The types of sentences(revised)
Types of Sentences
e.g. Listen carefully.
感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence) An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings. It often begins with what and how. e.g. What a beautiful girl! How happy you are!
c. 选择疑问句
Do you like English or Chinese? Which do you prefer, English or Chinese？
d.反义疑问句
isn’t e.g. It is raining ,_____it? is It isn’t raining, ___it?
We don’t know each other.
Practice Can you make some declarative sentences ( 陈 述 句 ） to describe your family?
疑问句（Interrogative Sentence） An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark(?). e.g. Do you like playing football? Would you like some cookies?
省掉它们也常见。
Tell the types of the sentences 1. Stand up, please. 2. Shall we go there or wait here? 3. She can play computer games.
4. I don’t like chatting on-line. 5. What are you going to do this Sunday? 6. How lucky he is! 7. It isn’t a fine day today, is it?
Types of Sentences
Types of Sentences Classification of sentences(1) according to their function/use in communication1)declarative sentence/statement陈述句2)interrogative sentence/question疑问句a)General question/Yes-no question一般疑问句b)Special question/Information question/Wh-question特殊疑问句c)Alternative question选择疑问句d)Disjunctive question/Tag question反意疑问句e)Rhetorical question反问句3)imperative sentence/command祈使句4)exclamatory sentence/exclamation感叹句a) What + n. + 主语+谓语！b) How + adj./adv. +主语+谓语！c) What + a/an + adj.+单数可数n.+主+谓！= How +adj.+ a/an +单数可数n.+ 主+谓！What a clever boy he is! = How clever a boy he is!(2)according to their structure1)Simple sentence简单句2)Compound sentence (independent clause + coordinateconj. + independent clause)并列句3)Complex sentence (main clause + subordinate clause)复合句4)Compound complex sentence并列复合句(3)from a rhetorical point of view1)Loose sentence 松散句(主要信息在前，次要信息在后)E.g.: The universe was created by a mysterious force called Tao, according to Taoism.I was having my dinner when Henry called me.2)Periodic sentence 圆周句/尾重句/掉尾句（次要信息在前，主要信息在后）A periodic sentence is not complete in meaning orstructure until it comes to the last word of the sentence.E.g.: It is generally acknowledged that the sole criterion for truth is practice.3)Balanced sentence 对仗句(two parts with the samestructure and roughly the same length, with similaror contrasted ideas.)He likes ball games; his wife dislikes it.The gentleman values harmony but not uniformity; the small man values uniformity but not harmony. (“君子周而不比，小人比而不周”《论语·为政》)It is not easy to be like everyone else; it is harder to be different from everyone else.。
（完整版）语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案
（完整版）语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案Chapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but thereis no limit to the number of sentences native speakers ofthat language are able to produce and comprehend.3. An endocentric construction is also known as headed constructionbecause it has just one head4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without lossof grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7. Word order plays an important role in the organization ofEnglish sentences.8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word whichbegins with the letter given:1 A s________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command2. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the sametime structurally alone is known as an f__________ clause 3. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject isgrammatically called p_________.4. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clauseis normally called an e_______ clause.6. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense thatnew words are constantly added.7. G_________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase and sentence8. A a__________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s__________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.10. A s__________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1. sentence2. finite3. predicate4. complex5. embedded6. open7. grammatical8. simple9. sentence 10. subjectIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is__________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city and Rome2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5 The phras e “on the half” belongs to ________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another nounphraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases toform grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not toexpose themselves” is a____________sentenceA simpleB coordinateC compound DcomplexAnswers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 A IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Hierarchical structureAnswers :1.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis forshort, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediateconstituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.3. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groupswords into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP. V. Answer the following questions:1. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.2. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4. What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach? Illustrate them with examples ？Answers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as itshead. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3.略4. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.。
英语写作Types of Sentences
1.Identify the type of sentences listed.1.Ms.Lopez went to the store.2.Where is the store?3. Why did she check her list?4. Shut that door now.5. Stop, take your hands off me!6. Look, that man has green hair!2.We should know how to define simple, compound, and complex sentences before using them consciously .Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand.SIMPLE SENTENCEA simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.COMPOUND SENTENCEA compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friendtried to speak English.B. Alejandro played football, so Mariawent shopping.C. Alejandro played football, for Mariawent shopping.The above three sentences are compoundsentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with acomma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?COMPLEX SENTENCEA complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.A. When he handed in his homework, heforgot to give the teacher the last page.B. The teacher returned the homeworkafter she noticed the error.C. The students are studying because theyhave a test tomorrow.D. After they finished studying, Juan andMaria went to the movies.E. Juan and Maria went to the moviesafter they finished studying.When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with theindependent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence.COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex."sentence identification" quizzes1: Helen Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880 and died in 1968.SimpleCompoundComplex2: Until she was 19 months of age, her sight and hearing were normal.SimpleCompoundComplex3: At the age of 19 months, a severe illness left her deaf and blind.SimpleCompoundComplex4: When she was seven, she began her education in reading and writing with Anne Sullivan of the Perkins Institute for the Blind.SimpleCompoundComplex5: Through persistence and stubbornness, Anne breaks through Helen's walls of silence and darkness and teaches her to communicate.SimpleCompoundComplex6: Helen Keller learned to read by the Braille system, and she learned to write by using a specially constructed typewriter.SimpleCompoundComplex7: Later, she entered Radcliffe College and graduated with honors in 1904.SimpleCompoundComplex8: Helen Keller's story needed to be told, so in 1962, a beautiful movie was made about her life.SimpleCompoundComplex9: "If there were only joy in the world, we could never learn to be brave and patient." -- Helen KellerSimpleCompoundComplex10: "Life is either a daring adventure, or it is nothing." -- Helen KellerSimpleCompoundComplextextbook: p37 P38 exercise.3. Read textbook P 39-40.What are the effects of loose, periodic, and balanced sentences?textbook: p41 exercise.4.Short sentences & Long sentences Read 4 discourses in our textbook P 42-43.What are the effects of short sentences & long sentences?。
types of sentences
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences so that the final emphasis falls on the idea in the clause presented at the beginning of each sentence. 1. She was offered ae Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to newspaper reports. 2. The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways. 3. There have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the twentieth century.
Periodic: Although he wanted the job more than anything else in the world, he knew he had little chance of getting it. Or: he knew that, although he wanted the job more than anything else in the world, he had little chance of getting it.
Periodic sentence: the main thought is held suspended until the end or near the end, when it is suddenly released. The periodic sentence is usually emphatic and conclusive because the weight of the statement falls on the long-awaited predication.
WW Types of sentences
• Eg. Alice studied hard. Li Ming and Zhang Hua work in the same factory. Both Tony and Jim go to school at seven in the morning, have lunch there and come back at five in the afternoon.
