On the relationship between perceived service quality, servi
Anxiety and Enjoyment in the Foreign Language Clas
US-China Foreign Language, November 2019, Vol. 17, No. 11, 511-516doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2019.11.004Anxiety and Enjoyment in the Foreign Language Classroom:A Dynamic PerspectiveQU Li-liUniversity of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaThe present study examined the relationship between anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroomfrom a dynamic perspective. The Motometers were used to capture the dynamic emotions of four English majors ina class session. The results showed that the correlational patterns of anxiety and enjoyment varied from individualto individual, caused by various private and social factors in the context of foreign language learning.Keywords: anxiety, enjoyment, dynamic, foreign language learningIntroductionThe influence of effect on second language acquisition (SLA) has long been acknowledged. Affect refers to non-linguistic variables such as motivation, attitude, anxiety, and self-confidence. Krashen’s affective filter hypothesis accounts for the role of affect in facilitating or blocking comprehensible input’s reaching the language acquisition device in the learner’s mind. Arnold (2011) affirmed that affect could be considered as a prerequisite for the optimal cognitive work of learning to take place. Therefore, how to integrate affect and cognition should be a major concern for the enhancement of learning.As a kind of negative affect, anxiety has received most attention among SLA researchers because anxiety has been described as one of the strongest predictors for success or failure for foreign language learners. Anxiety is defined as “the worry and negative emotional reaction aroused when learning or using a second language” (MacIntyre, 1999, p. 27), while foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) is “a distinct complex of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings and behaviors related to classroom learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process” (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986, p. 128). To reduce the negative outcomes associated with anxiety, foreign language teachers are encouraged to facilitate a positive learning environment and provide learners with a better learning experience.SLA researchers have recently turned their attention to positive emotions in foreign language learners, following the arrival of Positive Psychology. One positive emotion that is of particular interest is enjoyment, which is the emotion that is felt when one not only meets their needs but also surpasses them to accomplish something unexpected or surprising (Csikszentmihalyi, 2008). Studies on SLA-related enjoyment are very lacking. As a result, how enjoyment operates in L2 contexts is little known, and how enjoyment interacts with anxiety in the foreign language classroom is even less known.This research was sponsored by the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation and the Teacher Development Program of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology.QU Li-li, Ph.D., Associate Professor, College of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai, China.All Rights Reserved.ANXIETY AND ENJOYMENT IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM512 Deweale, MacIntyre, Boudreau, and Dewaele (2016) believe that both positive and negative emotions serve adaptive functions, which collaborate in facilitating foreign language learning, and stronger overall emotional experiences underpin the motivation for foreign language learning. Emotions are dynamic and their causes also change over time. However, dynamics of emotions can be obscured when data are averaged among multiple persons (Boudreau, MacIntyre, & Dewaele, 2018) in the conventional quantitative approach. A dynamic systems approach allows a closer look at the dynamic changes in a variable across a group of people or within an individual over time.Adopting a dynamic perspective, the present study aimed to explore the dynamic relationship between anxiety and enjoyment and the varying patterns of correlation between the two variables in the foreign language classroom. The research questions are: (1) Is there variability to be found in students’ anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom? (2) What is the relationship between anxiety and enjoyment on the individual level over one class session? (3) How are the fluctuations in emotions accounted for by the classroom context?MethodFour first-year English majors enrolled in a Chinese university were invited to participate in the study. They were selected from a class of 30 students in an English course focusing on integrated language skills. The number of students was considered reasonable for close observations in the foreign language classroom and a micro-level individual analysis on foreign language learning emotions. The participants’ FLCA and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) were measured through the foreign language classroom anxiety scale (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986) and the FLE scale(Li, Jiang, & Dewaele, 2018). Student 1, Fiona, had a high rating of FLE and low FLCA, and had a high self-perceived English proficiency. Student 2, Bryant, had a medium FLEand a medium FLCA, and reported low self-perceived proficiency. Student 3, Emily, had a medium FLE andlow-to-medium FLCA, and reported medium self-perceived proficiency. Student 4, Gary, had a high FLE and low-to-medium FLCA, and also reported medium self-perceived proficiency.The main instrument for data collection was called “Motometer”, based on the original version used by Gardner and colleagues (2004). The Motometer was a thermometer-shaped figure with a “0” at the lowest and a “100” at the highest point. There were 20 Motometers on an A4 size sheet to take real-time measurements of students’ enjoyment and anxiety during a classroom session of 45 minutes. At the beginning of the session, the participants were indicated to draw horizontal lines on the first two Motometers to rate their levels of enjoyment and anxiety. After that, they were prompted by a soft bell sound to draw the lines every five minutes. In this way, 20 ratings were given by each participant, and altogether 80 ratings comprised the numeric data of this study. On the bottom of the sheet, a comments section allowed the participants to elaborate on their reported levels of emotions, which provided qualitative data for the study. The session was video-taped to provide contextual information, such as classroom activities and episodic instances.The Motometer data were converted to a 1-100 numeric scale, resulting in graphs showing individual and group variability. Video-taped classroom activities and episodic instances involving the participants as well as students’ comments were analyzed to account for the variability in the Motometer data. Results and DiscussionFigures 1-4 show the ratings of four participants’ anxiety and enjoyment in one session of the English class. It can be seen that enjoyment levels were mostly higher than anxiety levels, which coincided with theAll Rights Reserved.ANXIETY AND ENJOYMENT IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM 513findings in Dewaele and MacIntyre’s large-scale survey (2014). The survey concluded that anxiety and enjoyment were two distinct emotions, and enjoyment was not the lack of anxiety. On the individual level, great variability was observed in both anxiety and enjoyment. The relationship between anxiety and enjoyment was dynamic and variable, ranging from moderately negative correlation (Bryant), almost no correlation (Emily) to moderately positive correlation (Fiona and Gary). The results of this study echoed those of Boudreau, MacIntyre, and Dewaele (2018) which adopted an idiodynamic approach in examining the relationship between the two variables in communication tasks. Figure 1. Fiona’s ratings. Figure 2. Bryant’s ratings. 010203040506070809012345678910anxiety enjoyment 01020304050607012345678910anxiety enjoyment All Rights Reserved.ANXIETY AND ENJOYMENT IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM514Figure 3. Emily’s ratings.Figure 4. Gary’s ratings.Figures 5 and 6 present group data on anxiety and enjoyment respectively. In either of the figures, group average graph did not resemble any of the individual graphs, indicating group average’s limitation in explaining learner differences. However, group average could inform teaching by showing what was likely to trigger anxiety or enjoyment in the foreign language classroom context. For example, a spike of anxiety was observed when students took turns to judge transmitting ways of HIV virus in an activity related to background information, accompanied by a similar increase of enjoyment during the first and second five minutes (between Points 1 and 3 in Figures 5 and 6). Two of the participants wrote in the comments sections that they found the activity challenging but interesting. For another example, a sharp increase of anxiety was observed when the students were asked to summarize the story in the text without much time to prepare, while enjoyment just leveled off during the 6th five minutes (between Points 6 and 7). During the 7th five minutes (between Points 7 and 8), enjoyment increased and anxiety decreased when a theme-related video clip was shown for class discussion. The factors that could account for the fluctuations in emotions were private or social. The link between context and system behavior is inextricable, and the immediate context should be perceived as part of the overall dynamic system (Waninge, Dörnyei, & De Bot, 2014).10203040506070809012345678910anxiety enjoyment510152025303512345678910anxiety enjoyment All Rights Reserved.ANXIETY AND ENJOYMENT IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM515Figure 5. Ratings for anxiety.Figure 6. Ratings for enjoyment.ConclusionWith a dynamic perspective, the present study was able to answer the research questions. There are intrapersonal and interpersonal variabilities observed in students’ anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. The relationship between anxiety and enjoyment was dynamic, and the correlation patterns ranged from moderately negative, near zero to moderately positive. The variability in students’ emotions in the language class could be attributed to individual differences, teacher factors, peer factors, class activities, incidents, materials, and topics, etc.However, only one class session was studied and one time-scale of five minutes was used to collect data, which could only provide limited information on the emotional dynamics. Emotions at more diverse timescales should be studied. In particular, longitudinal studies are needed for dynamic approaches to SLA research.ReferencesArnold, J. (2011). Attention to affect in language learning. Anglistik. International Journal of English Studies, 22(1), 11-22.Boudreau, C., MacIntyre, P. D., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2018). Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication: Anidiodynamic approach. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(1), 149-170.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience . New York, NY: Harper Perennial.Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom.Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237-274.1020304050607012345678910Fiona Bryant Emily Gary Average10203040506070809012345678910Fiona Bryant Emily Gary Average All Rights Reserved.ANXIETY AND ENJOYMENT IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM516 Dewaele, J.-M., MacIntyre, P. D., Boudreau, C., & Dewaele, L. (2016). Do girls have all the fun? Anxiety and enjoyment in theforeign language classroom. Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition, 2(1), 41-63.Gardner, R. C., Masgoret, A. M., Tennant, J., & Mihic, L. (2004). Integrative motivation: Changes during a year long intermediatelevel language course. Language Learning, 54, 1-34.Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2),125-132.Li, C., Jiang, G., & Dewaele J.-M. (2018). Understanding Chinese high school students’ foreign language enjoyment: Validationof the Chinese version of the foreign language enjoyment scale. System, 76, 183-196.MacIntyre, P. D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in foreignlanguage and second language teaching: A practical guide to creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere (pp. 24-45). Boston: McGraw-Hill.Waninge, F., Dörnyei, Z., & De Bot, K. (2014). Motivational dynamics in language learning: Change, stability, and context. TheModern Language Journal, 98(3), 704-723.All Rights Reserved.。
SERVICE QUALITY, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, CUSTOMER TRUST AND LOYALTY IN AN E BANKING CONTEXT
In this study a research model was proposed to examine the relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction in, customer trust of, and loyalty to Taiwanese e-banks. Questionnaires were completed by 442 respondents who had experience with e-banking and data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. It was found that e-banks must focus on service quality to increase customer satisfaction and trust and to obtain customer loyalty. Implications are discussed in relation to e-bank management. Keywords: service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, banking industry, e-banking.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY, 2012, 40(8), 1271-1284 © Society for Personality Research /10.2224/sbp.2012.40.8.1271
Perceived Stress Scale
