语言学试题3
语言学期末复习练习题3
1. The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society is called ________.A. sociolinguisticsB. neurolinguisticsC. macrolinguisticsD. microlinguistics2. Which of the followings doesn‟t belong to dialectal varieties? _______.A. regional dialectB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia3. The dialect which is caused by social status is ________.A. regional dialectB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia4. Standard dialect is _________.A. designated as the official or national language of a countryB. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status5. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is _____.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole6. Which of the followings does NOT constitute the reason for regional dialect?A. Geographical barrier.B. Loyalty to one‟s native speech.C. The existence of standard dialect.D. Physical and psychological resistance to change.7. A speaker uses the Standard English dialect when interacting with strangers, and uses a different dialect when interactingwith individuals whom she recognizes as members of her own social group. This illustrates which of the following types of linguistic behavior?A. Hypercorrection.B. Negative transfer.C. Code-switching.D. Borrowing.8. Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguistics?A. The language a person uses reveals his social background.B. There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on a certain occasion.C. How does the human mind work when they use language.D. To investigate the social aspects of language.9. The word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person‟s language. This is called ________.A. scientific languageB. idiolectC. colloquial languageD. formal language10. The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called ____.A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidgin11. According to Sapir-whorf Hypothesis, which of the following is NOT true?A. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.B. Language filters people‟s perception and the way they categorize experiences.C. Language patterns determine or influence people‟s thinking and behavior.D. Language structure people habitually use shows no influence on people‟s behavior.12. Which of the following about the relationship between language and culture is NOT true?A. Language use is tinted with its culture.B. Language expresses cultural reality.C. The relationship is analogous to that of structures and processes.D. The relationship of language to culture is that of part to whole.13. The famous line “My love is a red, red rose.”stirs up vividly the imagination of a beautiful lady. This is the _______ meaning of “rose”.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. iconicD. dictionary14. The meaning can be found in the dictionary is the _______ meaning of a word.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. iconicD. culture15. In English, “green” in the phrase “green-eyes” is associated with ________.A. unhappy feelingsB. high social positionC. envy or jealousyD. negative qualities16. France has made special efforts to protect its language from being corrupted by other languages especially American English. This is a kind of ________.A. linguistics imperialismB. linguistic nationalismC. cultural imperialismD. cultural diffusion17. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about ________.A. language and thoughtB. language and translationC. grammatical structureD. second language acquisition18. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is also known as linguistics ________.A. reliabilityB. relativityC. reversibilityD. reachability19. Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is NOT true?A. Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involve shared understandings.B. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture‟s underlying attitudes and values.C. Nonverbal actions always occur in isolation.D. Nonverbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate, and to contradict a communication event.20. Which statement is NOT right in describing the behaviorists‟ view?A. Behaviorists view stresses imitation, stimulation and reinforcement.B. Behaviorists offer a reasonable account of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of the language.C. Behaviorists hold that children learn the language gradually in much the same way as habit-forming.D. behaviorist‟s accounts are convincing especially when it is used to explain children‟s acquiring complex system.21. According to Chomsky, the Universal Grammar is ________.A. got through imitation and practiceB. acquired through the interaction with the environmentC. pre-equipped in children‟s brainsD. gained specifically for each language22. Which of the following statements is true?A. All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language.B. Linguistic environment plays an important role in first language learning.C. A child can begin his first language acquisition at any time.D. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.23. The child may get confused at hearing the color of white used for paper when he/ she first thought is as the word for snow. This is an example for ________.A. under-extensionB. over-extensionC. hearing impairmentD. mental retardation24. Around the age of 2, children begin to produce two-word utterances such as “mommy sock”, which of the following statements about this is NOT true.A. This kind of speech is called telegraphic speech.B. This kind of speech is called caretaker talk.C. There are content words in the speech.D. There are not function elements in the speech.25. The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of addressing during ___.A. pragmatic developmentB. atypical developmentC. grammatical developmentD. vocabulary development26. The theory of universal grammar was proposed by ______.A. Noam ChomskyB. FirthC. F.D. Saussure D. Sapir27. The following statements about error analysis are true EXCEPT _______.A. the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by error analysis.B. different from contrastive analysis, error analysis gives less consideration to native language.C. error analysis compares the forms and meanings across the native and target languages.D. two main sorts of errors were diagnosed: interlingual errors and intralingual errors.28. Some Chinese learners of English tend to pronounce “three” as “tree” and “this” as “dis”. This is caused by _________.A. interlingual interferenceB. intralingual interferenceC. cognitive factorsD. semantic change29. The common errors such as “he/ she has/ have to touch the society” in Chinese English learners belong to _______.A. systematocityB. permeabilityC. fossilizationD. substitution30. Generally 4 types of motivation have been identified in the second language learning “Learners learn a second language for external purpose.” is called _______ motivation.A. instrumentalB. integrativeC. resultativeD. intrinsic31. Among various divisions of learning strategies. Those by Chamot (1986) and Oxford (1990) are widely accepted. “The techniques in planning monitoring and evaluating one‟s learning” is called ________.A. cognitiveB. metacognitiveC. affectD. social32. In the following statements about motivation, which one is NOT true?A. It is defined as the learner‟s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.B. It has a strong impact on a learner‟s efforts in learning a second language.C. It plays an important role in learners‟ use of learning strategies.D. It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose.33. ________‟s Input Hypothesis is one of the most famous theories among different models of language acquisition.A. KrashenB. ChomskyC. AustineD. Halliday34. The study of the relationship between brain and language is called _______.A. sociolinguisticsB. macrolinguisticsC. microlinguisticsD. neurolinguistics35. The brain stem maintains the essential functions EXCEPT ______.A. heart rateB. muscle co-ordinationC. respirationD. memory36. The “right ear advantage” means ________.A. the right ear has an advantage for the perception of linguistic signals.B. the right ear is better at environmental sounds such as bird songsC. human beings can get sounds only from the right earD. the left ear can‟t get the linguistic signals at any time37. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The information from the left side of the body is received only by the right side of the brain and vice versa.B. The information from the left side of the body is received only by the left side of the brain and vice versa.C. The brain is divided into two sections: the lower section called the brain stem and higher section called cerebrum.D. The cortex is separated by the longitudinal fissure into 2 parts: the left and right cerebral hemispheres.38. ________ refers to the learning and development of a language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction39. The word “ Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________ in morphology.A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym40. Language is t tool of communication. The symbol “ Highway Closed” on a highway servesA. an expressive function.B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.41. …Linguistic determinism‟ and …linguistic relativity‟ have alternatively been used to refer to _____.A. cross-cultural communicationB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC. anthropological linguisticsD. ethnography of communication42. The most recent advance in CD technology used in CALL is the development of _____.A. CD-ROMB. CD-RC. CD-ID. HVD43. What does …mouse potato‟ mean?A. a mouse padB. a mouse shaped like a potatoC. a potato as food for the mouseD. a computer addict44. Which of the following forms of writing are more likely to use foregrounding?A. Poetry.B. Diary.C.Research Papers.D. Novels.45. “_____” is often understood as a language system between the target languageand the learner‟s native langua ge.A. Input HypothesisB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC. InterlanguageD. Contrastive Analysis单选答案:1-10:A D B A B C C C B B 11-20:D C C A C B A B C D 21-30:C B A B A A C A C C 31-40:B D A D D A B A C C 41-45: B B D A CII. 多选题:1. Which of the following are foregrounded?A. The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare.B. The speech was made 29 October 1941 to the boys at Churchill‟s old public school, Harrow.C. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.D. We have not journeyed across the centuries, across the oceans, across the mountains, across the prairies, because we aremade of sugar candy.2. Which of the following include a metonymy?A. By this hour the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down.B. The kettle boils.C. Lands belong to the crown.D. They have a fleet of fifty sails.3. Which of the following lines are most likely from the poems of E. E. Cummings?A. l(a / le / af / fa / ll / s) / one / l / inessB. am was. are leaves few this. is these a or / scratchily over which of earth dragged onceC. i had an uncle named / Sol who was a born failure andD. A woman I forswore; but I will prove, / Though being a goddess, I forswore not thee:4. Which of the following involve …general context effects‟?A. You can understand every word of a baseball commentary but you do not know what it is talking about.B. You do not understand a sentence but when you read the next sentence you can know the meaning of the first one.C. You do not know why in a foreign movie people say yes as they shake their heads.D. You do not know what a text is about until you are given the title of the text.5. Which of the following statements can be made about sociolinguistics?A. It has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use.B. It has contributed to the development of theoretical linguistics.C. It has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching.D. It has contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the language classroom.6. Which of the following statements are true of a computer corpus?A. It is a large body of machine-readable texts.B. It is a collection of linguistic data.C. Its main purpose is to verify a hypothesis about language.D. It deals with the principles and practice of using corpora inlanguage study.7. Which of the following terms are related to Cognitive Linguistics?A. Word recognition.B. Language acquisition.C. Construal operations.D. Categorization.8. Which of th e following are NOT true of the “women register”?A. Women use more “fancy” color terms.B. Women use stronger swearing words.C. Women use more intensifiers.D. Women use more direct expressions.9. Which of the following include a metaphor?A. His eyes came out of his head like a prawn‟s.B. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.C. The thought was a fire in him.D. The world is a looking-glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face.10. Which of the following are writings of stream of consciousness?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. To the Lighthouse.C. As I Lay Dying.D. Jane Eyre.11. Which of the following book titles contain “alliteration”?A. V owels and Consonants.B. Gone with the Wind.C. Sex and the City.D. The Wonder of Words.