• 5. 电视观众的人数在9点达到最高点，为2万人 • The number of TV audience reaches a peak of 20000 at 9 pm. • 6. 动物实验侵犯了动物的生存权 • Animal testing violates animals’ rights of subsistence (stay alive). • 7. 出国旅游开阔视野，丰富知识和培养独立性 • Traveling abroad broadens one’s vision, enriches one’s mind (knowledge) and cultivates independence.
父亲和我昨天到新华书店去过。
2. Read slowly and loudly. （又, 而且）
读得既要慢些又要大点声音。
3. Try and shoot the bird.
开枪打那只鸟试试。
（连接动词，表示目的。）
连接肯定句中两个或以上的同类事物表示“和，以及” Eg I like chocolate and coffee ice cream.(+ +）
• Simple 1 Canada is a rich country. • Simple 2
• Still, it has many poor people.
The types of sentences
Compound sentences
1) Air is not visible, but it is matter. 2) We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing. 3) His birthday is next Sunday, so we must buy him a present. 4) The dish must be kept in a refrigerator, or else it will go sour. 5) Modesty helps one to go forward, and conceit makes one lag behind. 6) He controlled himself, for he did not want to betray his surprise, and his whole future depended on success at this interview.
e.g. 1) An ideal teacher is a learned and restrict one. 2) Is honesty the best policy? 3) Never throw stones in glass houses. 4) What the Ancient Great Wall could tell us!
Some terms
Subject Predicate Object predicative Subject complement Object complement Adverbial Appositive attributive
Simple sentences
Types of English Sentences(英语句子种类)
A compound sentence
2. 位置上的区别 连接两个独立的分句时，并列连词的位置只能放在它所 引导的分句句首，前面通常有逗号： ① I must work harder, for I still have a long way to go. ②They all went, but I didn’t go. 连接性副词的位置较灵活，既可放在句首，也可位于句 中或句末、但以置于句首居多： ① Father is ill; therefore, he doesn't go to work today. (句 首) ②Father is ill; he, therefore, doesn’t go to work today. (句中) ③Father is ill; he doesn't go to work today, therefore. (句末)
Finite Clause 2 VP
Coordinator
Finite Clause 3 S VP
I am a teacher, you are a student
and
she
is a clerk.
A compound sentence
Coordinating conjunctions（并列连词） See page 447 of the textbook. but, while, whereas, yet, only,… or, either… or…,neither…nor for, so,… and, both… and …，not only…but also
The
basic pattern of a simple sentence in English is one subject-predicate unit（一个主谓结构）.
大修后文章直接录用
回复审稿人，态度决定一切也许说的有点过，但个人觉得还是很有道理的。
最近我的一篇SCI接受了。
这篇文章花了我大半年时间，于今年暑假完稿并投出。
投的杂志是美国的******杂志。
一个多月前受到编辑的通知：要求大修！三个审稿人，一个建议积极，说只是语言问题，并没提有关内容的问题；第二、三审稿人都提了很多问题，总共14个大问题，有的大问题里面还有小问题。
三个审稿人得第一个问题都是语言问题（一般中国作者投英美杂志大都会遇到此问题，当然，我的看来比较严重）。
拿到这个通知，说实在的，头都大了。
有几个问题直指文章的死角，回答不好的话，文章的立意直接会受到怀疑。
不过，我决定修改！本着态度诚恳，认真、严谨求实的原则，我花了22天的时间把所有问题回答完毕，该补充的实验进行了补充，该分析的数据又进行重新分析，基本是严格按照审稿人的建议意义修改。
最后整篇文章的80%左右进行了大修，当然结论不能改动，只能从补充的那个实验中得到进一步的加强。
语言问题，本来想请修改公司润色，后来在小木虫上求助, 绝大数虫友建议自己修改, 只有这样不能达到锻炼和提升自己的目的,于是决定完全自己修改。
于是乎，就找了十几篇******最近发表的论文（英美作者写的）进行仔细研读，论文语言格式可以套用，加上自己的论述对象就OK了。
最后回答问题15页，补充实验3个，原文章80%的修改最终于10月31日提交。
后来经过半个月的再审，就直接录用了！现在回想起来，感触颇多，本打算着再次小修，然后才能接受（一般都这样），没想到还算顺利。
后来，自己总结一下认为：回复审稿人的意见是很讲技巧的，说不好就完了，特别是对于要求大修的文章！更是如此。
谦逊、谨慎、认真、求实的态度最为重要。
对于不太清楚的地方也不能回避，要本着自己理解给以回答，最后最好在征求一下审稿人的意见，谦虚的染提起对着干问题给以指导，总之要给审稿人以最好的印象，这是文章录用的关键所在。
下面列出审稿意见和我的回复，以期与朋友们问共勉：（由于帖子限制长度，部分问题与回答略）Dear Editors and Reviewers.Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers’ comments concerning our manuscript entitled“A simple method for preparation of ****** used as active, stable and biocompatible SERSsubstrate by using electrostatic self-assembly” (ID: ******-09-1602). Those comments are allvaluable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guidingsignificance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correctionwhich we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in red in the paper. The maincorrections in the paper and the responds to the reviewer’s comments are as flowing:Responds to the reviewer’s comments:Reviewer 1#Response to comment: The review is complete and the main objection lies with the Englishlanguage. I point out a few sentences only from the ABSTRACT and Conclusion. The restcorrections have to be done by the authors. I encourage the authors for small sentences.ABSTRACT - A new SERS-active ****** on the surface of glass slide has been prepared bya low-cost electrochemical strategy at a proper voltage and polyvinyl alcohol (******) concentrationin electrolyte is performed. With scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of the Agnanofilm is a two-dimensional structure with nano-scale regionsshould read asA new SERS-active ****** on the surface of glass slide has been prepared by a low-costelectrochemical strategy using polyvinyl alcohol (******) at a proper voltage. The twodimensional morphology of the ****** has been examined by scanning electron microscopy.Conclusion -- ... The morphologies and SERS activity and stability of the ******s arecharacterized by SEM and SERS measurement, respectively. SERS spectra of ****** and ****** obtainedfrom these ******s compare with those from Ag colloids, which reavals an excellentenhancement effect of the ******s as SERS-active substrates.should read asThe morphology, stability and SERS activity of the ****** have been studied. The excellentenhancement of SERS spectra for ****** and ****** from the ****** is observed in comparison tothe Ag colloid system... The whole MS needs to be edited before it is accepted for publication.Response: As the Reviewer's good instruction, we have tried our best to revise the English of the whole MS carefully. In order to make the whole MS better understanding, we have revised somelong sentences into short sentences and edited the whole MS according to the Reviewer’s instruction. Meanwhile, we also have asked some colleagues who are skilled authors of English language papers to help us for checking the English (see the revised MS). We hope that the language is now acceptable for the next review process. Special thanks to you for your good comments.Reviewer 3#1. Response to comment: English should be checked throughout the text by a native Englishspeaker.Response: According to the reviewer's good instruction, we have revised the whole manuscriptcarefully and tried to avoid any grammar or syntax error. In addition, we have asked severalcolleagues who are skilled authors of English language papers to check the English. We hope thatthe language is now acceptable for the next review process.2. Response to comment: The manuscript is too long. It must be shortened. The authors must bemore concise. The introduction takes three pages. In fact, it is very hard to read the paper. There are several sentences that should be changed for a better understanding. Some corrections are done in the margins of the manuscript (pods file). I enclosed a copy of that. Response: We agree the reviewer's good advice. Yes, the manuscript is too long (especially thepart of introduction), which is very hard to read the paper. And that, there are several sentences are hard for understanding. Thus, we have revised the original manuscript in order to reduce thelength of the manuscript and make it better understanding (especially the part of Introduction).However, due to additional experiments and explanations are added in the revised manuscriptaccording to the other Reviewer′s suggestion, the revised manuscript is still long in some sort. Neverthel ess, we have revised the sentences (especially some long sentences) for the wholemanuscript in order to make the manuscript more concise. Especially, the corrections done in the margins of the manuscript (pods file) which the Reviewer enclosed are very helpful to us. We are very appreciated for the Reviewers good comments and corrections made for our manuscript.3. Response to comment: Repetitions and several adjectives should be avoided. For example:authors use ". active, stable and biocompatible SERS substrate." a lot of times through the text.Also, they indicate ".perfect stability of." or ".perfect biocompatible." Well, SERS spectra of SC become weaker when the time goes on thus, no Raman signal will be obtained for a long, long time. It means, that the time deteriorates Ag surface. I think that "perfect" is not a good adjective.Response: It is really true as the Reviewer suggested that some repetitions and several adjectives should be avoided. Thus, we have made corrections ac cording to the Reviewer’s good instructions. We have deleted the repeated words such as "active", "stable" and "biocompatible" in some sentences. Meanwhile, like the Reviewer questioned that we have not studied the SERS spectra of SC for a long, long time. Thus, the using of "perfect" to describe the SERS substrate of Ag nanofilm is inapposite. Considering the Reviewer’s good suggestion, we have deleted this adjective in some sentences of the revised manuscript.4. Response to comment: About organization of the manuscript. There are too many epigrap****** insection 2. I propose the following points:2.1. Reagents. Preparation of ****** and ****** (old points 2.1 and 2.2 together)2.2. Preparation of ******-protected Ag nanoparticles and ******s (old points 2.3 and 2.4together)2.3. Experimental equipments (old points 2.5; 2.6 and 2.7 together)Response: Considering the Reviewer’s good suggestion, we have re-organized the epigrap****** in section 2. We have organized three parts for the section 2 of the revised manuscript. The epigrap****** in section 2 are as following:2.1. Reagents and preparation of ****** and ******2.2. Preparation of ******-protected ****** (******-Ag CNPs) and ******s2.3. Experimental equipmentsSpecial thanks to you for your good comments.Dear Editors and Reviewers.We have tried our best to revise and improve the manuscript and made great changes in themanuscript according to the Reviwers′good comments. And here we did not list the changes butmarked in red in revised paper.We appreciate for Editors/Reviewers’ warm work earnestly, and hope that the corrections willmeet with approval.Once again, thank you very much for your comments and suggestions.We look forward to your information about my revised papers and thank you for your goodcomments.Yours sincerely,R.M. Liu5. Response to comment: Point 3.3 is entitled "stability and repeatability of ******s". Somequestions: Here, it is shown the dependence of SERS relative intensities of SC on time. Is it the same sample (******-adsorbate) that is stored and then SERS spectra are recorded at different times? or instead, the same ****** is stored and then the adsorbate is added at different times and thereafter the SERS spectra are recorded?? Authors should clarify the procedure. Are different results expected with these two procedures? Have been these two methods checked? It is possible that only ******s stored without adsorbate are active for a longer time?Experimentally it is often observed that roughed surface in SERS produces molecular degradation and a comparation between Raman and SERS spectra is necessary to identify the molecular fundamental modes. Why the authors did not record Raman spectra of SC? Raman spectra should be added to Fig. 5. The point 3.3 should be 3.2 because a characteristic of surface is explained and must follow point 3.1. The old 3.2 becomes 3.3. Moreover, old epigrap****** 3.2.1. and 3.2.2 should be removed and a unique point 3.3. should be presented instead and entitled " Biocompatibility of ******s. SERS spectra of ****** and ******". Also, epigraph 3.4 must be removed and the text must follow to the new section 3.3.Response: We are very sorry for our unclear report in the section of 3.3.For the first question proposed by the Reviewer, our answer is as following:Yes, in the section of 3.3, the main intention is to display the stability and reproducibility of Agnanofilms. Fig. 6 (in the original manuscript, Fig. 5 in the revised manuscript) shows the dependence of SERS relative intensities of SC on time. In this section, the ******s are stored and then the adsorbate is added at different times and thereafter the SERS spectra are recorded. For the second question proposed by Reviewer, our answer is as following:As the Reviewer's good instruction, we have clarified the procedure in the revised manuscript.However, in this study, we have not studied the first procedure of the same sample (******-adsorbate) that is stored and then SERS spectra are recorded at different times. Thus, these two methods have not been checked. Take the time limit of the submission of the revised manuscript into account; it is difficult to carry out the first procedure in the revised manuscript. However, we appreciate for the Reviewers’ good advice earnestly. We will check these two procedures in future studies. For the third ques tion proposed by Reviewer, our answer is as following: According to the Reviewer's good instruction, we have recorded Raman spectra of SC in solid state, as shown in Fig. 1(a) (Fig. 4(a) in revised manuscript). Meanwhile, the points 3.2 and 3.3 have also been re-written according to the instructions proposed by the Reviewer. (See the section of 3.2 and 3.3 in the revised manuscript)图略Fig1.man spectrum of (a) solid SC. SERS spectra of 1.0×10 mol/L SC aqueous solutionadsorbed on (b) glass slide, (c) ******-Ag CNPs, and (d) ******, respectively.6. Response to comment: Sentence "the number of spectra for every condition is five" (page 9) or the number of spectra is 5 (Table 1 and 2), what does it mean? Perhaps something like this: EachSERS spectrum is recorded 5 times in different points of the ****** surface?Response: As the Reviewer's good question, the sentence of “the numb er of spectra for everycondition is five" or “the number of spectra is 5 (Table 1 and 2)” in the original manuscript is hard to be understood. This sentence means that each SERS spectrum is recorded 5 times in differpoints of the ****** surface. we have revised this sentence in the revised manuscript according to the Reviewer's advice.7. Response to comment: Epigrap****** of Table 1 and 2 should be revised. Corrections are indicatedin the manuscript.Response: According to the Reviewer's good instruction, we have revised the epigrap****** of Table1 and 2. The epigraph of Table 1 “Table 1 Preliminary assignations of the Raman bands (Mean ± S.D., n=5) for the SERS spectra of ******. The number of spectra is 5” is revised as“Assignments for the SERS bands (Mean ± S.D., n=5) of ****** (based on Refs. [25-30]).”The epigraph of Table 2 “Table 2 Observed wavenumbers (Mean ± S.D., n=5), assignments,and local coordinates of ******, excited at 785 nm. The number of spectra is 5. [35-37]” is revised as “Table 2 Assignments for the SERS bands (Mean ± S.D., n=5) of ****** (based on Refs. [32-34]).”8. Response to comment: Figure 4 shows SERS spectra of ****** and ****** recorded on different Ag nanofilms. What do authors want to say? This experiment is to check the reproducibility of the method? Thus, it is better to use the word "reproducibility" and not "repeatability". This must be clarified in the text.Response: As the Reviewer's good advice, we should use the word “reproducibility” and not"repeatability". Figure 4 (in the original manuscript) shows SERS spectra of ****** and ****** recorded on the different ******s prepared under the same conditions. The authors want to