drug abuse

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大学体验英语第七课 drug abuse

Understanding drug use, drug abuse, and addictionPeople experiment with drugs for many different reasons. Many first try drugs out of curiosity, to have a good time, because friends are doing it, or in an effort to improve athletic performance or ease another problem, such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Use doesn’t automatically lead to abuse, and there is no specific level at which drug use moves from casual to problematic. It varies by individual. Drug abuse and addiction is less about the amount of substance consumed or the frequency, and more to do with the consequences of drug use. No matter how often or how little you’re consuming, if your drug use is causing problems in your life—at work, school, home, or in your relationships—you likely have a drug abuse or addiction problem.Why do some drug users become addicted, while others don’t?As with many other conditions and diseases, vulnerability to addiction differs from person to person. Your genes, mental health, family and social environment all play a role in addiction. Risk factors that increase your vulnerability include:∙Family history of addiction∙Abuse, neglect, or other traumatic experiences in childhood∙Mental disorders such as depression and anxiety∙Early use of drugs∙Method of administration—smoking or injecting a drug may increase its addictive potentialDrug addiction and the brainLearn more about how addiction hijacks the brain.Read Article by Harvard Health PublicationsAddiction is a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use. While each drug produces different physical effects, all abusedsubstances share one thing in common: repeated use can alter the way the brain looks and functions.∙Taking a recreational drug causes a surge in levels of dopamine in your brain, which trigger feelings of pleasure. Your brainremembers these feelings and wants them repeated.∙If you become addicted, the substance takes on the same significance as other survival behaviors, such as eating and drinking.∙Changes in your brain interfere with your ability to think clearly, exercise good judgment, control your behavior, and feel normalwithout drugs.∙Whether you’re addicted to inhalants, heroin, Xanax, speed, or Vicodin, the uncontrollable craving to use grows more important than anything else, including family, friends, career, and even your own health and happiness.∙The urge to use is so strong that your mind finds many ways to deny or rationalize the addiction. You may drastically underestimate the quantity of drugs you’re taking, how much it impacts your life, and the level of control you have over your drug use.How drug abuse and addiction can developLearn how drugs block emotionsWatch a 3 -min. video: Roadblocks to awarenessPeople who experiment with drugs continue to use them because the substance either makes them feel good, or stops them from feeling bad. In many cases, however, there is a fine line between regular use and drug abuse and addiction. Very few addicts are able to recognize when they have crossed that line. While frequency or the amount of drugs consumed don’t in themselves constitute drug abuse or addiction, they can often be indicators of drug-related problems.∙Problems can sometimes sneak up on you, as your drug use gradually increases over time. Smoking a joint with friends at the weekend, or taking ecstasy at a rave, or cocaine at an occasional party, for example, can change to using drugs a couple of days a week, then every day. Gradually, getting and using the drug becomes more and more important to you.∙If the drug fulfills a valuable need, you may find yourself increasingly relying on it. For example, you may take drugs to calm you if you feel anxious or stressed, energize you if you feeldepressed, or make you more confident in social situations if you normally feel shy. Or you may have started using prescription drugs to cope with panic attacks or relieve chronic pain, for example.Until you find alternative, healthier methods for overcoming these problems, your drug use will likely continue.∙Similarly, if you use drugs to fill a void in your life, you’re more at risk of crossing the line from casual use to drug abuse and addiction. To maintain healthy balance in your life, you need to have other positive experiences, to feel good in your life aside from any drug use.∙As drug abuse takes hold, you may miss or frequently be late for work or school, your job performance may progressively deteriorate, and you start to neglect social or family obligations. Your ability to stop using is eventually compromised. What began as a voluntary choice has turned into a physical and psychological need.The good news is that with the right treatment and support, you can counteract the disruptive effects of drug use and regain control of your life. The first obstacle is to recognize and admit you have a problem, or listen to loved ones who are often better able to see the negative effects drug use is having on your life.5 Myths about Drug Abuse and AddictionMYTH 1: Overcoming addiction is a simply a matter of willpower. You can stop using drugs if you really want to. Prolonged exposure to drugs alters the brain in ways that result in powerful cravings and a compulsion to use. These brain changes make it extremely difficult to quit by sheer force of will.MYTH 2: Addiction is a disease; there’s nothing you can do about it. Most experts agree that addiction is a brain disease, but that doesn’t mean you’re a helpless victim. The brain changes associated with addiction can be treated and reversed through therapy, medication, exercise, and other treatments.MYTH 3: Addicts have to hit rock bottom before they can get better. Recovery can begin at any point in the addiction process—and the earlier, the better. The longer drug abuse continues, the stronger the addiction becomes and the harder it is to treat. Don’t wait to intervene until the addict has lost it all.MYTH 4: You can’t force someone into treatment; they have to want help. Treatment doesn’t have to be voluntary to be successful. People w ho arepressured into treatment by their family, employer, or the legal system are just as likely to benefit as those who choose to enter treatment on their own. As they sober up and their thinking clears, many formerly resistant addicts decide they want to change.MYTH 5: Treatment didn’t work before, so there’s no point trying again. Recovery from drug addiction is a long process that often involves setbacks. Relapse doesn’t mean that treatment has failed or that you’re a lost cause. Rather, it’s a signal to get back on track, either by going back to treatment or adjusting the treatment approach.Signs and symptoms of drug abuse and drug addictionAlthough different drugs have different physical effects, the symptoms of addiction are similar. See if you recognize yourself in the following signs and symptoms of substance abuse and addiction. If so, consider talking to someone about your drug use.Common signs and symptoms of drug abuse∙You’re neglecting your responsibilities at school, work, or home(e.g. flunking classes, skipping work, neglecting your children)because of your drug use.∙You’re using drugs under dangerous conditions or taking risks while high, such as driving while on drugs, using dirty needles, or having unprotected sex.∙Your drug use is getting you into legal trouble, such as arrests for disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, or stealing to support a drug habit.∙Your drug use is causing problems in your relationships, such as fights with your partner or family members, an unhappy boss, or the loss of old friends.Common signs and symptoms of drug addiction∙You’ve built up a drug tolerance. You need to use more of the drug to experience the same effects you used to attain with smalleramounts.∙You take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms. If you go too long without drugs, you experience symptoms such as nausea,restlessness, insomnia, depression, sweating, shaking, andanxiety.∙You’ve lost control over your drug use. You often do drugs or use more than you planned, e ven though you told yourself you wouldn’t.You may want to stop using, but you feel powerless.∙Your life revolves around drug use. You spend a lot of time using and thinking about drugs, figuring out how to get them, andrecovering from the drug’s effects.∙You’ve abandoned activities you used to enjoy, such as hobbies, sports, and socializing, because of your drug use.∙You continue to use drugs, despite knowing it’s hurting you. It’s causing major problems in your life—blackouts, infections, mood swings, depression, paranoia—but you use anyway.Warning signs that a friend or family member is abusing drugsDrug abusers often try to conceal their symptoms and downplay their problem. If you’re worried that a friend or family member might be abusing drugs, look for the following warning signs:Physical warning signs of drug abuse∙Bloodshot eyes, pupils larger or smaller than usual.∙Changes in appetite or sleep patterns. Sudden weight loss or weight gain.∙Deterioration of physical appearance, personal grooming habits.∙Unusual smells on breath, body, or clothing.∙Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired coordination.Behavioral signs of drug abuse∙Drop in attendance and performance at work or school.∙Unexplained need for money or financial problems. May borrow or steal to get it.∙Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors.∙Sudden change in friends, favorite hangouts, and hobbies.∙Frequently getting into trouble (fights, accidents, illegal activities).Psychological warning signs of drug abuse∙Unexplained change in personality or attitude.∙Sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts.∙Periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or giddiness.∙Lack of motivation; appears lethargic or “spaced out.”∙Appears fearful, anxious, or paranoid, with no reason. Warning Signs of Commonly Abused Drugs∙Marijuana:Glassy, red eyes; loud talking, inappropriate laughter followed by sleepiness; loss of interest, motivation; weight gain or loss.∙Depressants(including Xanax, Valium, GHB): Contracted pupils;drunk-like; difficulty concentrating; clumsiness; poor judgment;slurred speech; sleepiness.∙Stimulants(including amphetamines, cocaine, crystal meth): Dilated pupils; hyperactivity; euphoria; irritability; anxiety;excessive talking followed by depression or excessive sleeping at odd times; may go long periods of time without eating or sleeping;weight loss; dry mouth and nose.∙Inhalants (glues, aerosols, vapors): Watery eyes; impaired vision, memory and thought; secretions from the nose or rashesaround the nose and mouth; headaches and nausea; appearance ofintoxication; drowsiness; poor muscle control; changes in appetite;anxiety; irritability; lots of cans/aerosols in the trash.∙Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP): Dilated pupils; bizarre and irrational behavior including paranoia, aggression, hallucinations; moodswings; detachment from people; absorption with self or otherobjects, slurred speech; confusion.∙Heroin: Contracted pupils; no response of pupils to light; needle marks; sleeping at unusual times; sweating; vomiting; coughing,sniffling; twitching; loss of appetite.For more symptoms and effects of commonly abused drugs, see the Helpguide PDF Factsheet.Warning signs of teen drug abuseWhile experimenting with drugs doesn’t automatically lead to drug abuse, early use is a risk factor for developing more serious drug abuse and addiction. Risk of drug abuse also increases greatly during times oftransition, such as changing schools, moving, or divorce. The challenge for parents is to distinguish between the normal, often volatile, ups and downs of the teen years and the red flags of substance abuse. These include:∙Having bloodshot eyes or dilated pupils; using eye drops to try to mask these signs.∙Skipping class; declining grades; suddenly getting into trouble at school.∙Missing money, valuables, or prescriptions.∙Acting uncharacteristically isolated, withdrawn, angry, or depressed.∙Dropping one group of friends for another; being secretive about the new peer group.∙Loss of interest in old hobbies; lying about new interests and activities.∙Demanding more privacy; locking doors; avoiding eye contact;sneaking around.Getting help for drug abuse and drug addiction Finding help and support for drug addiction∙Visit a Narcotics Anonymous meeting in your area. See below.∙Call 1-800-662-HELP in the U.S. to reach a free referral helpline from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Recognizing that you have a problem is the first step on the road to recovery, one that takes tremendous courage and strength. Facing your addiction without minimizing the problem or making excuses can feel frightening and overwhelming, but recovery is withi n reach. If you’re ready to make a change and willing to seek help, you can overcome your addiction and build a satisfying, drug-free life for yourself.Support is essential to addiction recoveryDon’t try to go it alone; it’s all too easy to get discourag ed and rationalize “just one more” hit or pill. Whether you choose to go to rehab, rely on self-help programs, get therapy, or take a self-directed treatment approach, support is essential. Recovering from drug addictionis much easier when you have people you can lean on for encouragement,comfort, and guidance.Support can come from:∙family members∙close friends∙therapists or counselors∙other recovering addicts∙healthcare providers∙people from your faith community。