多选答案:1-5:CD,BC,ABC,AC,ACD,6-10:ABC,CD,BD,BCD,BC,11:BCD,III. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)1)Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary level are composed ofelements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2)Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.3)The adjective is an open class of words.4)The “parts of speech” in traditional grammar is often referred to as “word class” today.5)“Hot” and “cold” are converse antonyms.6)The holophrastic stage is the mature phase of language acquisition.7)Men use stronger curse words than women.8)The Relevance Theory was suggested by H. P. Grice.9)Stream of consciousness was used in the writings of William Faulkner.10)Machine translation can be used for restricted technical purposes, such as the weather report.辨析题答案: 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. TDecide whether the following statements are true or false. (15 points)1. Arbitrariness means you can use language in any way you like.2. The English syllable may have as many as three consonants in the coda position.3. When dividing syllables, we normally put consonants in the coda position.4. “Radar” is an invented word.5. The consonant [x] existed in Old English.6. Today we normally say that English has two tenses: present and past.7. Accord ing to J. Firbas, Communicative Dynamism refers to “the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.”8. Leech‟s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.9. In logical symbols, ∀means “all” and ∃means “some”.10. Deviation corresponds to the traditional idea of poetic license: the writer of literature is allowed –in contrast to the everyday speaker – to deviate from rules, maxims, or conventions.11. Couplets are two lines of verse, usually connected by a rhyme.12. A language that has seven color terms has reached the last stage of evolution.13. In Hopi, a simple question like …Are you going to eat rice and cassava now?‟ will have several different translations in accordance with the actual situations.14. MT can now be realized on the internet.15. A concordance is a listing of the contexts in which a word appears, as retrieved from a computer corpus.正误辨析答案:F F F F T T T T T T T F F T T。
语言学概论试题及答案三
语言学概论试题及答案三:一、名词解释1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的,叫历时语言学.2、语言——语言是一种社会现象,是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具.就语言本身的结构来说,语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统.3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式,词这样的符号是声音和好处相结合的统一体.任何符号都是由声音和好处两方面构成的.4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置,其底层是一套音位;上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分为若干级,第一级是语素,第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子.5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系.所谓“社会”,就是指生活在一个共同的地域中,说同一种语言,有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体.语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的;另一方面,语言在人们的使用中能够有不一样的变异、不一样的风格.二、填空1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描述语言学三个学派.2、历史比较语言学是在xx世纪逐步发展和完善的,它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志.3、人的大脑分左右两半球,大脑的左半球控制语言活动,右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维.4、一个符号,如果没有好处,就失去了存在的必要,如果没有声音,我们就无法感知,符号也就失去了存在的物质基础.5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的好处,完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成.6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点.7、语言的底层是一套音位,上层是符号和符号的序列,能够分为若干级,第一级是语素,第二级是词,第三级是句子.8、语言系统中的所有符号,既能够同别的符号组合,又能够被别的符号替换,符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合.9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系,聚合是指符号在性质上的归类.三、决定正误(正确的打钩,错误的打叉)1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具.(×)2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言,这说明语言是有阶级性的.(×)3、在现代社会,文字比语言更加重要.(×)4、现代社会,沟通的方式很多,语言的重要性日渐削弱.(×)5、语言是思维的工具,没有语言,人类就无法思维.(√)6、语言和思维互相依存,共同发展.(√)7、任何一种符号,都是由资料和好处两个方面构成的.(×)8、从本质上看,语言其实是一种符号系统.(√)9、人类选择语音而不是色彩、手势作为语言符号的形式,是因为语音比较好听.(×)10、语言符号的约定俗成是指语音形式和好处资料的结合是社会成员共同约定认同的.(√)四、问答题1、语言的作用是什么?同社会有什么样的联系?语言是表达思想、进行交际的工具,是人类最重要的交际工具.语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系.所谓“社会”,就是指生活一个共同的地域中,说同一种语言,有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体,即一般所说的部落、部旅和民族.每一个社会都务必有自我的语言,因为,语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素.人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持.有了语言,生活在社会中的人才能共同生产、共同生活、共同斗争,协调在同自然力的斗争中,在生产物质资料的斗争中的共同行动.没有语言,人与人之间的联系就会中断,社会就会解体.语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的,共同的,但在人们的使用中能够有不一样的变异、不一样的风格.2、怎样理解语言是一种特殊的社会现象?语言有没有阶级性?为什么?答:语言是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类最重要的交际工具.这首先能够从语音与语义的结合关系以及世界语言的多样性来加以说明.语言都是由语音和语义结合而成的,但相同的好处,在不一样的语言中就能用不一样的声音来表达;在同一语言中也有用相同的声音来表达不一样的好处的情形;可见,语音与语义怎样结合成特定的语言成分决定于必须社会群众的意志,决定于“约定俗成”的社会习惯.其次,从语言与社会相互依存的关系中也能够说明语言是社会现象.一方面,语言依存于社会,语言是随着人类社会的产生而产生的,只有人类才有语言.另一方面,社会不能没有语言,语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志.作为交际工具的语言是全民的,没有阶级性.第一,从语言的创造者和语言的服务对象来看,语言是在许多时代中为全民所创造出来和丰富起来的.人类出现时语言就同时产生了,那时的人类社会不分阶级,语言只能是全民所创造并为全民服务的.第二,从语言本身的状况来看,不一样阶级可能创造并运用一些自我的专门的词和语,构成所谓阶级习惯语,但是阶级习惯语并不就是语言,它没有自我的语法结构和基本词汇.3、什么是语言符号的任意性?从哪些地方看出来语言具有任意性?答:语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的音与义的结合是任意的,由社会约定俗成.不一样语言能够用不一样的音来表示相同的事物(如汉语的“sh ū”和英语的“book”),也能够用相同的、类似的音来表示不一样的事物(如:汉语的“哀”和英语的“I”).这些都是符号任意性的表现.4、语言是自然现象还是社会现象?为什么?答:语言是社会现象,它不是自然现象,也不是个人现象.①语言是社会现象和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系,语言随社会的产生而产生,随社会的发展而发展,随社会的分化统一而分化统一,可见,语言绝不是自然现象.②从语言的音义关系能够看出语言不是自然现象,而是由必须的社会集团约定俗成的;如果语言是自然现象,是天生的,世界上的语言就就应是一样的,如果没有区别,而实际上世界上不但有各种各样的语言,还有众多的方言.5、什么是组合关系?什么是聚合关系?它们对于语言运用有什么样的好处?答:语言符号中每个符号都处在既能够和别的符号组合,又能够被别的符号替换这样两种关系中.符号和符号组合起来的关系称为符号的组合关系.语言符号的组合方式处于一个前后相续的链条状,在链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号具有某种相同的作用,它的自然地聚集成群,它的彼此的关系叫做聚合关系.组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系.不但语言符号(词、语素)处在这两种关系之中,而且构造符号的音位和好处也都处在这两种关系之中.组合关系和聚合关系是组成语言系统的一个纲,是我们观察、分析、归纳错综复杂的语言现象的一把总钥匙.6、语言符号的系统性体此刻哪些方面?答:语言符号不是互不相干的一盘散沙,而是有组织、有条理的系统.语言符号的系统性体此刻语言是一种分层装置,这种装置靠组合和替换来运转.语言的底层是一套音位,上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分若干级.第一级是语素,第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子.词和句子都是符号的序列.语言这个分层装置的运转是组合和替换,即符号的组合关系和聚合关系.第三章:语音一、名词解释1、音素:是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位.2、元音:发音时气流不受阻的音叫元音,如汉语拼音方案中的字母a、e、o、i、u、ü.3、辅音:发音时气流受阻的音叫辅音,汉语拼音方案字母中除a、e、o、i、u、ü之外的其它字母代表的音属于辅音.4、自由变体:音位的自由变体就是能出此刻同样的语言环境之中而不能区别好处的两个或两个以上的音.5、发音部位:指发辅音时气流受阻的部位.二、填空1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节,分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性.2、语音同其它声音一样,也具有音高、音重、音长和音质四个要素.3、人类的发音器官可分为动力(肺)、发音体(声带)、共鸣腔(口、鼻、咽腔)三大部分.4、在发音器官中,唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的,叫做主动发音器官.5、根据发音特点,音素能够分为元音和辅音两类,例如汉语音节中的声母,主要就是由辅音充当的.6、每个元音的音质是由舌位的高低、前后、嘴唇的圆展三个方面的因素决定的.