Perceived Stress Scale1. Background and referencesThe Perceived Stress Scale is a 10-item self report questionnaire that measures persons’ evaluation of the stressfulness of the situations in the past month of their lives. The citation for the 10-item scale is Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. The PSS was designed for use with community samples with at least a junior high school education. The items are easy to understand and the response alternatives are simple to grasp. Moreover, the questions are quite general in nature and hence relatively free of content specific to any sub-population group. There are also 14- and 4-item versions of the scale, which were not used in the COHRA study.There are many different aspects of stress, including (a) actual environmental experiences, (b) subjective evaluations of the stressfulness of a situation, and (c) the affective, behavioral, or biological responses to environmental experiences or their subjective evaluations. The Perceived Stress Scale measures subjective evaluations of the stressfulness of a situation. These are referred to as appraisals or perceptions of stress. “[This] psychological perspective on stress places emphasis on the organism’s perception and evaluation of the potential harm posed by stimuli (stressors or events). The perception of threat arises when the demands imposed upon an individual are perceived to exceed his or her felt ability to cope with those demands. This imbalance gives rise to labeling oneself as being stressed and to a concomitant negative emotional response. It is important to emphasize that psychological stress is defined not solelyin terms of the stimulus condition or the response variables, but rather in terms of the transaction between the person and the environment. Psychological stress involves interpretation of the meaning of an event and the interpretation of the adequacy of coping resources. In short, the psychological pers pective on stress assumes that stress arises totally out of persons’ perceptions (whether accurate or inaccurate) of their relationship to their environment” (Cohen, Kessler, and Gordon, 1997).The Perceived Stress Scale is the only empirically established index of general stress appraisal. “The PSS measures the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful” (Co hen, et al., 1983; p. 385). The original 14-item scale was designed “to tap the degree to which respondents found their lives unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading” (p. 387).2. Summary statisticPSS-10 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the four positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc. and then summing across all 10 items. Items 4,5, 7, and 8 are the positively stated items. Scores can range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater stress.The PSS is not a diagnostic instrument, so there are no cut-offs. There are only comparisons between people in a given sample. There are some normative data on the PSS based on a 1983 Harris Poll of a representative U.S. sample. These data may be helpful in providing comparisons, but they are over 20 years old. See: Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in aprobability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.For more information about PSS scoring (cut-offs and diagnoses), refer to the article:Cohen, S. (1986). Contrasting the hassle scale and the perceived stress scale. American Psychologist, 41, 716-719 (comment).3. Reliability and validityInternal reliability. From Cohen and Williamson, 1988, p. 55, Coefficient alpha of .78.Test-retest reliability. I didn’t find anything. The items on the scale are anchored to appraisalsin the past month, so one would not necessarily expect high test-retest reliability for measurements that did not overlap in time.Construct validity: From Cohen and Williamson, 1988, p. 55: “… PSS scores were moderately related to responses on other measures of appraised stress, as well as to measures of potential sources of stress as assessed by event frequency.”Predictive validity. Go to/research/psychosocial/notebook/pssref.html to see a list of studies that examine the relationship between the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and biological or verified disease outcomes.Discriminant validity. In a study examining the relationship of the common cold to negative life events, negative affect, and perceived stress, having more negative life events was associated with more severe clinical illness (i.e., more severe symptoms) whereas greater negative affect and perceived stress were associated with a higher probability of becoming infected (Cohen, et al., 1993). This demonstrates that perceived stress is not the same as negative life events themselves, even though it may have been the negative life events that contributed to the perceived stress.4. Selected abstractsCohen, Sheldon. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In Spacapan, Shirlynn (Ed); Oskamp, Stuart (Ed). (1988). The social psychology of health. (pp. 31-67). 251 pp. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.Abstract(from the chapter) the purpose of this chapter is to present psychometric and descriptive data on a scale designed to measure stress perceptions, and to establish that such a scale can predict the range of health-related outcomes presumed to be associated with appraised stress /// we discuss the advantages of a scale measuring generalized perceptions of stress, describe the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and address the controversy surrounding the use of a scale assessing stress perceptions /// we report new and exciting PSS data from a large (2,387 respondents) probability sample of the United States collected by Louis Harris and Associates,Inc. in 1983 /// data are presented on the psychometric qualities of the scale, and on the relation of the PSS to other stress, health, and satisfaction measures.Cohen, Sheldon; Kamarck, Tom; Mermelstein, Robin. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. Vol 24(4) Dec 1983, 385-396.Presents data on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a 14-item measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. Concurrent and predictive validities and internal and test-retest reliabilities of the new scale were determined using scores from 446 undergraduates and from 64 Ss (mean age 38.4 yrs) participating in a smoking-cessation program offered by the university. Results show that the PSS had adequate reliability and was a better predictor of the outcome in question (depressive and physical symptomatology, utilization of health services, social anxiety, and smoking-reduction maintenance) than were life-event scores. When compared to a depressive symptomatology scale, the PSS was found to measure a different and independent predictive construct. Additional data indicated adequate reliability and validity of a 4-item version of the PSS for telephone interviews. It is suggested that the PSS, which is appended, be used to examine the role of nonspecific appraised stress in the etiology of disease and behavioral disorders and as an outcome measure of experienced levels of stress. Cohen, Sheldon. Contrasting the Hassles Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale: Who's really measuring appraised stress? American Psychologist. Vol 41(6) Jun 1986, 716-718.Responds to the criticism of the perceived stress scale (PSS) developed by the present author and colleagues (see record 1984-24885-001) by R. S. Lazarus et al (see record 1986-10765-001) in their defense of the hassles scale they developed. It is contended that the PSS predicts psychologic and physical symptoms and health behaviors after controlling for any redundancy with psychological symptom measures.Cohen, Sheldon; Tyrrell, David A; Smith, Andrew P. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol 325(9) Aug 1991, 606-612. Examined the association between psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. 394 healthy Ss (aged 18-54 yrs) were assessed for degree of stress and then experimentally exposed to 1 of 5 cold viruses, while 26 control Ss were exposed to a placebo. Psychological stress was associated with increased risk of acute infectious respiratory illness in a dose-response manner; this risk was attributable to increased rates of infection. The stress index was associated with host resistance and not with differential exposure to virus. The relation between stress and colds was independent of a variety of health practices, but there was a limited association between stress and clinical illness.Cohen, Sheldon; Tyrrell, David A; Smith, Andrew P. Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 64(1) Jan 1993, 131-140.After completing questionnaires assessing stressful life events, perceived stress, and negative affect, 394 healthy Ss were intentionally exposed to a common cold virus, quarantined, and monitored for the development of biologically verified clinical illness. Consistent with the hypothesis that psychological stress increases susceptibility to infectious agents, higher scores on each of the 3 stress scales were associated with greater risk of developing a cold. However, the relation between stressful life events and illness was mediated by a different biologic processthan were relations between perceived stress and illness and negative affect and illness. That these scales have independent relations with illness and that these relations are mediated by different processes challenges the assumption that perceptions of stress and negative affect are necessary for stressful life events to influence disease risk.。
customer_perceived_value
Customer perceived valueA large number of consumers are more educated and informed than before, and they usually used a variety of means to examine fair compensation which are supplied by organization and seek alternate goods. The value-maximizes as standard to evaluate these by customers. (Kotle, 2006)The Customer Perceived ValueFirstly, the customer perceived value (CPV) is comparison of populations after the customer who may perceive its interests in acquiring products or service and paid the cost. (Internet) for example, owing to offering just service, customer has to realize do not touch it when customer wants to purchase the MOT. Therefore, the customer could appraise the service and paid the cost. Secondly, Customer perceived value (CPV) is not panacea for the future customers. (Kotle, 2006)Total customer value and total customer cost is two essential respects:The total customer value is defined that market from "the perceived financial value" supply both "functional and psychological" benefits for customer. (Kotle, 2003); the total customer cost is explained that customer who expensed goods makes ultimate evaluative. (Kotle, 2003)Adam Smith (Adam Smith, 1810) pointed out that the true meaning of price is not only reflecting work values, but also aware of essential aspects. The total customer cost is including all of factors such as time, energy and psychic cost.Furthermore, Customer perceived value is build on pay and gain that emphasized the between given a variety of choices and received benefit. In other words, the customer gets the benefits and bear expenses through the customer perceived value. The people who are in market should be obliged to add the value of the customer offering these combination approaches which are improve function; promote emotional benefits and reducing multifarious cost.The relationship between Customers Perceived Value and Customer SatisfactionAlthough the customer satisfaction is closely connected with customer perceived value, customer perceived value is superior to customer satisfaction by evaluative in time. (Svend, 2003) For instance, the goods which is competing to catch customer's attention and is purchased by all people is meanful to be the customer satisfaction. In addition, when someone buys goods, the customer perceived value is measurable. Even more, it is sustainable focus on attention to deliver "superior value" to customer in management in some business markets. (Svend 2003) in addition, higher levels of customer satisfaction canbring higher horizontal of the customer loyalty and repeat buying. More importantly, the value which assesses by customer has increasingly become critical for providers. Actually, "the delivering superior value" is playing a key role in creating and keeping long-term industrial relationships in the consumer market.On the other hand, Perceived value is customer's subjective manifestation as the associated psychological and spiritual experiences. In the market, different customer has different value on the same goods. (Svend 2003) for example, the school demands everybody to use car go to the school, but somebody living in near the school, therefore, perceive values are different for different students. And the personal hobby and the customer perceived value are closely linked. For instance, somebody likes collecting the mobile phone, whereas mobile phone as tool to connect with other in someone's views. Therefore, different customers have different customer perceived value.The inner relationship of CPVThere are two equations bout customer perceived value in the inner relationship:CPV= ( Coresolution+ additional service) / Price + relationship costs (1)CPV= Core value + added value (2)In the equation (1), the price is a short-term, because you should paid it when delivery. But the relationship costs following the relationship develops, the advantage of the core solution is perceived, additional services are go through in sequences of episodes. We can easily to see that it is compare between the reality and perception. In the equation (2), there is a long-term notion which also present.(Christian 2004)Perceived riskEverything has two sides, as same the coin. Customer perceived has risk. The important characteristic as the consumer perceptions and their influences on decisions involves the amount of the risk that consumers perceive to be present within the product purchase decision. Perceived risk could increase a function of feature of the product itself, such as witching costs, extent of time the product needs to be persistence, additive products or services needed to be consumed with the product. Outward forces influence the quantity of risk perceived in the given purchase.ReferenceGordon R. Foxall and Ronald E. Goldsmith (1994) Consumer psychology for marketingSvend Hollensen (2003) Marketing Management A Relationship ApproachPhilip Kotler Kevin Lane Keller (2006) Marketing Management 12ePhilip Kotler (2003) p60-p61 Marketing management Eleventh Edition/view/1531717.htm?ssid=0&from=844b_128925177 5&uid=frontui_1289251775_9668&pu=mt%40headersign%2Cpd%401%2Csz %401320_480%2Cusm%400&bd_page_type=1。
Nursing Management
tional stress. Implications for nursing management on strengthening SOC of PHNs are discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Nursing management is faced with the challenge of identifying ways to curb the high turnover rates and low morale of nurses (Buchan, 1994; Royal College of Nursing, 1993). Despite considerable empiric evidence on nursing as a stressful and emotionally demanding job (Smith, 1992), there is minimal information available to help nurses identify the most appropriate coping strategies to meet the challenge of occupational stress and work-family juggling. Nurses who find it difficult to cope with the stress suffer from constant ill effects such as high turnover rate, increased absenteeism, and poor performance (Buchan, 1994; Seccombe & Buchan, 1993). Sense of coherence (SOC), as a salutogenic model that highlights factors contributing to health (Antonovsky, 1996), has provided an explanation for why some people facing stress select the most appropriate coping style and stress management strategy according to the demands of the situation. Although some initial research is available on the stressors arising from work as well as work-family juggling among female nurses with children (Ray & Miller, 1994), there is no research available on the role of SOC as a coping strategy for female nurses with children.
