An Analysis of the Significant Form in Modern Design

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组间和组内比较结果的英文注释

组间和组内比较结果的英文注释

组间和组内比较结果的英文注释Between-Group and Within-Group Comparisons.In an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the researcher partitions the variability of a quantitative dependent variable into two sources: between-group and within-group variability.Between-Group Variability.Between-group variability refers to the variability in the dependent variable that is due to differences between the groups being compared. This variability is captured by the sum of squares between groups (SSbetween), which is calculated by subtracting the sum of squares within groups (SSwithin) from the total sum of squares (SStotal).The between-group variability can be further broken down into the variability due to the main effects of each independent variable and the variability due to theinteraction effects between the independent variables.Within-Group Variability.Within-group variability refers to the variability inthe dependent variable that is within each group being compared. This variability is captured by the sum ofsquares within groups (SSwithin), which is calculated by subtracting the sum of squares between groups (SSbetween) from the total sum of squares (SStotal).The within-group variability can be further broken down into the variability due to random error and thevariability due to individual differences within each group.Comparing Between-Group and Within-Group Variability.The ratio of between-group variability to within-group variability is known as the F-ratio. The F-ratio is used to test the statistical significance of the differences between the groups being compared.If the F-ratio is statistically significant, then it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the dependent variable between the groups being compared.Post-Hoc Tests.If the overall ANOVA is statistically significant, then post-hoc tests can be used to determine which specific groups are different from each other. Post-hoc tests are multiple comparison procedures that control for the increased risk of Type I error that is associated with making multiple comparisons.Some of the most common post-hoc tests include:Tukey's HSD test.Scheffé's test.Bonferroni correction.Assumptions of ANOVA.The following assumptions must be met in order for ANOVA to be valid:The dependent variable is normally distributed.The variances of the dependent variable are equal across all groups.The groups are independent of each other.If these assumptions are not met, then the results of the ANOVA may be biased.Example.Suppose a researcher wants to compare the mean test scores of three different groups of students. The three groups are:Group A: Students who studied for the test for 1 hour.Group B: Students who studied for the test for 2 hours.Group C: Students who did not study for the test.The researcher conducts an ANOVA and finds that the F-ratio is statistically significant. This means that thereis a significant difference in the mean test scores of the three groups.The researcher then conducts post-hoc tests todetermine which specific groups are different from each other. The post-hoc tests show that Group A and Group Bhave significantly higher mean test scores than Group C. There is no significant difference in the mean test scoresof Group A and Group B.Conclusion.ANOVA is a powerful statistical technique that can be used to compare the means of two or more groups. By understanding the concepts of between-group and within-group variability, researchers can use ANOVA to gaininsights into the relationships between different variables.。

An_Analysis_of_the_Causes_of_Tess

An_Analysis_of_the_Causes_of_Tess

An Analysis of the Causes of Tess's TragedyTess of the D'Urbervilles, published in 1891, is one of the Hardy's last and most significant works in his classified group, "Novel of Character and Environment". In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. After its publication, the novel attracts and moves countless readers for its extraordinary beauty and tragic fate of Tess , heroine of the novel.Tess of the D'Urbervilles is about the tragedy of a peasant girl, who was born in a poor family. When their horse is killed by accident, they lose the only means to make a living .So she is persuaded by her mother to visit the D'Urbervilles at Trantridge and claim kin. Tess works there and is seduced by Alec D'Urberville, the young master of the family. Then Tess gives birth to a child who dies very soon. Upon the child's death, Tess works at the dairy-farm at Talbothays, where she meets and loves Angel Clare, the son of a clergyman. But on their wedding night, Clare disappoints Tess and does not forgive her when she tells him her past story with Alec. Clare leaves her for Brazil. With the great poverty of her family, Tess has to work under the hardest condition at Flintcomb-Ash. Then her father dies and the family is expelled from their cottage. To support her family, Tess is driven to go back to Alec D'Urberville. Then Angel Clare returns from Brazil, being chastened and repented of his cruel treatment of Tess, but Tess's relationship with Alec stops her from living with Angel happily. She hates Alec and kills him. After a short happy life with Angel, Tess is arrested by the police. Who kills Tess ?Firstly,the social environment makes Tess's tragedy inevitable1 The destruction of English peasantry caused by capitalism is the root cause of Tess's tragedyTess lives in the late 19th century, in which the cruel capitalist exploitation has ruined the English countryside severely, Wessx is not immuned from the destruction. Capitalism brings a great harm to this old, rural and agricultural life of the place. The self-supporting peasants are displaced and impoverished. They are extremely poor and live a very miserable life.The family of Tess is no exception. Their life is so hard that Tess has to work under capitalist exploitation and oppression for many times. It is under the capitalist exploitation that Tess is seduced and ruined badly in her body. The death of the horse destroys the family's livelihood and finishes the family's hauling business. Tess thinks that she has dragged her parents into this quagmire. So she agrees to see their cousin and works there as an employee of Alec. Later, she is seduced by him. Furthermore, after sending twenty pounds to her family to repair the roof, she finds herself facing the long winter with only a small sum in her pocket. She has to search out for work. But there is almost nothing to be found. She has to go on to Flintcom-Ash which is a "starv-arce place" and the work of "awede-hacking" is so hard that few cares to do. Alec comes to her again when she is absolutely exhausted physically and mentally. To make matters worse, after her father' death, the family are evicted and have no place to live in. To support the family, Tess has no other means to choose, only to accept Alec's "help" for the second time. It is at the cost of Tess's happiness that her family can have house to live in and food to eat. The poor life pushes Tess into the trap of the wicked man, and the capitalist exploitation brings about their poor life.at discus2 The violence, wickedness of the vicious men, and the unjust hypocritical law which protects them are the direct causes of Tess's tragedy.The representative of the wickedness is Alec. Alec is the son of a rich merchant who adds the name of D'Uberville to his own name, Stoke, because it has historical association and the D'Urbervills are supposed to be extinct. Alec is a fraud as well as a morally corrupt person. His viciousness is revealed completely when she sees Tess for the first time. Tess is innocent and has no experience, and her living environment is so dark that no one comes to help and protect her. So Alec takes advantages of Tess's helplessness and sets a trap to seduce her. No law protects her. What she can do is to bury her miseries and insults in her heart silently. Later, under the help of Clare, Alec puts himself into the service of religion for some time, and he even intends to sell the house and go offto Africa as a missionary. But his wickedness comes to life at once when she sees Tess again, which shows that he is still "mighty insensitive" with the clerical dress. Alec deceives her that her husband will not come back forever. He even pesters and threatens her, "Remember, my lady, I was your master once! I will be your master again. If you are any man's wife you are mine!"(Thamas Hardy, 1993). Finally, to support her family, she has to bear the insult and be Alec's mistress, which later prevents her from living a happy life with Clare.Alec, the representative of capitalist power and violence dares to do what he desires, not only because he has money and power, but also because his evil behavior is protected by the capitalist law and rules. In the eyes of Victorian people, the young upstart squire is noble, while Tess is considered to lure Alec in order to acquire Alec's money. Tess bears all that injustice silently all along, however, when she defends herself for the first time, "Justice was done, and President of the Immorals, in Aeschylean phase, had ended his sport with Tess."(Thamas Hardy, 1993). Obviously, she is the victim of the unjust, hypocritical law.3 The social conventions and moral standards ruin Tess spiritually, the representative of which is Angel ClareAngel Clare, the youngest son of a poor parson, is the direct opposite of Alec. He is the "educated, reserved, subtle, sad, differing". He looks down upon the material distinction of rank and wealth. Angel goes to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. He loves Tess and treats Tess "equally" which makes Tess trust him and fall in love with him. Because of his "noble virtue", Tess opens her mind to him and tells him all her past story with Alec on their wedding night, thinking that Angel would forgive her as she does for him. But he disappoints her. His intellectual refinement drops away. The weakness and flaws of his personality are exposed here completely. He cannot accept Tess. He considers her as a "fallen women". He still judges "purity" with the conventional value and moral standard that are implanted in him when he is a boy. He is the slave to the custom and conventionality. Obviously, what he loves is not Tess, but another in her shape. "When Tess, needing love more than herself, has completely given herself over to him, he abruptly withdraws and crushes her. The injury he inflicts on her is therefore much more severe than anything Alec could have done."(Robert Ackerman, 1996). Alec d'Urberville destroys Tess physically, while Angel Clare makes a fatal blow to Tess's mental. The loss of chastity does not kill all Tess's desire for love and hope, but Angel's desertion and her hopelessness of love for Angel make her lose courage to live. Because of her innocence and helplessness, she is seduced. But because of Clare's moral callousness, she is forced to comeback to Alec for the second time. Clare's moral callousness completely comes from the cruel social conventions and moral standards of that time.Secondly, Tess's character helps to create the tragedyTess's tragedy not only results from the external causes, but also the internal ones. And only through the internal causes, can the external causes become operative. The tragedy that results from the conflict between man and himself is the tragedy of character. Tess's tragedy is the tragedy of character. On the one hand, Tess struggles bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality. She desires for happiness and true love. On the other hand, she can not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day, which makes her believe that she has to pay for what she has sinned. She yields to the arrangement of the fate. The latter is the weakpoint in her character.When Tess falls in love with Angel Clare, she still cannot get rid of her sense of guilt. "Her love for him acts to blot out the memories of the past in her, but she is always aware that her forgetfulness is only temporary, that the doubts, fears, and shame were only waiting like wolves just outside the light. One night, when the two of them were sitting indoors, she suddenly exclaims that she is not worthy of him."(Thamas Hardy, 1993). After their wedding ceremony, Tess is sad by the time they come back to the farm. She is tortured by guilt. She asks herself, if she has any right to be Mrs. Angel Clare. Tess's deep sense of guilt makes her submit to Angel's maltreatment without resistance, thinking she deserves it. Undoubtedly, this kind of character helps to make external causesoperative.Thirdly , the creation of Tess's tragedy lies in Hardy's view of fatalism and chance happeningFatalism is "that view of life which says all actions is controlled by the nature of thing or by fate which is a great impersonal, primitive force existing through all eternity absolutely independent of human will and superior to any good created by man. "(Force,Lorrain.M.1996). Since Hardy spends a great part of his life in the countryside, he sees the decline of the patriarchal mode of life in rural English after the invasion of the industrial capitalism, but he does not understand the root causes of this decline and rules of social development. He attributes the peasants' tragedy to blind chance or mysterious fate. This kind of fatalism is revealed in Hardy's many works especially in Tess of the D'Urbervilles. "Hardy gave to the interpretation of the story in accordance with his pessimist and determinist view of the world."( In a sense, Tess is the victim of Hardy's fatalism, and her tragedy is the tragedy of the time when Hardy lives.Throughout the whole story, Tess is constantly involved in the mysterious fate which leads to the tragedy step by step. Her misfortune starts from the sudden death of the only horse. Just at that time, Tess's father learns of a rich family—Alec D'Urbervilles which is his lineage. So Tess is forced to claim kin and not long after she is seduced. After the great frustration, desiring to live a tranquil life, Tess meets Angel Clare and falls in love with him. Not wanting to deceive Angel, Tess writes a letter to confess her "wrong doings", but the letter is misplaced and escapes the notice of Angel. When Tess goes for the help of Clare's parents, it is unfortunate that she comes upon the sons instead of the father. It is bitterly ironic that while Tess does not get to see Angel's father, the one person who would certainly have sympathized with Tess and helped her, she does get to see one of his converts---Alec D'Urberville, the one person she wishes not to encounter alone in the whole world. Just then, her father's death and her family's homelessness make Tess find no way out. Angel is late just for a few days, although he should have reunited with Tess a few days earlier. These series of chance happening seems to decide Tess's tragedy, and each of them puts Tess further into the mysterious entrapment until her.In all,through the above analysis, it is obvious that the poverty, Alec's wickedness, Angel's conventional ideas,Tess's character as well as Hardy's fatalism are the direct causes of Tess's tragedy. But these direct causes are deeply rooted in the cruel social environment: the impoverished peasant, the unjust law and cruel convention. So we can draw a conclusion that the social environment is the real and root cause of Tess's tragedy.。

《济慈简介英文版》课件

《济慈简介英文版》课件

Pursuit of a Medical Career
Details on Keats' decision to pursue a career in medicine.
Literary Work
Poetry Genres and Style
Exploration of the different genres and unique literary style present in Keats' poems.
Delving into the enduring impact of Keats' contributions to English literature.
Examining how Keats' work resonated with future poets and writers, shaping their own artistic endeavors.
Introduction
1 Who is John Keats?
An overview of John Keats and his significance in English literature.
2 Importance in English Literature
Exploration of the impact John Keats had on the literary world.
Friendship and Love Life
1
Friendship with Charles
Armitage Brown
Romantic Relationships and Love Letters
2
Examining the influential friendship between Keats and Charles Armitage Brown and its impact on his poetry.