第14章药物滥用与药物依赖性

一、概述（一）药物滥用（drug abuse）定义：指人们背离医疗、预防和保健目的，间断或不间断的自行过度使用具有精神活性药物的行为，导致精神依赖性和生理依赖性特征：非医疗目的无节制反复用药；用药个体精神和身体危害；社会危害不合理用药：对用药适应症选择不当/无正确适应症用药，剂量过大、疗程过长等错误用药行为≠本章的药物滥用（二）药物依赖性（drug dependence）具精神活性药物滥用条件下，机体与滥用药物相互作用所形成的一种特殊精神和身体状态。

表现：欲求定期或持续地强迫性用药，以期体验用药后的精神效应，或避免由于停药所引起的严重身体不适和痛苦。

有时伴有对该种滥用药物的耐受性。

分类：精神依赖性，身体依赖性导致药物滥用的生物学基础1.身体依赖性（physical dependence）药物滥用造成机体对所滥用药物的适应状态戒断综合征(abstinence syndrome)：一旦突然停用或减少用量，导致机体已经形成的适应状态发生改变，用药者会相继出现严重的精神和躯体症状，呈现极为痛苦的感受及明显的生理功能紊乱，甚至危及生命阿片类，镇静催眠药，酒精等2.精神依赖性（psychic dependence）又称心理依赖性，是由于滥用药物产生的非生理性刺激所致的一种特殊精神状态（欢愉、幻觉、满足感）。