三、单项选择题解题说明:每题只有一个答案是正确的,请将正确答案的题号填入括号内.1、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是(C).A、元音B、辅音C、音素D、音位2、汉语拼音方案是以(C)字母为基础制订的.A、英语B、法语C、拉丁D、希腊3、汉语拼音中的ü、c、h,国际音标分别写作(B).A、u c hB、y ts‘ xC、u ch hD、x y k4、下列说法,(A)是正确的.A、音高具有区别好处的作用B、妇女的声带比男子要厚C、汉语中音长具有区别好处的作用D、汉语“天”、“空”两个音节的音高不一样5、下列说法,只有(D)正确.A、振幅越大,声音就越弱B、振幅越大,声音就越长C、频率越多,声音就越低D、频率越多,声音就越高6、对发音器官功能的描述,(B)是正确的.A、声带在发音中的作用是次要的B、舌头的活动,起了调节共鸣器形状的作用C、口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭D、声带、舌头等是被动发音器官7、关于元音和辅音的区别的描述,(C)是正确的.A、元音发音时光短暂,辅音发音时光较长B、辅音发音响亮,元音发音不响亮C、发辅音气流受阻,发元音气流不受阻D、发元音和辅音发音器官的各个部位均衡紧张8、下列汉语拼音和国际音标对应正确的一组是(C).A、ē—[e]B、j—[y]C、h—[x]D、b—9、下列发音方法完全相同的一组辅音是(D).A、[t]—[d]B、—[p]C、[s]—[z]D、[t]—[k]10、下列各组元音区别的描述,(A)是错误的.A、i和y的区别是舌位前后不一样B、u和o的区别是舌位高低不一样C、a和ā的区别是舌位前后不一样D、i和a的区别是舌位高低不一样11、下列各组辅音,区别特征为清浊对立的一组是(D).A、[x]—[h]B、[t]—[k]C、[s]—[f]D、[z]—[s]12、下列说法,(A)是正确的.A、音位具有区别好处的作用B、音素具有区别好处的作用C、声母具有区别好处的作用D、韵母具有区别好处的作用xx、我们在念“老虎”时,通常要把“老”念成阳平,这种变化叫做(B).A、同化B、异化C、弱化D、脱落四、分析题1、根据发音特点描述,在下图中用相应的国际音标标出来(6分,每小题1分)①舌面后半低圆唇元音;②舌面前半高不圆唇元音;③舌面前低不圆唇元音;④舌面后半高圆唇元音;⑤舌面前高圆唇元音;⑥舌面后半高不圆唇元音.2、分析下列辅音的发音特点①[k]舌面后,清,不送气,塞音②[x]舌面后,清擦音③双唇,浊,塞音④[ts‘]舌尖后,清,送气,塞擦音3、说明下方各组音素的区别特征①[p]—[p‘]不送气—送气②[s]—[z]清—浊③[tc]—[tc‘]不送气—送气④[y]—圆唇—不圆唇4、用严式国际音标给下方的汉字注音(声调不作要求).①我们的生活充满阳光[wo][men][te][seh][xuo][tson][man][jah][kuh]②用心参加网上学习[tGi][tGi][ts’an][tGia][wah][sah][Güe][Gi]六、问答题1、听别人说话,在没有看见人的状况下,为什么我们能听出是男子说话还是妇女说话?是大人说话还是小孩说话来呢?请结合语音知识加以说明.答:这是由于男子和妇女、大人和儿童的音高不一样造成的.音高就是声音的高低,它取决于音波的频率.频率大声音就高,频率小声音就低.语音的高低和人的声带的长短、厚薄松紧有关.一般说来,妇女和儿童的声带短而薄,所以说话时声音高一些,男子的声带长而厚,所以说话的声音低一些.这样,我们就根据声音的高低能够在没有看见人的状况下,听出是男子还是女子,是大人还是小孩说话了.2、音高在汉语中具有区别好处的作用,请举例说明.答:汉语的声调有区别词的语音形式的作用.它是由音的高低变化表现出来的.同一个音节,声调不一样,词或语素的语音形式就不一样,因而好处也不一样.例如:“妈、麻、马、骂”的音音、辅音和它的组合的顺序是一样的,都是/ma/,只是由于音高变化不一样才使它们成为语音形式不一样,好处迥异的四个语音单位.可见音高变化产生了调位的不一样,有区别好处的作用.3、举例说明什么是对立?什么是互补?答:音素如果有区别词的语音形式的作用,在汉语中是对立的,人们会把它们认为是完全不一样的两个语音单位,叫音素的对立.例如:不送气的[p]和送气的[p‘],在汉语里有区别词的语音形式的作用,比方“标”[piau]和[p‘iau]“飘”在语音上的不一样仅仅在于前者是不送气的[p],后者是送气的[p‘],但却构成了完全不一样的两个语素.音素如果仅仅是在出现的位置和环境互相补充,彼此处于互补的关系,而不是对立的关系,即它们没有区别词的语音形式的作用,叫音素的互补.如汉语中“哀”、“安”、“啊”、“熬”、“昂”五个词的语音形式用汉语拼音方案写为:ai、an、a、ao、ang,如果仔细比较,“哀”、“安”中的a是前[a],“啊”中的a是中[a],“熬”、“昂”中的a是后[a],这三个音位的a由于没有区别词的语音形式的作用,只是在音节中的位置不一样,构成音素的互补关系.4、汉语音节ban、da、guang中的a,是三个不一样的音素,但却是一个音位,为什么?答:这是因为bau、da、guang中的三个[a]、[A]、[a]是处于互补关系中的相似音素,它们彼此不对立,即不起区别词的语音形式的作用,我们能够把它们归并为一个音位.这种处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成同一个音位在不一样位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不一样的变异形式,语音学上称为音位变体.那里的[a]、[A]、[a]三个音位变体的出现条件是前后有无无音、辅音这种语言环境的制约,叫做音位的条件变体.。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题(3)Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题(5)五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分,第43小题6分,共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题(6)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题(7)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题(8)语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题(9)语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分)31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分)41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准:满分为10分,总论及四小点各占2分。
大学语言学试题
大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么?语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科,包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。
2.什么是语音学?语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科,它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。
3.什么是语法学?语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科,它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。
4.什么是语义学?语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科,它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。
5.什么是语用学?语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科,它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义,关注语境、语用原则等内容。
二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。
语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科,涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
而语法学是语言学的一个分支,主要研究语法现象及其规律。
语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分,它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。
同时,语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。
然而,语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合,它研究语言的各个方面,包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。
而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支,着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。
2.语音学与音系学的关系。
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收,它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。
而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。
语音学通过观察和记录语音现象,研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。
而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。
简言之,语音学是对语音现象的整体研究,而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。
三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义?语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。
它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。
英语语言学试题(3)
英语语言学试题(3)第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=2 0%)1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.A. arbitraryB.non-arbitraryC. logicalD.non-productive2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed t he ______.A.phrase structureB.surface structureC.syntactic structureD.deep structure4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object po sitions.A.Case ConditionB.Adjacent ConditionC.parameterD.Adjacent parameters5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.antonymyD.homonymy6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the max im of ______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.eB.acceptC.generalizeD.reconstruct8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.nguage interpretationnguage identificationnguage choicenguage planning9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition?______.A.Cerebral cortexB.NeuronsC.EyesD.Angular gyrus10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A.the copula verb "be"B.inflectional morphemesC.function wordsD.content words第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lun gs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of D et,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the do ctor" should fall into the category of _d________.16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word th at is more general in meaning is called _s________.17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the right and one on the left.20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t___ _____ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F f or false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish m eaning.23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguageⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.。