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 6 Discussing Results

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 6 Discussing Results

Unit 6 Discussing ResultsObjectives:- Understand the discussion section- Learn how to present your results- Learn how to compare your results with others- Learn how to interpret your results- Learn how to express opinions in the discussionContents:- Reading and discussion: a sample result section- Language focus: comparison and contrast; strengthening or weakening a claim- Signal words of comparison and contrast- Writing practice: writing comparison and contrast, and writing a short discussion section- Classroom extension: writing a result section for a classroom experiment.1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskThe results section presents your research findings, and the discussion section is an analysis of those findings. You may include a discussion section at the end of your results section to explain and contemplate the results. The discussion can either be a part of the results section or a separate section of its own, which should be in line with the practice of your target journal. Sometimes, the results, discussion and conclusion sections are combined in journal articles. Most articles do not contain all three sections.The function of the discussion part is to interpret your results in light of what has already been known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. TheDiscussion will always be connected to the Introduction by way of the question(s) or posed hypotheses and cited literature, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the Introduction. Instead, it tells how your study has moved us forward from the place you leave us at the end of the Introduction.Before reading the following sample discussion section, think about the following questions:How many elements does a discussion section include?What do those elements function?What expressions are typical in writing a discussion section?1.2Reading PassageIn this large, prospective investigation of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk, we found elevated risks for colorectal and lung cancer with both meat types. Red, but not processed, meat intake was also associated with increased risk for cancer of the esophagus and liver. We observed borderline statistically significant elevated risks for advanced prostate cancer with both red and processed meat intake, for laryngeal cancer with red meat, and for bladder cancer and myeloma and with processed meat intake.The cancer site most consistently associated with meat intake has been the colorectum. A recent meta-analysis reported elevated risks in the highest category of consumption of meat. Our study included 1,000 colorectal cancer cases, and it lends strong support to implicate red and processed meat as risk factors for this malignancy. Consistent with previous studies, we observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer. The first prospective study of meat intake and esophageal cancer was published recently; that study had only 65 cases and found a positive association for processed meat, but not red meat, with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Our study suggests a threshold effect for red meat intake on esophageal cancer risk, beginning at a low level of intake, with no further increase in risk with higher intakes, as reflected in the p-trend (p = 0.13), although it is possible that the referent group had a smaller-than-expected cancer incidence by chance. Data on meat intake and cancers of the liver and larynx are limited, and our study is the first prospective investigation to report on these associations. Two case-control studies reported elevated risks for laryngeal cancer for those in the highest intake categories of red meat intake and fried beef/veal.Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer; this association was not attenuated by adjustment for known risk factors, such as body mass index or menopausal hormone therapy, or by fine controlfor smoking, which has been inversely associated with this malignancy. Previous studies have reported null or positive relations between red meat and endometrial cancer. We also observed inverse associations between processed meat intake and leukemia and melanoma. In contrast to our findings, childhood leukemia has been positively associated with intake of processed meats in a case-control study.Previous studies of meat intake and prostate cancer are conflicting. Some studies have reported null findings, and others suggest positive associations. Despite finding no association between red or processed meat intake and overall prostate cancer risk, we observed a suggestion of an elevated risk for advanced prostate cancer with both meat types. If the relation of meat intake to prostate cancer is confined to advanced disease, this could explain some of the inconsistencies in the literature as most previous studies have not specifically addressed advanced prostate cancer.With regard to breast cancer, a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies found no association with red meat intake; however, the two most recent prospective studies found positive associations for both red and processed meat, specifically for estrogen and progesterone receptor–positive breast cancers in premenopausal women. Although breast cancer risk related to meat intake did not appear to differ by menopausal status in our study, we had very few premenopausal cases (n = 94) and lacked information on hormone receptor status for a large number of cases.Both red meat, regardless of processing procedure, and processed meat can be linked to carcinogenesis by different mechanisms; for example, they are both sources of saturated fat and iron, which have independently been associated with carcinogenesis. Associations between saturated fat and cancer are likely to be related to energy balance in general, whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress. Most recently, dietary fat was positively associated with breast cancer, and iron intake was positively associated with liver and colorectal cancers.This study was primarily limited by its relatively small sample size. An earlier start in data collection would have increased the time needed to survey more participants. Ideally, the number of participant would have been more evenly distributed across gender/year in population. A larger sample with diversity would have benefited our results. Other limitations of this study included some degree of possible measurement errors, although we attempted at minimizing the error in measurement and the measurement data compared very favorably to other researches. In conclusion, a diet high in red or processed meat was associated with an elevated risk of both colorectal and lung cancer; in addition, red meat was associated with an elevated risk of esophageal and liver cancer. A decrease in the consumption of red and processed meat could reduce the incidence of cancer at multiple sites.1.3Reading Comprehension1.3.1What are the results discussed?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Cause and effect2.1.1 Read the following sentence from the text, and see the causal relations.Associations between saturated fat and cancer are likely to be related to energybalance in general, whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress.2.1.2 Using signal words for causal relations.Emphasising causegiving rise tobringingaboutIf people smoke more, the death rate from cancer will increase.Additionally, you should be careful when using commas. Conjunctions such as therefore, consequently, as a result, and for this reason are usually followed by a comma, as in these examples:The weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the window.The weather was cold. Therefore, Sally put on her coat.The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her scarf.A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were closed.2.1.3 Causal markersComplete the following paragraph by filling in missing causal words.Recurring headaches can have initiate disruptive effects in a person'slife. __(1)___, in many cases, these headaches make a person nauseous to the point that he or she must go to bed. ___(2)___, sleep is often interrupted ___(3)___ the pain. Disrupted sleep worsens the physical and emotional state of the sufferer. For those who try to maintain a normal lifestyle, drugs are often relied on to get through the day. Such drugs, of course, ___(4)___ other negative effects. Drugs can inhibit productivity on a job, perhaps even ___(5)___regular absences. Not only is work affected, but the seemingly unpredictable occurrence of these headaches ___(6)___ disruption in family life. The interruption to a person's family life is enormous: cancelling plans in the last minute and straining relationships with friends and family. It is no wonder that many of these people feel discouraged and even depressed ___(7)___ the cycle of misery reoccurring headaches cause.2.1.4Notes into a Causal ParagraphTurn the following notes into a paragraph of cause and effect.•Lack of water dryness in the soil leaves wilt death of plant.•Too much water leaves droop or become yellow death of plant.•Too strong sun baked soil roots killed death of plant.•Lack of light pale leaves & thin stems death of plant.2.2Strengthening or weakening of your statementsThe discussion sections of a research paper focus on making claims and then adding support for those claims. What are claims? Claims are statements about ideas and data from you and other people. Here is an example of a claim.Example:Basic claim: An increase in smoking among teenagers caused long-term health problems.When the proof of your idea or data is clear, you should strengthen your claim. When the evidence is less certain, you should limit or weaken your claim. Below are some examples of strengthening and limiting the above claim.Examples of Stronger Claims:Increase: a sharp increaseCaused: undeniably caused, clearly caused, undoubtedly caused, must have caused, etc. long-term health problems, widespread long-term health problemsYou could also add expressions to the beginning of the sentence:It is clear that an increase . . .A great deal of evidence leads us to conclude that an increase . . .We must conclude that an increase . . .Examples of Limited Claims:Increase: A probable increaseCaused: may have caused, seemed to have caused, contributed to, was one cause of, etc.Again, you could also add expressions to the beginning of the sentence:We have reason to believe that an increase . . .It is possible that an increase . . .2.2.1 Read the sample discussion section and look for expressions of strengthening or weakening claims.2.2.2 Strengthening or weakening of your claimsLearn the following words for strengthening or weakening a claim.Strengthening a claimNouns: certainty, evidence, the fact thatAdverbs: very, pretty, quite, clearly, obviously, undoubtedly, certainly, of course, indeed, inevitably, invariably, always, literallyAdjectives: key, central, crucial, basic, fundamental, major, principal, essential, significantVerbs: show, prove, establish, confirm, conclude, determine, it is clear that, it is obvious thatWeakening a claimVerbs: appear , argue, doubt, estimate, seen (as), seem, speculate, suggest Adverbs: largely, likely, mainly, maybe, perhaps, possible/possibly, probable/probably, rather, relatively, seemingly, somewhat, sometimesThe following text comes from an article testing the benefits of providing children under 4 years old with zinc dietary supplements. It comes from the very beginning of the discussion section, where the authors summarize the findings they have already presented in the results section. Try to fill the following blanks with a variety of expressions to show the strength or weakness of each claim.In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a ________ reduction in ________ mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, __________ the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a __________18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was __________ a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a __________ effect of vitamin A supplementation . . .3Writing Practice3.1Writing comparison and contrastA contrast paragraph discusses the difference between at least two things. The following is a table of differences between the two states of Arizona and Rhode Island. Write a text about the following table.States Arizona Rhode IslandPhysical size 114000 square miles 1214 square milesPopulation 4 million Less than 1 millionNatural environments Dry, large desert area Temperate zone, an average of 44inches of rain per yearlandscape Landlocked, no seashore Lies on the Atlantic Ocean,coastline3.2Writing a short discussion textWrite about the three different ways of dealing with polluted land according to the table information below.4. Writing Project4.1 Before writing a discussion section to explain your results from the research, first think about the follow questions:Do your results provide answers to your testable hypotheses? If so, how do you interpret your findings?Do your findings agree with what others have shown? If not, do they suggest an alternative explanation or perhaps an unforeseen design flaw in your experiment (or theirs?)Regarding your conclusion, what is your new understanding of the problem you investigated and outlined in the Introduction?If warranted, what would be the next step in your study?4.2 Work as a team.4.3 Go back to your questionnaires and results gathered respectively from Units 4 and5. Your discussion is based upon the data you collected.4.4 When you finish your writing, pool your pieces of work to polish.4.5 Present your discussion in class.5. Final ChecklistHere is a final checklist for the discussion section. Use it to check what you have written in the previous task.。