一旦产生很难祛除先于身体依赖性发生3.交叉依赖性（cross dependence）定义：人体对一种药物产生生理依赖性时，停用该药所引发的戒断综合征可能为另一性质相似的药物所抑制，并维持已形成的依赖状态表现：两药所有或部分药理作用可相互替代4.药物成瘾（drug addiction）:少用（三）药物耐受性（drug tolerance）定义：指人体在重复用药条件下形成的一种对药物的反应性逐渐减弱的状态。

特点：①对药物不同作用的耐受程度并非完全相同②具有可逆性③交叉耐受性：化学结构或作用机制类似药物依赖性常同时伴有对该药的耐受性。

Unit 7 Drug Abuse

Fighting Teen Smoking
1. 2. a. 28% b. 36% c. 16% d. 8% a. The number of teen smokers increased. b. The number of teen smokers decreased. c. Many schools abandoned health classes. d. More parents smoked. a. The health classes at school. b. Professional help. c. Fellow students’ encouragement to quit. d. Parents’ warnings.
Keys
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. d a b c c
Drinking
Why do some people become alcoholics? How can they solve their drinking problems?
Some people drink because their parents drink a lot, so they ___ ___. Some people pick up the ___ of drinking because they feel ___ or ___, others drink when they are ___ or ___, and still others drink to celebrate ___ ___. Gradually, they drink more and more until they are ___ on alcoate of teenagers dying from cancer has increased. b. The rate of teenagers who cannot give up smoking has increased. c. More than one-fourth of teenagers still smoke. d. Nearly one-fourth of teenagers still smoke. a. The reasons for combating teen smoking and possible solutions. b. The necessity of combating teen smoking and future work. c. The success in combating teen smoking and the remaining problem. d. The problems in combating teen smoking in spite of the limited success.

药物滥用

2．吸毒对优生优育的影响
吸毒使众多女性走向卖淫的歧途。生理上，常出现闭经、不排卵或不能生育。近来在吸毒的孕妇中发现，她们娩出的新生儿体重甚低，胎儿发育较一般为迟缓。临床上，这些受母体毒害的胎儿，一出生就表现出类似成人冷火鸡一般的戒断症状。主要表现为震颤、不安、多动、肌张力增高、哭号、呼吸增快、吮奶不佳、抽搐。此外，还有的新生儿发烧、打哈欠、吐、泻，流鼻涕。新陈代谢也发生障碍，出现呼吸性碱中毒，大量钠丢失，血浆血清素含量改变等等。
第十一章药物滥用和药物依赖性
药物滥用已成为当今全球性的严重社会问题。近年来，受境外毒品活动的影响，我国建国初期已绝迹的阿片烟毒再次为祸我国，严重影响吸毒者的身体健康和灵魂，诱发犯罪，导致家庭破裂，阻碍社会主义精神文明和物质文明建设。
就世界范围而言，目前被滥用的依赖性药物已不仅仅限于阿片类，它们还包括可卡因、大麻、某些中枢兴奋剂、镇静催眠药、致幻剂、挥发性溶剂以及酒精和烟草等。对药物滥用的预防以及依赖性药物引起的中毒进行诊治是关系到国家兴亡、民族昌盛的一项战略任务，也是一项系统工程。不仅需要国家禁毒机构参加，还多社会学家研究提示，吸毒与犯罪可产生互为因果的关系。即吸毒制造了犯罪，而犯罪者更易沾染吸毒、酗酒，严重影响社会道德和社会治安。人群中的药物滥用乃致全局性流行使一个国家在禁毒和戒毒的防、治、管理工作中，消耗大量人、财、物和社会财富，增加了庞大的国家开支。久而久之，定会形成社会与民族危机。
1．对吸毒者身心健康的严重危害 2．吸毒对优生优育的影响 3．长期滥用麻醉品或酗酒对家庭和子女的影响 4．对社会的影响
1．对吸毒者身心健康的严重危害以阿片类药物为代表的麻醉药品滥用成瘾在历史上曾广泛地毒害过我国人民，1949年前成瘾者有年前成瘾者有2000 曾广泛地毒害过我国人民，1949年前成瘾者有2000 万之多。万之多。新中国成立后历时二年多时间就消灭了毒品和吸毒，这一巨大成绩引起世界的关注。但是，品和吸毒，这一巨大成绩引起世界的关注。但是， 80年代后，我国部分地区又有同类毒品成瘾复燃的 80年代后年代后，趋向。1874年人工合成了二乙基吗啡年人工合成了二乙基吗啡，趋向。1874年人工合成了二乙基吗啡，即后来称之为海洛因的药品，海洛因的成瘾性极强，在大、为海洛因的药品，海洛因的成瘾性极强，在大、小动物中皆可建立依赖的动物模型。动物中皆可建立依赖的动物模型。

B6,Unit 3 Language Points(人教版高中英语选修六第三单元知识点)

③ because of 一般状语，如果主语是代词，也可以作表语。 due to This is a mistake ____________ (由于) over excitement. 这是由于过分激动造成的错误。 It /That was just because of money.（表语）
(3)due后面的to有时是介词，有时是不定式符号要区分开。 What is the amount due to him?欠他多少钱？
(due欠款的，句中的to是介词,due to him作定语)
He is due to arrive tomorrow.他预定明天到达。
(due预定的；预期的。句中的to是不定式符号，
后接动词原形。)
His great success_____ his hard training every day. A．contributed to B．thanks to C．resulted in D．was due to 解析：选D。考查短语辨析。句意：他的巨大成功归因于他每天的艰苦训练。be due to“是由于”。 contribute to 和 result in 后加结果而不是原因。 thanks to是介词短语，不能用作谓语。
④The electricity bill is due to today.
今天该交电费了。自我探究 (1)due to 由于。它是复合介词(两个或以上的介词组成) (2)due adj.①应得的；应给的 ② (车、船等)预定应到的；预期的； ③到期的
① due to 作状语、表语、定语;一般不放在句首。由于 ② owing to状语、表语
归纳拓展
( 1) stress that.../sth.强调…… lay/place/put stress on...强调，重视 ( 2) stressed adj.焦虑的，紧张的，无法放松的 .