荣获“学术新星”称号
荣获“学术新星”称号展开全文中国人民大学第十三届研究生“学术新星”评选活动获奖名单公布。
博士生王鹏程（导师为雷雳教授）荣获“学术新星”称号。
中国人民大学第十三届研究生“学术新星”评选活动初评环节，评分人根据“公平避嫌”原则领取材料进行打分，复核人负责审核所有材料的真实性和有效性。
评分严格执行《第十三届中国人民大学研究生“学术新星”评选章程》。
经过初评，各学部排名前4位的同学进入答辩评审。
答辩评审环节于2019年5月17日举行，各学部邀请相关学科3-4名专家学者组成评委会，通过参评人自我陈述和专家提问两个环节进行综合评分。
组委会按照初评成绩占60%、答辩评审成绩占40%的比例计算最终成绩，并按照成绩排名评选出各学部“学术新星”与“学术新星提名奖”获奖人选。
王鹏程科研成果如下：迄今共发表SSCI论文25篇（其中10篇为第一作者, 2篇为共同一作和通讯作者，另有2篇作为通讯作者的文章已接收但尚未为见刊）、CSSCI论文4篇（2篇已接收未见刊）；截止2019年8月13日，发表论文被外文引用超过100次。
2019年发表论文：1. Wang, P., Wang, X.,& Lei, L. (2019). Gender differences between student–student relationshipand cyberbullying perpetration: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260519865970 [SSCI,JCR Q1区期刊，2018年影响因子3.064, 五年影响因子2.821]2. Wang, P.,Liu, S., Zhao, M., Yang, X., Zhang, G.,Chu, X., … Lei, L. (2019). How is problematic smartphone use related toadolescent depression? A moderated mediation analysis.Children and Youth Services Review. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104384 [SSCI,JCR Q1区期刊，2018年影响因子1.684, 五年影响因子2.138]3. Wang, P., Wang, X.,Nie, J., Zeng, P., Liu, K., Wang, J., … Lei, L. (2019). Envy and problematicsmartphone use: The mediating role of FOMO and the moderating role ofstudent-student relationship. Personality and Individual Differences, 146, 136–142. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.013[SSCI, JCR Q2区期刊, 2018年影响因子1.997, 五年影响因子2.419，被外文引用3次(Google学术数据)]4. Wang, P., & Lei, L.(2019). How does problematic smartphone use impair adolescent self-esteem? Amoderated mediation analysis. Current Psychology. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00232-x [SSCI, JCR Q2区期刊, 2018年影响因子1.468, 五年影响因子1.582，被外文引用1次(Google学术数据)]5. Yin, L., Wang, P., Nie, J., Guo, J., Feng,J., & Lei, L. (2019). Social networking sites addiction and FoMO: Themediating role of envy and the moderating role of need to belong. Current Psychology. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00344-4[SSCI, JCR Q2区期刊, 2018年影响因子1.468, 五年影响因子1.582;共同一作、共同通讯]6. Wang, J., Wang, P., Yang, X.,Zhang, G., Wang, X., Zhao, F., … Lei, L. (2019). Fear of missing out andprocrastination as mediators between sensation seeking and adolescentsmartphone addiction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00106-0[SSCI, JCR Q4区期刊, 2018年影响因子1.420, 五年影响因子1.719; 共同一作、共同通讯]7. Wang, X.,Yang, J., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2019). Childhood maltreatment, moraldisengagement, and adolescents' cyberbullying perpetration: Fathers' andmothers' moral disengagement as moderators. Computers in Human Behavior, 95, 48-57. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.031[合作文章，SSCI, JCR Q1区期刊]8. Nie, J., Li,W., Wang, P., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Lei, L. (2019). Adolescent type Dpersonality and social networking sites addiction: A moderated mediation modelof restorative outcomes and affective relationships. Psychiatry Research, 271,96–104. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.036 [合作文章，SSCI, JCR Q2区期刊]9. Yurdagül, C.,Kircaburun, K., Emirtekin, E., Wang, P., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Psychopathologicalconsequences related to problematic Instagram use among adolescents: Themediating role of body image dissatisfaction and moderating role of gender. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00071-8[合作文章，SSCI, JCR Q4区期刊]10.楚啸原、理原、王兴超、王鹏程、雷雳。
初中的听说试题及答案
初中的听说试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. 听下面一段对话，从A、B、C三个选项中选择正确的答案。
（每题2分，共10分）对话内容：（略）A. 他们计划去图书馆。
B. 他们计划去公园。
C. 他们计划去电影院。
答案：B2. 听下面一段对话，从A、B、C三个选项中选择正确的答案。
（每题2分，共10分）对话内容：（略）A. 他们正在讨论天气。
B. 他们正在讨论作业。
C. 他们正在讨论周末计划。
答案：C二、口语表达（共30分）1. 根据所给情景，用英语描述你可能会说的话。
（每题5分，共10分）情景：你的朋友邀请你参加他的生日派对。
答案：Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party. I'd love to come!2. 根据所给情景，用英语描述你可能会说的话。
（每题5分，共10分）情景：你在餐厅点餐，想要点一份牛排。
答案：Excuse me, I'd like to order a steak, please.3. 根据所给情景，用英语描述你可能会说的话。
（每题5分，共10分）情景：你在学校迷路了，需要向同学问路。
答案：Hi, could you please tell me where the science lab is?三、阅读理解（共50分）1. 阅读下面的短文，回答以下问题。
（每题5分，共20分）短文内容：（略）（1）What is the main idea of the passage?答案：The main idea is that...（2）What does the author suggest about...?答案：The author suggests that...（3）Which of the following is true according to the passage?答案：According to the passage, it is true that...（4）What can be inferred from the passage?答案：It can be inferred from the passage that...2. 阅读下面的短文，回答以下问题。
谈论医患关系英语作文范文
谈论医患关系英语作文范文Title: The Dynamics of Doctor-Patient Relationship。
The doctor-patient relationship is a cornerstone of healthcare, playing a pivotal role in the delivery of effective medical care and patient satisfaction. This relationship is built on trust, communication, and mutual respect, essential elements that contribute to positive health outcomes. In this essay, we delve into the various aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, its significance, challenges, and ways to strengthen it.Firstly, effective communication is paramount in fostering a healthy doctor-patient relationship. Doctors need to communicate medical information clearly and understandably, while patients should feel comfortable expressing their concerns and asking questions. Open communication facilitates shared decision-making, where patients are actively involved in their healthcare decisions, leading to better treatment adherence andoutcomes.Furthermore, trust forms the foundation of the doctor-patient relationship. Patients entrust their health and well-being to their doctors, relying on their expertise and judgment. Trust is cultivated through consistent, compassionate care, respect for patient autonomy, and maintaining confidentiality. Conversely, breaches of trust, such as medical errors or lack of empathy, can erode the patient's confidence and strain the relationship.Empathy is another crucial component of the doctor-patient relationship. Empathetic doctors can understand and resonate with their patients' emotions, offering not just medical expertise but also emotional support. Patients appreciate doctors who demonstrate empathy, feeling heard and understood amidst their health concerns. Empathy humanizes the medical encounter, fostering a connectionthat transcends the purely clinical aspect.However, despite its importance, the doctor-patient relationship faces various challenges in today's healthcarelandscape. Time constraints, administrative burdens, and the pressure to meet productivity targets can hinder meaningful doctor-patient interactions. In some cases, cultural and language barriers may impede effective communication, leading to misunderstandings and dissatisfaction.Moreover, the hierarchical nature of the healthcare system can create power imbalances within the doctor-patient relationship. Patients may feel intimidated or hesitant to question their doctors, fearing repercussions or being perceived as difficult. Addressing these power differentials requires a shift towards patient-centered care, where patients are viewed as partners in their healthcare journey rather than passive recipients of medical advice.To strengthen the doctor-patient relationship, healthcare organizations can implement various strategies. Investing in communication skills training for healthcare providers can enhance their ability to engage with patients effectively. Emphasizing patient-centered care in medicaleducation curriculum can instill values of empathy, communication, and shared decision-making in future healthcare professionals.Additionally, integrating technology into healthcare delivery can facilitate communication and streamline administrative processes, allowing more time for meaningful patient interactions. Telemedicine platforms, patient portals, and electronic health records can improve accessto care, enhance communication between doctors and patients, and empower patients to take an active role in managingtheir health.In conclusion, the doctor-patient relationship is a cornerstone of healthcare, characterized by trust, communication, and empathy. Cultivating a positive relationship enhances patient satisfaction, improves treatment adherence, and ultimately leads to better health outcomes. Despite facing challenges, concerted efforts to prioritize communication, trust, and patient-centered care can strengthen the doctor-patient relationship and enrich the healthcare experience for all involved.。
价格和品质的英语作文
价格和品质的英语作文Title: The Relationship Between Price and Quality。
In the realm of consumer goods, the debate over the correlation between price and quality is an age-old conundrum. Some argue that higher prices equate to better quality, while others contend that price is not always indicative of quality. This essay delves into the complex interplay between price and quality, exploring various factors that influence consumer perceptions and purchasing decisions.First and foremost, it is essential to acknowledge that price and quality are not mutually exclusive concepts. In many cases, there exists a positive correlation between the two, meaning that higher-priced products often boast superior quality. This correlation stems from several factors, including the use of premium materials, advanced manufacturing processes, and rigorous quality control measures. Companies that invest more in research anddevelopment, innovation, and craftsmanship typically command higher prices for their products, justified bytheir superior quality.Furthermore, consumers often associate higher prices with prestige and exclusivity. Luxury brands, for instance, leverage premium pricing strategies to cultivate an aura of luxury and desirability around their products. The high price tags attached to these items serve as status symbols, signaling affluence and discerning taste. Consequently, consumers may be willing to pay a premium for luxury goods, not only for their perceived quality but also for thesocial cachet they confer.However, it would be remiss to oversimplify the relationship between price and quality. While higher prices may signify better quality in many cases, this correlation is not absolute. Several factors can influence consumer perceptions of quality, leading them to question the value proposition of a product. For example, aggressive marketing tactics, celebrity endorsements, and elaborate packaging can artificially inflate the perceived value of a product,prompting consumers to pay more than its intrinsic worth.Moreover, advancements in technology and manufacturing have democratized access to high-quality products at lower price points. In today's globalized economy, consumers have access to a wide array of options across different price ranges, allowing them to make informed decisions based on factors such as brand reputation, customer reviews, and product specifications. As a result, price alone may not be a reliable indicator of quality, as consumers prioritize value for money over arbitrary price tags.Additionally, the concept of value is inherently subjective, varying from one individual to another based on their preferences, needs, and budget constraints. While some consumers may prioritize quality above all else and be willing to splurge on premium products, others mayprioritize affordability and opt for budget-friendly alternatives without compromising on quality. Thus, the perceived value of a product is contingent upon a multitude of factors, including personal preferences, past experiences, and cultural influences.In conclusion, the relationship between price and quality is multifaceted, shaped by a myriad of factors ranging from manufacturing processes and brand reputation to consumer perceptions and market dynamics. While higher prices often correlate with superior quality, this correlation is not absolute, and consumers must exercise discernment when evaluating the value proposition of a product. Ultimately, informed decision-making entails considering multiple variables beyond price alone, ensuring that one's purchasing choices align with their preferences, needs, and budgetary constraints.。
语言学的名词解释
When I was preparing the postgraduate entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal University),some of these following concepts had been tested,but there's no specific or clear explanation in the textbook required by the university.As in preparing the second-round examination I read them in other relevant books, I wrote down here for your reference.Hope they are useful to some of you.1. Acculturation(同化过程）is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.2. Adjacency pair（相邻语对）;a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, such as question/answer sequences and greeting/greeting exchange.3. affix: a bound morpheme that is attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in some way.4. agreement (concord)（一致）: a grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one word in a sentence is determined by the form of another word which is grammatically linked to it. E.g. in the sentence The boy goes to school every day.There is an agreement in number between boy and goes.5.articulators（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds.6.aspect(体）: the grammatical category representing distinction in the temporal structure of an event. English has two aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体)7.aspiration(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a stop consonant.E.g. /p/ in the word pit.8.consonant（辅音）; a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.9. converstional implicature（会话含义）:meanings that are explicable in the light of converational maxims.municative competence（交际能力）; the ability to use language appropriately in social situations.11. constituent（成分）: a syntactic unit that functions as part of a large unit within a sentence; typical constituent types are verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause.12.case(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional languages by which the form of a noun or noun phrase varies for grammatical or semantic reasons. English has only one case distinction in nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but English pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin.13.clause（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a sentence or part of a sentence.14.closed class（封闭词类）: a group of words whose membership is small and does not readily accept new members.15.coinage（创新词）: the construction and addition of new words.16.distribution(分布）: the set of positions in which a given linguistic element or form can appear in a language.17.duality（双重结构）: a type of double-layer structure in which a small number of meaningless units are combined to produce a large number of meaningful units.18.entailment（包含）; the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one(the second)is inferred from the truth of the other.19.euphemism（委婉语）: a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or subjects,e.g. powder room for toilet.20.garden path sentence（花园小径句）: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a particular meaning of a word or a phrase but later discovers that the assumption was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence21.free variation;(自由变异) a relation between two speech sounds such that either one can occur in a certain position and the substitution of one for the other never makes any difference in the meaning of the word. For instance, the unexploded(失去爆破) stop /d/ in the phrase Good morning is in free varitation with the exploded(爆破)counterpart.22.inflection（屈折变化）: the morphological process by which affixes combine with words or stems to indicate such grammatical categories as tense or plurity.ernment（支配）: the grammatical phonomenon in which the presence of a particular word in a sentence requires a second word which is grammatical linked with it to appear in a particular form. E.g. a preposition or a verb requires that the pronoun following it be in the objective form,as in with me,to him.nguage universal(语言共性): any property that is shared by most,if not all, human lanugages.25.lingua franca: ( 通用语) A language variety used for communication among groups of people wo do not otherwise share a common language. For example, English is the lingua franca of the international scientific community.26.macrosociolinguistics; The study of the effect of language on society.27.microsociolinguistics: The study of the effect of any and all aspects of society,including cultural norms, expetations and contexts,on the way language is used. It is often simply called sociolinguistics.28.paradigmatic relation: (纵组合关系)The substitutional relation between a set of linguistic items,that is,linguistic forms(letters,words and phrases)can be substituted for each other in the same position in a word or sentence. E.g, b,p,s,f are in paradigmatic relation in the words bit,pit,sit,fit, so are Nature,Beauty, Love, Honesty in the sentences:Nature purifies the mind.Beauty purifies the mind.Love purifies the mind.Honesty purifies the mind.29.syntagmatic relation: (横组合关系) The relation between any linguistic elements which are simultaneously present in a structure. E.g. in the word bit, b, i,t are in syntagmatic relation, so are nature, purifies, the, mind, in the sentence Nature purifies the mind.30.presupposition（预设）: implicit assumptions about the world acquired to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate,e,g, “ some tea has already been taken”is a presuppostion of “Take some more tea”.31.prototype(典型): What members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category,e.g.for some English speakers “cabbage”(rather than,say,carrot)might be the prototypical vegetable.32.root(词根): the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word. E.g. system from un- + system + atic + ally.33.stem（词干）: the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word.34.taboo（禁忌语）:words that are offensive or embarrassing, c onsidered inappropriate for “polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.35.selectional restriction(选择限制): a restriction on the combining of words in a sentence resulting from their meaning.36.linguistic universal:(语言共性) The linguistic universals are principles that enable children to acquire a particular language unconsciously, without instruction in the early years of life. As a whole they are referred to as Universal Grammar.37.contrastive distribution(对比分布)：If the speech sounds occur in the same phonetic context and the substitution results a contrast in meaning, we say they are in contrastive distribution.38.immidiate constituent analysis（直接成分分析法）is the technique of breaking up sentences into word groups by making successive binary cuttings until the level of single words is reached.39.endocentric construction: (向心结构或内心结构)One construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents. The typical English endocentric constructions are noun phrases and adjective phrases.40.exocentric construction(离心结构或外心结构)the opposite of endocentric construction,refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the whole group. Most constructions are exocentric.41.politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s public self-image.42.PP(politeness principle)tact maxim;generosity principle;approbation maxim;modesty maxim;agreement maxim;sympathy maxim.43.irony(反语)is the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning of the utterance.44.code-switching: (语码转换) means the alternation between two or more languages,language varieties or registers in communication.45.affective filter(情感过滤)：A screen of emotion that can block language acquisition or learning if it keeps the learners being too self-conscious or too embarrassed to take risks during communicative exchanges.46.Conversion（转类构词）is a change in the grammatical function of a word without adding or removing any part of it. A word belonging to one part of speech is extended to another part of speech. It is also called functional shift or zero derivation.47.lexical meaning VS grammatical meaning(词汇意义与语法意义)The meaning of a sentence is carried by the words proper as well as by the patterns of word order that is part of the grammatical system of a language. The part of the sentence meaning contributed by words is called the lexical meaning and the part of sentence meaning that depends upon the way the words are put together is called grammatical meaning, in which the function words and the word order play a very important role.48.paralinguistic meaning VS non-linguistic meaning (副语言意义与非语言意义)In human communication, apart from the linguistic meaning conveyed by language itself,there are numerous paralinguistic meanings and non-linguistic meanings that are perceived simultaneously by the hearer. Paralinguistic meanings are those attached to the verbal expressions by quality of voice,tempo of speech,posture,facial expression and gestures. Non-linguistic meanings are thoseindicated by non-verbal noises such as cough, sigh, tongue-clicking, various kinds of body languages and different contexts of situation.49.denotation VS connotation (外延与内涵)Denotation is a straightforward, literal meaning of the word every member of the language speaking community will agree on. Connotation is not the basic meaing of the word but some emotive or evaluative meaings associated with the word by individual language users in their mind.50.linguistic relativity VS linguistic determinism (语言相对论与语言决定论)The Sapir-Wholf Hypothesis states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. It boils down to two principles: linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism.Linguistic relativity states that disctinctions encoded in one language are unique to that langage alone, and that there is no limit to the structural diversity of languages.Linguistic determinism refers to the idea that the language we use determines, to some extent, the way in which we view and think about the world around us. This concept has two versions; strongdeterminism and weak determinism. The strong version, which has few followers today, holds that language actually determines thought, whereas that weak version, which is widely accepted today, merely holds that language affects thought.。
考研英语经典试题及答案
考研英语经典试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of environmental protection.B. The impact of technology on education.C. The role of government in economic development.D. The challenges of urbanization.答案：B2. According to the author, what is the best way to improve education quality?A. Investing more in technology.B. Reducing class sizes.C. Encouraging student participation.D. Increasing teacher training.答案：C3. What does the passage suggest about the future of work?A. It will be dominated by automation.B. It will require more creativity and innovation.C. It will be less dependent on physical labor.D. It will be more evenly distributed globally.答案：B4. What is the author's attitude towards the current state of education?A. Optimistic.B. Critical.C. Neutral.D. Indifferent.答案：B5. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. Technology is the key to improving education.B. Education systems need to adapt to changing times.C. The government should play a larger role in education.D. Urbanization is the main challenge facing society.答案：B二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章略]6. The word "innovative" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to:A. Traditional.B. Conservative.C. Creative.D. Imitative.答案：C7. The author suggests that the current education system is:A. Effective.B. Inadequate.C. Perfect.D. Unpredictable.答案：B8. The phrase "to break the mold" in the second paragraph implies:A. To start a new trend.B. To conform to expectations.C. To follow the rules.D. To maintain the status quo.答案：A9. The author believes that students should be:A. Passive.B. Active.C. Indifferent.D. Dependent.答案：B10. The main purpose of the passage is to:A. Criticize the current education system.B. Praise the innovative approaches in education.C. Discuss the challenges of modern education.D. Highlight the importance of creativity in education. 答案：D三、翻译（共30分，每题15分）11. 将下列句子翻译成英文：“随着科技的快速发展，我们的生活和工作方式正在经历着前所未有的变化。
必修三 unit5 the value of money 单词词汇知识点讲解
We offer an excellent education to our students. __I_n_r_e_t_u_r，n we expect them
to work hard.
As we all know，all theories come from practice and _______in_ steurrvne practice.
创意课堂 点面突破
6.spot vt.(spotted,spotted,spotting)看见；注意到；发现
n．地点；处所；斑点；污迹
(1)spot sb.doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事
on the spot
当场；在现场；立即
(2)spotted adj.
有花点的；有斑点的
be spotted with...
3) One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good _v_i_e_w__. 4) The team’s victory produced s_c_e_n_e_s__ of joy all over the country. 5) And we have left some afternoons free for you to see the _s_ig_h_t_s__ of the Great Wall. 6) You can go there by rail so that you can also enjoy the natural _s_c_e_n_e_r_y_ along the way.
popular. (4) __B_a_s_in_g_____(base) his novel on his experiences, he enjoyed a
英语翻译练习整理
当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济，提高人民生活水平。
为了实现这个目标，我们必须改革旧的经济体制，以便进一步解放生产力。
我们应当向世界敞开大门，以便学习其他国家先进的科学和技术。
只要我们坚持改革开放政策，就一定能把我国建设成为强大的社会主义强国。
Currently, the most important task is to develop domestic economy and improve people’s living standard. To achieve the goal, we must alter the old economic system, so as to further production. Besides, we should also open up to the world, to learn science and technology from other countries. As long as we insist on open-up policy, we are sure to build our nation into a strong socialist country.(2)为了接待每年数以百万计的外国游客，我国旅游部门正在想方设法改善旅游住宿设施。
许多地区正在开发新的旅游中心，兴建更多的现代宾馆，培训更多的外语导游，以适应日益发展的旅游业的需要。
To receive millions of foreign tourists annually, our tourism department has tried all means to improve accommodation facilities. To meet the needs of increasing development of tourism industry, new tourism centers are being exploited in many areas, more and more modern hotels are being built, and more foreign language speaking guides are being trained.(3)教育在社会经济发展和提高人类文化素质方面起着重要的作用。
价格和品质英语作文
价格和品质英语作文Title: The Relationship Between Price and Quality。
In the realm of consumer goods, the relationship between price and quality has long been a topic of discussion and debate. Some argue that higher prices equate to better quality, while others believe that price and quality are not always directly correlated. This essay delves into this intricate relationship and exploresvarious perspectives on the matter.First and foremost, it is undeniable that there are instances where higher prices do indeed reflect superior quality. Premium brands often invest significantly in research, development, and sourcing of materials to ensure their products meet stringent quality standards. Consumers are willing to pay a premium for these products becausethey trust the brand's reputation for excellence. For example, luxury cars, haute couture fashion, and high-end electronics are typically associated with higher price tags,but they also offer superior craftsmanship, durability, and performance.However, it would be simplistic to generalize that all expensive items are of high quality. In reality, there are numerous factors that influence pricing, including branding, marketing, and overhead costs. Some products may command premium prices simply due to their perceived value or exclusivity, rather than any substantial difference in quality. In such cases, consumers may be paying more forthe brand image or prestige associated with the product rather than its inherent quality. For instance, designer handbags often carry hefty price tags not solely because of superior craftsmanship, but also because of the brand's cachet and status symbol.Conversely, there are plenty of examples of affordable products that offer excellent quality despite their lower price points. Many companies prioritize efficiency in production, economies of scale, and innovativemanufacturing techniques to deliver high-quality goods at competitive prices. These products may not carry the sameprestige as their luxury counterparts, but they often provide excellent value for money. Generic medications,store-brand groceries, and budget-friendly electronics are prime examples of this phenomenon.Moreover, the concept of value perception plays acrucial role in consumer purchasing decisions. Consumers' perceptions of quality are not solely based on objective measures but are also influenced by subjective factors such as personal preferences, past experiences, and social influences. A product that meets or exceeds a consumer's expectations, regardless of its price, is perceived as high quality. Thus, a moderately priced item that fulfills its intended purpose and satisfies the consumer's needs may be perceived as better value than a more expensive alternative.In conclusion, while there is often a correlation between price and quality, it is not an absolute rule. Higher prices can signal superior quality in some cases,but they can also be influenced by factors unrelated to quality. Conversely, affordable products can offerexcellent quality and value for money. Ultimately,consumers must consider various factors, including brand reputation, product features, and personal preferences, when evaluating the relationship between price and quality. Making informed purchasing decisions ensures that consumers get the best value for their money, regardless of price tags.。
SSCI写作模板