在财务报告的责任:检测欺诈性公司外文文献翻译

在财务报告的责任:检测欺诈性公司外文文献翻译

文献信息:文献标题:Accountability in financial reporting:detecting fraudulent firms(在财务报告的责任:检测欺诈性公司)国外作者:Hawariah Dalnial,Amrizah Kamaluddin,Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi,Khairun Syafiza Khairuddin文献出处:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 145:61-69字数统计:英文2507单词,14114字符;中文4242汉字外文文献:Accountability in financial reporting:detecting fraudulentfirmsAbstract This paper aims to investigate whether there are any significant differences between the means of financial ratios of fraudulent and non-fraudulent firms and to identify which financial ratio is significant to detect fraudulent reporting. The sample comprises of 65 fraudulent firms and 65 samples of non-fraudulent firms of Malaysian Public Listed Firms, available between the year of 2000 and 2011. The study found that there are significant mean differences between the fraud and non-fraud firms in ratios such as total debt to total equity, account receivables to sales. In addition, Z score which measures the bankruptcy probability is significant to detect fraudulent financial reporting.Keywords:Financial Ratio; Financial Statement Analysis; Fraudulent Financial Reporting; Public Listed Companies; Malaysia1.IntroductionFraud firms are identified through offences made against the listings requirement of Bursa Malaysia. Fraud is a broad concept with two basic types of fraud seen inpractice. The first is the misappropriation of assets and the second is fraudulent financial reporting (FFR). FFR usually occurs in the form of falsification of financial statements in order to obtain some forms of benefit. Others believe that fraud involves an intentional distortion of financial statements (Ata and Syerek, 2009).Fraud detection is among the highest priorities for capital market participants and other stakeholders in the financial reporting process (e.g., Elliott, 2002; PCAOB, 2007). Market participants such as investors experienced significant financial losses when fraud occurs in publicly-traded companies such as Enron and WorldCom. Some experts suggest that the rate of fraudulent financial reporting will likely increase during the current economic recession and further reiterate the importance of continuous research into ways to flush out fraud (Mintz, 2009).Fraud detection is one of the specific tasks assigned to auditors as stated in ISA 240. Auditors commonly use tools known as analytical procedures to assist them in detecting fraud (Albrecht, Albrecht and Zimbelman, 2009). Analytical procedures refer to the analysis of significant ratios and trends as well as the resulting investigation of fluctuations and relationships that are inconsistent with other relevant information or which deviate from predicted values. Many researchers and fraud investigators recommend financial ratios as an effective tool to detect fraud (Subramanyam and Wild, 2009; Bai, Yen and Yang, 2008; Spathis, 2002; Persons, 1995).The objectives of this paper are firstly, to investigate the significant differences between the mean of financial ratios of fraud and non fraud companies. Secondly, this paper investigates which financial ratios are significant to fraudulent reporting.2.Literature ReviewFinancial distress is an important criteria to monitor when assessing the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting. When a firm is doing poorly, there is a greater motivation to engage in FFR. Hamer (1983) suggests that most models predict bankruptcy with similar accuracy which implies that poor financial conditions may motivate unethical insiders to improve the appearance of the firms financial positionor perhaps to reduce the threats of loss of employment or to garner as many resources as possible.Overstating assets and revenue is a result of recording revenue prematurely or by using ficticious records. Another study classified the act of manipulating profits into broad categories which include changing accounting methods, fiddling with management estimated cost (Worthy, 1984). Reports by Spathis (2002) suggest that summing up net profit and working capital is a significant predictor of fraud. The reason is, when firms experience a lower net profit versus sales ratio, this indicates that the firm is facing a low return on assets and may attempt to manipulate the financial statement by either increasing revenue or reducing expenditure. Working capital to total assets which reflect in lower liquidity is an incentive for managers to commit fraud and eventually to manipulate the accounting records, thus firms affected by fraud tend to have low liquidity. In addition, Leksrisakul and Evans (2005), stated that firm with consistent operating losses will have shrinking current assets in relation to total assets as evidenced by studies on Thai listed companies.Regardless of the public and policy makers’concern over the management of fraudulent practices, to the best knowledge, there is little empirical research that assesses the probability of fraudulent financial reporting using published data. Few models introduced or employed internationally or locally, provide a list of indicators only meant for insiders especially the auditors and include subjective judgment as developed by Loebbecke, Einning and Willingham (1989). The authors developed a management-fraud assessment model that lists indicators related to fraud. The model involves a great deal of subjective judgment and non-public information, which is available only to the auditors, or insiders of a firm. Investors and policy makers cannot use this model to identify firms engaging in fraudulent financial reporting.Premise on the review of significant articles from previous studies, it is evident that there is still a large gap and an open question on the subject matter. A question of public interest remains as to whether the published data are readily and publicly available and can be used to identify firms engaging in fraudulent financial reporting. Following the research done by Persons (1995) and Spathis (2002), this paper followsthe same approach to detect fraudulent financial statement by using published financial data to detect manipulation of financial statement.3.Hypotheses DevelopmentFor this study, two hypotheses were developed for further testing as well as to support the research objectives. There are a few studies that identify the factors associated with fraudulent financial reporting. Persons (1995) found that financial leverage, calculated as total liabilities to total assets, is the most significant factor associated with fraudulent financial reporting. This suggests that the financial statements of fraudulent firms differ from non fraudulent firms in certain aspects such as higher financial leverage which is denoted by a high means ratio of 0.6096 for fraudulent firms and 0.4868 for non-fraudulent firms , lower capital turnover denoted by the value of 0.2486 for fraudulent firms and 0.3050 for non-fraudulent firms , and assets in fraudulent firms which consist of a higher proportion of current assets particularly inventory and account receivables. Based on the relevant studies, this study investigates the significant differences between financial ratios of fraudulent and non fraudulent public listed firms in Malaysia. With this notion, the hypothesis is as follows:H1: There is a significant difference between the means of the financial ratios between fraudulent and non- fraudulent firms.Financial statement analysis is the application of tools and techniques to financial statements and related data (Subramanyam and Wild, 2009). This is to drive estimates and inferences useful in making decisions. From the financial statement analysis, it reduces the reliance on intuition, presumption and perception that may lead to uncertainty. However, this does not reduce the need of expert judgment; rather it provides a systematic basis for analysis. Ratio analysis is among the most popular and widely used tool for financial statement analysis (Subramanyam and Wild, 2009;Spathis,2002;Persons,1995). Evidence suggests that accounting data are useful when differentiating between fraudulent firms and non fraudulent firms. Accounting data is useful to assist investors in making investment decisions as well as to enablethe auditor to assess the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting as part of auditor’s duty is to plan the investigation and search for errors or any irregularities that would have material effects on the financial statements (Persons, 1995). This suggests that there is an association between financial statement analyses and fraudulent financial reporting as reported by Bai et al., (2008). Analysing financial information can be used to identify fraudulent and non fraudulent firms via the financial data. Based on those foundations, a second hypothesis was developed:H2: Financial Ratios are significant predictors to fraudulent financial reporting.3.1.Research designThis study examined 130 samples consisting of 65 samples for fraudulent firms and 65 samples of non fraudulent firms from the Malaysian Public Listed Firms available between the year of 2000 and 2011 with financial data collected from Data Stream. Firms involving in fraudulent reporting are obtained from the Bursa Malaysia media centre. This study utilizes the secondary data obtained from published audited financial statements as the main source of information from the corporate annual reports of the public listed firms in Malaysia and also from Data Stream.3.2.Independent variables, dependent variables and control variable3.2.1.Independent variablesFor the purpose of this study, seven aspects of a firm’s financial ratios were identified. These variables are financial leverage, profitability, asset composition, liquidity, capital turnover, size and also overall financial condition. The independent variables are comprised of:(a)Financial leverageFinancial Leverage is measured by Total Debt to Total Equity (TD/TE) and also Total Debt to Total Asset (TD/TA). Higher leverage is typically associated with a higher potential for violations of loan agreements and a reduced ability to obtain additional capital through borrowing. As concluded by Christie (1990), leverage is potentially correlated with income enhancing accounting policies. If these policies are not sufficient to avoid violations of debt covenants, managers may be motivated to understate liabilities or assets. Therefore these variables should be in positive figures.This means, the higher the leverage, the higher the potential for violations and the higher the likelihood of fraud.(b)ProfitabilityProfitability is measured by Net Profit to Revenue (NP/REV). Lower profits may provide management with an incentive to overstate revenues or understate expenses. Kreudfelt and Wallace (1986) finds firms with profitability problems have significantly more errors in their financial statements than other firms. Spathis (2002) also reported that a very low value of the ratio indicates that these firms are facing difficulties of low returns in relation to assets and try to manipulate the financial statement either by increasing revenue or by reducing expenditure. Therefore the variables are expected to be negative values. This means, the lower the profit, the higher the tendency to overstate revenue or expenses and thus a higher likelihood to detect fraud.(c)Asset compositionAsset Composition is measured by Current Assets to Total Assets (CA/TA), Receivables to Revenue (REC/REV) and Inventory to Total Assets (INV/TA). Account receivables as claimed by Feroz, Park and Wetzel (1991) are more likely to be manipulated due to the subjective nature of judgment involved.The reported value ultimately relies on estimating uncollected accounts and obsolete inventory. Due to the subjective nature of the accounts, managers may use these accounts as tools for financial statement manipulation (Summers and Sweeney 1998). Investigations of fraudulent firms involved in FFR indicate that the current assets of these firms consist mostly of receivables and inventory. These findings are consistent with Feroz et al., (1991) who discovered that overstatements of receivables and inventory represent about three – fourths of all SEC enforcement cases. Pierre and Anderson (1984) also found a high frequency of lawsuits against auditors involving inventory and receivables. Loebbecke et al., (1987), Sorenson, Grove and Selto (1983) and Beasly, Carcello and Hermanson (1999) confirm that account receivables and inventory are important variables when assessing the risk of fraud and that both are common items misstated in accounts. These variables are expected to be positivevalues, which show that the higher the amount of both items, the higher the risk of overstatements in the account, which leads to an increase in the likelihood of fraud.(d)LiquidityLiquidity is measured by Working Capital to Total Assets (WC/TA). Lower liquidity may be an incentive for managers to engage in FFR. This argument is supported by Kreutzfelt and Wallace (1986) who found that firms with liquidity problems have significantly more errors in their financial statements than other firms. In addition, Spathis (2002) reports that firms productively utilizing its assets and resources are able to gene rate profits and this is often seen as an indication of a firm’s performance. In addition, firms with a very low working capital to total assets ratio indicates that they cannot meet their obligations. Thus these ratios are expected to be negative values, concluding that the lower a firm’s liquidity the more likely it is for managers to engage in FFR.(e)Capital turnoverCapital Turnover is measured by Revenue to Total Assets (REV/TA). The turnover represents the sales generating power of the firm’s assets. It also measures management’s ability to deal with competitive situations. Managers of fraudulent firms may be less competitive than that of non fraudulent firms in using the firm’s assets to generate sales. This inability to compete successfully may be an incentive for engaging in fraudulent financial reporting. These variables therefore should be negative figures. In other words, firms having difficulty in generating sales are more likely to engage in FFR.(f)Overall financial positionFinancial distress may be a motivation for FFR (Stice,1991). A lower Z-score reflects a higher degree of financial distress, which may be a motive for management fraud (Persons, 1995). Hamer (1993) suggests that most models predict bankruptcy with a similar ability. Poor financial conditions may motivate unethical insiders to take steps intended to improve the appearance of the firm’s financial position. This aspect is measured by the Z-Score. This score measures the rate of bankruptcy of firms. The elements of this Z-Score with their associated weighting are as follows:Z = 1.2 (working capital/total assets) + 1.4 (retained earnings/total assets) + 3.3 (earnings before interest and taxes/ total assets) + 0.06 (market value of equity/book value of total debt) + 1.0 (sales/total assets)Although certain variables mentioned in the Z score are also included in the variables to be tested, an addition of the Z score in the model estimation stage enables us to measure the relative role of the Z score compared to individual variables comprising of the Z score alone. These variables are expected to be negative figures as firms with poorer financial conditions (smaller Z score) are more likely to engage in FFR.3.2.2.Dependant variableThe dependent variable comprises fraud firms and non fraud firms. The lists of fraud firms are obtained from Bursa Malaysia Media Centre. Each fraudulent firm is matched with a corresponding non fraudulent firm on the basis of industry, size and also time period. Firms in the same industry are subject to the similar business environment as well as similar accounting and reporting requirements (Pierre and Anderson, 1984).3.2.3.Control variableSize is measured by the Natural Logarithm of book value of total assets at the end of the fiscal year (SIZE). Feroz et al., (1991) found that most of the firms being closely monitored by the SEC are relatively smaller ones. This variable aims to control total assets to confirm the method of selection.3.3.Regression modelThe following logic model was estimated using the financial ratios from the firms to determine which of the ratios were related to FFR. By including the data set of fraudulent and non fraudulent firms, we may discover what factors significantly influence them:where:SIZE = SizeTD/TE = Total debt/Total equityTD/TA = Total debt/Total AssetNP/REV= Net Profit/RevenueCA/TA = Current Assets/Total Asset REC/REV= Receivable/RevenueINV/TA = Inventories/Total Assets WC/TA = Working Capital/Total Assets REV/TA= Revenue/Total AssetsZ = Z- score中文译文:在财务报告的责任:检测欺诈性公司摘要本文旨在探讨公司欺诈行为与非欺诈行为的财务比率间存在的差别,并确定哪些财务比率是显著的虚假报告。

博士毕业论文 英语

博士毕业论文 英语

博士毕业论文英语Title: An Analysis of the Effects of Technology on EducationAbstract:This paper aims to analyze the effects of technology on education. Technology has been widely used in the education sector over the past few decades, with both positive and negative impacts. The paper first examines the positive effects of technology in education, highlighting how it enhances learning, improves the delivery of education, and provides students with access to educational resources. The paper then goes on to discuss the negative effects of technology on education, highlighting potential social isolation, reduced critical thinking, and lack of physical activity. Overall, technology has transformed education in significant ways, and while there are some negative aspects, the benefits far outweigh the negatives.Introduction:The integration of technology into education has become more prevalent, with almost all schools anduniversities using technology in some way. Advancements in technology have been making an impact on education for several years. Technology can enhance the learning experience for students, and it has revolutionized the way teachers teach and students learn. However, technology has also raised concerns, including the potential for social isolation and the lack of physical activity.Positive Effects of Technology on Education:One of the most significant benefits of technology in education is that it provides equal access to education for everyone. Online learning is becoming more popular, and students in remote areas can now access educational information without leaving their homes. Technology also helps teachers reach their students in more dynamic ways, with interactive whiteboards, videos, and online quizzes. Technology also allows teachers to monitor and track students’ progress easily.In addition, technology provides students with access to academic resources that they would not have had access to before. Students can now do their research online, which is more convenient than visiting libraries.Online resources are also more extensive and more readily available than print material.Negative Effects of Technology on Education:While technology provides students with many advantages, there are also several negative aspects. One of the significant problems with technology in education is the potential for social isolation. Students who spend too much time online may have difficulty making social connections and may become socially isolated. They may lack interpersonal communication, making it difficult for them to succeed in the workplace.Another potential problem with technology in education is the reduction of critical thinking skills. Students may rely too much on technology to provide them with answers instead of thinking critically and coming up with their solutions.Finally, technology can also lead to a lack of physical activity, leading to health problems. Students who spend too much time on their computers or smartphones may not engage in physical exercise, leading to obesity and other health issues.Conclusion:Technology has revolutionized the way education is delivered, offering students a wealth of opportunities to learn and explore new topics. While there are potential negatives associated with technology, the benefits of technology far outweigh the risks. It is essential for teachers and educators to continue to integrate technology into the classroom, but with caution, ensuring that students are taught critical thinking skills and encouraged to engage in physical activity.。

布莱克威尔主要社会理论家指南 英文版

布莱克威尔主要社会理论家指南 英文版

布莱克威尔主要社会理论家指南英文版The Blackwell Guide to Major Social TheoristsSocial theory is a vast and complex field, encompassing the work of numerous influential thinkers who have shaped our understanding of human society and its dynamics. Among the most prominent of these theorists is Max Weber, whose ideas have had a profound impact on the way we conceptualize and analyze social phenomena.Weber's primary focus was on the role of meaning and interpretation in social action, and he argued that the social sciences must seek to understand the subjective meanings that individuals attach to their actions. This approach, known as interpretive sociology, emphasizes the importance of understanding the cultural and historical context in which social phenomena occur.One of Weber's most significant contributions was his analysis of the concept of rationality. He argued that there are different types of rationality, including instrumental rationality (the pursuit of specific goals) and value rationality (the pursuit of ethical or moral ideals). Weber believed that the increasing dominance of instrumental rationality in modern society was leading to a process of"disenchantment," in which traditional sources of meaning and value were being replaced by a more impersonal, bureaucratic form of social organization.Another key aspect of Weber's thought was his analysis of the role of religion in social life. He argued that religious beliefs and practices played a crucial role in shaping the economic and political structures of different societies, and that the development of modern capitalism was closely linked to the Protestant work ethic.Weber's ideas have had a lasting impact on the social sciences, and his work has been influential in fields such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. Today, his ideas continue to be debated and reinterpreted by scholars and thinkers around the world.Another important social theorist is Emile Durkheim, whose work focused on the social and cultural factors that shape human behavior. Durkheim's primary concern was with the question of how societies maintain social order and cohesion, and he argued that this was achieved through the development of shared values, beliefs, and norms.One of Durkheim's most famous concepts is that of "social facts," which he defined as patterns of behavior and thought that exist independently of the individual and exert a coercive force on humanaction. Durkheim believed that these social facts were the proper object of study for the social sciences, and that they could be analyzed using the same rigorous methods as those employed in the natural sciences.Durkheim's work on the sociology of religion is also highly influential, and his analysis of the role of ritual and symbolic expression in maintaining social solidarity has been widely studied and debated. He is also known for his analysis of the division of labor in modern societies, which he saw as a key driver of social differentiation and the development of more complex forms of social organization.Like Weber, Durkheim's ideas have had a lasting impact on the social sciences, and his work continues to be an important reference point for scholars and thinkers in a wide range of disciplines.Another influential social theorist is Karl Marx, whose ideas have had a profound impact on our understanding of the social, economic, and political dynamics of capitalist societies. Marx's primary focus was on the exploitation of workers by the owners of the means of production, and he argued that this exploitation was a fundamental feature of the capitalist system.Marx's analysis of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie (the owners of capital) and the proletariat (the workers) has been highlyinfluential, and his ideas have been used to inform a wide range of political and social movements, from the communist revolutions of the 20th century to more recent social justice movements.One of the key concepts in Marx's thought is the idea of alienation, which refers to the ways in which workers in capitalist societies are separated from the products of their labor, the process of production, and their own human potential. Marx believed that this alienation was a fundamental feature of the capitalist system, and that it could only be overcome through the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a socialist or communist society.Marx's ideas have also been influential in the development of critical theory, a school of thought that seeks to analyze and critique the social, political, and economic structures that perpetuate inequality and oppression. Critical theorists have used Marx's ideas to develop new approaches to the study of power, ideology, and social change.While Marx's ideas have been highly influential, they have also been the subject of much debate and criticism. Some scholars have argued that his analysis of capitalism is overly simplistic or outdated, while others have criticized the authoritarian tendencies of some communist regimes that have claimed to be based on his ideas.Despite these criticisms, however, Marx's work remains an importantand influential part of the social theory canon, and his ideas continue to be studied and debated by scholars and thinkers around the world.In addition to these major figures, there are many other important social theorists whose work has shaped our understanding of human society. These include Sigmund Freud, whose ideas about the unconscious mind and the role of sexuality in human behavior have had a profound impact on psychology and the social sciences; Michel Foucault, whose analysis of power, discourse, and the construction of social identities has been highly influential in fields such as cultural studies and gender studies; and Pierre Bourdieu, whose concept of "cultural capital" has been used to analyze the ways in which social and cultural resources are unequally distributed in society.Ultimately, the study of social theory is a vast and complex field, encompassing the work of numerous thinkers who have grappled with the fundamental questions of human society and social life. While the specific ideas and approaches of these theorists may vary, they all share a common goal of shedding light on the complex and often-hidden dynamics that shape our social world.。

