it supports the shape control in reducing the shape errors.3. ConclusionsThe strip is subject to additional influences which either cannot be measured or can distort the measurement.These are mainly:-temperature variations over the strip width, in so far as they cannot be compensated:-errors resulting from the geometric changes of the measuring path.-plastic deformation during the winding of the strip on the rewired.These effects mean that the wound strip will display, after cooling, a different shape characteristic that then measured. These factors can be taken into account by adjusting the shape of the set point curve over the following parameters: edge drop; set point curve from and amplitude; coil shape curve from and amplitude. In addition the operator can undertake an on-line set point curve correction during rolling which has an immediate effect on the tilt, bending or edge drop of components of the shape curve.References[1]. 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