英语构词法

英语构词法英语主要有三种构词法：转化、派生和合成，下面简要介绍一下这三种构词法。

1、转化构词法：①有大量的动词可以转化为名词，有时意思没有太大的变化：Let me have a try.我来试一试。

We stopped there for a swim.He went off at a run to consult a doctor.This is for winter wear. Don’t make it too tight.I like a quiet read after supper。

This was a great surprise（strike，shock）to my brother.Have a look（chat，talk，wash，swim，rest，try，quarrel，smoke，lie，read，run，dream，fight，walk，ride，drink，laugh，dance，bathe，wish，win，fear，love，debate，dispute，interview，taste，etc）Make a study（guess，visit，call，survey，jump，slip，change，search，stay，smart，answer，reply，remark，fight，arrest，appeal，purchase，sacrifice，demand，show，deal，attempt，attack，advance，etc）Come to a stop（end，pause）有时意思有一定的变化：He was about the same build as his brother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。

Last year’s catch was four times that of 1986.去年的捕鱼量为1986年的四倍。

This was a decisive move.这是一个决定性的步骤。

They can be used as a stock feed.它们可以作为牲口饲料。

Women have a equal say in everything.妇女在各方面都有同样的发言权。

He won two games；the other two were draws.他赢了两局，另外两局打平了。

②也有相当多的名词可以当动词用。

许多表示物件的名词可以用做动词来表示动作。

Have you booked your ticket？Who chaired the meeting？He pinned great hopes on us.It can seat a thousand people.We have mapped out plans for their utilization.It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students.He hurriedly penciled the time on it.By noon he had bagged three hares.The machine bottles15000 jars of cold cream a day.The money was all pocketed by corrupt officials.He hammered a nail into the wall.有些表示身体部位的名词也可以用来做动词。

Hand in you exercise-books，please.We’ll back you up. We should dare to face any difficulty and danger.Who headed the delegation. （当团长）。

We’ll headed for Yunnan tomorrow.We should shoulder these responsibilities.（肩负）She fingered the silk gently.（抚摩）Soon the seedings shot up and began to ear.（抽穗）１I’m never interested in nosing out the details of someone else’s private life.（探听）They eyed him with suspicion.（注视）一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词：If so，we shall be badly fooled.（上当）He insisted on staying up to nurse the child.（护理）We were hosted by members of the embassy.（款待）Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death.（医治）The equipment was manned by three workers per shift.（操作）He has soldiered in France in his youth.（当兵）The army was officered by brave men.（担任军官）He fathered many inventions.（有过）一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词：Each apartment can house a family of six.（居住）I hope we can room together.（住）This helped to bridge over our difficulties. （度过）They flowered well but bore little fruit. （开花）He floored the room.（装地板）He manured the soil before sowing.（施底肥）An aeroplane was used to dust insecticide.（喷洒）We decided to dam the river.（筑河坝）He is busy oiling the bicycle.（上油）He wolfed down three great bowls of rice.（狼吞虎咽）The pill is coated with sugar.（包有糖衣）Executives，workers and technicians team up.（组织在一起）此外，还有一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词：Where do swallows winter？（过冬）We summered by Lake Geneva.（度夏）For six days and nights they battled to save his life.（苦战）Through my childhood，I had hungered for education.（盼望）This so angered us that we beat him up.（使气愤）The attack must be properly timed.（选择时间）The actual labor force numbered 12000.（计数有）They breakfasted（lunched）at the guesthouse.（吃早饭）Over 1000 students stormed into the Senate building.（冲进）③有不少形容词也可以用做动词：The train slowed down to half its speed.（减慢一半）This is the chief way of narrowing the differences between them.（缩小）Please warm up the dish over the stove.（热一下）The room gradually quieted down.（安静下来）They periodically thinned out leaves.（打掉）Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.（纠正）Nothing dries sooner than a tear.（干）。

Shelly was unable to calm her.The results humbled him.（失体面）Don’t idle away your time.（白白混掉）２They braved the bitter cold to complete the railway.（不顾）Most of these rivers empty into the Pacific Ocean.（流入）He adjusted the lathe and readied the cutting tool.（准备好）She busied herself with household work. Don’t dirty your clothes.They finally freed themselves from slavery.Only thus can we better the life of the people.He felt himself wronged.（受了委屈）His hair is beginning to grey.The newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight.He lowered his voice.另外有个别其他词类的词可用做动词：This helped to further their unity.（促进adv---v）Truth will out.（大白adv---v）3000 workers there downed tools.（放下工具罢工adv---v）Please forward the letter to my new address.（转寄adv---v）She will off and do her own things.（走掉adv---v）I second the motion.（同意num---v）④有不少形容词可用做名词：Nobles constituted seven per cent of the population.（贵族）He didn’t want to disturb the quiet needed by the patients.（安静环境）He’s a dear. When is your French oral？（口语课）Their jobless total（总数）reached a record high（高峰）since 1940.There is only one black in my class.She is investigating the ancients’conception of the universe.（古人）He is a natural for the job. （天生适合……的人）It is necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong.They are running in the final . Our six- year-old is at school.In short，for short，in general，for free，in red，in public，in common，in particular 等.⑤此外，还有个别其他转化的情况：This is a repeat performance of their old policy.（故伎重演）They held a fancy dress ball.（化装）We began to march north.His arguments contains too many ifs and buts.This book is a must for students of electronics.（必读书）Have you considered the why and how of the plan？Have you had a medical yet？（检查身体）⑥有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类，但是重音发生变化.Digest export import increase permit present progress produce record refuse suspect transport perfect content desert transport 等⑦另外有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类，有的拼写无变化，有的拼写发生改变：use---use excuse---excuse house---house mouth---mouth practice---practise advice—advise belief—believe grief---grieve half---halves relief—relieve thief-----theft---thieve receipt—receive weight—weigh half—halve complaint—complain还有一些词转化为另一词时元音或拼法也发生了变化：３bath---bathe breath---breathe blood---bleed food—feed gold—gild proof---prove speech—speak tale—tell sale—sell lose---loss fill—full choose---choice2、派生构词法：派生构词法主要是有词根加后缀构成。