管理会计的概念和原则 中英双语

管理会计的概念和原则 中英双语
The objective of continuous process improvement is to eliminate the source of problems in a process. 持续过程改进 的目标是消除过程中问题的根源。
Directing
The process by which managers run day-to-day operations is called directing. 经理们进行日常 运作的过程叫做指导。Examples: 例子:
A production supervisor’s efforts to keep the production line moving without interruptions 生 产主管为使生产线不间断地运转所作的努力
Long-term courses of action, called strategies, often involve periods of five to ten years. 长期的行动方针, 称为战略,ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ常包括5到10年的时期。
Operational planning develops short-term actions for managing the day-to-day operations of the company. 运 营计划为管理公司的日常运营制定短期行动计划。
Line department positions: 行部门职位: Senior Vice President- Production 高级副总裁-生产 Plant Manager 工厂经理 Senior Vice President- Marketing 高级副总裁-市场营销 Managing Director 董事总经理

用历史眼光和新闻眼光看时代作文

用历史眼光和新闻眼光看时代作文

用历史眼光和新闻眼光看时代作文英文回答:From a historical perspective, the era essay is a reflection of the significant changes and developments that have taken place over time. It provides an insightful analysis of the historical events, social movements, and cultural shifts that have shaped the course of history. The essay delves into the impact of major historical events such as wars, revolutions, and technological advancements on the society and the world at large. It offers a comprehensive understanding of how the past has influenced the present and how it continues to shape the future.From a news perspective, the era essay serves as a relevant commentary on the current state of affairs. It offers a critical analysis of the latest news events, political developments, and social trends that are shaping the contemporary world. The essay provides a fresh and up-to-date perspective on the issues that are making headlinesand captures the essence of the current societal and global dynamics. It offers valuable insights into the present-day challenges and opportunities and sheds light on the ongoing debates and discussions that are shaping the news agenda.中文回答:从历史的角度来看,时代作文是对历史事件、社会运动和文化变革的深刻分析,反映了重大变化和发展。

Identificationof...

Identificationof...

201211Identification of Caerulomycin A Gene Cluster Implicates a Tailoring AmidohydrolaseYiguang Zhu,†,§Peng Fu,‡,§Qinheng Lin,†Guangtao Zhang,†Haibo Zhang,†Sumei Li,†Jianhua Ju,†Weiming Zhu,*,‡and Changsheng Zhang*,†CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization,RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,164West Xingang Road,Guangzhou 510301,China,and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs,Ministry of Education of China,School of Medicine and Pharmacy,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,China ********************;******************.cnReceived March 7,2012The biosynthetic gene cluster for caerulomycin A (1)was cloned and characterized from the marine actinomycete Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6,which revealed an unusual hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)/nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)system.The crmL disruption mutant accumulated caerulomycin L (2)with an extended L -leucine at C-7,implicating an amidohydrolase activity for CrmL.The leucine-removing activity was confirmed for crude CrmL enzymes.Heterologous expression of the 1gene cluster led to 1production in Streptomyces coelicolor .Caerulomycins were first discovered from Streptomyces caeruleus 1and constituted a unique group of 2,20-bipyridyl ring-containing natural products,also represented by col-lismycins,pyrisulfoxins,streptonigrin,and orelline.2Re-cently,caerulomycin A (1,Figure 1B)and its numerous novel analogues were isolated from a marine actinomycete,Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6.3Caerulomy-cins were found to have strong antifungal,antiamoebic,and antitumor activities,and mild antibacterial activities.3,4Caerulomycin A (1)was also demonstrated to have novel bioactivity with remarkable promise in immunosuppres-sion.5The unique structure of caerulomycins and their significant bioactivities attracted many synthetic efforts,with accomplishments of the total synthesis of caerulomy-cins A-C and E.6The biosynthetic studies of 1were limited to earlier feeding experiments with labeled putative precursors,7revealing the origin of the first pyridine ring from lysine†South China Sea Institute of Oceanology.‡Ocean University of China.§Both authors contributed equally to this work.(1)(a)Funk,A.;Divekar,P.V.Can.J.Microbiol.1959,5,317–321.(b)McInnes,A.G.;Smith,D.G.;Wright,J.L.C.;Vining,L.C.Can.J.Chem.1977,55,4159–4165.(c)McInnes,A.G.;Smith,D.G.;Walter,J.A.;Wright,J.L.C.;Vining,L.C.;Arsenault,G.P.Can.J.Chem.1978,56,1836–1842.(d)Divekar,P.V.;Read,G.;Vining,L.C.Can.J.Chem.1967,45,1215–1223.(2)(a)Shindo,K.;Yamagishi,Y.;Okada,Y.;Kawai,H.J.Antibiot.1994,47,1072–1074.(b)Gomi,S.;Amano,S.;Sato,E.;Miyadoh,S.;Kodama,Y.J.Antibiot.1994,47,1385–1394.(c)Tsuge,N.;Furihata,K.;Shin-Ya,K.;Hayakawa,Y.;Seto,H.J.Antibiot.1999,52,505–507.(d)Antkowiak,W.Z.;Gessner,W.P.Tetrahedron Lett.1979,20,1931–1934.(e)Rao,K.V.;Biemann,K.;Woodward,R.B.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1963,85,2532–2533.(3)(a)Fu,P.;Wang,S.;Hong,K.;Li,X.;Liu,P.;Wang,Y.;Zhu,W.J.Nat.Prod.2011,74,1751–1756.(b)Fu,P.;Liu,P.;Li,X.;Wang,Y.;Wang,S.;Hong,K.;Zhu,.Lett.2011,13,5948–5951.(4)Chatterjee, D.K.;Raether,W.;Iyer,N.;Ganguli, B.N.Z.Parasitenkd.1984,70,569–573.(5)Singla,A.K.;Agrewala,J.N.;Vohra,R.M.;Jolly,R.S.United States Patent US 20070078167,2007.(6)(a)Trecourt,F.;Gervais,B.;Mallet,M.;Queguiner,.Chem.1996,61,1673–1676.(b)Mongin,F.;Trecourt,F.;Gervais,B.;Mongin,O.;Queguiner,.Chem.2002,67,3272–3276.(c)Bobrov,D.N.;Tyvorskii,V.I.Tetrahedron 2010,66,5432–5434.(7)(a)McInnes,A.G.;Smith,D.G.;Walter,J.A.;Vining,L.C.;Wright,J.L.C.Can.J.Chem.1979,57,3200–3204.(b)Vining,L.C.;McInnes,A.G.;McCulloch,A.W.;Smith,D.G.;Walter,J.A.Can.J.Chem.1988,66,191–194.via picolinic acid as an intermediate.7However,the origin and mechanism for the second pyridine ring formation remained elusive.Herein we reported the cloning and characterization of the 1biosynthetic gene cluster from A.cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6and the heterologous expres-sion of the 1gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicor .The initiation of the first pyridine ring formation in 1was proposed to be catalyzed by L -lysine 2-aminotransfer-ase,similar to NikC in the nikkomycin pathway and VisA in the virginiamycin S pathway.8Using a pair of degen-erate primers nikC-F and nikC-R (Table S1,Supporting Information),which were designed to target on conserved regions of NikC and its analogues (Figure S1,Supporting Information),we successfully identified seven positive cosmids from 1920clones of a SuperCos1-based genomic library of A.cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6(Table S2,Sup-porting Information).After restriction analyses and end-sequencing (Figure S2,Supporting Information),the cosmid pCSG2016was chosen for entire sequencing by a shot-gun approach,to give a 44,640bp of contiguousDNA sequence (GenBank accession no.JF419316).Bio-informatic analysis revealed the presence of 24orfs (Figure 1A),20of which were proposed to be involved in 1biosynthesis (Table S3,Supporting Information).Three genes,crmCDE ,are proposed to be responsible for the formation of the first pyridine ring in 1.CrmC,an aminotransferase like NikC,9may convert L -lysine to the corresponding R -keto derivative,which spontaneously cyclizes and dehydrates to yield piperidine-2-carboxylic acid.Next,the flavoenzyme CrmD,likely catalyzes a 4-electron oxidation of piperidine-2-carboxylic acid to picolinic acid,by analogy to its closest homologue NikD,a biochemically and structurally well studied amino acid oxidase.10To verify the involvement of crmD in 1biosyn-thesis,the crmD gene was disrupted by utilizing a genetic manipulation system previously established for A cyano-griseus WH1-2216-6(Figure S3,Supporting Information).11Figure 1.Biosynthesis of 1in A.cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6.(A)Genetic organization of the 1biosynthetic gene cluster.(B)Proposed biosynthetic pathway for 1.The pathway starts from L -lysine,and the bracketed steps are hypothetical.Abbreviations:ACP,acyl-carrier protein;KS,ketosynthase;AT,acyltransferase;C,condensation;A,adenylation;T,thiolation;TE,thioestrase;taut,tautomerization.(8)(a)Bruntner,C.;Bormann,C.Eur.J.Biochem.1998,254,347–355.(b)Namwat,W.;Kinoshita,H.;Nihira,T.J.Bacteriol.2002,184,4811–4818.(9)Bruntner,C.;Lauer,B.;Schwarz,W.;Mohrle,V.;Bormann,C.Mol.Gen.Genet.1999,262,102–114.(10)(a)Bruckner,R.C.;Zhao,G.;Venci,D.;Jorns,M.S.Biochem-istry 2004,43,9160–9167.(b)Carrell,C.J.;Bruckner,R.C.;Venci,D.;Zhao,G.;Jorns,M.S.;Mathews,F.S.Structure 2007,15,928–941.(11)Lin,Q.;Zhang,G.;Li,S.;Zhang,H.;Ju,J.;Zhu,W.;Zhang,C.Acta Mirobiol.Sin.2011,51,1032–1041.The resultingΔcrmD mutant CRM02abolished1produc-tion,which could be chemically rescued by feeding pico-linic acid(Figure S4,Supporting Information),confirming CrmD as a picolinic acid synthase.Subsequently,CrmE activates picolinic acid to its CoA form,in an ATP-dependent manner similar to its biochemically verified homologues,NikE and SanJ.12Notably,careful bioinfor-matic analysis revealed an ACP domain embedding at the N-terminus of CrmE(Figure S5,Supporting Information). Four genes,crmABIJ,are probably involved in forming and modifying the second pyridine ring.CrmA is predicted as a hybrid polyketide synthase(PKS)/nonribosomal pep-tide synthetase(NRPS)protein,containing typical do-mains of ketosynthase(KS),acyltransferase(AT),acyl-carrier protein(ACP),condensation(C),adenylation(A), and thiolation(T).CrmB contains C-A-T domains typical for a NRPS protein.Bioinformatic analyses of character-istic features of active site motifs predicted specificities of AT domain of CrmA for malonyl-CoA(QQGHSL-GRFHTHV),A domain of CrmA for cysteine(DLFNM-SLIWK)and A domain of CrmB for threonine(DYWS-FGLVVK).13CrmI exhibits the highest similarity to a putative acyl-CoA dehydrogenase from S.roseosporus NRRL11379and CrmJ is a predicted thioesterase(TE) involved in nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis with the highest identity to the thioesterase GrsT from Moorea producta.14Most intriguingly,there are together two NRPS modules in CrmA and CrmB,theoretically capable of adding two amino acids during1biosynthesis,which is highly contradicted to the chemical structure of1.Our subsequent gene knockout experiments revealed that all four mutants,including CRM06(ΔcrmA),CRM09(ΔcrmB), CRM10(ΔcrmI),and CRM12(ΔcrmJ)lost the ability to produce1(Figure2AÀC,Figure S6AB,Supporting Information),proving their essentiality for1biosynthesis. Seven genes,crmFGHMLNO,are putatively involved in post-PKS/NRPS modifications.CrmN and CrmO resem-ble GirC-and GriD-like dehydrogenase components,respec-tively.They may function together to reduce a carboxyl group into its aldehyde derivative,as demonstrated for carboxylic acid reductase pairs GriC and GriD in grixazone biosyn-thesis.15CrmG is predicted to be a diaminobutyrateÀpyruvate aminotransferase,which may be responsible for incorporation of the amino group at C-7in1.CrmF shows the highest similarity to a putative FAD-binding mono-oxygenase Oant_ 4393from Ochrobactrum anthropi.16CrmH distantly resem-bles the N-hydroxylase VlmH(30%identity)in valanimycin biosynthesis.17Inactivationof crmF didnot affect1production (Figure S6C,Supporting Information),while theΔcrmH mutant failed to produce1(Figure S6D,Supporting Infor-mation),indicating that CrmF is not essential for1biosynth-esis and CrmH is possibly functional to add the N-hydroxyl group in1.CrmM shows above40%identity to a number of O-methyltransferases involved in natural product biosynth-esis,such as AzicL for azicemicin18and CalO6for caliche-amicin.19It may methylate the hydroxyl group at C-4in1. CrmL is predicted to be a metallo-dependent amidohy-drolase(Figure S7,Supporting Information),displaying the highest identity(58%)to SSGG_05706from S.roseosporus NRRL15998.Interestingly,theΔcrmL mutant CRM04 could still produce1,but also accumulated another meta-bolite(Figure2D),which was isolated and identified as a new compound caerulomycin L(2,Figure1B)by1H,13C NMR and HRESIMS(Figure S8,Table S4,Supporting Information).Caerulomycin L(2)was assigned a molecu-lar formula of C17H19N3O4on the basis of HRESIMS, requiring10degrees of unsaturation.The1H NMR spectrum also displayed the characteristic signals of a 2-disubstituted pyridine ring system atδ8.66,8.48,7.92, and7.43and a2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridine ring system atδ7.92(s)and7.46(s),indicating that2is a4,6-disubstituted 2,20-bipyridine alkaloid.HMBC correlations from H-40to C-20/C-60,H-60to C-20/C-50,H-3to C-5/C-4/C-2,and from H-5to C-6/C-7further identified a4-hydroxy-2,20-bipyri-dine-6-carboxy structure.The alkyl signals atδH/C0.88/22.9 (CH3),0.91/23.7(CH3),1.68/25.3(CH2),1.68/42.6(CH2) and4.31/52.9(CH),and a carboxyl signal atδC175.7in2 suggested the presence of a leucine fragment that was further supported by1HÀ1H COSY(Figure S9,Table S4,Support-ing Information).The acid hydrolysis of2yielded leucine and 4-hydroxy-2,20-bipyridine-6-carboxylic acid(3,Figure1B) which was identified by1H,13C NMR and HRESIMS (Figure S10,Table S4,Supporting Information).The absolute configuration of leucine was determined as L-by Marfey’s method(Figure S11,Supporting Information).20 The incomplete orf(-3)gene,orf(-2),and orf(-1)genes encode functions not relevant to1biosynthesis,and the crmK and orf1genes both encode flavoenzymes(Table S3, Supporting Information).TheΔcrmK mutant CRM11still produced1,excluding its essential role for1biosynthesis (Figure S6E,Supporting Information).There are three putative transporter genes crmT1ÀT3and two putative regulator genes crmR1-R2,they may be responsible for transportation,resistance,and biosynthetic regulation of1. To confirm that we have cloned the entire1gene cluster, the recombinant cosmid pCSG2307harboring our whole sequenced DNA region(Table S2,Supporting Informa-tion)was introduced into Streptomyces coelicolor YF11,21 successfully leading to the heterologus production of1(12)(a)Niu,G.Q.;Liu,G.;Tian,Y.Q.;Tan,H.R.Metab.Eng.2006, 8,183–195.(b)Moon,M.;Van Lanen,S.G.Biopolymers2010,93,791–801.(13)Ansari,M.Z.;Yadav,G.;Gokhale,R.S.;Mohanty,D.Nucleic Acids Res.2004,32,W405–413.(14)Jones,A.C.;Monroe,E.A.;Podell,S.;Hess,W.R.;Klages,S.;Esquenazi,E.;Niessen,S.;Hoover,H.;Rothmann,M.;Lasken,R.S.; Yates,J.R.,3rd;Reinhardt,R.;Kube,M.;Burkart,M.D.;Allen,E.E.; Dorrestein,P.C.;Gerwick,W.H.;Gerwick,L.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. U.S.A.2011,108,8815–8820.(15)Suzuki,H.;Ohnishi,Y.;Horinouchi,S.J.Antibiot.2007,60, 380–387.(16)Chain,P.S.;Lang,D.M.;Comerci,D.J.;Malfatti,S.A.; Vergez,L.M.;Shin,M.;Ugalde,R.A.;Garcia,E.;Tolmasky,M.E. J.Bacteriol.2011,193,4274–4275.(17)Parry,R.J.;Li,W.;Cooper,H.N.J.Bacteriol.1997,179,409–416.(18)Ogasawara,Y.;Liu,H.W.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2009,131,18066–18068.(19)Ahlert,J.;Shepard,E.;Lomovskaya,N.;Zazopoulos,E.;Staffa,A.;Bachmann,B.O.;Huang,K.;Fonstein,L.;Czisny,A.;Whitwam, R.E.;Farnet,C.M.;Thorson,J.S.Science2002,297,1173–1176.(20)Marfey,mun.1984,49,591–596.(Figure 2E),which was absent in the control strain (Figure 2F).Unlike the ΔcrmL mutant CRM04,S.coelicolor YF11/pCSG2308,in which the crmL gene was disrupted (Table S2,Supporting Information),exclusively produced 2but not 1(Figure 2G).These observations indicated that CrmL specifically removed L -leucine from 2and the existence of another enzyme outside of 1gene cluster in A.cyanogriseus ,performing a similar function as CrmL.No soluble CrmL could be detected in E.coli ,and only weak expression of crmL was achieved in S.coelicolor YF11/pCSG2220(Figure S12,Supporting Information).Fortunately,2was indeed converted to 3in in vitro assays using cell free extracts of YF11/pCSG2220and the con-version ratio was increased with longer incubation time (Figure 2H-L,Figure S13,Supporting Information),while 2remained unchanged in control assays either using cell free extracts of YF11/pPWW50A (Figure 2M)or using boiled crude extracts of YF11/pCSG2220(Figure 2N).This experiment demonstrated that CrmL was responsible for removing the terminal L -leucine of 2to provide bining our experimental data and bioinformatic ana-lysis,we proposed a biosynthetic pathway for 1(Figure 1B).Picolinic acid (5)was formed by CrmC and CrmD from L -lysine via piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (4).CrmE was probably a dual functional enzyme capable of both acti-vating 5to 6,and loading 6to its N-terminal ACP,by analogy to its homologue NikE,similar dual function ofwhich was recently demonstrated.12b The resulting product then entered into the PKS module in CrmA to form the putative intermediate 7.Next,the A domain in CrmA might activate cysteine based on its predicted specificity.It is highly hypothetical that CrmI might convert CrmA T-domain-tethered cysteine to dehydroalanine (Dha)via an oxidative β-elimination.The conversion of cysteine into Dha was precedent in post-translational modification of proteins.22Subsequently,the enamine may serve as a nucleophile to attack 7(Figure 1B),resulting in an inter-mediate 8,which would sequentially undergo tautomer-ization (8f 9),intramolecular cyclization (9f 10),and a second tautomerization to afford 11(Figure 1B).After condensation of 11with L -leucine tethered to the CrmB T-domain,caerulomycin L (2)might be released from CrmB by the thioesterase CrmJ,and is converted to 3by CrmL.The dehydrogenation by CrmN/CrmO would generate 12,and the transamination of 12by CrmG yielded 13.CrmH probably catalyzed the N -hydroxylation of 13to provide 14,mechanistically analogous to P450enzyme NocL in nocar-dicin A biosynthesis.23Finally,the 1biosynthesis would be completed by the CrmM-catalyzed O -methylation of 14.In summary,we have cloned and characterized the biosynthetic gene cluster for 1from A.cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6,the identity of which was confirmed by heterologous expression.Functional elucidation of the amidohydrolase CrmL indicated a process of extension/removal of a redundant amino acid in 1biosynthesis,similar to the protection/deprotection strategy recently demonstrated in the biosynthesis of macrolactam vice-nistatin and the antibiotic xenocoumacin in which similar peptidases tailored a hybrid PKS/NRPS assembly line.24The collismycin biosynthetic gene cluster was also recently elucidated to share a similar organization as the 1gene cluster (Table S5,Supporting Information),25suggesting a common mechanism for 2,20-bipyridyl ring formation.Acknowledgment.Financial support was provided by MOST (2010CB833800),NSFC (31070045,31125001),and CAS (KZCX2-YW-JC202,08SL111002,KSCX2-EW-G-12).We thank Prof.Meifeng Tao (Shanghai Jiao Tong University)for providing S.coelicolor YF11.We are grateful to the analytical facilities in SCSIO.Supporting Information Available.Experimental details and 1D and 2D NMR spectra of 2and 3.This material is available free of charge via the Internet at .The authors declare no competing financialinterest.Figure 2.HPLC analyses of metabolite profiles and crude enzyme assays.(A)A.cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6wild type;(B)ΔcrmA mutant CRM06;(C)ΔcrmB mutant CRM09;(D)ΔcrmL mutant CRM04;(E)S.coelicolor YF11/pCSG2307;(F)YF11/pSET152;(G)YF11/pCSG2308;(H)and (I)2and 3standards,(J ÀL)Incubation of 2with crude extracts of YF11/pCSG2220for 1h (J),4h (K)and 8h (L);control assays by incubation of 2with YF11/pPWW50A (M)or bioled crude extracts of YF11/pCSG2220(N)for 8h.UV detection at 254nm.The HPLC mobile phases were acetonitrile for traces A ÀG and methanol for traces H ÀN.The authors declare no competing financial interest.(21)Zhou,H.;Wang,Y.;Yu,Y.;Bai,T.;Chen,L.;Liu,P.;Guo,H.;Zhu,C.;Tao,M.;Deng,Z.Curr.Microbiol.2012,64,185–190.(22)Chalker,J.M.;Gunnoo,S.B.;Boutureira,O.;Gerstberger,S.C.;Fernandez-Gonzalez,M.;Bernardes,G.J.L.;Griffin,L.;Hailu,H.;Schofield,C.J.;Davis,B.G.Chem.Sci.2011,2,1666–1676.(23)Kelly,W.L.;Townsend,C.A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2002,124,8186–8187.(24)(a)Shinohara,Y.;Kudo,F.;Eguchi,T.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2011,133,18134–18137.(b)Reimer,D.;Pos,K.M.;Thines,M.;Grun,P.;Bode,H.B.Nat.Chem.Biol.2011,7,888–890.(25)Garcia,I.;Vior,N.M.;Brana,A.F.;Sabin,J.G.;Rohr,J.;Moris,F.Chem.Biol.2012,19,399–413.。