语言学概论模拟试题3-4
语言学概论模拟试题(三)一、名词解释言语:言语是个人运用语言的产物,及说话人说话和说出来的话。
言语和语言既有区别又有联系。
简单地说,言语是个人对语言的运用,语言是从言语中概括出来的体系(词汇和语法规则的综合)。
言语和语言的联系表现为个别和一般的关系,言语是个别,语言是一般。
言语是语言的存在形式,语言存在于言语之中。
所以,没有言语就没有语言,而没有语言也就没有言语。
言语总要带上一定的个人因素,但言语活动实际上是运用语言的一种社会活动。
格:用不同的形态反映出词语在语句中功能、地位、意义的语法范畴。
常见的有主格、宾格、领格、工具格、方位格等。
格是表示词语之间结构关系和语义关系的语法范畴。
一般用名词和代词的形态变化表示各种不同的格,有些语言中形容词和数词也有与名词相应的格。
俄语中有六种格,英语中有属格和通格两种。
数:用不同的形态反映词语的数量概念的语法范畴。
语言中常见的有单数、双数和多数,双数和多数可通称为复数。
一般用名词(或代词)的词形变化区别单数和复数,或是单数、双数和复数(大于二的数)。
有些语言中动词、形容词或冠词也有数的形态变化,与名词的数在形式上保持一致。
俄语的名词、代词、动词、形容词分单数、双数和复数三种形式。
汉语中的人称代词和指人的名词后面可以加“们”表示复数,但表示复数时也可以不加“们”。
性:用不同的形态反映的词语属性概念的语法范畴。
通常有阴性、阳性和中性。
性是主要与名词相关的语法范畴,一般是把名词分为阴性、阳性、中性或阴性、阳性,并用不同的形式标志表示。
有些语言形容词和冠词也有性的分别。
性是一种语法类别。
作为语法类别的性,与事物自然性别有一定的联系,表示动物的名词的性与动物的自然性别大体上相应,但也有不相应的。
如德语Weib(妇女)、Madchen(少女)、Fraulein(年轻女士)在语法上是中性。
体:用不同的形态表示的词语动作进行状态意义的语法范畴。
每种语言中的体可以是不同的。
常见的有普通体、完成体、持续体(进行体)等。
语言学概要练习题3
(一) 单选题1. “报复”原指报答恩和怨,现指抱怨。
这属于词义的()。
(A) 扩大(B) 转移(C) 消亡(D) 缩小参考答案:(D)2. 英语“deer”指哺乳动物,后来指鹿。
这属于词义的()。
(A) 扩大(B) 转移(C) 消亡(D) 缩小参考答案:(D)3. “社稷”“太监”等词在现代汉语中已不再使用,这属于()。
(A) 词义的演变(B) 旧词的消亡(C) 新词的产生(D) 词语的替换参考答案:(B)4. 分布区域最广的是()。
(A) 汉藏语系(B) 印欧语系(C) 闪含语系(D) 南亚语系参考答案:(B)5. 汉语拼音方案是()。
(A) 拼音文字(B) 是对汉字的改进(C) 是对汉字体系的改革(D) 是帮助学习汉语、汉字和推广普通话的注音工具。
参考答案:(D)6. “行李”原指行人、旅客,现指出门携带的包裹、箱子等物品。
这属于词义的()。
(A) 扩大(B) 转移(C) 消亡(D) 缩小参考答案:(B)7. 下列属于汉语借词的是()。
(A)雷达、足球、芭蕾舞 (B)卡车、电话、哈巴狗 (C)纳粹、吉他、比萨饼 (D)沙龙、朝廷、艾滋病 参考答案: (C)8. 文字的前身是()。
(A) 结绳记事(B) 手势 (C) 记事图画(D) 记事实物参考答案: (C)9. 方言的产生主要是由于()。
(A)经济的发展 (B)文化的不同 (C)地理的不同 (D)社会的分化 参考答案: (D)10. 古英语中“book(书)”的复数形式是“bec”,到现代变成了“books”,这属于()。
(A) 形态的变化 (B)类推(C) 异化(D) 新的语法形式的形成参考答案:(B)11. 英语“mice”原指愚蠢的,后指美好的,这属于词义的()。
(A) 扩大(B) 转移(C) 消亡(D) 缩小参考答案:(B)12. “脸”原指面颊,现指整个面部。
这属于词义的()。
(A) 扩大(B) 转移(C) 消亡(D) 缩小参考答案:(A)13. 在社会变动较大或政治斗争激烈的时期,语言中变化最大的是()。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库3及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库3及满分答案、单选题(共 20 道试题,共 60 分。
)1. ______ are the features found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called.A. distinctive featuresB. non-distinctive featuresC. suprasegmental featuresD. free variation正确答案:C2. Morphologically, Chinese is a(n) ____language. A. analytic B. synthetic C. agglutinating D. inflecting 正确答案:A3. A ______ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit. A. morpheme B. word C. phoneme D. allophones正确答案:C4. (Watt )is a measurement unit of electricity. (为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法) A. Sound Reduplication B. Coinage C. Eponym D. Clipping正确答案:C5. When linguists write grammars or exicographers compile dictionaries they must use __________.A. natural languageB. artificial languageC. metalanguageD. mother language正确答案:C6. vet (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法) A. Sound Reduplication B. Coinage C. Eponym D. Clipping正确答案:D7. [u:] possesses the features _____________. A.[+high][+back][+round][-tense] B.[+high][-back][+round][+tense] C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense] D.[-high][+back][+round][+tense] 正确答案:C8. The majority of English ____ change the part of speech when added to free morpheme or word. A. prefixes B. infixes C. suffixes D. morphemes正确答案:C9. The language used to talk about language is called ______. A. metalanguage B. artificial language C. natural language D. language正确答案:A10. In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called ____________.A. segmentB. phonetic symbolC. markerD. diacritic11. (Tick- tuck)is the sound by a clock(为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法) A. Sound Reduplication B. Coinage C. Eponym D. Clipping正确答案:A12. In Modern linguistics __________ language is regarded as premier. A. written B. spoken C. standard D. formal 正确答案:B13. may be defined as the scientific study of language.A. MorphologyB. LinguisticsC. PhonologyD. Phonetics正确答案:B14. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four正确答案:B15. blackboard(为下列单词选择相对应的构词法) A. Conversion B. Backformation C. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案:D16. _______ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words . A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Lexicon D. Morpheme17. I like to have (brunch) quite often. (为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法) A. Conversion B. Backformation C. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案:C18. The road was (enlarged )the year before the last. (为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法)A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案:A19. ______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class. A. Conversion B. Abbreviation C. Eponyms D. Blending正确答案:A20. Natural languages that are used to break the barrier of communication between nations are called __________. A. world lingua francas B. EsperantoC. official languagesD. foreign languages正确答案:A、判断题(共 20 道试题,共 40 分。
语言学概论 试卷3
一、在下列每小题的四个备选答案中,选出一个正确答案,并将其字母标号填入括号内。
1.Syntax studies two kinds of rules: syntagmatic and ____. ( )A. paradigmaticB. collocationalC. collogationalD. semantic2.The father of modern linguistics is ____. ( )A. ChomskyB. ChimpskyC. SaussureD. G. Leech3. A native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language is ____knowledge. ( )A. phoneticB. phonemicC. phonologicalD. allophone4. A ____ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech. ( )A. syntagmaticB. paradigmaticC. pragmaticD. vertical5.Which of the following examines word formation and the internal structure of words? ( )A. syntaxB. semanticsC. morphologyD. phnology6.If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in ____distribution.( )A. parallelB. freeC. complementaryD. constrative7. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the _____ arrangement of words as they are pronounced. ( )A. parallelB. paradigmaticC. hierarchicalD. linear8. The words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning are called_____ ( )A. synonymsB. antonymsC. hyponymsD. polysemics9. Semantic ambiguity can be divided into two types: lexical ambiguity and _____ ambiguity ( )A. meaningB. structuralC. sequentialD. conventional10. Usually sentence meaning is abstract and decontexualized, while utterance meaning is ____ and context-dependent. ( )A. opaqueB. unclearC. concreteD. subject二、填空题。
英语语言学quiz3
10
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Filling in the blank
English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation. ____ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech. (Articulatory) Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the ____ coming from the lungs. (airstream)