display the reproducibility of the ******s prepared by this simple method. Thus, we have replaced theword "repeatability" by "reproducibility" in the revised manuscript.9. Response to comment: Uv-vis absorption spectrum of不******-protected Ag nanoparticules shows a maximum at 418 nm and at 785 nm the absorbance is zero (Figure 1b). Given that SERS spectra are recorded at 785 nm, I think that this excitation line is very far from the maximum to obtain a good signal. In fact, the Raman signal is very weak (Figure 3). Is it possible to obtain a better signal employing another excitation laser, for example, 514nm? I mean, probably the 785nm line is better for ****** than for ******-protected Ag nanoparticules, but under other different excitation laser the ******-protected Ag nanoparticules could be a good substrate for ****** or ******. Have been checked different excitation laser lines?Response: We are very sorry for our negligence of the explanation for why SERS spectra of ******and ****** are recorded at 785 nm. In the studying of the SERS effect of ****** and ******, we think that the excitation with the 785 nm wavelength has a number of advantageous features compared to [a] other wavelengt******. A previous study has reported that a laser wavelength shorter than 514.5 nm is known to enhance photodissociation and cause protein degradation even at a low power. However, the sample damage can be avoided using laser light of a longer wavelength. No paling effects were observed using laser light with wavelength ≥660 nm. In their study, degradation of the biological objects w as observed when using 514.5 nm excitation lasers. Meanwhile, it is known that when using 660 nm irradiation, for a laser power of 10mW and a diameter of 10 μm, 2the light intensity is up to 127 MW/m . In our system, the laser power is set at 65mW and the 2 3 2 diameter is 90μm. So the light intensity was ca. 10 MW/m (10 W/cm ), which is much smaller than that of 660 nm irradiation. Thus, in our studies, we employed a 65-mW, 785-nm diode laser to record the Raman and SERS spectra of ****** and ****** in order to avoid the photodissociation and degradation of the proteins.[a] G. J. Puppels, J. H. F. Olminkhof, G. M. J. Segers-Nolten, C. Otto, F. F. M. Demul, J. Greve. Laser Irradiation and Raman Spectroscopy of Single Living Cells and Chromosomes: Sample Degradation Occurs with 514.5 nm but not with 660 nm Laser Light . Exp. Cell Res, 195 (1991) 361.Special thanks to you for your good comments.Reviewer 4#1. Response to comment: I'm not familiar with blood sample preparation but I wasn't able to extract the final concentration of ****** and ****** added to the ******-NPs and ******. This value has to be clearly reported in the text.Response: As the Reviewer suggested that we have calculated the final concentration of ****** and ****** added to the ******-protected ****** (******-Ag CNPs) and ****** in the revised manuscript. According our calculation, the final concentration of ****** and ****** added to ****** is ca.4.8 and 1.5%, respectively. However, take the dilution of the Ag colloid into account, the final concentration of ****** and ****** added to the ******-Ag CNPs is ca.0.27 and 0.08 %, respectively. All these concentrations have been added in the revised manuscript.Although the final concentrations of ****** added to the ******-NPs and ****** are different, the quantity of ****** lighted by the laser spot based on ****** (ca.6.075×10 g) equals to (in order of magnitude) that based on ******-Ag CNP samples (ca. 5.087×10 g). Similarly, the quantity of ****** lighted by the laser spot based on ****** (ca.1.944×10 g) equals to (in order of magnitude) that based on ******-Ag CNPs (ca. 1.717×10 g). Take the SERS detection of ****** for example: For the SERS detection of ****** based on ******-Ag CNPs, the probe volume is considered a focal [b]“tube” with a waist diameter of 90 ?m and a depth of ca. 1cm. By using the concentration of ****** (0.08%) one can determine the quantity of ****** molecules contributing to the Raman intensity ( (1000+60) ×10 ×0.08% ×? (45 ×10 ) ×1×10 / [(1000+60)×10 ] ~ 5.087×10 g). For the SERS detection of ****** based on ******, supposing that all the ****** molecules adsorbed on the surface of ****** evenly, one can determine the quantity of ****** molecules contributing to the Raman intensity (~ (50) ×10 ×1.5% × ? (45 ×10 ) / ? (5 ×10 ) ~ 6.075×10 g).[b] L. Baia, K. Gigant, U. Posset, et al. Appl. Spectrosc, 56 (2002) 536.(2) Response to comment: In the experimental results section does not appear how the SERSmeasurements on ******-NPs were performed.Response: We are very sorry for our negligence of introduce how the SERS measurements on ******-Ag CNPs were performed in the experimental results section. As Reviewer suggested that we have made complementarities of this experimental process in the section of2.3 of the revised manuscript. (the section of 2.3, 16-20 lines)(3) Response to comment: A significant comparison between the SERS activities of ******-NPsand ****** substrates is not possible based on what reported in the paper. For instance, is thenumber of NPs lighted by the laser spot equals for ******-NP and ****** samples? The authors have to make clear to the reader what they are comparing. Moreover, the normal Raman of ****** and ****** in solution and/or in solid state in fig. 3 would be helpful to understand the effect of the metal-analyte interaction.Response: We are very sorry for our unclear description of what the SERS activities of ******-NPsand ****** substrates are comparing. In Fig 3 of the original manuscript (Fig 8 in revisedmanuscript ), we mainly want to tell the reader the ******-Ag CNPs are unfit for the SERS detectionof ****** and ******, compared to the ******s prepared by electrostatic self-assembly with the******-Ag CNPs. That is, the SERS effect of ******-Ag CNPs for ****** and ****** is much weaker than that of ******. According to the Reviewer good question (“is the number of NPs lighted by the laser spot equals for ******-NP and ****** samples?”), we have calculated the number of NPs lighted by the laser spot for ******-Ag CNPs and ******s. The calculation results show that the number of NPs lighted by the laser spot is not equal for ******-Ag CNPs and ******s. One can calculate the concentration of the ******-Ag CNPs in Ag colloid is ca. 1.26×10 /m according to the electrochemical reaction in our work. For the SERS detection based on ******-Ag CNPs, the probe volume was considered a focal “tube” with a waist diameter of 90 ?m and a depth of ca. 1cm. By usin g the concentration of ******-Ag CNPs in Ag colloid (1.26×10 /m ) one can determine the number of NPs lighted by the laser spot (1.26×10 × ? (45×10 ) ×1×10 ~ 68.011×10 ). For the SERS detection based on ******, by supposing that the distribution of the NPs on the surface of ****** is uniform, one can determine the number of NPs lighted by the laser spot ( ? (45 ×10 ) /? (200 ×10 /2) ~2.025×10 ). It can be seen that, the number of NPs lighted by the laser spot for ******-Ag CNPs is more than that for ******s. However, the experimental results show that the SERS effect of ****** and ****** on ******-Ag CNPs is much weaker than that on ******s, indicating that the SERS activity of ******s is better than that of ******-Ag CNPs. As the Reviewer suggested that, we have recorded the normal Raman scattering of ****** and ****** in solid state, as shown in Fig 2A(c) and Fig 2B(c), respectively. Very weak Raman signals are observed from solid ****** and ******. We know that Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool that gives precise information on the vibration energies of molecules, and can provide the fingerprint for unique chemical identification. However, the Raman scattering cross section of most biological macromolecules is extremely small, which causes the Raman signals of biological [c]macromolecules are very difficult to obtain . Thus, in this paper, we attempt to obtain new SERS substrates to solve this question. Such as the Ag nanofilms prepared by using electrostatic self-assembly with the ******-Ag CNPs in this work.