美国社会与文化-读书工程美国毒品 Drug Abuse

2009至2010学年春季学期应用外语学院读书工程读书工程读书笔记读书报告导读出勤总分指导教师分数40 40 20 100 -------得分书名：《美国社会与文化》读书报告题目：Drug AbuseDrug AbuseDrug abuse in the United States has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation. Indeed, the word "drug" include strong emotions, and opinion poll since the late 1960s have shown that the "drug problem" perceived by most American as a major threat to our society, particularly to its younger members.More than a third of all American twelve and older have tried an illicit drug. Ninety percent of those who have used illegal drugs used marijuana or hashish. Approximately a third used cocaine or took a prescription type drug for nonmedical reasons. About a fifth used LSD. Fortunately, nearly sixty million American who used illicit drugs during youth, as adults reject these substances.The most dramatic increase in drug use has occurred since the 1960's, a time of radical change in political and social beliefs, lifestyles and mores. United States was involved in a failing war effort in Viet Nam and the youth of America were rebelling against traditional conservative values as well as the military draft. The idea that a new civilization could develop from altered states of awareness fit nicely into the counter-culture ideas of a new, youth-driven society. Traditional values, authorities, and restrictions on behavior were vehemently challenged. Psychoactive drugs and the breakdown of traditional taboos against using them became symbols of the rebellion against the established order.People of the United States come to recognize in the 1980's that they are paying a very high price for the casual attitude toward drugs that developed in the 1960's. After the war, these drugs became popular for truck drivers and those in weight control programs, but they soon were being used for their cocaine-like function and have become the most abused and addictive drug in many regions of society today. Though the government has taken measures to regulate the drug abuse, it is still remains as a serious social problem of United States.ⅡTrends in Youth Drug UseThe most alarming trend is the increasing use of illegal drugs, tobacco, and alcohol among youth. Children who use these substances increase the chance of acquiring life-long dependency problems. They also incur greater health risks. Every day, three thousand children begin smoking cigarettes regularly; as a result, a third of these youngster will have their lives shortened. According to a study conducted by Columbia University Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, children who smoke marijuana are eighty-five times more likely to use cocaine than peers who never tried marijuana. The use of illicit drugs among eighth graders is up 150 percent over the past five years. While alarmingly high, the prevalence of drug use among today's young people has not returned to near-epidemic levels of the late 1970s. The most important challenge for drug policy is to reverse these dangerous trends.Drug abuse in the United States is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs.3.1 CrimeThere is a strong association between some forms of drug use and crime. Although there is no so directly to violence. Heroin addicts may need as much as 100 a day to support their habit, and most addicts find that they much steal in order to raise these sums. In addition, users of illegal drugs have to rely directly or indirectly on criminal networks that manufacture, smuggle, and distribute these drugs. The profit from this illegal commerce are vast and other criminal involve in the supply of heroin and, more recently, of cocaine.3.2 Traffic accidentsAlcohol use is directly responsible for tens of thousands of highway accidents and juries; the drug is blamed for half of the annual total of road traffic fatalities. Some 60%of all drivers fatally injured in auto accidents have a blood-alcohol concentration of over 0.05% ,a level that the National Safety Council considers sufficient to impair driving ability, and over 35% have a concentration of property damage and medical expenses due to alcohol-related automobile accidents totals about $1billion each year.3.3 Health problemsDrug dependence takes a significant toll in terms of personal health and safety. The heavy user of drugs is much more likely than a member of the general population to be killed or to commit suicide, either deliberately or accidentally. Nearly 40 percent of deaths connected with illegal drugs strike people between age thirty and thirty-nine, a group with elevated rates of chronic problems due to drug abuse. Overall rates are higher for men than for women, and for blacks than for whites. Alcoholics, for example, have a death rate nearly three times higher than that of the general e of heroin increases one's chances of premature death throughoverdose, infectious diseases such as hepatitis and Aids. AIDS is the fastest-growing cause of all illegal drug-related deaths. More than 33 percent of new AIDS cases affect injecting drug users and their sexual partners. Many drugs have severe and sometimes irreversible effects on mental as well as physical health. Drug dependence, too, may affect other areas of the individual's life, raging from the home to personal relationships with friends.3.4 Drug abuse burdens the workplaceSeventy-one percent of all illicit drug users aged eighteen and older (7.4 million adults) are employed, including 5.4 million full-time workers and 1.9 million part-time workers. Drug users decrease workplace productivity. An ongoing, nationwide study conducted by the U.S. Postal Service has compared the job performance of drug users versus non-users. Among drug users, absenteeism is 66 percent higher, health benefit utilization is 84 percent greater, disciplinary actions are 90 percent higher, and there is significantly higher employee turnover.3.5 Economic lossesThe costs of alcohol abuse alone total over $43billion a year in accidents, medical bill, lost production, and production, and so on. It is difficult, however, to estimate the total economic costs of drug use. One reasons is that there are many indirect costs society must pay to support drug-dependence persons. Treatment and control of drug abuse constitute a major drain on law-enforcement and other public resources. Chronic drug abusers, for example, may become unemployable and end up on the welfare rolls. By the mid-1970s, federal and state governments were spending over $1 billion per year on the treatment of various drug abusers. Another half billion dollars annually goes into processing drug users through the criminal justice system.Drug abuse is a serious international problem requiring multi-disciplinary prevention.The U.S. has continued to play a prominent role in establishing a unified hemispheric alliance that incorporates a global and multi-disciplinary perspective. The alliance will strengthen and promote citizen participation and strengthen organizational capacity, and create and support a multi disciplinary team of experts to assist participating countries in their demand reduction efforts.。