a considerable number of the most significant

a considerable number of the most significant

a considerable number of the most
significant
“a considerable number of the most significant”的意思是“相当数量的最重要的”,这是一个比较简洁的表达方式,可以用在各种上下文中,例如:
1. 在学术研究中:“a considerable number of the most significant studies”(相当数量的最重要的研究)。

2. 在商业领域:“a considerable number of the most significant factors”(相当数量的最重要的因素)。

3. 在历史讨论中:“a considerable number of the most significant events”(相当数量的最重要的事件)。

4. 在艺术或文学评论中:“a considerable number of the most significant works”(相当数量的最重要的作品)。

请注意,具体的使用方式和上下文会影响这个短语的精确含义,但它通常用于强调某个领域或主题中一些非常重要或关键的元素、研究、事件、作品等。

英语作文变化原因分析

英语作文变化原因分析

英语作文变化原因分析Certainly! Here's an analysis of the reasons for changes in English composition:---。

English composition has undergone significant changes over the years due to various factors influencing language, education, and communication. In this essay, we will delve into the reasons behind these transformations.1. Technological Advancements: The advent of technology, particularly the internet and word processing software, has revolutionized the way English compositions are written. Students now have easy access to a wealth of information online, allowing them to conduct research more efficiently and incorporate diverse perspectives into their writing. Additionally, word processing software offers features such as spell check, grammar correction, and formatting tools, enhancing the quality of written work.2. Globalization: As English continues to establish itself as the global lingua franca, there is a growing emphasis on teaching English composition not only for native speakers but also for non-native speakers worldwide. This has led to a more diverse range of writing styles, vocabulary choices, and cultural influences being integrated into English compositions.3. Changes in Education Systems: Educational reforms have impacted the way English composition is taught and assessed. There has been a shift towards more student-centered approaches, such as project-based learning and collaborative writing activities, which focus on developing critical thinking and communication skills. Additionally, standardized testing formats have evolved, placing greater emphasis on writing proficiency across various genres and formats.4. Social and Cultural Shifts: Societal changes, including shifts in values, norms, and communication patterns, have influenced the content and tone of Englishcompositions. Issues such as social justice, environmental sustainability, and mental health awareness areincreasingly being addressed in student writing, reflecting contemporary concerns and perspectives.5. Pedagogical Innovations: Educators are constantly exploring new teaching methods and strategies to enhance English composition instruction. This includes the integration of multimedia resources, interactive writing platforms, and digital storytelling techniques, which cater to diverse learning styles and engage students more effectively in the writing process.6. Rise of Online Platforms: The proliferation of online writing platforms, blogs, and social media has provided individuals with platforms to express themselves and share their writing with a global audience. This has democratized the writing process, allowing aspiring writers to receive feedback, collaborate with others, and gain exposure to different writing styles and genres.7. Evolving Language Dynamics: The English languageitself is constantly evolving, influenced by cultural exchanges, technological innovations, and linguistic borrowings from other languages. As a result, English compositions may reflect changes in vocabulary usage, syntax, and language conventions over time.In conclusion, the changes observed in English composition can be attributed to a combination of technological advancements, globalization, shifts in education systems, societal trends, pedagogical innovations, the rise of online platforms, and evolving language dynamics. These factors have collectively shaped the way English is taught, learned, and practiced, contributing to the dynamic nature of written communication in the English language.。

研学英语作文五六句左右

研学英语作文五六句左右

研学英语作文的精髓:五六句的深度剖析 In the realm of academic English writing, mastering the art of condensing complex ideas into concise yet powerful sentences is paramount. This craft is not easily acquired, but with practice and understanding of the subject matter, it becomes a skill that can greatly enhance one's writing abilities. In this article, we delve into the essence of writing effective research English essays, focusing on the power of five to six key sentences that can make or break an argument.The opening sentence of an essay is often the most crucial, as it sets the tone for the entire piece and piques the reader's interest. It should be both informative and engaging, providing a clear overview of the topic while also hinting at the direction the essay will take. For example: "In recent years, the rise of digital technologies has transformed the way we live, work, and interact. This paper examines the impact of this technological revolution on educational practices, particularly in the field of higher education."The second sentence should build upon the introduction, providing a more detailed background or context for the discussion. It might introduce relevant theory, historical precedents, or statistical data that support the argument. For instance: "Previous studies have shown that digital tools such as online learning platforms and interactive software have the potential to enhance student engagement and academic performance. However, there are also concerns regarding the potential downsides of this technological shift."The third and fourth sentences should present the main arguments or hypotheses being explored in the essay. These sentences should be clear and concise, stating the central points of the argument without getting bogged down in detail. For example: "This paper argues that while digital technologies offer significant advantages in terms of accessibility and flexibility, they also pose challenges to traditional teaching methods and the personal learning experience. Specifically, we explore how these technologies affect student motivation, teacher-student interaction, and the overall quality of education."The fifth sentence should introduce evidence or examples to support the arguments put forward in the previous sentences. This could include quotes from experts, case studies, or empirical research findings. For instance: "A recent study conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics found that while most students reported feeling more engaged with their studies when using digital tools, teachers often struggled to maintain the same level of interaction and personal connection withtheir students."The sixth sentence should serve as a conclusion or summation of the previous points, restating the main arguments in a more concise form and possibly hinting at the direction the essay will take in the following paragraphs. For example: "In summary, while digital technologies have the potential to revolutionize education, it is crucial to consider their impact on both the student and teacher experience. This paper aims to provide a balanced analysis of these impacts and to suggeststrategies for maximizing the benefits of this technological shift."掌握研学英语作文的精髓在于能够用简洁有力的句子表达复杂的思想。