图略Fig. 2. (a) Raman spectrum of (A) solid ****** and (B) solid ******. SERS spectra of (A) ****** and (B)****** solution adorbed on (b) ******-Ag CNPs and (c) ******, respectively.[c] R.Kumar,H.Zhou,S.B.Cronin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2005) 223105.(4) Response to comment: It is quite expected that larger EM enhancement occurs on aggregated NPs adsorbed on theglass slide with respect to the un-aggregated ******-NPs. As far as I understood, the key point of the paper is the fabrication of ****** with interparticle regions of ca. 300 nm where the ****** and ****** molecules can be located, leading then to intense SERS signals. Therefore, this new substrate should be compared to other silver nanofilms which do not present these cavities, in order, also, to give some evidences to the previous hypothesis, which is a mere speculation based on the results reported in the article.Response: As the Reviewer suggested that we have checked the new substrate with another silvernanofilm which dose not present these cavities. Fig.3a (following) shows the SEM image of acommon ****** prepared using coupling agent of cysteamine and common Ag NPs on thesurface of the glass slide. It shows that the average size of the particles on the surface of this common ****** is ca. 75 ± 5 nm, which is much smaller than that (200 ± 50 nm) of theparticles on the surface of the new ****** prepared using electrostatic self-assembly with******-Ag CNPs (Fig.3b). Meanwhile, single layer of Ag nanoparticles is observed and no lots ofnano-scale regions are formed on the surface of the common ******. Fig.4 (following) shows the SERS spectra of ****** solution (1.5 %, 50 ?L) on this common Ag nanofilm (Fig.4 a) and the new ****** (Fig.4b) with a diameter of 1 cm, respectively. It shows that the EM enhancement occurs on the common ****** is weaker than that on the new ******. Meanwhile, striking spectral differences are seen in SERS spectra at 812, and 1022 cm , indicating that the orientation of the adsorbed ****** molecules is different on these two ******s. We think that it is mainly related to the surface characteristics of this new Ag nanofilm. On the surface of the new ******, the average size of the aggregated particles is up to ca. 200 ± 50 nm, which is much larger than that of the common ******. It improves the adsorption ability of the ****** molecules onto the surface of the new ****** effectively. Meanwhile, lots of nano-scale regions with the size of ca. 300 ± 50 nm are formed between the adjacent nanoparticles on the surface of the new ******, which makes ****** molecules can be embedded in effectively. It implies that the presence of nano-scale regions on the surface of the new ****** is an important factor for SERS effect of biological macromolecules.图略Fig.3. SEM image of the ****** prepared by using coupling agent of cysteamine (a) and byusing electrostatic self-assembly with ******-Ag CNPs (b) on glass slide.图略Fig. 4. SERS spectra of ****** solution (1.5 %) on (a) the common ****** prepared by usingcoupling agent of cysteamine and common Ag nanoparticles and (b) on the ****** prepared byusing electrostatic self-assembly with ******-Ag CNPs, respectively.(5) Response to comment: The SERS spectra showed in fig. 5c is doubtfully assigned to ******. I suggest to the authors to carry out control experiments so that to rule out the presence of impurities on their silver film. In the following paper is reported the SERS spectrum of Citrate anion on silver NPs: Title: Anomalous Raman bands appearing in surface-enhanced Raman spectra Author(s): Sanchez-Cortes, S; Garcia-Ramos, JV Source: JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Volume: 29 Issue: 5 Pages: 365-371 Published: MAY 1998Response: We are very grateful for your providing of the reference above. We have read this reference carefully. As Sanchez-Cortes et al. reported that the ions and new molecular speciesresulting from the reduction of the metal will remain in the colloid system (especially in the citrate colloids), which has an obvious impact on the SERS of the analyte. Thus, in our present work, we employed the method of electrolysis to obtain ******-Ag CNPs, and employed the method of electrostatic self-assembly to obtain ******s. In our experiment of preparation of ******-Ag CNPs, ******was not employed act as reducing agent in order to avoid the effect of citrate anion on the SERS of the analyte recorded on the surface of the new ******s.Considering the Reviewer’s good instruction, we have c arried out a control experiment. In this control experiment, we have checked the Raman scattering on the surface of the new ********s prepared under the same conditions, as shown in following Fig .5. The experimental results show that the effect of the impurities on the surfaces of these ******s on the SERS of the analyte is negligible. Meanwhile, as reported by Sanchez-Cortes et al., the Raman spectrum of solid citrate is shown [d]in Fig. 6 a. We can see that the main SERS bands of solid citrate recorded by us (Fig. 7) are close to the Raman bands of solid citrate reported by Sanchez-Cortes et al.图略Fig.3. Raman spectra of the surfaces of the different ******s (a, b, c, d) prepared usingelectrostatic self-assembly with ******-Ag CNPs.图略Fig. 6. Effect of excitation wavelength on the SERS background of an aggregated citrate colloid:(A) FT-Raman spectrum of solid citrate (λex=l 064 nm); (B) FT-Raman spectrum of aqueous citrate (2 M, λex=l 064 nm); (C) FT-SER spectrum of the aggregated colloid after addition of NO3(0.05 M) (λex=1064nm); (D) SERS spectrum of the same sample with excitation at 514.5 nm.图略Fig. 7. SERS spectra of ****** based on ****** prepared by using electrostaticself-assembly with ******-Ag CNPs.[d] S. S. Corte and J. V. G. Ramos. Anomalous Raman Bands Appearing in Surface-EnhancedRaman Spectra. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. 29 (1998) 365.Special thanks to you for your good comments and suggestions！Dear Editors and Reviewers.We have tried our best to revise and improve the manuscript and made great changes in themanuscript according to the Reviwers′good comments. And here we did not list the changes butmarked in red in revised paper.We appreciate for Editors/Reviewers’ warm work earnestly, and hope that the corrections willmeet with approval.Once again, thank you very much for your comments and suggestions.We look forward to your information about my revised papers and thank you for your goodcomments.Yours sincerely,R.M. Liu。
Types of Sentences 英文句型详解