药物滥用与药物依赖性

(二) 中枢神经抑制药类 • 中枢神经抑制药：巴比妥类、苯二氮卓类及水合氯醛 • 滥用多从医疗用药开始，在对其潜在依赖性失去警惕的情况下，长期应用并逐步增量和增加用药次数，即可进入依赖状态 • 苯二氮卓类经连续应用4个月以上，即可呈现显著的药物依赖性；苯二氮卓类药物依赖性表现为滥用者用药后感受欣快并有对用药的渴求；停药后36h左右出现戒断综合征，见焦虑、烦躁、头痛、心悸、失眠或噩梦、低血压、肌肉震颤，惊厥，死亡。巴比妥类的戒断综合征与此类似，停药后12～24h出现，症状更为严重
–驱使用药者连续或定期用药的潜能，即强化作用 (reinforcement) –连续反复地应用，机体对其反应减弱，呈现耐受性 (tolerance)或对其反应增强，呈现药物敏化(drug sensitization)现象 –连续反复地应用，导致机体对其产生适应状态，呈现生理依赖性(physiological dependence)、精神依赖性 (psychic dependence)、药物渴求(drug craving)现象
(三) 交叉依赖性 • 人体对一种药物产生生理依赖性时，停用该药所引发的戒断综合征可能为另一性质相似的药物所抑制，并维持原已形成的依赖性状态，这种状态称作上述两药间的交叉依赖性(cross-dependence) • 药物的交叉依赖性，可能表现为两药间所有药理作用均可相互替代，亦可能仅表现于两药的部分药理作用间的交叉依赖
• 药物依赖性的临床表现十分复杂，可依其呈现的特殊精神状态或身体状态，分为精神依赖性和生理依赖性两类
(一) 精神依赖性
• 精神依赖性(psychic dependence) 又称心理依赖性(psychological dependence)，是由于滥用致依赖性药物对脑内“奖赏系统”产生反复的非生理性刺激所致的一种特殊精神状态 • 中脑-边缘多巴胺通路是产生药物奖赏效应的主要调控部位，称为“奖赏系统”(reward system)

drug abuse名词解释

drug abuse名词解释
药物滥用是指个人无适当医疗指导情况下，过度或不当地使用
药物，以至于对身体和心理健康造成危害的行为。

药物滥用可能包
括非法药物（如大麻、可卡因等）或者滥用处方药物（如镇痛药、
镇静剂等）。

药物滥用可能导致严重的身体健康问题，包括药物依赖、过量服用、中毒甚至死亡。

此外，药物滥用也会对个人的社交
关系、工作和学业产生负面影响。

预防药物滥用的关键在于教育和
意识提高，以及提供适当的心理健康支持和治疗。

政府和社会组织
也需要加强监管和法律法规的执行，以减少药物滥用的发生。

总之，药物滥用是一个严重的社会问题，需要全社会的努力来解决。

高中英语-Unit3 Language points2

Language points
Cigarette smoking is harmful to our health. It’s said that drinking alcohol regularly is good for you.
1.Abuse n/vt.滥用；虐待,辱骂，谩骂酗酒/药物滥用
3. stress n.重压，逼迫，压力；重音,重点
under stress 在压力之下 under the stress of 在……压力下 lay/place/put stress on sth 强调/重视某事物
Eg.自从母亲病倒后，简一直忧心忡忡。 Jane has been _u_n_d__er__g_r_e_a_t _s_tr_e_s_s___ since her mother's illness. 能承受多大的压力因人而异 The amount of stress that a person can bear depends very much on the individual.
Our happy childhood is due to parents’ hard
work.
表语
He arrived late due to the storm. 状语
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious
results.
定语
表“因为”
1.Because （与why相对，逻辑上的因果关系） 2. Because of (介词短语，口语化) 由于 3.As 因为（已知的事实） 4. Since 既然(显而易见的事实)=now that 5.Thanks to (介词短语) 多亏，幸亏 6.As a result of (介)因为，作为…的结果= 7.For 因为（并列连词，补充说明，非原因） 8.Owning to (介，正式)因为=on account of

drug_abuse (1)

the body the family
the immunity
harm
the security of society
the consciousness the fertility of society
The harm to the body：毒性作用是指用药剂量过大或用药时间过长引起的对身体的一种有害作用，通常伴有机体的功能失调和组织病理变化 The harm to the immunity ：静脉注射毒品给滥用者带来感染性合并症，最常见的有化脓性感染和乙形肝炎，及令人担忧的艾滋病问题。此外，还损害神经系统、免疫系统，易感染各种疾病。 The harm to the consciousness ：吸毒所致最突出的精神障碍是幻觉和思维障碍。他们的行为特点围绕毒品转，甚至为吸毒而丧失人性。
Chen Baiqiang Luo Qi Britney Jean Spears Whitney Houston Macaulay The members of lin dian Sha Baoliang Jia Hongsheng 。。。。。。
Remember:
Don’t try first. You will addict by the drugs both your physiology and psychology.
The harm of taking drugs
Drug is poison.
Drug is a killer.
Drug is a demon.
How is the drugs work?
Where the drug enters people’s body, It affects his\her nervous system. And then it will make a thirst for drug addicts. We can’t bear this pain like in the inferno, so drug addicts will fling caution to the winds to find out the drug, even though robbiast partner to show our research.