Varying Definitions of Online Communication andTheir Effects on Relationship ResearchElizabeth L. AngeliPurdue UniversityRunning head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1AbstractThis paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their definitions and uses of CMC. Butler and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC, defined and used as “email,” in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore, offer different results. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research in relation to three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline relationships.Keywords: computer-mediated communication, face-to-face communicationOnline Communication Definitions Effect on Relationship Research Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships, focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and the frequency of use of CMC. However, contradictory results are suggested within this research mostly because only certain aspects of CMC are investigated, for example, email only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that FtF interactions are more effective than CMC (read: email) in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while other studies suggest the opposite. In order to understand how both online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships are affected by CMC, all forms of CMC should be studied. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research against other CMC research to propose that additional research be conducted to better understand how onlinecommunication effects relationships.In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002).Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed an additional study conducted in 1999 by the HomeNet project. In this project, Kraut, Mukhopadhyay, Szczypula, Kiesler, and Scherlis (1999) compared the value of using CMC and non-CMC to maintain relationships with partners. They found that participants corresponded less frequently with their Internet partner (5.2 times per month) than with their non-Internet partner (7.2 times per month) (as cited in Cummings et al., 2002). This difference does not seem significant, as it is only two times less per month. However, in additional self-report surveys, participants responded feeling more distant, or less intimate, towards their Internet partner than their non-Internet partner. This finding may be attributed to participants’ beliefs that email is an inferior mode of personal relationship communication.Intimacy is necessary in the creation and maintenance of relationships, as it isdefined as the sharing of a person’s innermost being with another person, i.e., self-disclosure (Hu, Wood, Smith, & Westbrook, 2004). Relationships are facilitated by the reciprocal self-disclosing between partners, regardless of non-CMC or CMC. Cummings et al.’s (2002) reviewed results contradict other studies that research the connection between intimacy and relationships through CMC.Hu et al. (2004) studied the relationship between the frequency of InstantMessenger (IM) use and the degree of perceived intimacy among friends. The use of IM instead of email as a CMC modality was studied because IM supports a non-professional environment favoring intimate exchanges (Hu et al., 2004). Their results suggest that a positive relationship exists between the frequency of IM use and intimacy, demonstratingthat participants feel closer to their Internet partner as time progresses through this CMC modality.Similarly, Underwood and Findlay (2004) studied the effect of Internet relationships on primary, specifically non-Internet relationships and the perceived intimacy of both. In this study, self-disclosure, or intimacy, was measured in terms of shared secrets through the discussion of personal problems. Participants reported a significantly higher level of self-disclosure in their Internet relationship as compared to their primary relationship. In contrast, the participants’ primary relationships were reported as highly self-disclosed in the past, but the current level of disclosure was perceived to be lower (Underwood & Findlay, 2004). This result suggests participants turned to the Internet in order to fulfill the need for intimacy in their lives.In further support of this finding, Tidwell and Walther (2002) hypothesized CMC participants employ deeper self-disclosures than FtF participants in order to overcome the limitations of CMC, e.g., the reliance on nonverbal cues. It was found that CMC partners engaged in more frequent intimate questions and disclosures than FtF partners in order to overcome the barriers of CMC. In their study, Tidwell and Walther (2002) measured the perception of a relationship’s intimacy by the partner of each participant in both the CMC and FtF conditions. The researchers found that the participants’ partners stated their CMC partner was more effective in employing more intimate exchanges than their FtF partner, and both participants and their partners rated their CMC relationship as more intimate than their FtF relationship.In 2002, Cummings et al. stated that the evidence from their research conflicted with other data examining the effectiveness of online social relationships. This statement is supported by the aforementioned discussion of other research. There may be a few possible theoretical explanations for these discrepancies. First, one reviewed study by Cummings et al. (2002) examined only email correspondence for their CMC modality. Therefore, the study is limited to only one mode of communication among other alternatives, e.g., IM as studied by Hu et al. (2004). Because of its many personalized features, IM provides more personal CMC. For example, it is in real time without delay, voice-chat and video features are available for many IM programs, and text boxes can bepersonalized with the user’s picture, favorite colors and text, and a wide variety of Arrayemoticons, e.g., :). These options allow for both an increase in self-expression and the ability to overcompensate for the barriers of CMC through customizable features, as stated in Tidwell and Walther (2002). Self-disclosure and intimacy may result from IM’s individualized features, which are not as personalized in email correspondence.In addition to the limitations of email, Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed studies that focused on international bank employees and college students. It is possible the participants’ CMC through email was used primarily for business, professional, andschool matters and not for relationship creation or maintenance. In this case, personalself-disclosure and intimacy levels are expected to be lower for non-relationshipinteractions, as this communication is primarily between boss and employee or studentand professor. Intimacy is not required, or even desired, for these professional relationships.Instead of professional correspondence, however, Cummings et al.’s (2002) review of the HomeNet project focused on already established relationships and CMC’s effect on relationship maintenance. The HomeNet researchers’ sole dependence on email communication as CMC may have contributed to the lower levels of intimacy and closeness among Internet relationships as compared to non-Internet relationships (as cited in Cummings et al., 2002). The barriers of non-personal communication in email could be a factor in this project, and this could lead to less intimacy among these Internet partners. If alternate modalities of CMC were studied in both already established and professional relationships, perhaps these results would have resembled those of the previously mentioned research.the discrepancies in intimacy between email and IM correspondence. As each mode ofthe impact of all modes of CMC on online and offline relationship formation, maintenance, and even termination.ReferencesCummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal ofComputer-Mediated Communication, 10(1), 38-48.Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know oneanother a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 317-348. Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140.。
MOTIVATION - Motivation
MOTIVATIONTheories of MotivationProcess theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables which make up motivation. These theories are concerned more with how behaviour is initiated, directed and sustained. Process theories place emphasis on the actual process of motivation.Expectancy TheoryThe Expectancy Theory examines the process of motivation and is a result of work done in the USA by V H Vroom, E E Lawler and L W Porter. The underlying basis of expectancy theory is that people are influenced by the expected results of their actions.Motivation is a function of the relationship between:1. Effort expended and perceived level of performance; and2. The expectation that rewards (desired outcomes) will be related to performance. There must also be3. The expectation that rewards (desired outcomes) are available.MOTIVATION –a function of the perceived relationship between(1) and (2)Effort Effective level Rewards (desired outcomes)expended of performance related to performance(3)Availability of rewards(desired outcomes) Performance therefore depends upon the perceived expectation regarding effort expended and achieving the desired outcome. For example, the desire for promotion will result in high performance only if the person believes there is a strong expectation that this will lead to promotion. If however, the person believes promotion to be based solely on age and length of service there is no motivation to achieve high performance. The choice of behaviour is based on the expectance of the most favourable consequences.Vroom’s Expectancy TheoryVroom’s theory is founded on three key variables: valence, instrumentality and expectancy (VIE theory or expectancy/valence theory). The theory is founded on the idea that people prefer certain outcomes from their behaviour over others. They anticipate feelings of satisfaction should the preferred outcome be achieved. The feeling about specific outcomes is termed valence. This is the attractiveness of, or preference for, a particular outcome to the individual.Valance is the anticipated satisfaction from an outcome. The valence of outcomes derive, therefore, from their instrumentality. This leads to a distinction between first-level outcomes and second-level outcomes. The first-level outcomes are performance-related. They refer to the quantity or output or to the comparative level of performance. Usually, performance outcomes acquire valence because of the expectation that they will lead to other outcomes as an anticipated source of satisfaction – second-level outcomes. The second-level outcomes are need-related. They are derived through achievement of first-level outcomes, that is through achieving high performance. Many need-related outcomes are dependent upon actual performance rather than effort expended. People generally receive rewards for what they have achieved, rather than for effort alone or through trying hard.When a person chooses between alternative behaviours which have uncertainoutcomes, the choice is affected not only by the preference for a particular outcome, but also by the probability that such an outcome will be achieved. People develop a perception of the degree that the choice of a particular action will actually lead to the desired outcome. This is expectancy. It is the relationship between a chosen course of action and its predicted outcome.The combination of valence and e xpectancy determine the person’s motivation for a given form of behaviour. This is the motivational force.The Porter and Lawler Expectancy ModelVroom’s expectancy/valence theory has been developed by Porter and Lawler. Their model goes beyond motivational force and considers performance as a whole. They point out that effort expended (motivational force) does not lead directly to performance. It is mediated by individual abilities and traits and by the person’s role perceptions. They also introduce rewards as an intervening variable. Porter and Lawler see motivation, satisfaction and performance as separate variables and attempt to explain the complex relationships among them.In contrast to the human relations approach, which tended to assume that job satisfaction leads to improved performance, Porter and Lawler suggest that satisfaction is an effect rather than a cause of performance. It is performance that leads to job satisfaction.Value of reward is similar to valence in Vroom’s model. People desire variousoutcomes (rewards) which they hope to achieve from work. The value placed on a reward depends on the strength of its desirability.Perceived effort-reward probability is similar to expectancy. It ref ers to a person’s expectation that certain outcomes (rewards) are dependent upon a given amount of effort.Effort is how hard the person tries, the amount of energy a person exerts on a given activity. It does not relate to how successful a person is in carrying out an activity. The amount of energy exerted is dependent upon the interaction of the input variables of value of reward and perception of the effort-reward relationship.Abilities and traits. Porter and Lawler suggest that effort does not lead directly to performance but is influenced by individual characteristics. Factors such as intelligence, skills, knowledge, training and personality affect the ability to perform a given activity.Role perceptions refer to the way in which individuals view their work and the role they should adopt. This influences the type of effort exerted. Role perceptions will influence the direction and level of action which is believed to be necessary for effective performance.Performance depends not only on the amount of effort exerted but also on the intervening influences on the person’s abilities and traits and their role perceptions. If the person lacks the right ability or personality, or has an inaccurate role perception of what is required, then the exertion of a large amount of energy may still result in a low level of performance or task accomplishment.Rewards are desirable outcomes. Intrinsic rewards derive from individuals themselves and include a sense of achievement, a feeling of responsibility and recognition. Extrinsic rewards derive from the organisation and the actions of others and include salary, working conditions and supervision. The proportion of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards will vary among individuals and in different work situations, but there must be a minimum of both.Perceived equitable rewards: this is the level of rewards people feel they should fairly receive for a given standard of performance. Most people have an implicit perception about the level of rewards they should receive commensurate with the requirements and demands of the job and the contribution expected of them.Satisfaction: this is not the same as motivation. It is an attitude, an individual’s internal state. Satisfaction is determined by both actual rewards received and perceived levels of rewards from the organisation for a given standard of performance. If perceived equitable rewards are greater than actual rewards received, the person experiences dissatisfaction. The experience of satisfaction derives from actual rewards which meet or exceed the perceived equitable rewards.There are a number of different versions of expectancy theory and expectancy modelsare not always easy to understand, or to apply. Expectancy theory does, however, draw attention to the complexities of work motivation and indicates that managers should give attention to a number of factors, including the following:∙Use rewards appropriate in terms of individual performance. Outcomes with high valence should be used as an incentive for improved performance.∙Attempt to establish clear relationships between effort-performance and rewards, as perceived by the individual.∙Establish clear procedures for the evaluation of individual levels of performance. ∙Pay attention to intervening variables such as abilities and traits, role perceptions, organisational procedures and support facilities which, although not necessarily direct motivational factors, may still affect performance.