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The open syllable refers to the syllable that has no _____. A. coda B. onset C. nucleus D. rhyme When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as ___. A. intonation B. tone C. stress D. discritics
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Broad transcription is the phonetic transcription without d_______. ______ is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.
英语语言学概论试卷第3套
ThreeⅠMark the choice that best completes the statement.1.Today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is basically __________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. both A and BD. neither of the two2. The clear /l/ and the dark /f/ are __________.A. in complementary distributionB. in free variationC. both A and BD. neither of the two3. –ed in the word played is __________.A. a free morphemeB. a rootC. a derivational affixD. an inflectional morpheme4. The __________ function of language is primarily to change the social of persons.A. interpersonalB. informativeC. textualD. performative5. Whorf believes that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the worlddifferently and that is the notion of __________.A. linguistic determinismB. language determinismC. social relativismD. linguistic relativism6. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is __________.A. whether in the study of meaning the context of use is consideredB. whether it studies the meaning or notC. whether is studies how the speakers use language to effect communicationD. whether it is a branch of linguistics7. Of all the following examples, __________ is NOT an example of the affix addition.A. the addition of –able to a verb, such as in readableB. the addition of –ment to a verb, such as in accomplishmentC. the attachment of –ize to a noun or adjective, such as in stabilizeD. the addition of a or an before a noun, such as in an apple8. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems9. That the use of language involves a network of systems of choices is the opinion of__________.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth10. Of the following __________ does NOT belong to the three sub-types of antonymy.A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymyC. complementary antonymyD. complete antonymy11. __________ is NOT included in Firth’s famous Context of Situation theory.A. The non-verbal action of the participantsB. The properties of the phonematic unitsC. The relevant objectsD. The effects of the verbal action12. The phrase backwash effect is often used in __________.A. systemic functional grammarB. error analysisC. testingD. sociolinguistics13. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in __________.A. transformational generative grammarB. systemic functional grammarC. traditional grammarD. structural grammar14. The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT __________.A. Language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contextB. Language has a form-sound correspondenceC. Language is a means of communicationD. Language is not related to any of the individuals who use it15. Because __________ can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English obstruents.A. voicingB. nasalizationC. placeD. aspirationII. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.1. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey m .2. V ibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v“.3. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called b morphemes.4. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an e clause.5. The study of sounds is called p , and the study of sound patterns is called p .6. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the s and the hearer.7. The most widely spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of a .8. A refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.9. Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as n , p , and f .10. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or under extension of r .11. In Katz and Postal’s proposal stated in “An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Description”,the p provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words.12. Nasalization rule read, a non-nasalized sound is transformed into a n sound when it appears before a nasalized sound.13. The process of insertion of a nasal sound to the article “a” when it appears before a wo rd “orange” is known as c.14. The p relation, Saussure originally called Associative, is a relation holding betweenelements replaceable with each other at a particular place in s structure, or between one element present and the others absent.15. In Chomsky’s linguistic model, the m component is responsible for the correct spelling and pronunciation of the words in the surface structure.Ⅲ. Mark the following statements with “T”if they are true or “F”if they are false. Provide explanations for false statements.nguage is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carried out in a certain socialenvironment by human being.2.Speech is made up of continuous bursts of sounds.3.Acoustic phonetic is the study of the production of speech sound.4.The primary function of the vocal organs is to fulfill the biological needs of breathing andeating.5.The lungs are involved in the production of speech.6.Even if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itis still a sentence.7.Many words that were popular among Middle English speakers have lost their Modern users.For example, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet contain such words as beseem, wot and gyve.8.A lingua franca has to be a native language currently spoken by a particular people.9.To tell whether a sound is a consonant or not, we should judge is its manners of articulation.10.Semi-vowel and semi-consonant actually refer to the same kind sound.11.Two words, or two expressions, which have the same semantic components, will besynonymous to each other.12.Meaning is extracted from text or speech by relating hat is presented to information stored inshort-term memory.13.In English some books is a case of number concord.14.Synchronic linguistics refers to the approach which studies language over various periods oftime and at various historical stages.15.A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.Ⅳ. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.