药物滥用 Drug Abuse 外国学生英语作文

Drug Abuse>Drug Abuse Essay:Drugs are the new emerging trends in the world. Where knowledge and life values should be something that is inculcated in every mind, the drugs are taking their place and making life itself void. Drugs have positive uses too, but as it is human nature, we tend to bend towards the negative side of the use of drugs. We provide samples of Long and short essays with guiding pointers on this topic.Long and Short Essays on Drug Abuse for Students and Kids in EnglishWe are providing a Drug Abuse essay of 400-500 words and a short essay of 100 to 200 words on the topic of Drug Abuse.Long Essay on Drug Abuse 500 words in EnglishDrug Abuse essay will be helpful for students in classes 7, 8, 9, and 10 for their assignments or as an examination essay reference.‘Drugs take you to hell, disguised as heaven’. This statement defines the meaning of drugs accurately in one single line. You might think that not everyone takes drugs, but surprisingly this has become a lifestyle of some people. You might believe that this happens only in movies or with movie stars, but that is just a far-fetched reality. Drugs are very much a part of people who were normal once upon a time, due to many different reasons.What exactly are drugs? Drugs are substances or a combination of substances that can alter the state of your mind in a way that you cease tosee the reality about what is happening with your life. This is the most common reason for taking drugs most of the youngsters today.What drugs do is change the basic way of your body or mind. As mentioned above, there are many different reasons why a person could want to take drugs. One of the frequent reasons is the curiosity to see what happens. The peer pressure makes you do things just to see how they work, and before you know you are hooked up.The effects of drugs on the body and mind like the sudden boost of energy or the relaxedcalmness is also why drugs are popular. Drugs are known to disguise realities and this helps them cope up with certain situations. Of course, this is just a way of running away from one’s self but people who are prone to drugs would never understand that. At last, there comes a stage when a person who takes drugs becomes dependent on them and has to keep on taking them due to avoid the pain of withdrawal symptoms.The effects of drugs can vary in numerous situations as well. First and foremost being the mental wellbeing. A person, to cope up withsituations tries drugs and due to the addicting effects doesn’t recognize reality. Drugs completely change the way they think and behave. This, in turn, affects whatever relationships they have in their life and the impact is mostly always negative.Financial situations take a rough blow under the influence of drugs as they are not found easily and are expensive. If you had no criminal record, you surely will after taking drugs. Most of the addictive drugs are not found legally, and under a drug offense, it becomes hard to gain a job or even a minor loan.Thus, Drug Abuse is a very well recognized problem for the new generation but still, it would take a lot of knowledge to steer clear of it. Taking Drugs can be overwhelming and indecisive, but it is a work of sheer will to overcome that disastrous addiction. 11.8 million deaths are the result of drug abuse each year. The will to not fall prey to such addictions in life is the only way to save ourselves from being prematurely dead.Short Essay on Drug Abuse 200 words in EnglishDrug Abuse essay is useful for students in classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.Drugs are nothing but certain substances that make you addicted to them and change your lifestyle. The change that comes within your lifestyle is mostly negative. It is known to alter reality in such a way that you forget your roots and become prone to succumbing to your bad habits. The main change comes into your mental and physical wellbeing. This gives way to financial problems and negative effects on family and even professional relationships.Drugs are not to be taken lightly as a problem. They are something that is often taken lightly and are taken within but is soon found to be irreparable mistakes. Drug use is mostly opted for when you are trying to cope up in a situation where you are emotionally tired and you feel that taking drugs would free you of the pain. This is the reason why most of the young generation falls prey to this demon.Drug abuse is the most problematic cause of death in the world. Around 350,000 die from overdoses of smoking, drugs, and drinking as well. It is high time that we understand theseriousness of drug abuse and stay as far as possible from it.10 Lines on Drug Abuse Essay in EnglishDrugs are substances that change the way a person acts, feels, and behaves.When drugs are taken in a form of overdose, the term drug abuse is applicable.Drugs are both legal and illegal.Most people use drugs illegally due to different reasons.Drugs are taken due to peer pressure, coping situations, or just for fun as well.Many times, taking drugs becomes out of control and this ruins the complete life.People are affected financially and legally as well.They tend to ruin relationships in life whether they are personal or professional.The most common reason to take drugs is to escape from reality.Escaping from drugs is a work of will where no changes can be taken or it proves fatal for one’s life.FAQ’s on Drug Abuse EssayQuestion 1.What are the short-term effects of Drugs?Answer:The effects of drugs vary on the person’s size, gender, mood, fitness, diet, and age. The environment in which it is taken makes adifference. Some people become angry, depressed, or overly talkative.Question 2.What are the symptoms of drug use?Answer:Drug use includes a change in behavior, unnecessary anger, withdrawal from family and friends, suspicious activities, and deterioration in health.Question 3.How can Drugs be avoided?Answer:The safest option is not to accept the intake of drugs. If you are pressured to do so, you can remove yourself from the situation entirely.Question 4.Who are easily prone to drugs?Answer:Anyone can be prone to drugs, but mostly the cases found and proved are teenagers and adults ranging from 11-29 years of age.。

药物滥用与药物依赖性

药物依赖性
精神依赖性(psychic dependence)或称心精神依赖性(psychic dependence)或称心理依赖性(psychological dependence)：理依赖性(psychological dependence)：欲求周期地或连续用药，求周期地或连续用药，以产生虚幻的欢愉和满足感，为避免不适，愉和满足感，为避免不适，出现强迫性用药行为(reinforcement)。用药行为(reinforcement)。交叉依赖性(cross-dependence)：交叉依赖性(cross-dependence)：对一种药的戒断综合征可用另一性质相似的药物抑制，物抑制，并维持原依赖性
第3节药物滥用的危害一、对个人的危害二、对社会的危害第4节药物滥用的管制与防治一、国际药物滥用管制战略二、我国药物滥用管制办法
三、药物依赖性的治疗
个体化脱毒(detoxifieation)法个体化脱毒(detoxifieation)法：与外界隔绝，完全停用，与外界隔绝，完全停用，长时间用依赖性较低的同类型药物进行替代递减治疗逐步消除戒断症状，进行有效康复治疗。逐步消除戒断症状，进行有效康复治疗。 (一) 美沙酮替代治疗替代递减治疗的主要药物，替代递减治疗的主要药物，首次测试量 20mg， 20mg，根据情况加量海洛因依赖：重度：30~40mg/d；轻中度：海洛因依赖：重度：30~40mg/d；轻中度： 10~20 mg/d ；3w~1m减完，继而康复治 3w~1m减完减完，疗戒断症状要靠心理和对症处理
(五)可卡因
CNS兴奋： CNS兴奋：兴奋
1期(欣快期)：心情愉快，情绪不稳，失眠，无欣快期) 心情愉快，情绪不稳，失眠，食欲，性欲亢进，觉体力超人, 食欲，性欲亢进，觉体力超人,阵发性暴力行为 2期 (心情不佳期)：情绪抑郁，焦虑，有攻击性，心情不佳期) 情绪抑郁，焦虑，有攻击性，性淡漠 3期(幻觉期)：视听触幻觉，保持自我判断，不幻觉期) 视听触幻觉，保持自我判断，认为幻觉是真的 4期(精神病期)：持续幻觉，失去自我判断，认精神病期) 持续幻觉，失去自我判断，为幻觉是真的停药：疲乏思睡、心动过缓、乏力、停药：疲乏思睡、心动过缓、乏力、饥饿感