TYPES OF SENTENCES: SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX,and COMPOUND-COMPLEXA simple sentence consists of an independent clause, so it contains a subject and a verb.NOT contain either a dependent clause or another simple sentence.doesItExamples of simple sentences –short simple sentence:The dog barked.long simple sentence: Leaning first this way and then that, the large tan dog with a wide black collar barked loudly at the full moon last night from under the lilac bush in the shadow of the north side of the house.The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.It may have a compound verb:The dog howled and barked.It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:The dog and the cat howled and yowled, respectively.A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so): Thedog barked, and the cat yowled.(2) a semicolon: The dog barked; the cat yowled.(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a series:The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed.A complex sentence consists of a combination of an independent clause and a dependent clause.An example with a relative clause as the dependent clause:The dog that was in the street howled loudly.A student who is hungry would never pass up a hamburger.An example with a subordinating conjunction creating the dependent clause (note thevarious positions of the dependent clause):End: The dog howled although he was well fed.Front: Because the dog howled so loudly, the student couldn't eat his hamburger. Middle: The dog, although he was well fed, howled loudly.A compound-complex sentence consists of a combination of a compound sentence and a complex sentence.As the dog howled, one cat sat on the fence, and the other licked its paws.The Writing CenterHumphreys 116University of Central MissouriTypes of Sentences: Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex。
The types of sentences(revised)
Adverbial clauses of time
Subordinating conjuctions after, before, when, whenever, while, once, since, till, until, as, as soon as, etc. Examples 1) I'll do it now before I forget it. 2) When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.
Complext sentence
Main clause + Subordinate clause Subordinate clauses Adverbial clauses Nominal clauses (Noun clauses) Attributive clauses
Adverbial clauses
From a structural angle
A simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination, but it may have more than one subject or more than one verb. A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, usually connected by a comma plus a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon without a coordinating conjunction. (and, or, but, for, so, yet, nor)
Adverbial clauses of place
Understanding the Structure of English Sentences
Understanding the Structure of EnglishSentencesIntroductionEnglish is a complex language with a unique sentence structure. Understanding the structure of English sentences is essential for effective communication. In this article, we will delve into the various components that make up English sentences and explore the rules governing their arrangement.Subject and PredicateEvery English sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject is the noun or pronoun that performs the action or is being described. The predicate, on the other hand, contains the verb and provides information about the subject. For example, in the sentence "John eats an apple," "John" is the subject, and "eats an apple" is the predicate.Types of SentencesEnglish sentences can be classified into four main types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. Declarative sentences make statements, interrogative sentences ask questions, imperative sentences give commands, and exclamatory sentences express strong emotions or exclamations. Each type has its own unique structure and punctuation rules.Sentence ComponentsEnglish sentences consist of various components, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas, while verbs indicate actions or states of being. Adjectives describe or modify nouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Prepositions show the relationship between nouns and other words, while conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses.In English sentences, word order plays a crucial role in conveying meaning. The standard word order is subject-verb-object (SVO). However, there are exceptions to this rule, such as when using passive voice or asking questions. Understanding these exceptions is vital for constructing grammatically correct sentences.Modifiers and PhrasesModifiers are words or phrases that provide additional information about a noun or verb. They can be adjectives or adverbs. For example, in the sentence "The tall man ran quickly," "tall" and "quickly" are modifiers. Phrases, on the other hand, are groups of words that function as a single unit within a sentence. Common types of phrases include noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases.Clauses and Sentence TypesClauses are groups of words that contain a subject and a predicate. They can be independent or dependent. Independent clauses can stand alone as complete sentences, while dependent clauses rely on independent clauses for meaning. Understanding the different types of clauses is crucial for constructing complex sentences.Sentence PatternsEnglish sentences can follow various patterns, including subject-verb, subject-verb-object, subject-verb-complement, subject-verb-adverb, and subject-verb-adjective. Each pattern has its own unique structure and conveys different meanings. Familiarizing oneself with these patterns can enhance sentence construction skills.Sentence VarietyTo make writing more engaging and varied, it is important to use different sentence structures. Mixing simple, compound, and complex sentences can add depth and complexity to the text. Simple sentences contain one independent clause, compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions, and complex sentences contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.Understanding the structure of English sentences is crucial for effective communication. By familiarizing ourselves with the various components, word order, modifiers, phrases, clauses, and sentence patterns, we can construct grammatically correct and meaningful sentences. Moreover, incorporating sentence variety can make our writing more engaging and dynamic. So, let us delve deeper into the intricacies of English sentence structure and unlock the power of effective communication.。
Types of Sentences 1
Types of Sentences (1)Classification:Structure: simple, compound, complex, compound-complexFunction: indicative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatoryRhetoric: loose, periodic, balancedLength: short, longAccording to Communicative function:indicative陈述句interrogative疑问句imperative祈使句exclamatory感叹句1、陈述句：叙述或否定一个事实或看法。
（1）肯定句：We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。
（2）否定句：They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。
2、疑问句：（1）一般疑问句：Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？Yes, I am. 是的，我是工人。
说明：以一个助动词，情态动词或动词be开始的问句。
回答要用yes或no。
（2）特殊疑问句：Who is the man? 这人是谁？What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？说明：以一个疑问代词或疑问副词开头的句子一般要用倒装句语序（或称为疑问词加一般疑问句）（3）选择疑问句：Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。
说明：提出两个或两个以上的情况，选择一个作为答案。
（4）反意疑问句：They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？说明：提出情况或看法问对方是否同意。
在陈述句后附加一个简短的疑问句，即前面句子肯定，后为否定；前面句子否定，后为肯定。
Revise the sentences
17. Zhao was the person who was elected the representative of the class by the whole class. (make the sentence concise ) Zhao was elected the representative of the class by the whole class. 18. The child was sleeping quietly. He held a teddy bear in his arms. (sentence verity through participle) The child was sleeping quietly, holding a teddy bear in his arms.
