09-14-Case-Study-Text-Part-1
Case Study
Positive Risk Factors for CHD ACSM
(2006)
Dyslipidemia Total serum cholesterol > 200mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L) or High density lipoprotein (HDL) < 40mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) Low density lipoprotein (LDL) > 130mg/dL (3.4mmol/L) Obesity Body Mass Index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 or Waist girth >= 102 cm (M); >= 88 cm (F) or Waist/hip ration >= 0.95 (M); >= 0.86 (F) Sedentary Lifestyle Not participating in a regular exercise program Accumulating less than 30 minutes moderate intensity exercise 3-5 days
A graded exercise test may be helpful if a patient, about to embark on a moderate to high-intensity physical activity program, is at high risk for underlying cardiovascular disease, based on one of the following criteria:
weekly
Negative Risk Factors for CHD ACSM
Case Study Guidelines
Analysing a case study in business courses▪What is a case study analysis in the context of a business course?▪Answering a series of specific questions about the case▪Responding to a more general assignment topic or question▪How to analyse a case studyWhat is a case study analysis in the context of a business course?‘A case study is an account of an activity, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities you would encounter in the workplace’ (Mort, Cross & Downey 2002). Case studies are usually written as a narrative i.e. like a story, using the contexts of real life organisations. When you analyse a case study it helps you to practise applying knowledge, and your thinking, reasoning and decision-making skills, to a real life situation. Case studies in business courses are generally centred around a problem and a case study analysis will require you to:▪identify the issues or problems within the case▪identify and draw on particular theories to support your analysis▪make recommendations or suggest some solutions to the problems.There are two main kinds of case study analyses set for assessment tasks.▪Firstly, you may be required to answer a series of specific questions about a case. This is an assessment task that is usually set in first and second year courses.▪Secondly, you may be asked to respond to a more general assignment topic or question, which is an assessment task that is usually set in the later years of a course.top^Answering a series of specific questions about the caseThe questions that are asked at the end of the case study are designed to guide your analysis of the case. To complete this kind of analysis, work through the following steps.Read the case study and the set questions▪Read the case, highlight or underline the main points and think about the main issues.▪Read the questions, break the questions down into key words and phrases and summarise what each question is asking you to do.▪Read the case again and make notes about the information that is relevant to the key words and phrases in each question.Identify the issues▪Identify the main problems and issues in relation to the set questions. What are the causes and consequences of the behaviour, events or situation described in the case?▪Think about what information is missing from the case. What limitations does this missing information place on the answer you can provide and how might you speculate about any missing information?Gather InformationUse your notes that are relevant to the key words or phrases in the question to brainstorm headings. You can use these headings to make a plan for each question and to guide your further reading and note-making. As you read, think about how you can draw on the theories to support your answers to the questions.Identify solutionsIf you are asked to identify solutions or make recommendations you will need to use a problem-solving process which involves:▪outlining the alternative courses of action available to solve the problem▪listing the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action▪recommending a solution and justifying it (Spurr, Forrester & Shaw 1987).Write up the assignmentIt is very important to read carefully through the assignment instructions in the Course Information book so that you are quite sure of the required format for the written answers. In general you will be expected to write up your analysis in the form of short answers to the set questions, keeping in mind the word limit for the whole assignment. In writing short answers, there are some important steps to follow.▪Group together all the relevant information you have noted under the headings in your plan and outline separate paragraphs under each answer. Avoid simply describing the situation and make sure you have applied theories to really explain why and how situations have developed.▪Write short introductory and concluding paragraphs of one or two sentences at the beginning and end of each question. Be prepared to write drafts of your answers before writing the final copy.▪Make sure that your information is logically sequenced.▪Check that your writing is properly referenced.▪Proof-read your assignment for spelling, grammar and punctuation.top^Responding to a more general assignment topic or question.In these assignments the case studies are usually longer and you are asked one or two more open questions about the case. The assignment topic may suggest processes and tools that you could use to analyse the case but there is usually a lot of choice as to how you approach the analysis. To complete this kind of analysis, work through the following steps.Read the case studyGive yourself time to absorb the case details before starting your research or writing a plan for the assignment.