Unit 7 Drug Abuse课文翻译大学体验英语三

Unit 7 Drug AbusePassage A Agony from EcstasyI hear a lot of people talking about Ecstasy, calling it a fun, harmless drug. All I can think is, "if they only knew."I grew up in a small, rural town in Pennsylvania. It's one of those places where everyone knows your name, what you did, what you ate and so on. I was a straight-A student and one of the popular kids, liked by all the different crowds. Drugs never played a part in my life. They were never a question - I was too involved and focused on other things.I always dreamed of moving to New York City to study acting and pursue a career in theater. My dream came true when my mom brought me to the city to attend acting school. As you can imagine, it was quite a change from home.I was exposed to new people, new ideas and a completely new way of life - a way of life that exposed me to drugs. Most of the people that I met in the acting school had already been doing drugs for years. I felt that by using drugs, I would become a part of their world and it would deepen my friendships with them to new levels. I tried pot, even a little cocaine, but it was Ecstasy that changed my life forever.I remember the feeling I had the first time I did Ecstasy: complete and utter bliss. I could feel the pulse of the universe. It was as if I had unlocked some sort of secret world; it was as if I'd found heaven. And I wondered how anything that made you feel so good could possibly be bad.As time went by, things changed. I graduated, and began to use drugs, especially Ecstasy, more frequently. As I did, I actually started to look down on those who did not. I surrounded myself only with those who did. I had gone from a girl who never used drugs to a woman who couldn't imagine life without them.In five months, I went from a person living somewhat responsibly while pursuing my dream to a person who didn't care about a thing - and the higher I got, the deeper I sank into a dark, lonely place. When I did sleep, I had nightmares and the shakes. I had pasty skin, a throbbing head and the beginnings of paranoia, but I ignored it all, thinking it was normal until the night I thought I was dying.On this night, I was sitting on the couch with my friends, watching a movie and feeling normal when suddenly, I felt as if I needed to jump out of my skin. Racing thoughts, horrible images and illusions crept through my mind. I thought I was seeing the devil, and I repeatedly asked my friends if I was dead. On top of all this, I felt as if I washaving a heart attack. Somehow, I managed to pick up the telephone and call my mom in the middle of the night, telling her to come get me. She did, pulling me out of my apartment the next morning.I didn't know who I was or where I was as my mom drove me back to my family's hospital in Pennsylvania. I spent most of the drive curled up in the back seat while my younger sister tried to keep me calm.I spent the next 14 days in the hospital in a state of extreme confusion. This is what Ecstasy gave me - but it didn't stop there. My doctors performed a scan of my brain. I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw the results. The scan showed several dark marks on the image of my brain, and my doctors told me those were areas - areas that carry out memory functions - where the activity of my brain had been changed in some way.Since I saw that scan, my life has been an uphill crawl.I hear people say Ecstasy is a harmless, happy drug. There's nothing happy about the way that "harmless" drug chipped away at my life. Ecstasy took my strength, my motivation, my dreams, my friends, my apartment, my money and most of all, my sanity.I worry about my future and my health every day. I have many mountains ahead of me, but I plan to keep climbing because I'm one of the lucky ones.I've been given a second chance, and that's not something that everyone gets.摇头丸苦海无崖我听到许多人谈论摇头丸，说它是一种奇妙无害的麻醉品。

[英语作文]Drug Abuse药物滥用

[英语作文]Drug Abuse药物滥用英文回答：Drug Abuse: A Serious Concern for SocietyDrug abuse has become a serious concern for society in recent years. It refers to the misuse or overuse of drugs, which can lead to negative consequences for individuals and communities. Drugs can be legal or illegal, and they are often used for recreational purposes. However, drug abuse can have devastating effects on the user's physical and mental health, as well as their social and economic well-being.The causes of drug abuse are complex and multifaceted. Some people turn to drugs as a way to cope with stress, anxiety, or depression. Others may start using drugs out of curiosity or peer pressure. Still, others may have a genetic predisposition to addiction. Whatever the reason, drug abuse can quickly spiral out of control, leading to addiction and a host of other problems.The effects of drug abuse are far-reaching and can impact not only the user but also their family, friends, and community. Physical health problems can include liver damage, heart disease, respiratory issues, and brain damage. Mental health issues can range from anxiety and depression to psychosis and suicide. Drug abuse can also lead to legal problems, such as arrests and convictions, which can have long-lasting effects on a person's life.In addition to the individual consequences, drug abuse can also have a significant impact on society as a whole. The costs of treating drug addiction and dealing with the consequences of drug-related crimes can be staggering. Drug abuse can also lead to increased crime rates, decreased productivity, and a general sense of insecurity in communities.To address the problem of drug abuse, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. Prevention programs aimed at educating young people about the dangers of drugs can help to reduce the incidence of drug abuse. Treatment programs that provide support and resources for those struggling with addiction can help individuals get back on track. Law enforcement efforts can help to reduce the availability of drugs and hold dealers accountable for their actions.In conclusion, drug abuse is a serious problem that affects individuals and communities alike. It is important for society to take a comprehensive approach to address this issue, including prevention, treatment, and law enforcement efforts. By working together, we can help to reduce the incidence of drug abuse and create a healthier, safer world for all.中文回答：药物滥用:一个严重的社会问题近年来，滥用药物已成为社会关注的一个严重问题。

药物滥用对健康的影响

手术滥用特殊检查的滥用
13
第十三页，共20页。
药物滥用的危害
1. 抗生素滥用：中国是世界上滥用抗生素最为严重的国家之一，由此造成的细菌耐药性问题尤为突出。临床分离的一些细菌对某些药物的耐药性已居世界首位。中国人将可能自食恶果，率先进入“后抗生素时代”，亦即回到抗生素发现之前的黑暗时代，那绝对是一场重大灾难。
3
第三页，共 Drug misuse is a term used commonly for prescription medication with sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, or stimulant
properties are used for mood alteration or intoxication ignoring the fact that overdose of such medicines have serious adverse effects. • Chronic use leads to a change in the central nervous system which means the patient has developed tolerance to the medicine that more of the substance is needed in order to produce desired effects. When this happens, any effort to stop or reduce the use of this substance would cause withdrawal symptoms to occur.
4
第四页，共20页。
Legal drugs are not necessarily safer. A study in 2010 asked drug-harm experts to rank various illegal and legal drugs. Alcohol was found to be the most dangerous by far.