An Analysis of Polysemy in English for Science and

An Analysis of Polysemy in English for Science and

Sino-US English Teaching, May 2020, Vol. 17, No. 5, 154-157doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2020.05.003An Analysis of Polysemy in English for Science andTechnology TranslationXIA JingUniversity of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaThe monosemy term is one of the important features of English for Science and Technology (EST), but in theprocess of usage, the monosemy will often be changed gradually, and polysemy is an important factor thatinfluences the term’s monosemy. This paper analyzes the internal and external causes of polysemy in ESTtranslation from the perspective of translation practice, and further elaborates on polysemy with specific translationexamples. Finally, some preliminary suggestions for the preferred correct meaning are put forward.Keywords: English for Science and Technology, polysemy, word meaning preferenceIntroductionGenerally speaking, English can be divided into English for General Purposes (EGP) and English for Special Purposes (ESP). English for Science and Technology (EST) studies is an important part of ESP, and the existence of polysemy is a major obstacle in the EST translation. In the complex English for Science and Technology vocabulary system, although there are many monosemous words, polysemous words appear more frequently. Taking the English-Chinese Technical Dictionary as an example, it contains more than 75,000 words, of which polysemous words (two or more) account for about 15% of the total vocabulary, and these words are often the most frequently used and widely used words in scientific and technological languages (Gao, 2013). Based on the specific translation practice, this paper analyzes the forms and factors of polysemy, and offers some countermeasures, which can bring some help to EST translators.The Definition of Polysemy and Examples AnalysisThe Definition of PolysemyFor a long time, there is no definite and complete expression of polysemy. If a single word has more than one meaning, then this phenomenon can be called polysemy. Generally speaking, words related to semantics or etymology between multiple meanings are regarded as polysemous (Fromkin & Rodman, 1998). The following will further explain the phenomenon of polysemy through some translation examples.Example AnalysisTaking the word “reproduction” as an example, the original meaning is “重现,再生产,复制品”.Eg. 1: The reproduction is almost as good as the original.Translation: 这件复制品...几乎与原作无异。

小学下册J卷英语第3单元暑期作业

小学下册J卷英语第3单元暑期作业

小学下册英语第3单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.My dad is a great __________ (谈话者).2.What is the name of the famous bear in the cartoon?A. PaddingtonB. Winnie the PoohC. YogiD. BalooB3.How many hearts does an octopus have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. FourC4.The otter uses tools to crack open ______ (贝壳).5.The chemical symbol for sodium is _______.6.My grandma always makes __________. (饼干)7.We eat dinner _____ the dining room. (in)8.The mountain is _____ (high/low).9.I can ________ (skate) on ice.10.In ancient Egypt, the people worshipped many __________ (神).11. A spider has ______ legs.12.The cockatoo has a beautiful _________ (羽毛).13. A __________ (生态研究) can reveal important information.14. A ______ is a type of insect that can fly.15.The grass is _______ (green).16.Galileo was one of the first to use a ______ to study the stars.17.The _____ (小狗) wags its tail when happy.18.There are ______ chairs in the classroom. (ten)19.The chemical symbol for zirconium is _______.20.The term "solubility" describes how well a solute can _______ in a solvent.21.The symbol for cerium is _____.22.The concept of biodiversity highlights the variety of ______ in ecosystems.23.My sister has a beautiful _________ (玩具公主) collection.24.The ______ helps us learn about environmental conservation.25.We have a ______ (愉快的) gathering every month.26.I like to draw pictures of ________.27.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to express my thoughts.28.What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated in May?A. Memorial DayB. Labor DayC. Independence DayD. ThanksgivingA29.The __________ is a famous mountain located in Nepal. (珠穆朗玛峰)30. A dolphin has a special organ called a ________________ (喷气孔).31.My mom makes ___ (cake/pie) for my birthday.32.I want to learn how to ________ (开车) when I’m older.33.What is the name of the holiday celebrated on December 25th?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. EasterC34.We like to play ______ (团体游戏) in gym class.35.What do we call the process of gathering information using your senses?A. AnalysisB. ObservationC. ExperimentationD. HypothesisB36.I love to ______ (进行) volunteer work.37.My favorite game is _____. (hide and seek)38.My friend enjoys playing the ____ (drums).39.I enjoy __________ with my friends. (玩耍)40.What is the main ingredient in mayonnaise?A. OilB. EggsC. VinegarD. MustardA Oil41.I like to build _________ (沙堡) at the beach with my plastic _________ (玩具).42.What is the name of the famous tower in Paris?A. Eiffel TowerB. Big BenC. Leaning Tower of PisaD. Tokyo TowerA43.The festival is very _______ (exciting).44.The __________ (历史的探索) continues to reveal new truths.45.What is the main purpose of a teacher?A. To entertainB. To educateC. To cookD. To clean46.What do you call a young zebra?A. ColtB. CalfC. KitD. Pup47.I like to eat ______ for breakfast. (eggs)48.What do we call the imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. LatitudeD. Longitude49.The discovery of ________ has had extensive implications for health.50. A neutral solution has a pH of ______.51.The milk is in the ___. (fridge)52.The capital of Kazakhstan is __________.53.The dog is ______ in the backyard. (playing)54.__________ are substances that can conduct electricity in solution.55.I love to ______ (与家人一起) explore different cuisines.56.The _______ (小鲨鱼) swims near the coral reef.57.What do we call the movement of air?A. WindB. BreezeC. DraftD. StormA58.My school has a big ________ (图书馆) filled with many interesting ________ (书籍).59.Gases have particles that are _______ apart.60.At the petting zoo, I saw a ________ (小羊). It was very ________ (可爱).61.The fish swims _____ (fast/slow) in the water.62.My mom is a ______. She enjoys baking cakes.63.The children are _____ at the carnival. (having fun)64.My favorite hobby is ________ (摄影).65.Where do polar bears live?A. DesertB. JungleC. ArcticD. SavannahC66.Which insect produces silk?A. BeeB. AntC. ButterflyD. SilkwormD67.The ________ (多样性) of species is crucial for balance.68.The garden looks very ______.69.What is the name of the famous ship that sank in 1912?A. BritannicB. LusitaniaC. TitanicD. OlympicC70.The _____ of a star is determined by its size and temperature.71.I enjoy watching shows about my favorite ________ (玩具名称).72.The raccoon is known for its dexterous ______ (爪子).73. A _______ (小猴子) swings from tree to tree in the jungle.74.The _______ of an object is how much space it takes up.75.__________ (基因工程) involves chemical reactions to modify DNA.76.The study of how rocks form and change is known as ______ geology.77.The atmosphere is made up of different ______.78.What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. NoodlesB. RiceC. BreadD. Potatoes79.The classroom is ______ (clean) and tidy.80.My favorite animal is a ______ (兔子) because they are cute.81.The ________ was a significant moment in the history of education.82.My sister calls me her _______ because we are close.83.The chemical formula for chromium trioxide is _____.84.Which animal is known for building dams?A. BeaverB. RabbitC. FoxD. SquirrelA85.I like to _______ in the summer.86.The artist expresses emotions through _____ (艺术).87.The ancient Greeks made advancements in ________ and philosophy.88.What is the capital of Zimbabwe?A. HarareB. BulawayoC. GweruD. MutareA89.What do you call the process of a caterpillar becoming a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. TransformationD. AdaptationA90.What do we call the act of making something new?A. CreatingB. InventingC. InnovatingD. Designing91.What is 4 × 3?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. 1692.What do you call a young ant?A. LarvaB. PupaC. WorkerD. Queen93.What is the main ingredient in a burrito?A. RiceB. BeansC. TortillaD. All of the above94.My favorite snack during movies is _______ (爆米花).95.What color is a ripe banana?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. BlueB96.What do you call a vehicle that travels on tracks?A. CarB. TrainC. BusD. BicycleB97.The ancient Greeks invented the _______ as a form of government. (民主)98.He is a pilot, ______ (他是一名飞行员), who navigates through the skies.99.We have ______ (许多) different cultures in our city.100.What is the opposite of "happy"?A. AngryB. SadC. ExcitedD. JoyfulB。

小学上册E卷英语第六单元综合卷

小学上册E卷英语第六单元综合卷

小学上册英语第六单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.Which animal is known for building dams?A. BeaverB. FoxC. RabbitD. Owl2.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. PompeiiB. RomeC. VeniceD. FlorenceA3.What is the smallest prime number?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 5B 24.My sister plays the ____ (drums) in her school band.5. A beetle can be found in many different ________________ (栖息地).6.Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. FrogB. FishC. BirdD. SnakeC7.What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue WhaleC. GiraffeD. Hippopotamus8.How many fingers do humans usually have?A. EightB. TenC. TwelveD. FourB9.The __________ (历史研究) is essential for understanding our place in the world.10.My school is very ______.11. A chemical bond forms when two atoms share ________.12.I see a _____ (彩虹) after the rain.13.The chemical symbol for samarium is ____.14.The ________ (探索) of new places is exciting.15.We are visiting the ___. (art gallery)16. (Democratic) Republic of Congo was formerly known as Zaire. The ____17.What do we call the tool used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. HydrometerD. Altimeter18.In a solution, the solvent is the substance that dissolves the _____.19.My favorite fruit to eat is ______.20.What is the name of the famous festival held in Rio de Janeiro?A. OktoberfestB. Mardi GrasC. CarnivalD. DiwaliC21.What is the opposite of 'rich'?A. WealthyB. PoorC. AffluentD. ComfortableB22.The ________ (analysis) shows trends.23.The ____ floats in the water.24.Astronomy helps us understand our place in the ______.25.Acids react with bases to form ________ and water.26.What do we call a young person in school?A. StudentB. ScholarC. LearnerD. Pupil27.How many bones are in the adult human body?A. 206B. 201C. 210D. 21528.I enjoy __________ with my friends. (游戏)29.What do we call the person who studies stars?A. BiologistB. AstronomerC. GeologistD. Chemist30.We are going to a ______ (farm) this weekend.31.What is the name of the famous explorer who discovered America?A. Marco PoloB. Christopher ColumbusC. Ferdinand MagellanD. Vasco da GamaB32.The color change in a chemical reaction can indicate a _______. (反应)33.What do you call the area of land that drains into a river?A. WatershedB. BasinC. DeltaD. FloodplainA34.The weather is _______ (阴天) today.35.The process of converting a gas directly into a solid is called _______.36. A solution that conducts electricity is called an ______ solution.37. A ______ is a natural opening in the Earth's surface.38.The sandwiches are ___ (fresh/old).39.The __________ (历史的传承机制) ensures continuity.40.The ancient Greeks contributed greatly to ________ and literature.41. A reaction that produces a solid is called a ______ reaction.42.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Mexico?A. Machu PicchuB. TeotihuacanC. Chichen ItzaD. TulumC43.What is the name of the device we use to listen to music?A. RadioB. TelevisionC. ComputerD. PhoneA44.An alkaline solution has a pH greater than ______.45.The __________ is a famous river in the United States. (密西西比河)46.What is the main purpose of a pen?A. EatB. WriteC. DrawD. Paint47.My mom makes _____ for dinner. (pasta)48.What is the name of the famous fictional detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Philip MarloweC. Sherlock HolmesD. Sam Spade49.Which animal is known for building dams?A. BeaverB. OtterC. FrogD. TurtleA50.小蛇) enjoys the warmth of the sun. The ___51.The chemical symbol for potassium is ______.52.My brother plays the ____ (keyboard) in a band.53.My dad is always there to provide __________ (支持).54.The clock is on the ___ (wall/table).55.My uncle is a ________.56.The __________ is known for its charming villages.57.Which instrument is known for having keys and producing sound when air is blown into it?A. TrumpetB. ClarinetC. TromboneD. FluteB58.What do you call the area of land covered with trees?A. DesertB. ForestC. PlainD. Mountain59.The __________ was a time when the world faced significant changes. (冷战)60.Did you ever watch a _______ (小金鱼) swim in its bowl?61.We have a ______ (丰富的) library at school.62.I love playing with my ________ set.63.The _______ (兔子) loves to munch on carrots.64.The sunflower grows tall in the ______.65.The sun is ___ today. (shining)66.The __________ (历史的解析) provides clarity.67.My grandma enjoys sharing her __________ (故事) with us.68.What do we call the study of the earth?A. BiologyB. GeographyC. AstronomyD. ChemistryB69.I love to watch ________ (动画片) on weekends.70. A ____(watershed) is an area that drains into a river.71.What is the name of the famous American actress known for her role in "The Wizard of Oz"?A. Judy GarlandB. Marilyn MonroeC. Audrey HepburnD. Meryl StreepA72.What do we call a small insect that can fly?A. ButterflyB. BeeC. AntD. Ladybug73.The _____ (quinoa) is a superfood plant.74.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KazanD. VladivostokA75.__________ are used in batteries to store electrical energy.76.What is the smallest continent?A. EuropeB. AustraliaC. AntarcticaD. AsiaB77.The __________ (地图) helps us find places.78.My dog loves to cuddle on the ______ (沙发).79.The Great Barrier Reef is off the coast of _______.80. A penguin waddles on the _______ and swims.81.ts need __________ (阴影) to grow well. Some pla82.We visit the ______ (动物园) to see wild animals.83. A _______ helps to measure the effects of temperature on materials.84.The chemical formula for potassium sulfate is ______.85.The seal has a streamlined ______ (身体).86.How many bones are in a dog's body?A. 200B. 250C. 300D. 350A87.The emu is a large, flightless ______ (鸟).88.The gazelle is known for its graceful ________________ (奔跑).89.In the morning, I brush my ________ (牙齿) and wash my ________ (脸).90.What do you call a young male bear?A. CubB. PupC. KidD. Calf91.What is the value of 5 × 5 15?A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 25A92.What color is a ripe orange?A. GreenB. YellowC. OrangeD. RedC93.The _______ of light can be refracted through a prism.94.What is the name of the popular show about a detective solving mysteries?A. Sherlock HolmesB. Law and OrderC. CSID. MonkA95._____ (水分保持) is essential for healthy plants.96.My dad is my strong _______ who teaches me valuable lessons.97.What is the largest mammal?A. ElephantB. Blue whaleC. GiraffeD. HippopotamusB98. A ______ is an elevated area surrounded by lower land.99.Planets do not produce their own ______.100.My sister is very ______.。