∙Minimise undesirable outcomes which may be perceived to result from a high level of performance such as industrial accidents or sanctions from co-workers; or to result despite a high level of performance, such as short time working or layoffs.Equity Theory of MotivationOne of the major variables of satisfaction in the Porter and Lawler expectancy model is perceived equitable rewards. Applied to the work situation, equity theory is usually associated with the work of Adams.Equity theory focuses on people’s feelings of how fairly they have been treated in comparison with the treatment received by others. It is based on exchange theory. People evaluate their social relationships in the same way as buying or selling an item. People expect certain outcomes in exchange for certain contributions or inputs. Most exchanges involve a number of inputs and outcomes. When the ratio of a person’s outcomes to total inputs equal the perceived ratio of other people’s total outcomes to total inputs there is equity. When there is an unequal comparison of ratios the person experiences a sense of inequity.A feeling of inequity causes tension and the presence of inequity motivates the person to remove or reduce the level of tension and the perceived inequity. Adams identifies six broad types of possible behaviour as consequences of inequity:∙Changes to inputs– increase or decrease the level of inputs, through the amount or quality of work, absenteeism or working additional hours without pay.∙Changes to outcomes– attempt to change outcomes such as pay, working conditions, status and recognition without changes to inputs.∙Cognitive distortion of inputs and outcomes – in contrast to actual changes, people may distort, cognitively, their inputs or outputs to achieve the same results, for example, the belief about how hard they are really working.∙Leaving the field – a person may try to find a new situation with a more favourable balance, for example, resigning from a job or the organisation altogether.∙Acting on others – a person may bring about changes in others, for example, to lower their inputs or accept greater outcomes.Changing the object of comparison – this involves changing the reference group with whom comparison is made.Goal TheoryAnother theory sometimes considered under the heading of motivation to work is goal theory which is based on the work of Locke. The basic premise of goal theory is that people’s goals or intentions play an important part in determining behaviour. Locke accepts the importance of perceived value and suggests that these values give rise to the experience of emotions and desires. People strive to achieve goals in order to satisfy their emotions and desires. Goals guide people’s responses and actions. Goals direct work behaviour and performance and lead to certain consequences or feedback.The combination of goal difficulty and the extent of the person’s commitment to achieving the goal regulates the level of effort expended. People with specific quantitative goals, such as a defined level of performance or a given deadline for completion of a task will perform better than people with no set goal or only a vague goal such as ‘do the best you can’. People who have difficult goals will perform better than people with easier goals.Locke points out that ‘g oal setting is more appropriately viewed as a motivational technique rather than as a formal theory of motivation’.。
维持关系的四级英语作文
维持关系的四级英语作文A Four-Level Approach" with a word count of over 1,000 words, written entirely in English:Maintaining Relationships: A Four-Level ApproachRelationships, whether personal or professional, are the foundation of our lives. They provide us with a sense of belonging, support, and fulfillment. However, maintaining these relationships can be a challenging task, as they require constant effort and attention. In this essay, we will explore a four-level approach to maintaining relationships, which can be applied to various types of relationships.Level 1: CommunicationEffective communication is the cornerstone of any successful relationship. It involves actively listening to the other person, expressing your thoughts and feelings clearly, and being open to feedback. Regular communication helps to build trust, resolve conflicts, and deepen the connection between individuals.One of the key aspects of effective communication is active listening. This means not only hearing the words being said but also trying tounderstand the underlying emotions and perspectives of the other person. It involves asking clarifying questions, paraphrasing what has been said, and avoiding interruptions. By demonstrating that you are truly listening, you can show the other person that you value their input and are invested in the relationship.Another important aspect of communication is the ability to express your thoughts and feelings in a clear and concise manner. This involves using "I" statements to convey your perspective, rather than making accusations or judgments. For example, instead of saying "You never listen to me," you could say "I feel frustrated when I don't feel heard." This approach helps to avoid defensiveness and encourages the other person to engage in a constructive dialogue.Finally, being open to feedback is crucial for maintaining relationships. It allows you to identify areas for improvement and make adjustments to your behavior or communication style. By actively seeking feedback and being willing to make changes, you demonstrate a commitment to the relationship and a desire to grow and improve.Level 2: EmpathyEmpathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves putting yourself in the other person's shoes and trying to see the world from their perspective. Empathy isessential for building strong, meaningful relationships, as it helps to foster a sense of connection and understanding.One of the key aspects of empathy is emotional intelligence. This involves being aware of your own emotions and how they might be affecting your interactions with others. It also involves being able to recognize and respond to the emotions of those around you. By developing emotional intelligence, you can better understand the needs and motivations of the people in your life and tailor your approach accordingly.Another important aspect of empathy is the ability to validate the experiences of others. This means acknowledging their feelings and perspectives, even if you don't fully agree with them. By validating the other person's experience, you can help them feel heard and understood, which can go a long way in strengthening the relationship.Finally, empathy involves being willing to offer support and assistance when needed. This might involve providing a listening ear, offering practical help, or simply being present and available. By demonstrating that you care about the other person's well-being, you can deepen the bond and build a stronger, more resilient relationship.Level 3: CommitmentCommitment is the third level of maintaining relationships. It involves making a conscious effort to prioritize the relationship and invest in its long-term success. This can involve setting aside dedicated time for the relationship, making sacrifices when necessary, and being willing to work through challenges and conflicts.One of the key aspects of commitment is consistency. By consistently showing up and being present in the relationship, you can demonstrate your dedication and build trust over time. This might involve regular check-ins, making time for shared activities, or simply being available to listen and support the other person.Another important aspect of commitment is flexibility. Relationships are dynamic and ever-changing, and it's important to be willing to adapt and adjust as needed. This might involve being open to trying new things, compromising on certain issues, or being willing to change your communication style or approach.Finally, commitment involves being willing to take risks and be vulnerable. This might involve sharing your deepest thoughts and feelings, admitting to mistakes or shortcomings, or being willing to ask for help or support when needed. By being vulnerable, you can deepen the connection and build a stronger, more authentic relationship.Level 4: RespectThe final level of maintaining relationships is respect. This involves treating the other person with dignity, valuing their opinions and perspectives, and respecting their boundaries and personal space.One of the key aspects of respect is acknowledging the other person's individuality. This means recognizing that they have their own unique experiences, beliefs, and preferences, and being willing to embrace and celebrate those differences. It also involves avoiding judgment or criticism and being open to learning from the other person.Another important aspect of respect is setting and respecting boundaries. This might involve being mindful of the other person's time and energy, respecting their personal space and privacy, and being willing to compromise or find a middle ground when there are conflicts or disagreements.Finally, respect involves treating the other person with kindness and consideration. This might involve being thoughtful and considerate in your actions, offering praise and encouragement, and being willing to go the extra mile to show that you value the relationship.By incorporating these four levels of maintaining relationships -communication, empathy, commitment, and respect - you can build strong, resilient, and fulfilling relationships that last a lifetime. Whether you are working to maintain a personal relationship or a professional one, these principles can be applied to help you navigate the challenges and deepen the connections that are so essential to our lives.。
性格与外貌关系的作文英语
性格与外貌关系的作文英语Title: The Relationship Between Personality and Appearance。
In our world, the relationship between personality and appearance is a topic of perennial interest and debate. While some argue that one's appearance is merelysuperficial and irrelevant to one's character, others contend that there exists a significant correlation between the two. In this essay, I will delve into this complex relationship and explore how personality and appearance intersect and influence each other.To begin with, it is undeniable that one's appearance often leaves a strong initial impression on others. Human beings are naturally inclined to make judgments based on visual cues, and a person's physical appearance is usually the first thing we notice. However, it is essential to recognize that appearances can be deceiving. Just because someone possesses certain physical attributes does notnecessarily indicate anything about their personality or character.On the other hand, personality encompasses a wide range of traits, including but not limited to kindness, intelligence, confidence, and empathy. Unlike appearance, which is largely determined by genetics and external factors, personality is shaped by a combination of genetics, upbringing, and life experiences. It is the sum total ofour thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, which ultimately define who we are as individuals.Despite the superficial judgments that people may make based on appearance, it is the personality that truly determines how we are perceived by others in the long run.A person with a warm and friendly personality is likely to be viewed positively, regardless of their physical appearance. Conversely, someone with a negative or abrasive personality may find it challenging to build meaningful relationships, no matter how attractive they may be outwardly.Furthermore, there is growing evidence to suggest that personality and appearance are not entirely independent of each other. Research has shown that certain personalitytraits can influence how we present ourselves to the world and, consequently, how others perceive us. For example, individuals who are extroverted and outgoing may be more likely to dress in a manner that reflects their lively and sociable nature, whereas introverts may prefer more understated attire.Moreover, our appearance can also affect our own perceptions of ourselves and, by extension, our personality. Numerous studies have demonstrated the phenomenon known as "enclothed cognition," which suggests that the clothes we wear can influence our mental processes and behavior. For instance, dressing professionally may lead to increased feelings of competence and confidence, thereby shaping our personality in a positive way.In addition to the psychological aspects, there arealso societal implications of the relationship between personality and appearance. In many cultures, certainphysical traits are associated with specific personality traits, leading to stereotypes and prejudices. For example, tall individuals are often perceived as more authoritative and competent, while overweight individuals may be unfairly judged as lazy or lacking self-discipline. These stereotypes can have real-world consequences, affecting everything from job opportunities to social interactions.In conclusion, while there is undoubtedly arelationship between personality and appearance, it is crucial to recognize that they are not synonymous. While appearance may influence initial impressions, it is ultimately the personality that determines how we are perceived and remembered by others. Moreover, personality and appearance are not static; they can evolve over time through personal growth and self-discovery. Therefore, it is essential to look beyond superficial judgments and recognize the complexity and diversity of human beings.。
毕达哥拉斯与频率的关系
毕达哥拉斯与频率的关系Pythagoras was a famous ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher who made significant contributions to various fields, including music theory. 毕达哥拉斯是一位著名的古希腊数学家和哲学家，对包括音乐理论在内的各个领域做出了重要贡献。
He is credited with discovering the mathematical relationships that govern the harmonic ratios of musical intervals. 他被誉为发现调和音程的数学关系的先驱。
Pythagoras believed that music and mathematics were closely intertwined and that the principles governing music could be explained through mathematical principles. 他相信音乐和数学紧密相连，认为音乐的原则可以用数学原理来解释。
One of the key concepts attributed to Pythagoras is the relationship between the length of a vibrating string and the pitch of the sound it produces. 毕达哥拉斯被认为关键概念之一是振动弦的长度与其产生声音的音调之间的关系。
According to Pythagoras, when a string is plucked and made to vibrate, it produces a fundamental frequency, which is the lowest pitch at which the string will vibrate. 根据毕达哥拉斯的观点，当一根弦被弹奏并产生振动时，它会产生一个基频，即弦振动的最低音调。
idol-worshiping英语作文