关于禁毒的作文及感悟英语

关于禁毒的作文及感悟英语Title: The Fight Against Drug Abuse: A Personal Reflection。

Introduction:Drug abuse is a global issue that affects individuals, families, and communities. As a responsible citizen, it is crucial to understand the detrimental effects of drugs and actively contribute to the fight against drug abuse. In this essay, I will reflect on the significance of drug prevention, its impact on society, and the role each of us can play in creating a drug-free world.Body:1. Understanding the Problem:Drug abuse is a complex issue that encompasses various substances, including illicit drugs, prescriptionmedications, and even legal substances like alcohol and tobacco. It is crucial to recognize the dangers associated with drug abuse, such as physical and mental health problems, social isolation, criminal activities, and even death. By educating ourselves about the risks and consequences, we can better comprehend the urgency of addressing this issue.2. The Role of Prevention:Prevention is the key to combating drug abuse effectively. It involves implementing strategies that aim to prevent drug use initiation, reduce risk factors, and promote protective factors. Prevention efforts shouldtarget individuals of all ages, with a particular focus on vulnerable populations such as youth and marginalized communities. By investing in prevention programs, we can empower individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to make informed decisions and resist the temptations of drug use.3. The Impact on Society:Drug abuse not only affects individuals but also hasfar-reaching consequences for society as a whole. Theburden of drug abuse is evident in increased healthcare costs, strain on legal and criminal justice systems, and a decline in productivity and economic growth. Moreover,drug-related crimes and violence perpetuate a cycle of fear and insecurity within communities. By addressing drug abuse, we can alleviate these societal burdens and create saferand more prosperous environments for all.4. The Role of Education:Education plays a pivotal role in preventing drug abuse. By providing accurate and comprehensive information about drugs, their effects, and the risks associated with drug abuse, we can empower individuals to make informed choices. Educational initiatives should be integrated into school curricula, community outreach programs, and public awareness campaigns. It is essential to foster an open dialogue about drugs, encouraging discussions that dispel myths and stigmatization surrounding drug addiction.5. Building Support Systems:Creating a drug-free society requires the establishment of robust support systems. These systems should focus on early intervention, treatment, and rehabilitation for individuals struggling with drug addiction. By providing accessible and affordable treatment options, we can offer a lifeline to those in need and reduce the demand for drugs. Additionally, support systems should extend beyond individuals to families affected by drug abuse, offering counseling, guidance, and resources to rebuild their lives.6. Community Engagement:The fight against drug abuse necessitates collective action. Communities should actively engage in initiatives that promote drug prevention, rehabilitation, and support. This can be achieved through community events, volunteer work, and collaboration with local authorities and organizations. By fostering a sense of unity and shared responsibility, we can create a strong support network thatactively works towards eradicating drug abuse.Conclusion:In conclusion, drug abuse remains a pressing issue that demands our attention and collective efforts. By understanding the problem, focusing on prevention, educating individuals, building support systems, and engaging communities, we can make significant strides in creating a drug-free world. It is our responsibility to stand against drug abuse, protect our communities, and provide hope and assistance to those affected. Together, we can overcome this global challenge and pave the way for a healthier and brighter future.。

abuse的用法总结大全

abuse的用法总结大全abuse这个词有多种用法和含义，下面是其中一些常见的用法总结：1. 名词用法：- physical abuse : 身体虐待- verbal abuse : 言语虐待- sexual abuse : 性虐待- emotional abuse : 情感虐待- child abuse : 儿童虐待- drug abuse : 药物滥用、药物成瘾2. 动词用法：- to abuse someone/something : 虐待、滥用（某人/某物）- to abuse one's power : 滥用权力- to abuse drugs/alcohol : 滥用药物/酒精- to be abused : 被虐待、受虐3. 对待、使用或处理方面的用法：- to abuse someone's trust : 辜负某人的信任- to abuse someone's hospitality : 超出某人的好客- to abuse the system : 滥用制度- to abuse a privilege : 滥用特权- to abuse language : 语言滥用4. 言语上的用法：- to hurl/throw abuse at someone : 对某人进行恶言谩骂- to suffer abuse : 受到谩骂、辱骂5. 财务上的用法：- to abuse funds : 挪用资金- to abuse one's credit card : 滥用信用卡需要注意的是，在许多情况下，abuse都具有负面的意义，表示不正当、虐待、辱骂等行为。

因此，在使用时需要根据具体语境来理解其含义。

drug abuse

大学体验英语 第七课 drug abuse

第14章 药物滥用与药物依赖性

Unit 7 Drug Abuse

药物滥用

B6,Unit 3 Language Points(人教版高中英语选修六第三单元知识点)

美国社会与文化-读书工程 美国毒品 Drug Abuse

药物滥用与药物依赖性

drug abuse名词解释

高中英语-Unit3 Language points2

drug_abuse (1)

药物滥用 Drug Abuse 外国学生英语作文

药物滥用与药物依赖性

Unit 7 Drug Abuse课文翻译大学体验英语三

[英语作文]Drug Abuse药物滥用

药物滥用对健康的影响

关于禁毒的作文及感悟英语

abuse的用法总结大全

大学体验英语第七课 drug abuse

第14章药物滥用与药物依赖性

美国社会与文化-读书工程美国毒品 Drug Abuse