更喜欢在电视上看体育赛事的原因英语作文

更喜欢在电视上看体育赛事的原因英语作文

更喜欢在电视上看体育赛事的原因英语作文1Watching sports events on TV has always been my preferred choice, and there are several compelling reasons for this. Firstly, the picture quality and camera work on TV are simply outstanding. The clear images and multiple angle shots ensure that we don't miss a single exciting moment. For instance, during a football match, the close-ups of the players' expressions and the panoramic views of the entire stadium make us feel as if we are right there on the field.Another significant advantage is the comfort it offers. When watching at home, we can relax on the sofa, have our favorite snacks and drinks at hand, and enjoy the event without any discomfort. Moreover, we have the freedom to pause or rewind the broadcast. This is especially useful when we need to take a break or want to relive a particular thrilling moment.In addition, TV commentary adds to the experience. The commentators provide in-depth analysis and background information, enhancing our understanding and enjoyment of the game. We can also avoid the chaos and crowds often associated with attending live events.All in all, the combination of high-quality visuals, comfort, control over the viewing process, and informative commentary makes watching sports events on TV a far more appealing option for me.2Watching sports events on television has numerous advantages that make it a preferred choice for many. Firstly, the professional commentary provided by TV announcers is of great significance. Their detailed explanations help viewers, especially those who are not well-versed in the sport, to have a clear understanding of the rules and tactics employed. For instance, during a football match, the commentator can explain the offside rule and how it affects the gameplay, which enriches the viewing experience and enhances our comprehension.Secondly, television offers the convenience of being able to follow multiple events simultaneously. This is particularly appealing for sports enthusiasts with diverse interests. One can switch between channels or use split-screen features to keep track of different competitions happening at the same time. For example, on a weekend afternoon, one can watch a tennis tournament while also catching glimpses of a basketball game and a swimming competition.In addition, the high-quality visuals and replays available on TV ensure that we don't miss any crucial moments. Slow-motion replays help us analyze spectacular plays or controversial decisions more closely. Moreover, the comfortable seating and the ability to enjoy snacks and beverages at home while watching add to the overall enjoyment.In conclusion, the combination of professional commentary, theoption to follow multiple events, and the enhanced viewing experience makes watching sports events on television a highly favored choice for many.3Watching sports events on television has numerous advantages that make it a preferred choice for many. One of the significant benefits is the availability of slow-motion replays. These replays allow viewers to closely observe and appreciate the extraordinary skills and techniques of the athletes in great detail. For instance, during a football match, a slow-motion replay can reveal the precise moment when a player makes a brilliant pass or a goalkeeper makes an impossible save. This not only enhances our understanding and enjoyment of the game but also gives us a deeper appreciation for the athletes' hard work and talent.Another reason why I prefer watching sports events on TV is the opportunity to share the excitement with family and friends. Gathering around the television creates a warm and communal atmosphere. We can cheer together, discuss the strategies of the teams, and celebrate the victories or commiserate over defeats. It strengthens the bonds among us and creates lasting memories.Moreover, television broadcasts offer expert commentary and analysis. The commentators provide valuable insights into the game, explaining the tactics, player performances, and historical context. This enriches ourviewing experience and helps us gain a better understanding of the sport.In conclusion, watching sports events on television offers a unique and enjoyable experience. The combination of slow-motion replays, the communal aspect, and expert commentary makes it a superior choice for those seeking to fully immerse themselves in the world of sports.4Watching sports events on television has become a preferred choice for many, and there are several compelling reasons for this. Firstly, the pre-event coverage and related reports on TV offer us a comprehensive understanding of the event background and the athletes' profiles. For instance, before a major football tournament, we can learn about the teams' previous performances, their training regimens, and the form of key players. This enriches our viewing experience and enables us to appreciate the game on a deeper level.Another significant advantage is the avoidance of the hustle and bustle at the live venue. At a live sports event, the noise and the crowds can sometimes be overwhelming, making it difficult to focus and enjoy the game fully. On the contrary, sitting comfortably in our living room, we can enjoy the event in a peaceful and quiet environment. We can also have easy access to various snacks and beverages without the hassle of queuing up.Moreover, the commentary and analysis provided during the telecast add an extra layer of enjoyment. Expert commentators can explain thetactics, point out the key moments, and offer insights that we might have missed. This enhances our understanding and appreciation of the sport.In conclusion, watching sports events on television provides us with convenience, in-depth knowledge, and a peaceful atmosphere, making it a more preferred option for many enthusiasts.5Watching sports events on TV has become a preferred choice for many, and there are several compelling reasons for this. Firstly, when we watch sports events on TV, we can focus entirely on the game itself without being distracted by various factors at the live venue. For instance, the noise from the crowd or the hustle and bustle around the stadium might take away our attention from the actual gameplay. But on TV, we can immerse ourselves in the strategies, skills, and intense competition unfolding on the field.Another significant advantage is the availability of highlights and replays. TV broadcasts allow us to relive the most thrilling and classic moments at any time. We can review those breathtaking goals, astonishing saves, or outstanding performances over and over again, savoring every detail and feeling the excitement anew. This is especially valuable for those unforgettable moments that we might have missed during the live viewing.Furthermore, the commentary and analysis provided during TV broadcasts enhance our understanding and appreciation of the sport. Expert commentators offer in-depth insights into the teams' tactics, players'performance, and the historical context of the event. This enriches our viewing experience and helps us gain a deeper appreciation for the sport's nuances and complexities.In conclusion, watching sports events on TV offers a unique and immersive experience that allows us to enjoy the game to the fullest, gain a better understanding of it, and relive the most memorable moments at our convenience.。

初升高英语阅读理解训练

初升高英语阅读理解训练

初升高英语阅读理解训练As students transition from middle school to high school, one of the most significant academic challenges they often face is the increased rigor and complexity of English reading comprehension. High school English curricula typically demand a higher level of critical thinking, analysis, and synthesis of information from a variety of literary and informational texts. To ensure a smooth and successful transition, it is crucial for incoming high school students to engage in targeted English reading comprehension training.One of the primary focuses of this training should be on developing strong vocabulary skills. High school-level texts often contain a more sophisticated and specialized vocabulary compared to middle school materials. Students need to build their lexical knowledge to better understand the nuances of language used in these texts. This can be achieved through systematic vocabulary instruction, including the study of word roots, prefixes, and suffixes, as well as the contextual analysis of unfamiliar words.In addition to vocabulary development, students should also focuson improving their ability to comprehend and analyze complex texts. High school English classes often require students to engage with a wide range of literary genres, including novels, short stories, plays, and poetry, as well as informational texts such as essays, speeches, and historical documents. Students should be exposed to a variety of text structures, literary devices, and rhetorical techniques, and learn how to effectively identify and interpret these elements.One effective strategy for improving reading comprehension is the use of active reading techniques. This involves actively engaging with the text, rather than passively reading. Students can be taught to preview the text, make predictions, ask questions, and make connections between the text and their prior knowledge. They should also learn to identify the main idea, key supporting details, and the author's purpose and perspective.Another important aspect of reading comprehension training is the development of critical thinking skills. High school English classes often require students to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information from multiple sources, and to form their own informed opinions and arguments. Students should be taught how to critically evaluate the credibility and reliability of sources, identify biases and assumptions, and draw logical conclusions based on evidence.To further enhance their reading comprehension skills, studentsshould also be encouraged to engage in regular independent reading. This not only exposes them to a wider range of texts and genres, but also helps them to develop their vocabulary, fluency, and overall reading proficiency. Teachers can provide students with a range of high-interest, age-appropriate reading materials, and guide them in selecting texts that challenge and engage them.Finally, it is important for students to practice their reading comprehension skills through a variety of assessment tasks, such as literary analysis essays, research papers, and in-class discussions. These assessments should be designed to evaluate not only students' understanding of the content, but also their ability to think critically, communicate effectively, and apply their knowledge to new contexts.In conclusion, preparing for the increased demands of high school English reading comprehension is a crucial step in ensuring a successful academic transition. By focusing on vocabulary development, text analysis, critical thinking, and regular independent reading, students can build the necessary skills and confidence to thrive in their high school English classes. With the right support and guidance, incoming high school students can develop the reading comprehension abilities that will serve them well throughout their academic and professional careers.。

我喜欢语文科目英语作文

我喜欢语文科目英语作文

我喜欢语文科目英语作文篇1I have always had a deep and passionate love for the subject of Chinese! Oh, how wonderful it is! The reasons for my fondness are numerous and profound.The stories in our Chinese textbooks are like magic keys that open the door to a world of imagination. When I read the poems of Li Bai, it feels as if I am transcending time and space to enjoy the bright moon with him. What an amazing experience that is! And the ancient literary works allow me to glimpse the wisdom and sentiments of our ancestors. How could one not be moved by their profound thoughts and emotions?The tales of loyalty, love, and bravery in these works touch my heartstrings. They make me understand the complexity and beauty of human nature. Isn't it astonishing how words written centuries ago can still have such a powerful impact on us today?The language itself is like a flowing river, carrying with it the essence of history and culture. Every character, every phrase seems to have a soul, telling tales that have been passed down through generations. How can I not be captivated by such a rich and vibrant subject?In conclusion, the subject of Chinese is not just a course for me, but a source of endless inspiration and joy. How lucky I am to have it in my life!I have always had a deep affection for the subject of Chinese. Oh, how it has brought so much joy and fulfillment into my life! Remember the time when I participated in a composition contest? I poured my heart and soul into that piece of writing, expressing my innermost thoughts and emotions with every word. And guess what? I won! The feeling of being recognized for my literary skills was simply amazing. I couldn't believe that my words had such power and charm.Also, in the classroom, whenever I actively raised my hand to answer questions or share my insights, the praise from my teacher would fill me with happiness and pride. It was as if my efforts and enthusiasm were being rewarded in the most wonderful way.The beauty of Chinese lies in its ability to allow me to convey complex feelings and ideas precisely. Through writing, I can explore the depth of my heart and bring out the hidden treasures within. Every time I complete a piece of writing and look back at it with satisfaction, I can't help but exclaim, "How wonderful it is to be able to express myself so freely!"Learning Chinese has truly been a remarkable journey, filled with countless moments of joy and achievement. I am so grateful for having this wonderful subject in my life. How could I not love it?I have always had a deep love for the Chinese subject! How fascinating and wonderful it is! In our Chinese classes, there are countless interesting experiences that make me feel so excited.Remember the time when we had a group discussion? Oh my goodness! The atmosphere was so lively and intense. Everyone shared their thoughts and ideas freely, and it was like a brilliant spark was igniting among us. We debated, we explored, and we learned from each other. It was truly amazing!Another memorable moment was when we performed a textbook play together. Wow! The charm of literary works came alive on the stage. We immersed ourselves in the characters and felt the emotions and conflicts. It was not just a performance, but a profound understanding of the literature.And our teacher's explanations! They were so vivid and engaging. Even the most boring knowledge became interesting and easy to understand. How could I not love this subject?The Chinese subject has opened a door to a world full of wonders and wisdom for me. I will always cherish these precious moments and keep exploring the beauty of Chinese language and literature.篇4Oh, how I love the subject of Chinese! It is not just a subject in schoolbut a wonderful companion in my life. Remember that time when I went on a trip to the mountains? The magnificent view before me was so breathtaking that I couldn't help but express my feelings in the form of ancient poems. The words flowed from my heart like a gentle stream, adding a touch of elegance and charm to the scenery. And when I read literary works, it was like opening a door to a new world. I learned how to express my thoughts and emotions more precisely, which greatly enhanced my ability to communicate with others. How amazing it is! Can you imagine the joy when I could convey my true feelings to my friends through a beautifully written letter, filled with warm words and deep emotions? It's like giving them a precious gift. Chinese has truly become an inseparable part of my life. It enriches my soul, makes my world more colorful, and brings countless joys and surprises. Isn't it wonderful? I believe that in the future, Chinese will continue to accompany me, and I will explore more of its mysteries and beauties!篇5I have always had a profound love for the subject of Chinese, and this passion has played an incredibly significant role in my personal growth. How could one not be enthralled by the depth and beauty that Chinese offers?Through the analysis of literary works, I have learned to think independently. For instance, when delving into the classic "Dream of theRed Chamber", I was constantly questioning the characters' motives and actions. This process of questioning and seeking answers sharpened my critical thinking skills. I began to view the world from multiple perspectives and form my own opinions, rather than simply accepting what was presented to me. Isn't it amazing how a single literary work can have such an impact?Moreover, the appreciation of classic literature has elevated my level of aesthetic appreciation. The elegance and charm of ancient poetry, the vividness of prose, all have allowed me to perceive the beauty in language and form. Reading the works of masters like Lu Xun and Ba Jin has made me understand the power of words to convey emotions and ideas. How wonderful it is to be able to immerse oneself in this world of beauty and wisdom!In conclusion, the subject of Chinese has not only enriched my knowledge but also shaped my way of thinking and perception. It has truly been a guiding light in my journey of growth. So, how could one not cherish and love such a subject that brings so much value and enlightenment?。