idol-worshiping英语作文Idol-WorshipingIn today's fast-paced and ever-evolving world, the phenomenon of idol-worshiping has become increasingly prevalent. From the glitz and glamour of the entertainment industry to the realm of sports, individuals have found themselves captivated by the larger-than-life personas of their idols. This phenomenon has not only shaped the cultural landscape but has also had a profound impact on the psyche of individuals, particularly the youth.At the heart of idol-worshiping lies the innate human desire to connect with something greater than ourselves. Idols, whether they be musicians, actors, or athletes, possess a certain magnetism that draws us in, captivating our attention and inspiring us to emulate their successes. In a world where the line between reality and fantasy has become increasingly blurred, these idols have become the embodiment of our aspirations, serving as beacons of hope and inspiration.One of the primary reasons for the rise of idol-worshiping is the power of the media. The advent of social media and the ubiquity ofdigital platforms have enabled the constant exposure of idols to their adoring fans. This constant stream of information, coupled with the carefully curated image that idols present, has created a sense of intimacy and connection that often transcends the physical distance between the idol and the fan.Moreover, the idealization of idols has led to the creation of a culture of hero-worship, where individuals seek to emulate their idols' success, fashion sense, and even personal lives. This has led to a phenomenon known as "parasocial relationships," where fans develop a deep emotional attachment to their idols, despite the fact that the relationship is inherently one-sided.The impact of idol-worshiping on the individual can be both positive and negative. On the one hand, the admiration of idols can serve as a source of inspiration, motivating individuals to pursue their own dreams and aspirations. Idols can provide a sense of hope and encouragement, reminding us that with hard work and dedication, anything is possible.However, the downside of idol-worshiping lies in the potential for unhealthy obsession and unrealistic expectations. When individuals become overly invested in the lives of their idols, they may neglect their own personal growth and development, instead focusing all of their energy on maintaining a connection with their idol. This canlead to a distorted sense of self-worth, where individuals measure their own value based on the perceived success of their idols.Moreover, the constant exposure to the carefully curated image of idols can lead to a sense of inadequacy and low self-esteem, as individuals struggle to reconcile their own perceived flaws with the perceived perfection of their idols. This can have a detrimental impact on mental health, leading to issues such as anxiety, depression, and even body image issues.To address the challenges posed by idol-worshiping, it is essential to foster a more balanced and realistic approach to the relationship between fans and idols. This can be achieved through educational initiatives that promote critical thinking and media literacy, empowering individuals to approach the concept of idols with a more nuanced and discerning perspective.Additionally, it is crucial for idols themselves to take a more active role in promoting healthy and authentic relationships with their fans. By being transparent about their own struggles and imperfections, idols can help to dispel the myth of perfection and encourage fans to cultivate a more well-rounded and fulfilling sense of self.In conclusion, the phenomenon of idol-worshiping is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a holistic approach to address itschallenges. By fostering a more balanced and realistic perspective on the relationship between fans and idols, we can harness the positive potential of idol-worshiping while mitigating its negative impacts. Ultimately, the goal should be to empower individuals to pursue their own dreams and aspirations, rather than relying solely on the perceived success of their idols.。
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IJSIM 9,5 436On the relationship betweenperceived service quality, service loyalty and switchingcostsKo de Ruyter and Martin WetzelsMaastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, andJosée BloemerDepartment of Marketing, Limburg University Centre,Diepenbeek, BelgiumIntroductionIn the literature on services marketing relatively little attention has been paid to the concept of service loyalty. A limited number of attempts have been made to conceptualise service loyalty and to investigate its antecedents (Gremler and Brown, 1996). However, despite these attempts and despite its perceived importance in marketing theory and practice (Jones and Sasser, 1995; Reichfeld and Sasser, 1990), customer loyalty still “presents an enigma to researchers” (Oliver, 1996, p. 389). Implicitly, service loyalty is often incorporated as an ultimate dependent variable in service quality models (Fornell et al., 1996), yet the precise nature of the service quality-service loyalty connection has remained fuzzy as the result of limited conceptualisations and contradictory empirical results (Boulding et al., 1993; Cronin and Taylor, 1992). Most studies that have examined the service quality-service loyalty relationship focused on one specific industry only, limiting the generalisability of results (e.g. Crosby and Stephens, 1987; Kelley et al., 1993; Rust and Zahorik, 1993). Furthermore, Cronin and Taylor (1992) and Zeithaml et al. (1996) report differences between various service providers, but they both do not specifically address explanations for these differences. Dick and Basu (1994) suggest that the level of switching costs in a given industry might very well influence customers’ disposition towards different services. In this article we examine the relationship between service quality, service loyalty and switching costs across five different service industries. It is structured as follows. First, we will offer a brief synthesis of the extant literature on key conceptual issues. We subsequently discuss the results of a study designed to provide a multi-sector insight on the relationship between service quality, service loyalty and switching costs. We conclude with a discussion of a number of theoretical and managerial implications of our results.Received February 1997 Accepted November 1997International Journal of Service Industry Management,Vol. 9 No. 5, 1998, pp. 436-453,© MCB University Press, 0956-4233Service quality,loyalty and switching costs 437Service loyalty In consumer research conducted in the 1960s and 1970s, customer loyalty was approached predominantly from a behavioural perspective. Jacoby and Chestnut (1978) observe that in these studies the focus was on interpreting patterns of repeat purchasing in primarily panel data as a manifestation of loyalty. As Day (1969) criticised the behavioural approach for a lack of a conceptual basis and Bass (1974) pointed out that stochastic components (i.e.randomness that could not be explained) occur in repeat purchasing patterns,researchers began to question the adequacy of using behaviour as a measure of loyalty. It became clear that the consumer’s disposition to rebuy is an essential element of loyalty (Gremler and Brown,1996). Jones and Sasser (1995, p. 94)state that customer loyalty is “a feeling of attachment to or affection for a company’s people, products, or services”. Therefore, Dick and Basu (1994)supplemented the behavioural approach with the concept of relative attitude which reflects the degree to which the consumer’s evaluation of one service dominates that of another. They posit that true loyalty only exists when repeat patronage coexists with a high relative attitude. Hence, customer loyalty is approached as an attitudinal construct. Attitude denotes the degree to which a consumer’s disposition towards a service is favourably inclined (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980). This is reflected, for instance, in the willingness to recommend a service provider to other consumers or the commitment to repatronise a preferred service provider (Gremler and Brown, 1996; Jain et al., 1987; Pritchard,1991). Based on a favourable attitude towards a service provider, customers may develop preference loyalty.In addition to attitude, it has been argued that loyalty may also be based on cognition (Lee and Zeiss, 1980; Oliver, 1996). Berger and Mitchell (1989), for instance, show that the degree to which consumers are exposed to advertising increases the ability and confidence to process information, providing more opportunity for product-related elaboration resulting in product commitment.Furthermore, in the case of services, direct experience through the service encounter (as opposed to brand advertising) increases information acceptance and use in repurchase decisions (Smith and Swinyard, 1988). In its cognitive sense, customer loyalty is frequently operationalised as a conscious evaluation of the price/quality ratio or the willingness to pay a premium price, or alternatively price indifference (Fornell, 1992; Olson and Jacoby, 1971;Pessemier, 1959; Raju et al., 1990; Zeithaml et al., 1996). In other words,customers will make an explicit comparison between what they give and get. Finally, we should also examine the impact of dissatisfying service episodes in terms of service loyalty, or rather dissatisfaction response. As early as 1970,Hirschman argued that a dissatisfied customer has basically two options to a negative (service) experience: discontinue the relationship (exit) or communicate dissatisfaction (voice). Customers who voice dissatisfaction may complain to the service provider (e.g. via a toll free number), its employees or external agencies such as consumer organizations. Hence, we posit service loyalty as aIJSIM 9,5 438multi-dimensional construct consisting of the following three dimensions: preference loyalty, price indifference loyalty and dissatisfaction response.In the literature on services, perceived service quality is often viewed as a prerequisite for service loyalty and frequently loyalty is included in models as an outcome variable (Boulding et al., 1993; Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Gremler and Brown, 1996). However, previous studies provide mixed results with respect to the relationship between service quality and service loyalty. Therefore, we will examine this relationship more closely in the next section.Service quality and service loyaltyThe relationship between service quality and customer preference loyalty has been examined, among others, by Boulding et al. (1993) and Cronin and Taylor (1992). Cronin and Taylor (1992) focused solely on repurchase intentions, whereas Boulding et al. (1993) focused on the elements of repurchasing and willingness to recommend. In the study by Cronin and Taylor service quality did not appear to have a significant (positive) effect on repurchase intentions (in contrast to the significant positive relation between satisfaction and repurchase intention), while Boulding et al. (1993) found positive relationships between service quality and repurchase intentions and willingness to recommend. Similarly, Dabholkar and Thorpe (1994) report that customer satisfaction with a store has a positive influence on intentions to recommend the store to others. Price indifferent loyalty (e.g. willingness to pay a premium price) has not received much attention in the services literature. Zeithaml et al. (1990) reported a positive relationship between service quality and the willingness to pay a higher price and the intention to remain loyal in case of a price increase. Finally, with regards to dissatisfaction response, it has been suggested that the majority of customers simply remain inactive and do not undertake any action following a negative service experience (Day, 1984). Furthermore, it has been argued that actually responding to dissatisfaction (e.g. complaining directly to the company or complaining to a third party) is negatively related to the level of service quality (Beardon et al., 1979; Yi, 1990).So far, our discussion of the relationship between service quality, satisfaction (which are two closely related concepts) and behavioural intentions has remained limited to the level of the individual customer. Indeed, most of the studies linking service quality, satisfaction and behavioural intentions have been conducted in one specific service setting. For instance, Rust and Zahorik (1993) related service quality perceptions to consumer loyalty in banking, Crosby and Stephens (1987) investigated loyalty in the insurance industry and with regard to retailing, customer patronage was investigated in relation to service encounter failures by Kelley et al. (1993). Conceptually, the idiosyncratic nature of each service setting limits the generalisability of previous research findings with regard to behavioural intentions. Therefore, to gain further insight into the development of service loyalty a cross-sectional perspective should be taken. Cronin and Taylor (1992) report considerable differences with regards to the relationship between satisfaction and repurchase intentionsService quality,loyalty and switching costs 439between the four service industries of banking, pest control, dry cleaning and fast food. Likewise, Parasuraman et al. (1994) found industry differences with regards to the service quality-behavioural intentions link. With regard to customer satisfaction, Fornell (1992) reports differences in what he terms “elasticity” per industry, i.e., the consequences of service quality in terms of loyalty differ per industry. Jones and Sasser (1995, p. 92) conclude that the relationship between customer evaluations and loyalty across industries is “neither linear nor simple”. Little explanation of cross sectional variation regarding the relationship between service quality and service loyalty has been offered by prior research. It has been suggested that the degree of switching costs may have an influence on customer loyalty in a given industry (Anderson and Fornell, 1994; Dick and Basu, 1994; Fornell, 1992; Gremler and Brown,1996). Therefore, we will focus on this variable in the next section.Switching costsSwitching costs can be defined as the costs involved in changing from one service provider to another (Porter, 1980). In addition to objectively measurable monetary costs, switching costs may also pertain to time and psychological effort involved in facing the uncertainty of dealing with a new service provider (e.g. learning the lay-out of a new office (Dick and Basu, 1994; Guiltinan, 1989)). It has been argued that the costs of switching providers tend to be higher for services than for goods (Gremler and Brown, 1996). Furthermore, switching costs are sometimes used as a proxy for market structure or the level of customer perceived uncertainty. For instance, Quinlan (1991) argues that for some services (e.g. fast food restaurants,retailers) switching costs are low for the mass of “anonymous” customers, for instance as a result of the fact that there are ample suppliers and “the inherent inability to differentiate on some valuation criterion” (Barnes and Cumby, 1995, p.184). In contrast, switching costs for services that are intrinsically difficult to evaluate, or for which there is only a limited number of suppliers (legal services,management consulting and medical services), are high (Brown and Swartz, 1989;Patterson and Johnson, 1993). For instance, Andreasen (1982; 1985) who investigated the influence of market structure on consumer switching behaviour characterises the medical services market as a “loose monopoly”, a term coined by Hirschman (1970). A loose monopoly is a market in which a near-monopoly concentration of sellers coincides with a minor amount of competition. There is limited information about the type of service and the number of suppliers (e.g.,medical institutions) is comparatively small. Moreover, many patients exhibit psychological inhibitions against changing doctors; i.e. switching costs are perceived to be high (Jones and Sasser, 1995). This leads to a state of what Landon (1980) calls “monopolistic indifference” in which behavioural intentions and actual behaviour of consumers remain underdeveloped. Andreasen (1982; 1985)found empirical support for the effect of high switching costs on customer loyalty in relation to medical services. In addition to customer uncertainty and structure of the market, the level of competition and