Ⅴ. Explain the following concepts or theories.1.Prescriptive ad descriptive2.Diacritics3.Bound root4.Grammatical relations5.Selectional restrictions6.Speech act theory7.Gradable antonymy8.Standard language9.Esperanto10.EquivalenceⅥ. Fill in each of the following blanks with the original forms of abbreviation itemsin linguistics, and then put in the corresponding square brackets thespecific linguistic field in which the abbreviation forms are used.1.IC __________________________________ ( )2.IPA_________________________________ ( )3.CD _________________________________ ( )4.RP __________________________________ ( )5.UG _________________________________ ( )Ⅶ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1. Describe the major ways of word formation with some example.2. What do you know about the minimum free form?3. What does syntax study? Give a brief account of the major approaches in the development of syntax.4. Why do we say that the analysis of a sentence in terms of them and rheme is functional?5. It has been observed that women tend to approximate more closely to the standard language than man do. Why do you think this is so?6. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two.。
语言学教程3试题及答案
语言学教程3试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么?A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的结构系统C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的地理分布答案:B2. 下列哪项不是语言的属性?A. 任意性B. 线性C. 离散性D. 连续性答案:D3. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么?A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇系统C. 语言的发音规律D. 语言的书写形式答案:C4. 语法学的研究对象是什么?A. 语言的声音系统B. 语言的词汇系统C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案:C5. 语用学主要研究什么?A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法规则C. 语言的使用环境D. 语言的书写规则答案:C6. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句答案:C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能?A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 教育指导答案:B8. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响?A. 社会变迁B. 地理隔离C. 文化交流D. 所有以上选项答案:D9. 语言的同源词指的是什么?A. 同一词根派生出的词B. 词义相近的词C. 形式和意义相同的词D. 形式和意义都不同的词答案:A10. 下列哪项是社会语言学的研究内容?A. 语言的语音变化B. 语言的词汇变化C. 语言与社会的关系D. 语言的语法变化答案:C二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究________的科学。
答案:人类语言2. 语言的任意性是指语言的________与________之间没有必然的联系。
答案:形式意义3. 语言的线性是指语言在时间上是________的。
答案:连续4. 语言的离散性是指语言的单位是________的。
答案:有限5. 语音学是研究人类语言的________规律的学科。
答案:发音6. 语法学是研究语言的________和________的学科。
答案:结构规律7. 语用学是研究语言在________中的使用情况的学科。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象?A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论?A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素?A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中,“动宾关系”是指什么?A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科?10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”,方言和语言的关系是什么?13. 什么是语法,语法的作用是什么?14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题,请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些?四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一,请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的?过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势?18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系,并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容,请同学们认真地完成每一道题目,祝大家取得优异的成绩!。
《语言学概论》 期末检测试题3套含答案(大学期末复习资料).doc
期末试卷一一、单项选择题(每小题1分,总计20分)1.关于“语言”的定义,下列说法不正确的一项是()A.语言是一种社会现象B.语言就是人们说出来的话C.语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言D.语言是一个符号系统2.从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是()A.音渡B.音素C.音位D.音节3.在一种语言内部划脑言时,最主要的依据是()A.语法B.语义C.语音D.词汇4.从词的构造方式看,汉语“健儿” 一词属于()A.单纯词B.派生词C.复合词D.简缩词5.下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是()A.笼子B.鸽子C.瓜子D.日子6.下列关于语法的表述中,不正确的一项是()A.语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则B.语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则D.语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象7.下列关于词义模糊性的表述中,正确的一项是()A.词义所指范围边缘区域模糊,中心区域明确B.词义所指范围边缘区域明确,中心区域模糊C.词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊D.词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊8.“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗,二者在词义上的主要差别是()A.理性意义不同B.语体色彩不同C.形象色彩不同D.语气意义不同9.下列各项中,含有降级述谓结构的是()A.他申请去北京进修B.你去请他比较好C.他取下了挂在墙上的地图D.他害怕老师批评他10.下列各项中,甲和乙之间是预设关系的是()A.(甲)他有一件西服(乙)他有一件衣服B.(甲)他的西服破了(乙)他有一件西服C.(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》D.(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一(乙)那个学生借给他一本书11.1956年我国推行汉字简化方案,将繁体字改成简体字,这属于()A.正字法改革B.字符类型改革C.文字类型改革D.字符类型和文字类型改革12.汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene,从该词产生的方式看,“基因”属于(A.纯粹音译词B.音译兼意译词C.意译词D.仿译词13.从语言的发展演变来看,语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是()A.通用语汇B.常用语汇C.基本语汇D.专用语汇14.关于社会方言的形成,下列说法不正确的一项是()A.社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的B.社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的C.一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言D.一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言15.关于共同语的形成,下列说法不正确的一项是()A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失B.并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代D.并不意味着语言已经实现统一16.关于语言规范化的推行,下列说法不正确的一项是()A.主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见B.主要由权威机构强制推行C.主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行D.主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程17.关于语言获得的原因,下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是()A.模仿说B.天赋说C.强化说D.刺激反应说18.社会语言学属于()A.理论语言学B.广义应用语言学C.普通语言学D.狭义应用语言学19.汉语中的:“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义,到现代变成只表语义的助词,这属于()A.异化B.类化C.新语法范畴的形成D.实词虚化20.下列语言中属于粘着语的是()A.苗语B.越南语C.俄语D.日语二、多项选择(每个小题3分,共30分)1.根据舌位的高低,元音可分为()A.高兀音B.央元音C.半高元音D.半低元音E.低元音2.下列汉字的读音中多包含有辅音[飞]的有()A.男B.拉C.拿D.拦E.驴3.下列词中带有前缀的是(%1老鼠%1画家%1阿姨%1超越%1超现实主义4.下列词组叫,带双宾语的是()%1托你一件事%1托你办件事%1请你办这件事%1借你五元钱%1给你一本书5.下列语素中,属于枯着语素的是()%1宏%1伟%1大%1楼%1机6.卞列语言单位中,属于派生词的是()%1律师%1鸟儿%1老婆%1苦头%1文学家7.下列词中,处于同一个语义场的词是()%1桌子%1椅子%1沙发%1柜子%1鞋子8.下列语言属于印欧语系的是()%1法语%1英语%1德语%1阿拉伯语%1维吾尔语9.汉语属于()%1汉藏语系%1汉语族%1屈折语%1孤立语%1粘着语10.下列文字中属于表意文字的是()%1汉字%1中美洲的马雅文字%1古埃及的圣书字%1我国纳西族的东巴文%1古印度的法卢文三、判断题(每题2分,共20分)1.符号有视觉符号、听觉和触觉符号三种,语言是一种视觉符号。
语言学全部习题
语言学全部习题1. 简答题(每题10分,共30分)1) 什么是语言学?语言学是研究语言的科学,包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。
它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。
2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些?语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。
语音研究发音和音系,词汇研究词的形态和词义,句法研究语言的句子结构,语义研究词和句的含义,语用研究语言的使用和交际。
3) 语音学和音系学有何区别?语音学研究语言中的语音现象,包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
音系学研究语言中的音素系统,即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。