学术英语Unit 5练习答案

学术英语Unit 5练习答案

Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
1 Definition
Enhancing your academic language
Complete the following expressions or sentences. 12 resources of cultivable (可耕种的) land 13 temper (缓和) criticism with reason 14 lobby (游说……以争取) for the funds 15 He is at the leading-edge (领先地位). 16 a(n) array (一系列) of information 17 be deficient (缺乏的) in nutrition 18 be restricted (限制) to adults 19 unfounded (没有根据的) suspicions 20 Coal can be converted (使转变) to gas. 21 a(n) devastating (毁灭性的) hurricane 22 staple (主要的) exports of this country 23 transform (转变) dream into reality
5 尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家,地理条件对食物供给的 限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
1 Definition
Enhancing your academic language
Match the words with their definitions.
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
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An Analysis of the Significant Form in Modern DesignZhongxing YuDezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China&Shandong Polytechnic University, Jinan 250353, ChinaE-mail: yc0161@AbstractThe concept of “significant form”, suggested by Clive Bell, has a great impact on modern western art and design. China has a long history and splendid culture, and also lots of wonderful thoughts in the aesthetics. This paper analyzes the concept of “significant form”, suggested by Bell, by combining with Chinese traditional aesthetic thought, expecting to find some laws to guide our design practice. Meanwhile, that is a thought for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional cultures.Keywords: Significant form, Aesthetics, Chinese traditional aesthetical thought, Design, The unity of the heaven and humanity, Neutralization beauty“Significant form” is a concept concerning “the beauty of form”, suggested by an English aesthetician Clive Bell. This concept has generated a great impact on the world, which is helpful for our understanding to “post-impressionism” art and design art. In Art, Bell said: “In different works, lines and colors make up certain form or certain relation of forms in certain way, arousing our aesthetic emotions. These lines, colors, and forms, and these aesthetic moving forms are the so-called significant form. ‘Significant form’ is the common nature of all visual art.’ (Clive Bell, translated by Jinhuan Zhou & Zhongyuan Ma, 1984)” From Bell’s point of view, we realize the importance of lines and colors of these “beauty of form” in visual art. But he denied representation. To emphasize on the pure form made him lost in the cycle theory and idealism. In this regard, as we criticize and learn lessons from the concept, we have to look for more scientific theories.In The Path of Beauty, as Zehou Li demonstrated the evolution of decorative patterns, he said: “Some geometric patterns in Yangyao and Majiayao have already proved that they have gradually become abstract and symbolic from realistic drawing of animals. From reproduction (simulation) to expression (abstract), from realism to symbolism, it is an accumulation process from contents to forms, and also the original forming process of beauty as the “significant form” (Zehou Li, 1984). “In other words, the abstract geometric patterns what seem to be only ‘beautiful’ and ‘decorative’ but no meanings and contents in modern people’s eyes have had very important contents and meanings at the old times.” The geometric patterns that seem are pure forms are not only balanced symmetric forms which can generate a sense of happiness for the primitive, but holding complex ideas and imaginative meanings.” According to the idea of Mr. Li, forms are from “the natural bodies with accumulated social contents”. In China, what are the “accumulated social contents”? In my opinion, the “form” can be divided into two parts, namely the “lines, colors” and “combination, relation”. Here, I name them as “elements” and “relations”.“Elements” are lines and colors. They have forms. The forms what derived from “natural bodies with accumulated social contents” (words from Zehou Li) are also “elements”. The Path of Beauty displays the evolution process of all patterns and decorations in artifacts and architectures designed by the ancients clearly, reflecting peoples’ life, ideas, beliefs, and other contents and information. The evolution process is the accumulation process of elements. These patterns and decorations are “elements” in fact.“Relations” are combinations and relations. They are certain laws or ideas of organizing elements. They are invisible and intangible. In the course of plane composition in college, the teacher shows us many excellent works of European, American, and Japanese students. Today, I still remember that we can easily identify which work is drawn by a European student, which one by an American student, and which one by a Japanese student, though their works consist of basic black or white “basic shapes” and “forms”. All the time, we believe that it is because of the difference of style. Now I think that it should be the difference of “relations” formed by national cultures. In China’s five thousand years of history, ideas and thoughts are very abundant, which also contain profound aesthetic ideas.“The unity of the heaven and humanity” is an ancient Chinese philosophy, as the core of Taoist philosophy. In the Taoist view, the heaven is the nature, and the human is a part of the nature. Lao Zi said: “Man follows the law of the earth, the earth follows the law of the heaven, the heaven follows the law of Taoism, and the Taoism follows the law of the nature. (Lao Zi, translated by Zhongping Chen, 2006)” Zhuang Zi said: “The birth of man is determined by the heaven, and the birth of the heaven is also determined by the heaven.” “Coming into being with the heaven and earth, I am in one with nature.” It means man belongs to the nature, involve in the nature, follow the law of the nature, and in harmonious unity with the nature. “The one who is in a harmonious relation with the heaven is happy.” “The one who is plain and modest can not be confronted by the world. (Zhuang Zi. The Heaven)” “The unity of the Heaven and humanity” is the essential principle of Confucian aesthetics. Meng Zi agrees that the nature of the heaven and man has internal communality and unity. “People who are kind can know the nature of man; people who know the nature of man know the heaven. (The Mencius)” Xun Zi regards the “heaven” as the inevitable natural rules. He thinks that “the heaven has seasons, the land has properties, and man has the ability of governing the nature and society.” “We should control the heaven and use it rather than following and admiring it. (Xun Zi)” In his opinion, man should recognize and use the nature, making it more suitable for human existence and needs. Both the Taoism and the Confucian think that man and the heaven are not in conflict, and they are one unity, mutually connected and living together. The idea of “the unity of the heaven and humanity” runs through thousands of years Chinese culture, which also deeply impacts Chinese traditional aesthetics. This “harmonious unity” between the heaven and humanity is also a kind of “significant form”.“The beauty of self-restraint and control” is an early aesthetic category in ancient China. “Self-restraint is to hide happiness, anger, sadness, and pleasure and does not express the inner emotions. Self-control is to show emotions but with limits. Self-restraint is the base of social stability. Self-control is the rule of living.” “Being self-restraint and control makes everything right in the position and grow. (The Four Books and Five Classics: Moderation)” This aesthetic category also includes strong political and ethical ideas. If we regard “kindness” and “politeness” as the moral rules of Confucian, “self-restraint and control” should be the epistemology and methodology of the idea. It embodies Chinese consideration and recognition to the society and nature. “Preciseness” and “too-much equalizes with insufficient” illustrate this point. In perspective of aesthetics, “Complaining but no anger”, “sadness but not hurt”, and “pleasure but no sex” are sensitive activities, which serve as basic rules for self-restraint and control in aesthetics. The Confucian admire these rules and make them fully developed. “The beauty of self-restraint and control”, as the aesthetic spirit admired by the Confucian which has controlled the thought of Chinese for thousands of years, is the form with strong oriental colors.In fact, by further analysis we find that “the rules for beauty of form” has been identified in Chinese traditional culture. The Confucian focuses on “the golden mean”. “The golden mean” is to insist on the mid, adhere to the principles, no partiality, no over much, and no seldom. In dealing with contradictions, we should make best use of the golden mean, pursuing for stability, harmony, and balance. “Impartiality is mean, unchangeable is ordinary. (Yi Cheng, the Northern Song Dynasty)” If we take the “symmetry” in modern aesthetic form as “medium”, then “ordinary” means “balance”. That is the form of “symmetry and balance”. In China, most buildings are symmetric. And the layout of gardens reflects the idea of “balance”. It also embodies the thought of “the unity of the heaven and humanity”. “Humanity” is symmetric, and “the nature” is balanced. Individual symmetry and whole balance are united together perfectly. As for the “repetitive” form, the decorations in vessels, window patterns in classic buildings, and arrangement of special windows in walls use the repetitive form. But the “repetitive” form is mostly for part, just like the society consisting of individuals. The nature is one “single” whole. That is another kind of unity of “humanity” and “the heaven”. “Rhythm and Rhyme” form is prominent in building clusters. Not matter what it is the Royal Palace, the Summer Palace, or Suzhou gardens or other local residential areas, there are subjects and objects, ups and downs, ordinary description and climax. Hegel said, the building is frozen music. A classic Chinese ancient building cluster, like a soothing song, can perfectly involve into the theme of nature.As Bell proposed the concept of “significant form”, the western modernist design rose. European modernist design developed from the 20s in 20th century. Its form is concise, anti-decorative, functional, rational, and systematic. “In perspective of ideology and motives …… is a kind of social engineering effort of intellectuals in post-war Europe. The motive is to provide social people with affordable design, thoroughly changing the former position of design as a privilege of the nobles, and making the mass enjoy good designs ……” (Shouzhi Wang, 2002, p315). In order to make an industrial product be accepted by the public, the primary prerequisite is to reduce the cost. In order to reduce the cost, producers have to make choices in design. Guaranteeing the functional value of the product has the priority. The utility is only an assisting function, generating small impactson costs. Then, the key to reduce costs falls into the decorations. But humanity has aesthetic needs. How to reduce costs and satisfy people’s basic aesthetic needs? At this point, Bell’s theory of “significant form” consisting of combinations and arrangements of lines and colors is rightly satisfying this need. To advocate concise non-decorative geometric shapes is one of important characteristics of modernist design. Using concise geometric shapes can greatly reduce the complexity of production and the costs directly on one hand. On the other hand, it is easy to realize standardization. Only by standardization, can it achieve manufacturing. Large manufacturing is also an important way to reduce costs. Opposing decorations and any kinds of reproduction and agreeing that only the moving significance produced by combinations and arrangements of lines and colors is the real aesthetic emotion, which is the “resonance” of Bell and modernist design. Here we do not discuss whether it is Bell’s “significant form” impacts the design of the era or the special era gives the birth of “significant form”. But Bell’s concept of “significant form” is revolutionary. This kind of form gives people a sense of modern, which does satisfy peoples’ aesthetic needs during certain period.After the World War II, modernist design has realized vigorous development in the United States, thereby affecting the whole world, and finally forming “international design”. However, the original ideal thought of “design popularization” became pure commercial style due to its impracticality. With the economic development, people are not just content with rich functions and useful utility. In aesthetics, if we emphasize too much on forms and oppose to decorations and reproduction, people’s natural attribute will be ignored seriously. People feel that they are separated from the nature more and more. The world is full of dull, cool, and indifferent geometric forms. The decline of international design movement again proves that man is a part of the nature. Human can not leave the nature. And it also proves that the form should be “natural bodies with accumulated social contents” but not pure lines and colors.Since the sixties and seventies of last century after the modernist design, many styles that try to change the modernist and internationalist design, such as “post-modernism”, deconstruction”, “new modernization”, “high-tech style”, and “new pop style”. But generally speaking, they do not get rid of impacts from modernist and internationalist design. The functionalism core and the democratic popularity nature of modernism could not be denied completely. After all, ornate decorations and expensive materials are unaffordable for ordinary people. Popular design is still one of directions for designers in the future.In China, during the thirty years of reform and opening up, we have experienced a long process of study and reference. Today, world politics, economy, and culture are in a pluralistic era. Each country and nation is exploring the space for future development. China also needs to open up a suitable development path. Chinese designers should think about the future development of design system. In my opinion, the development of cultural stuff should follow national history and inheritance, at same time taking references from foreign countries’ historical experiences and lessons. China has rich traditional aesthetic thoughts that deserve inheritance and development, though they were only for the nobles due to the noble character, which should be reformed now. Modernist design is the product from industrialized production after the western industrial revolution. Its functionalism core and democratic popularity nature are in accordance with modern productivity development and should be inherited critically. But the cold lines and abnormal aesthetic forms of modernism should be changed. In other words, under the premise of inheriting and developing Chinese traditional culture, we should make designs more popular. Or, with the premise of ensuring the popularity of design, we should change the form of modernist design.Then, we should focus on the decoration of design. Speaking of decoration, we must discuss the form.The form is nothing but combination and arrangement, so it does not play a key role in the issue of popularity of design. But it should be a key for digging out formal aesthetic taste. In perspective of relation, Chinese aesthetic thoughts have a unique advantage under the tendency of opposing to the “coldness” and “indifference” of modernist design, and admiring and back to the nature. In exploring the popularity of design, we should fully understand and develop the effects of Chinese traditional aesthetic thoughts on “relations”, which is undoubtedly the shortcut to improve the aesthetic and decorative nature of designs.The “elements” of form are lines and colors. “Elements” can be rich and complex, or pure and concise. So, “elements” should be the key to control costs of popularity of design. Rich and complex elements can reproduce the nature and be close to the nature more, but cost more. But excessive purity and conciseness will be the extension of modernist design. Where is the starting point for “elements” shaping? In my opinion, there is not a fixed point. From the popularity and economical point of view, it is determined by social economic development and people’s consumption level. However, from the aesthetic point of view, no matter what they are rich and complex, or pure and concise, we always have wide space for creation, because we can find incomparableresources from national culture. Different nations have different totems worship and cultural origins, and experience different processes of knowing the world. So, the “elements”, as the “natural bodies with accumulated social contents”, will inevitably have their national and regional colors. Therefore, as we discuss and study aesthetics and design, we must consider national traditions and cultures.The Chinese nation has a long history of over five thousand years. Chinese ancestors have left a rich cultural heritage. No matter what they are elements of form or relations of form, we can find rich resources and theories from national culture. That is the driving force and source of modern design development. We should follow the footsteps of ancestors to explore the development process of Chinese nation, finding the essence of national character by following the path of language formation. Take full advantage of the valuable resources of national culture, develop the theory of design to support the practice, make it conform to economic development, and thus become the driving force for economic development. Catch up with the tide of the world, so that Chinese culture influences and promotes world development. Integrate China into the world, and the world into China. References(2006). The Four Books and Five Classics: Moderation. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Clive Bell. Translated by Zhou, Jinhuan & Ma, Zhongyuan. (1984). Art. Beijing: China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Publishing Corporation. Sep.Lao, Zi. Translated by Chen, Zhongping. (2006). Tao Te C hing. Changchun: Jilin Science and Literature Press. May.Li, Zehou. (1984). The Path of Beauty. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. July.Wang, Shouzhi. (2002). A History of Modern Design. Beijing: China Youth Press. p315.Zhuang, Zi. Translated by Sun, Tonghai. (2007). Zhuang Zi. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. Mar.。

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