▪Skim read through the case quickly to obtain an overview of events.▪Read the case again more closely, highlighting key words, phrases and sentences. Make a note of all the people involved and their positions in the organisation being discussed and the time sequences forevents.▪Ask yourself some relevant questions such as:∙What are the key trends in this case?∙What are the positive and negative factors in this case?∙Are the individuals in the case making their best possible contribution? If not, what is preventing them from doing so and what might be done to overcome this? (Willings 1989, p. 11)How to analyse a case studyOnce you have read the case study and thought about some of the factors in the case, you should be ready to analyse the problem and clarify the issues.▪Define the central problem or problems. A problem can be defined as the difference between what the situation is and what the ideal might be (Easton 1982, p. 8). An example of a problem would be a fall inprofits of a company.▪Clarify the issues by making a list of the significant aspects of the central problem and the causes and consequences of the problem.▪Determine the organisation’s successes and failures in relation to the case and the communication processes that are operating within the organisation (Mort, Cross & Downey 2002).▪Apply an analysis tool that you think may be useful, for example SWOT, PEST or Force Field. It is a good idea to explain and justify why you chose the particular analysis tool. As an example, in a SWOTanalysis you would distinguish the strengths and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats, within the case. In a given case, an example of a strength would be a high profit margin; a weakness could be poor hiring practices; a threat might be limited distribution and an opportunity could be new environmentalstandards.▪Identify any information gaps. You can make some assumptions about missing information as long as you identify these clearly. Write a statement about any assumptions you have made for use in your final analysis e.g. ‘It is assumed that Jane’s manager had consulted her before proceeding with the negotiations’.Gather InformationOnce you understand the case, the behaviour of individuals and how decisions have influenced events, you will need to link these to concepts, theories and models you have studied. In your writing you must demonstrate the application of theories in developing your analysis so that you are able to really explain why and how situations have developed instead of just describing the situation.▪Select the relevant concepts, theories and models that you feel will help you to analyse the problem further e.g. ‘communication barriers’; ‘resistance to change’.▪Organise these into headings that you can use to make a plan for your assignment.▪Use these headings to search your lecture notes and tutorial questions, the index of text books, a library catalogue or a data base for material which will help you to analyse the information presented in the case study. Read this material and take notes, being careful to keep a record of all sources of information so that you can reference your discussion.Make recommendationsYou will probably need to use a problem-solving process to decide on the recommendations. First outline the alternative courses of action available to solve the problem. Then list the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action. When you evaluate these alternatives, be careful to use the same criteria for each evaluation so that they can be compared (e.g. cost, resources, time frame). You can make predictions as to what wouldhappen if each of your alternatives were to be adopted. You will then be ready to make a set of recommendations.In making recommendations, remember the following steps.▪Select your preferred course of action and clearly explain your reasons for selecting this particular option. For example, you might recommend doing market research in order to increase the company’sknowledge of final consumers.▪Outline who should take the action, when the actions should be taken and how those actions will occur.For example, you might suggest that the sales managers need to provide feedback about consumerresponses to the managing director by the end of the financial year through a formal meeting mechanisms. ▪List the implications of the preferred course of action, considering both negative and positive implications. For example, you might state that extensive market research would involve a considerable divestment of funds but would allow for more accurate targeting of consumer groups.▪List any implem entation issues which might arise: e.g. ‘allocation of resources’; ‘management resistance’ and then explain how these issues should be dealt with (Paull 1998).Don’t forget that in order to develop a strong answer you will need to support your discussion with theories and data gathered from your research.Write up the assignmentBefore you start writing your first draft, re-read the assignment instructions in the Course Information to check the required format for the written analysis. For example, if you need to write a report, you must include the appropriate elements of the report writing format.