2. 选择题(每题10分,共40分)1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素?A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案:D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支?A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案:C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容?A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案:D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象?A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案:A3. 简答题(每题10分,共30分)1) 什么是语言的演变?语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中,由于多种因素的影响,其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。
语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程,涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。
2) 语言和思维之间有何关系?语言和思维之间有密切的关系。
一方面,语言是人类思维的表达工具,通过语言的运用,人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。
另一方面,语言也影响思维的方式和内容。
语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式,不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。
3) 什么是语言交际?语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。
语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释,以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3(总分:50.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数:25,分数:50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT(分数:2.00)A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial √解析:解析:(bilabial是根据发音部位划分的。
)2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.(分数:2.00)ageB.grammarC.pronunciation √D.structure解析:解析:(英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇,比如发音方面,美音有儿化音。
)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?(分数:2.00)A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析:解析:([m],[b],[p]都是双唇音,[n]是齿龈音。
)4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?(分数:2.00)A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics. √C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.解析:解析:(发音语言学研究语音的发生。
)5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研) (分数:2.00)A.Polymorphemic words √B.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes解析:解析:(多语素词可被分为词根和词缀,:而合成词是不可以被这样分的。
语言学概论题目及答案
语言学概论试题(一)一、填空(每空1分,共15分)1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具,文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。
•3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学,通称为“小学”。
4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
•5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式,从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程,从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6.是否能够独立运用,是区分词和语素的根本特点。
•7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母,大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
•8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
•9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
•10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、选择题(每题1分,共10分)••••••1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是( D )••A.文字学B.语音学• •C.词汇学D.语法学•2. 汉语属于( B )•A.屈折语B.孤立语 •C.多式综合语D.粘着语•3. 一种语言中数量最少的是( B )••A.音素B.音位 ••C.语素D.音节•4. 文字的前身是( C )••A.结绳记事B.手势 ••C.图画记事D.实物记事•5. 派生词中包含( B )••A.词尾B.词根 ••C.虚词D.根词•6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是( C )••A.音素B.义素 ••C.语素D.音位7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是( C )••A.主语位置B.谓语位置 ••C.状语位置D.定语位置8. 以下各种语言变体中,属于社会方言的是( D )•••A.土话B.客家话 •••C.客套话D.黑话9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是( C )•••A.初B.视 •••C.人D.民10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换,•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫( D )••A.转换关系B.组合关系 ••C.层级关系D.聚合关系三、名词解释(每题4分,共20分)•1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。
现代语言学自考题-3_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-3(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠDirections: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices **pletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• A. langue• B. linguist• C. language• D. learningSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:C[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为:首先,要观察某些语言材料,从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次,根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料,然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A. vowels• B. consonants• C. sounds• D. speech soundsSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:D[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介,凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B. morpheme• C. the rules by which words are formed• D. wordSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样,词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
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英语语言学试题(3)第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that h uman language is ______.A. arbitraryB.non-arbitraryC. logicalD.non-productive2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly term ed the ______.A.phrase structureB.surface structureC.syntactic structureD.deep structure4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and objec t positions.A.Case ConditionB.Adjacent ConditionC.parameterD.Adjacent parameters5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.antonymyD.homonymy6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic inform ation they hear.eB.acceptC.generalizeD.reconstruct8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.nguage interpretationnguage identificationnguage choicenguage planning9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition? ______.A.Cerebral cortexB.NeuronsC.EyesD.Angular gyrus10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegr aphic speech stage.A.the copula verb "be"B.inflectional morphemesC.function wordsD.content words第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE w ord only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some po int of time is called a _s_______ study of language.12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morph emes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________.16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made id entical, or more similar, to one another.18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressio ns, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of me mbership and solidarity within a given social group.19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the right and one on the left.20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is f alse, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to a cquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds disti nguish meaning.23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occ urs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promisi ng and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive t o the social significance of certain linguistic variables.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguageⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how the y are related.。