生态学复习资料(陆地生态系统)

A vast semiarid grass-covered plain, as found in southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America. 大草原：一片半干燥的大草原，如在东南欧洲、西伯利亚或中北美洲的a large area of flat unforested grassland in SE Europe or Siberia(东南欧或西伯利亚的)大草原one of the vast usually level and treeless tracts in southeastern Europe or AsiaprairieAn extensive area of flat or rolling, predominantly treeless grassland, especially the large tract or plain of central North America.大草原：多为广阔而无树木的平坦或起伏的草原区域，尤指北美洲中部的大平原a large open area of grassland, especially in North America(尤指北美的)大草原a tract of grassland: as a: a large area of level or rolling land in the Mississippi River valley that in its natural uncultivated state usually has deep fertile soil, a cover of tall coarse grasses, and few trees b: one of the dry treeless plateaus east of the Rocky Mountains that merge on their east side with the prairies proper and are characterized by shorter grasses and drier less fertile soilllanoA large, grassy, almost treeless plain, especially one in Latin America.大平原：尤指南美洲广大、多草、几乎无树的平原(in South America) a treeless grassy plain(南美)大草原an open grassy plain in Spanish America or the southwestern U.S.PampasA vast plain of south-central South America. The Pampas extend for about 1,610 km (1,000 mi) from the lower Paraná River to south-central Argentina.潘帕斯草原：南美洲中南部的大平原。

潘帕斯草原从较低的巴拉那河到阿根廷中南部延伸大约1,610公里(1,000英里）large treeless plains in South America(南美洲的)无树大草原an extensive generally grass-covered plain of temperate So. America east of the Andessavanna也作savannahA flat grassland of tropical or subtropical regions.热带大草原：热带或亚热带地区的平坦草原a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees热带和亚热带稀树草原1: a treeless plain especially in Florida2 a: a tropical or subtropical grassland (as of eastern Africa or northern So. America) containing scattered trees and drought-resistant undergrowth b: a temperate grassland with scattered trees (as oaks)veldt也作veldAny of the open grazing areas of southern Africa.草原：非洲南部开阔的放牧地区open, uncultivated country or grassland in southern Africa. It is conventionally divided by altitude into highveld, middleveld, and lowveld(非洲南部)草原(按照海拔高度分为高草原、中草原和低草原)a grassland especially of southern Africa usually with scattered shrubs or treesselvaA dense tropical rain forest usually having a cloud cover, especially one in the Amazon Basin.热带雨林：茂密的热带雨林，通常林木遮天，尤指亚马逊盆地的a tract of land covered by dense equatorial forest, especially in the Amazon basin(尤指亚马孙盆地的)热带雨林A subarctic, evergreen coniferous forest of northern Eurasia located just south of the tundra and dominated by firs and spruces.泰加群落, 西伯利亚针叶林：欧亚大陆北部冻土地带以南的亚寒带常绿针叶林，主要树种为杉树和柏树the swampy coniferous forest of high northern latitudes, especially that between the tundra and steppes of Siberia泰加群落(森林)a moist subarctic forest dominated by conifers (as spruce and fir) that begins where the tundra endschaparral1.Ecology A biome characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters and dominated by a dense growth of mostly small-leaved evergreen shrubs, as that found in the foothills of California.【生态学】沙巴拉群落：由主要为小叶常绿密生的灌木组成的生物群落，夏季干旱炎热，冬季凉爽湿润，如存在于加利福尼亚州山麓小丘的一个生物群落2. A dense thicket of shrubs and small trees.浓密的灌木丛和矮树丛(N. Amer.)vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes(北美)灌木荆棘丛1: a thicket of dwarf evergreen oaks broadly: a dense impenetrable thicket of shrubs or dwarf trees2: an ecological community composed of shrubby plants adapted to dry summers and moist winters that occurs especially in southern CaliforniatundraA treeless area between the icecap and the tree line of Arctic regions, having a permanently frozen subsoil and supporting low-growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs.苔原：北极地区冰盖和乔本植被线之间的无树地区，有永冻底土，并支撑低的植物，如苔藓、地衣和发育不全的灌木a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen冻原，苔原a level or rolling treeless plain that is characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions, consists of black mucky soil with a permanently frozen subsoil, and has a dominant vegetation of mosses, lichens, herbs, and dwarf shrubs also: a similar region confined to mountainous areas above timberline[附：湿地生态学词汇英文辨析]mire1. An area of wet, soggy, muddy ground; a bog.泥沼：潮湿的、浸水的、泥泞的一块地区；一片泥潭2. Deep, slimy soil or mud.深而滑的土壤或泥a stretch of swampy or boggy ground泥潭；沼泽；泥沼■soft and slushy mud or dirt.烂泥，污泥，淤泥■(Ecology)a wetland area or ecosystem based on peat.(生态)沼泽；泥炭生态系统1: wet spongy earth (as of a bog or marsh)2: heavy often deep mud or slushpeatPartially carbonized vegetable matter, usually mosses, found in bogs and used as fertilizer and fuel.泥炭，泥煤：部分碳化的植物物质，通常指苔藓，见于潮湿地区，用作肥料和燃料a brown soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter and widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel泥炭，泥煤bog1. An area having a wet, spongy, acidic substrate composed chiefly of sphagnum moss and peat in which characteristic shrubs and herbs and sometimes trees usually grow.沼泽，湿地：底面为酸性和湿软的地带，主要由灌木、草类及一些树的水藓泥沼和泥煤构成2. Any of certain other wetland areas, such as a fen, having a peat substrate. Also called peat bog沼泽地区：任一种其它的湿地，有泥炭底面，如沼泽也作peat bog3. An area of soft, naturally waterlogged ground.松软的水泽地区an area of wet muddy ground that is too soft to support a heavy body泥沼，沼泽■(Ecology)wetland with acid peaty soil, typically dominated by peat moss.(生态)酸性泥炭湿地。