Revise the sentences
1. I felt like taking a walk after watching the sunset. (periodic sentence) After watching the sunset, I felt like taking a walk 2. While they were waiting in line for the concert tickets, the rain stopped. (loose sentence) The rain stopped while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets
3.The letter is from my foreign friend. The letter arrived today. (simple sentence) The letter from my foreign friend arrived today. 4. My roommate was waiting for me at the door. He had a book in his hand. (simple sentence) My roommate with a book in his hand was waiting for me at the door.
Types of Sentences 2
Types of Sentences(2)According to grammatical structure:1.Simple Sentence：a simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb,but it may contain more than one object,attribute or adverbial.A simple sentence is one clause with a subject and verb：Computers are important in the modern world. Formula=SVHowever,it can have more than one subject and verb:2subjects:Computers and other technological devices are important in the modern world.Formula=SSV2Verbs:I search for information and play games on my computer.Formula=SVV2subject and2verbs:My brother and I search for information and play games on our computers.Formula= SSVVpound Sentence:consists of two or more independent clauses related to each other in meaning,and linked by a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon without a conjunction.A compound sentence consists of2or3clauses.It is when simple sentences are joined together.In this sentence structure,the clauses are joined with the following coordinating conjunctions: F=for A=and N=nor B=but O=or Y=yet S=so记忆方法：fanboys(首字母) The word“fanboys”is an easy way to remember the different conjunctions that make up compound sentences.Obviously the most common are‘and’,‘but’,‘or’and‘so’.Here are some examples of compound sentence structure:Computers are important,but they can be dangerous too.Formula=SV but SVComputers are important,but they can be dangerous too,so we must be careful.Formula=SV but SV so SV.Avoid writing too many clauses as the sentence may get difficult to follow,and you cannot use each one more than once in a sentence to join clauses.This is wrong:Computers are used widely in most countries now,and they are a sign of progress,and we must ensure everyone has access to them.Incorrect formula=SV and SV and SV.XTwo possible corrected versions:Computers are used widely in most countries now,and they are a sign of progress.We must ensure everyone has access to them.Formula=SV and SV.SV.Computers are used widely in most countries now,and they are a sign of progress,so we must ensure everyone has access to them.Formula=SV and SV so SV.Using semicolons:There is an instance when you can have a compound sentence structure without a coordinating conjunction,and this is when you join two clauses with a semicolon.It is used when two ideas are related.For example:Computers are used widely in most countires;they are a sign of progress.plex sentence:contains one main clause and one or more dependent clauses,with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts.Structure:main clause（主句）+subordinate clause（从句）Noun clauses（名词性从句）:subject clause（主语从句）,object clause（宾语从句）,predicative clause（表语从句）,appositive clause（同位语从句）attributive clause（定语从句）adverbial clause（状语从句）Exercise:判断以下句子是哪类状语从句1.It was snowing hard when we arrived.Time2.Where there is smoke,there is fire.Place3.The football match was canceled because it rained too hard.Cause4.Don’t come unless I telephone.Conditione what may,we will stand by you.Concession6.He wore a pair of sunglasses in order that we should not recognize him.Purpose7.He is so old that he cannot walk there.Result8.I have changed the plan as you suggested.MannerComplex sentences are two(or more)clauses joined together,but they are not joined by“fanboys”(coordinating conjunctions).They are joined by subordinating conjunctions.These are subordinatingconjunctions:For example:People take natural health supplements even though they may not have been tested.Our children may not be properly educated if we don't spend more on schools.I went to bed as soon as he left because I was tired.These are all adverbial clauses.In these types of complex sentence,the second clause can be usedto start the sentence.In this case,a comma is needed in the middle.Even though they may not have been tested,people take natural health supplements.If we don’t spend more on schools,our children may not be properly educated.As soon as he left,I went to bed because I was tired.pound-Complex Sentences:contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause--a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.Compound-complex sentences are the same as complex sentences but they also have a simple(orcompound)sentence before or after the‘complex’part.For example:I ate a lot when I got home,but I was still hungry.The part that is underlined is the complex sentence.As you can see,it also has a simple sentencesconnected to it.It can also have a full compound sentence attached to it:I ate a lot when I got home,but I was still hungry,so I went shopping to buy some more food.。
(最新整理)Unit1TypesofSentences句子类型
punctuation mark.
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1. According to grammatical structure
According to grammatical structure, sentences are classified as: (1) Simple Sentence (2) Compound Sentence (3) Complex Sentence (4) Compound-Complex Sentence
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How to write a simple sentence
2) Make simple sentences a bit more informative. You can add direct objects and indirect objects to simple sentences to add more information.Here is an example: "Janet writes romance novels."
complex or compound-complex sentences .
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Why to learn English writing?
Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
• both…and, as well as, besides, furthermore,
第六次课Types of Sentences
Types of SentencesThe sentence is the highest rank of grammatical construction. In terms of their communicative functions, sentences may be divided into four types: statement; question; command and exclamation.1.Statements：（陈述句）In communication, statements (also known as “declarative sentences”) are chiefly used to state a fact or non-fact, that is, to affirm or negate som ething. Thus, statements are divided into positive statements and negative statements. Most of the sentences we speak and write are statements. They end with a period (.).1)Positive statem ents:You are doing the right thing.It was a pity that you could not come to the party.Teaching 16 hours a week is too much for me.2)Negative statements: a statement is usually negated by “not” or other negative words, such as “no”, “never”They didn’t enjoy the holiday very much.We can’t turn left here.Not a single sound was heard.Never would he do such a thing.I don’t like to eat.2.Questions: (疑问句)In terms of syntactic structure and communicative function, questions (also known as “interrogative sentences”) fall into four major types: general question, special question, alternative question and tag question.1)General questions: they refer to those which can be answered with “yes” or “no”, so they are also known as “yes- no questions”Question: Is Bill English?Answer: Yes. /Yes, he is. /Yes, Bill is. / Yes, he’s English/ Yes. Bill is English. Theoretically speaking, there are at least five answers to this question. However, in practice, the general questions are answered with “yes” or “no”.2)Special questions: they are formed by interrogatives plus general questions. The interrogative word is generally placed at the beginning of the sentence. The subject is shifted after the auxiliary(or simple tenses of be and have), unless it happens to be the interrogative word, as in:What are you sitting here for?Who is explaining the new words to the students?Whose parents have visited the US twice?3)Alternative questions: they are the ones that suggest two or more possible answers for the listener to choose from. There are two types of alternative questions, one type is based on the structure of general question; the other is based on that of special question, eg: Shall I give you a gin, a whisky, or a beer?What is this, ignorance, or malice [mælis]恶意, or both?4)Tag questions:(disjunctive question)Tag questions are extensively used in spoken language. A tag question generally consists of two parts: statem ent + question tag. The subject and verb in the tag question generally correspond with those in the statem ent. If the subject of the statement is a noun phrase, the tag usually takes a corresponding pronoun as subject.Generally speaking, there are two types of tag questions:1) “positive statement + negative tag”,2) “negative statement + positive tag”You have been here for many years, haven’t you?----Yes, I have.You don’t like rock music, do you?-----Yes, I do.In answering such questions, we should pay more attention to that if the answer is affirmative, we should use “yes”, otherwise, use “no”.----I am not late, am I ? 我没迟到，对吧？---- No, you are not. 对，没迟到。
英语中的句子类型
英语中的句子类型In the English language, there are various types of sentences that serve different functions in communication. These sentence structures are essential for expressing thoughts, ideas, and information clearly and effectively.1. Simple Sentences: These are the most basic form of sentences, consisting of a single independent clause. They contain a subject and a predicate. For example, "The cat sleeps."2. Compound Sentences: A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Example: "The cat sleeps, but the dog is barking."3. Complex Sentences: These sentences contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Example: "Although the cat sleeps, the dog is barking."4. Compound-Complex Sentences: A compound-complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: "The cat sleeps, and the dog is barking, although it's late at night."5. Interrogative Sentences: These are questions that require an answer. They often begin with question words (who,what, when, where, why, how) or auxiliary verbs. Example: "Why does the cat sleep during the day?"6. Imperative Sentences: Imperative sentences give commands or make requests. They typically omit the subject "you" and use the base form of the verb. Example: "Pleaseclose the door."7. Exclamatory Sentences: These sentences express strong emotion or surprise and often end with an exclamation mark. Example: "What a beautiful cat!"8. Declarative Sentences: Declarative sentences make statements or assertions. They are the most common type of sentence and end with a period. Example: "The cat is beautiful."9. Elliptical Sentences: Elliptical sentences are incomplete sentences that omit words that are implied or understood in context. Example: "Sleeping all day."Understanding these sentence types is crucial for mastering English grammar and enhancing one's ability to communicate effectively. Each type has its own rules and uses, and learning them can help in both writing and speaking English.。
2022年中考英语语法复习之Types of sentences初中英语句子的种类 课件
4、Disjunctive questions 反意疑问句
[dɪsˈdʒʌŋktɪv]
1. 定义：附加在陈述句后，对陈述内容进行反 问的句子。
2. 反意疑问句结构：“前肯后否、前否后肯”。 3. 注意：陈述句中含有否定意义的词“never ,
1) 含情态动词、be动词、助动词的否定
I can’t fly. I am not shy. I don’t want to try.
2）Negative sentence 否定句 2. 否定式结构：
1) 带有否定词：n go to the cinema.
[ˌɪntəˈrɒɡətɪv]
Interrogative sentence 疑问句
[ˈdʒenrəl]
General questions 一般疑问句
Special questions 特殊疑问句
[ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv]
Alternative questions 选择疑问句
[dɪsˈdʒʌŋktɪv]
[əˈfɜːmətɪv]
Affirmative sentence 肯定句
[ˈneɡətɪv]
Negative sentence 否定句
[dɪˈklærətɪv]
一、Declarative sentence 陈述句 1. 定义：陈述一个事实或说话人的看法。
It tastes good. I like it very much.
1） Affirmative sentence 肯定句
[əˈfɜːmətɪv]
2. 肯定式结构：主 + 谓 + 其他 主+ 系+表
I eat a watermelon every day. I am full.
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e.g. 1) An ideal teacher is a learned and restrict one. 2) Is honesty the best policy? 3) Never throw stones in glass houses. 4) What the Ancient Great Wall could tell us!
From a structural angle
A simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination, but it may have more than one subject or more than one verb. A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, usually connected by a comma plus a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon without a coordinating conjunction. (and, or, but, for, so, yet, nor)
Adverbial clauses of condition
Subordinating conjuctions if, unless, as (so) long as, on conditional that, in case, provided that, providing that, suppose, supposing etc. Examples 1) If I were you, I'd go shopping with them. 2) He will go there unless it rains.
The Types of Sentences
Classification of English Sentences
From a functional angle --- declarative sentence, interrogБайду номын сангаасtive sentence, imperative sentence, and exclamatory sentence From a structural angle --- simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence From a rhetorical angle --- loose sentence, periodic sentence, parallel sentence, and balanced sentence From a formal angle --- short sentence and long sentence
Adverbial clauses of manner
Subordinating conjuctions as, as if, as though, etc. Examples 1) I did as you asked. 2) Smith speaks Chinese as if he were a Chinese.
Compound sentences
1) Air is not visible, but it is matter. 2) We fished all day; we didn't catch a thing. 3) His birthday is next Sunday, so we must buy him a present. 4) The dish must be kept in a refrigerator, or else it will go sour. 5) Modesty helps one to go forward, and conceit makes one lag behind. 6) He controlled himself, for he did not want to betray his surprise, and his whole future depended on success at this interview.
Adverbial clauses of purpose
Subordinating conjuctions that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, etc. Examples 1) He looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way. 2) He spoke in simple English so that everyone present could understand him.
Adverbial clauses of result
Subordinating conjuctions that, so that, so...that, such...that, etc. Examples 1) He was so ill that he had to ask for sick leave. 2) The teacher worked very hard, so that he got good results.
7) In front of the temple stand several large trees. 8) Only in this way can you learn English well. 9) To tell you the truth, there is contradiction in everything. Mary two come the windows, Jack is 10) Youis cleaning to have a dialogue in sweeping the floor, and Tom is dusting the English in the front of the classroom. chairs. (a compound came out 11) A group of students sentence)of the classroom, talking and laughing. 12) Mary, Jack, and Tom are cleaning the windows, sweeping the floor and dusting the chairs.
Adverbial clauses of place
Subordinating conjuctions where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. Examples 1) You can go anywhere you want. 2) Where there is a will, there is a way.
7) The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. 8) We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. 9) It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 10) I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full. 11) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
Adverbial clauses of time Adverbial clauses of place Adverbial clauses of condition Adverbial clauses of purpose Adverbial clauses of result Adverbial clauses of manner Adverbial clauses of comparison Adverbial clauses of reason Adverbial clauses of concession
From a functional angle
A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement. An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion, such as surprise, pain, or joy.
A complex sentence contains one main clause and at least one subordinate clause, with a subordinating conjunction which denotes the relation between the two parts. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause---a combination of compound and complex sentences.
Some terms
Subject Predicate Object predicative Subject complement Object complement Adverbial Appositive attributive