loyalty programmes (e.g. membership programmes, customer clubs, seasonal tickets in theatres and opera houses) mayIJSIM 9,5 440increase the perceived and actual cost of switching (Gruen and Fergusson, 1994; Gummesson, 1995). In conclusion, it appears that there is a positive relationship between the level of switching costs and customer loyalty in services. In the next section we will develop hypotheses on the complex relationship between service quality, switching costs and service loyalty.Development of hypothesesAlthough prior research has not comprehensively examined the impact of service quality on service loyalty dimensions, we expect, in accordance with Zeithaml et al. (1996), positive relationships between service quality and preference loyalty and service quality and price indifference loyalty. On the basis of previous findings in the complaining behaviour literature, we hypothesise a negative relationship between service quality and dissatifaction response. We expect that both service quality and the type of industry will determine the various forms of loyalty. Furthermore, we expect cross-sectional variation with regard to the relationship between perceived service quality and service loyalty for different types of service industries on the basis of relative switching costs involved for service customers. We assume that the degree of switching costs will have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between perceived service quality and preference and price indifference loyalty and a negative moderating effect on the relationship between perceived service quality and dissatisfaction response. This leads to the following hypotheses: H1a: There will be a positive relationship between perceived service quality and preference loyalty.H1b: There will be a positive relationship between perceived service quality and price indifference loyalty.H1c: There will be a negative relationship between perceived service quality and dissatisfaction response.H2:The level of preference loyalty, price indifference loyalty and dissatisfaction response is a function of service quality and type ofindustry.H3a:In service industries with relatively low switching costs, there will bea weaker relationship between perceived service quality andpreference loyalty than in service industries with relatively highswitching costs.H3b:In service industries with relatively low switching costs, there will bea weaker relationship between perceived service quality and priceindifference loyalty than in service industries with relatively highswitching costs.H3c:In service industries with relatively low switching costs, there will bea stronger relationship between perceived service quality anddissatisfaction response than in service industries with relatively highswitching costs.Service quality,loyalty and switching costs 441An empirical studyResearch settingRespondents were interviewed on service quality, service loyalty dimensions and switching costs with regard to five different service industries. On the one hand, health centres (hospitals, physiotherapy and chiropractic clinics) and city theatres (including opera houses) were chosen as examples of service industries with relatively high switching costs on the basis of arguments above. The markets for these industries can be characterised as a “loose monopolies” in which only a limited number of suppliers operates. Furthermore, perceived uncertainty and customer loyalty programmes (seasonal tickets) cause switching costs to be relatively high. On the other hand three service industries with relatively low switching costs were selected: fast food, supermarkets and amusement parks.Loyalty dimensions were operationalised on the basis of 13 items of the behavioural intentions scale developed recently by Zeithaml et al. (1996) (see Table I). Each of the items was accompanied by a nine-point scale ranging from 1 = not at all likely to 9 = extremely likely. The items were translated via a procedure of double-back translation. Moreover, the items were adapted for the general research setting and according to specific characteristics of the industries investigated. For reasons of data collection efficiency, a uni-dimensional measure of perceived service quality relating to an evaluation of the core service was used (instead of the 22-item SERVQUAL instrument) with a nine-point scale ranging from 1 = completely disagree to 9 = completely agree (Strandvik and Liljander, 1994). Finally, three types of switching costs (effort,time and money) were measured in relation to the service industries. Switching costs items were accompanied by a nine-point scale ranging from 1 =completely disagree to 9 = completely agree.Data were gathered by means of personal interviews on the basis of a structured questionnaire in a mid-sized city in Belgium. A total of 612 usable questionnaires (i.e. all questions answered) were gathered randomly by trained interviewers. Every tenth customer leaving the premises of a particular service provider was invited to participate in our study. Interviewers were instructed to screen respondents as to whether they had used the particular service within the last two months to ensure an up-to-date evaluation of service quality and service loyalty. The sample size for each service provider was: health centres 101, city theatres 100, fast food restaurants 200, supermarkets 108 and amusement parks 103.Descriptive analysisWith regard to perceived core service quality, the following mean scores were obtained: health centres; 8.13 (s.d. 1.55), city theatres; 7.72 (s.d. 1.44), fast food;7.10 (s.d. 1.55), supermarkets; 7.99 (s.d. 1.40), amusement parks; 6.26 (s.d. 1.79).Results revealed that significant differences between mean service quality scores occur (F = 36.20; p < 0.001). In addition, the following mean scores for switching costs were obtained: health centres; 7.84 (s.d. 1.66), city theatres; 7.43IJSIM 9,5 442(s.d. 1.92), fast food; 1.94 (s.d. 1.45), supermarkets; 2.34 (s.d. 1.61), amusement parks; 3.25 (s.d. 1.80). These scores are indicative of significant differences in switching costs (F = 33.63; p < 0.001) across service industries.Next, we factor-analysed the items pertaining to service loyalty in order to find out whether a three dimensional pattern as derived on the basis of theory could be justified on the basis of empirical analysis. Our analysis indicates that a three dimensional structure could be identified, as is shown in Table I.Reliability analysis of the three factors yielded the following results: the coefficient alpha for the preference loyalty dimension is 0.90, for the price indifference dimension 0.71 and for the dissatisfaction response dimension 0.69. Hypotheses testingIn order to test hypotheses 1 and 2 we conducted regression analyses with perceived service quality as a predictor variable and each of the three loyalty dimensions as a dependent variable. The bivariate regression equation is rendered as model 1 in the tables below. Subsequently, in order to differentiate for industry, we used a set of multiple dummy variables. In our analyses, health centres is used as a reference group or intercept for the other service industries on the basis of the fact that the highest mean service quality score was obtained No.Description Factor loadings bPreference (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90)1Recommend to someone who seeks your advice0.858972Encourage friends and relatives to do business with0.850793Do more business with in the next few years0.777344Say positive things about to other people0.715375Consider your first choice to buy … services0.707586Do less business with in the next few years (–)0.61261 Price indifference (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.71)7Pay a higher price than competitors charge for the benefitsyou currently receive0.818958Continue to do business with if its prices increase somewhat0.784219Take some of your business to a competitor that offersmore attractive prices (–)0.73703 Dissatisfaction response (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.69)10Complain to other consumers if you experience a problem with …’s service0.6523911Complain to external agencies, such as consumer organizations, ifyou experience a problem with …’s service0.5185212Complain to employees if you experience a problem with …’s service0.4047313Switch to a competitor if you experience a problem with …’s service–Total explained variance50.1% Notes:a Using principal axis factoring and varimax rotationb Factor loadings > 0.4Table I. Service loyalty dimensions aService quality,loyalty and switching costs 443for this service industry. The value of the regression coefficient for the intercept reports the effect on the particular loyalty factor for health centres. Remaining regression coefficients estimate the effect of type of service industry compared with the reference industry. The incremental F-test for change examines whether the set of dummy variables representing industry settings contributes significantly to the model by comparing the values of R 2for models 1 and 2.Table II renders the results of multiple regression on preference loyalty.From Table II it becomes clear that, first of all, perceived service quality contributes positively to explaining preference loyalty. On the basis of this,hypothesis 1a can be accepted. For the reference industry, health centres, there is a significant positive relation between perceived service quality and preference loyalty. The remaining service industries (amusement parks, city theatres, fast food), with the exception of supermarkets, differ significantly from the reference category. For city theatres the impact of perceived service quality on preference loyalty is stronger as compared to health centres and supermarkets, while for the remaining service industries the impact of perceived service quality on preference loyalty is smaller. This means, for instance, that the same level of service quality results in a relatively higher level of preference loyalty for city theatres than for health centres and supermarkets.The significance of the incremental F-test indicates that incorporating type of industry, in addition to perceived service quality, contributes significantly to explaining preference loyalty.Table III renders the results of multiple regression on price indifference loyalty.Table III reveals that perceived service quality contributes positively to explaining price indifference loyalty. On the basis of this, hypothesis 1b can be VariableIndustry B βt p Perceived service quality 0.68180.613521.546< 0.0001Intercept (Health centres) 1.7761 6.52< 0.0001Amusement parks –0.6302–0.1163–3.839< 0.001City theatres 0.36600.66742.3750.0178Fast-food –0.4027–0.9626–3.1800.0015Supermarkets –0.2714–0.5116–1.8210.0690Model 1R 20.4425Adjusted R 20.4418F 638.91 (p < 0.0001)Model 2R 20.4681Adjusted R 20.4635F 140.253 (p < 0.0001)F (Change)9.132 (p < 0.0001)Table II.Regression of perceived quality and industry on preference loyaltyIJSIM9,5444accepted. The impact of perceived service quality on price indifference loyalty is the strongest for the reference industry. For the remaining industries, with the exception of city theatres, there is a relatively small impact of perceived service quality on price indifference loyalty. The significance of the incremental F-test indicates that incorporating type of industry, in addition to perceived service quality, contributes significantly to explaining price indifference loyalty.Table IV renders the results of multiple regression on dissatisfaction response.From Table IV it becomes clear that there is no significant relationship between perceived service quality and dissatisfaction response. On the basis of this, hypothesis 1c has to be rejected, although cross-sectional differences between industries can be observed.With regard to hypothesis 2 it can be concluded that (significant) differences between service industries were found in relation to all three loyalty dimensions. Therefore, hypothesis 2 can be accepted. Indeed, service loyalty is a function of service quality and industry type.To investigate cross sectional variation in more detail, the five service industries were assigned to two groups. On the basis of the mean switching costs scores reported above, we classified health centres and city theatres as industries with relatively high switching costs and fast food restaurants,amusement parks and supermarkets as service industries with relatively low switching costs. Hypotheses 3a, 3b and 3c pertain to the influence of switching costs on the service quality-service loyalty relationship. In order to test hypotheses 3a, 3b and 3c moderated regression analysis was carried out. In this technique the moderator variable plays a central role. A moderator variable can be defined as a variable that systematically modifies either the form and/orVariableIndustry B βt p Perceived service quality 0.40140.30409.413< 0.0001Intercept (Health centres) 3.09348.420< 0.0001Amusement parks –2.0341–0.3168–9.196< 0.0001City theatres –0.8190–0.1260–3.944< 0.001Fast-food –1.5418–0.3105–9.023< 0.0001Supermarkets –1.9152–0.3043–9.531< 0.0001Model 1R 20.1847Adjusted R 20.1836F181.22 (p < 0.0001)Model 2R 20.3184Adjusted R20.3142F74.367 (p < 0.0001)F (Change)39.037 (p < 0.0001)Table III.Regression of perceived quality and industry on price indifference loyaltyService quality,loyalty andswitching costs445 strength of the relationship between a dependent variable and independentvariable (e.g Anderson, 1986; Micheals and Dixon, 1994; Sharma et al., 1981;Zedeck, 1971). Sharma et al. (1981) distinguish two methods to identifymoderator variables:(1)moderated regression analysis (MRA); and(2)subgroup analysis.MRA involves the comparison of three regression models (Zedeck, 1971). Thefull model contains three terms: the dependent variable, the hypothesisedmoderator variable and the interaction term of these two. The restricted modelomits either the interaction term or the hypothesised moderator. Tests arecarried out by comparing the restricted model to the full model. In subgroupanalysis the hypothesised moderator variable is used to split the sample. Aftersubdividing the sample, regression analysis is carried out between thedependent and independent variables. A number of authors have recommendedthe use of MRA, since subgroup analysis is characterised by severalshortcomings (e.g. Anderson, 1986; Micheals and Dixon, 1994; Sharma et al.,1981). In fact, MRA can be viewed as an extension of subgroup analysis wherethe number of groups is equal to the number of subjects (Sharma et al., 1981).In applying MRA we will need three regression models. In this particularcase the following three regression models are relevant to examine the effect ofswitching costs as moderators (Sharma et al., 1981; Zedeck, 1971):LOYi = a + b1* PSQ(1)LOYi = a + b1* PSQ + b2*DSC(2)Variable Industry Bβt p Perceived service quality–0.0437–0.0386–1.0150.3105Intercept(Health centres) 5.161613.931< 0.0001Amusement parks0.34970.0638 1.5660.1077City theatres0.50550.9106 2.4100.0162Fast-food 0.92480.1725 5.3621<0.0001Supermarkets0.48380.0900 2.38300.0174 Model 1R20.0077Adjusted R20.0065F 6.2007 (p = 0.0130)Model 2R20.0447 Adjusted R20.0378F7.299 (p < 0.0001) F (Change)7.523 (p < 0.0001)Table IV. Regression of perceived quality and industry ondissatisfactionresponse。