▪Group together all the relevant information you have noted from your readings under the headings in your plan and use this to outline the sections of your report. For example you may have some of thefollowing headings: context of the case; problems and issues; analysis tool; findings; discussion; possible solutions; advantages and disadvantages; recommendations.▪Make sure that your information is logically-sequenced, that your arguments can be clearly understood and that all your recommendations are linked to your discussion.▪Check that your writing is properly referenced, don’t forget to proof-read your assignment and be prepared to write several drafts before submitting a final copy.▪Check that you have adequately answered the question posed and addressed all the issues identified in the case study.Remember that there are often several approaches to solving problems and there may be more than one possible answer. Analysing case studies helps you to solve problems and apply the theory you have learnt from courses to a practical situation and these skills will be useful in your future career.SourcesEaston , G 1982, Learning from Case studies, Prentice-Hall, London.Mort, P, Cross, J & Downey, T 2002, ‘ Writing a case study report in engineering’, The Learning Centre, The University of New South Wales, viewed 28 August 2002.Paull, M 1998, ‘Analysing Case Studies’, Edith Cowan University.Spurr, I , Forrester, J & Shaw, H 1987, Business Case Studies: An Integrated Skills Approach, Pitman Publishing, London.Willings, J 1986, How to Use the Case Study In Training For Decision Making, Business Publications Limited, London.。
Case study 及参考答案
Case 1Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I don‟t know where it went wrong!Tom: Don‟t feel so bad. Cheer up; you‟ve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I‟ll face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children‟s games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom: I‟ve never taken the experiment as child‟s play, and I‟m playing the game.Xie Li: You say you‟re playing the game! It‟s a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Key:Idiomatic phrases are often misunderstood. In E nglish …face the music‟ means: to face the reality and take the consequence; while …play the game‟ means: abide completion rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted the idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn‟t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he said he would “face the music”Secondly, he misinterpreted Tom‟s …playing the game‟ as that he hadn‟t done the experiment seriously, which might have led to the failure.Case 2In 1997, a Danish woman left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.Key:This case reflects preconceived notion, one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it is illegal for parents to leave their baby alone while it is commonplace for parents to do so in Danish culture. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.Case 3Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm, told a story on CCTV program "Dialogue" of how he once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver. He emailed every day to the Canadian, inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about. To his great astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a week. Mr. Wang was puzzled how he could do that to him as he gave such great attention to his job.Key:The resignation of Canadian employee resulted from the communication barrier due to the preconception of Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors. Mr. Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as he treated any Chinese employee. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. But Mr. Wang found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust.。
高三英语上学期unit-14-word-study
欧洲彩票5加2
[单选]当我们每个月给工人发放工资时，货币执行的是（）。A.交换媒介B.价值标准C.延期支付标准D.储藏手段 [单选,A1型题]“V”“Y”皮瓣成形术可以（）。A.增加皮肤长度，缩小宽度B.增加皮肤长度和宽度C.增加皮肤宽度，缩小长度D.缩小皮肤长度和宽度E.皮肤长度和宽度都未增加 [单选]我国现行药品质量标准有（）A、国家药典和地方标准B、国家药典、部颁标准和国家药监局标准C、国家药典、国家药监局标准（部标准）和地方标准D、国家药监局标准和地方标准E、国家药典和国家药品标准（国家药监局标准） [单选]下列哪一个不是卤代羟基类药物A.氟烷B.氟烯烷C.恩氟烷D.异氟烷E.甲氧氟烷 [名词解释]根蘖根系 [单选]下列关于传染病流行病学特征的描述，错误的是（）A.霍乱是外来性传染病B.发病率高于一般水平为流行C.流行范围超过国界或洲界时为大流行D.短时间内病例集中发生为暴发E.不同人群中的分布不属于流行病学特征 [单选]某些人在收入较低时购买黑白电视机，在收入提高时，则去购买彩色电视机，黑白电视机对这些人来说是（）。A、生活必需品B、奢侈品C、劣质商品D、吉芬商品 [单选]通过产品和过程的可测量的特性观察到数据的变化和差异，（）有助于对这类变异或有差异的数据进行测量、描述、分析、解释和建立模型等分析，可理解变异的性质程度和寻找原因提供帮助，从而有助于解决甚至防止变化引起的问题，并促进持续改进。A.统计技术B.质量管理体系C.过程 [单选]冯某，女，71岁，反复腰部疼痛3年，加重1月。X线检查：胸12椎体、腰2椎体压缩性骨折。诊断为骨质疏松症。下列对于该病人健康教育的说法正确的是（）A.出院后应减少运动，避免负重锻炼B.口服补钙最好在饭后服用C.应多摄入动物蛋白补充蛋白质D.二膦酸盐应晨起空腹服用并多饮水 [填空题]进行冷却机工艺布置时，应使篦床中心线与回转窑中心线有一定的偏离，其目的是（） [单选,A1型题]人格核心是（）。A.气质B.能力C.性格D.需要E.动机 [单选]行政补偿方式，从学理上来说，可以划分为（）。A.主观补偿和客观补偿B.金钱补偿和精神补偿C.直接补偿和间接补偿D.实物补偿和精神补偿 [单选]人居环境建设的基本原则包括（）。A.生态原则和经济原则B.技术原则和社会原则C.文化原则D.A+B+CE.A+C [单选]CA安全认证中心可以（）。A.用于在电子商务交易中实现身份认证B.完成数据加密，保护内部关键信息C.支持在线销售和在线谈判，认证用户的订单D.提供用户接入线路，保证线路的安全性 [单选]引起细胞水肿的主要原因不包括A.营养缺乏B.缺氧C.苯巴比妥中毒D.败血症E.感染 [单选,A1型题]产程正常胎儿娩出后30分钟，胎盘仍未排出，出血不多，恰当的处理方法（）A.等待自然娩出B.压子宫及注射子宫收缩药C.肌注阿托品0.5mgD.立即手取胎盘E.立即剖宫取胎盘 [问答题,简答题]北冰洋的冰山平均寿命是多少？ [单选,A2型题,A1/A2型题]外科监护病房空气消毒可选用（）A.层流通风B.紫外线灯照射C.过氧乙酸熏蒸消毒D.循环风紫外线空气消毒器E.臭氧消毒 [单选]亚急性感染性心内膜炎最常见的并发症是（）A.心肌脓肿B.心力衰竭C.急性心肌梗死D.肾脓肿E.化脓性脑膜炎 [单选]一项病例对照研究，500名病例中有暴露史者400例，而500名对照中有暴露史者100例，其OR值为（）A.1.25B.1.6C.16D.160E.无法计算 [问答题,简答题]什么是调制，调制方式的种类？ [单选]在一幅图上，等高距离是（）。A、相等的B、不相等的C、不一定相等的 [单选,A1型题]排尿过程中突然尿流中断，疼痛剧烈，改变体位后又可排尿的是（）A.肾结石B.输尿管结石C.膀胱结石D.后尿道结石E.前尿道结石 [单选]《灵枢.百病始生》所言的“虚邪”是指（）。A.正气虚弱B.致病性不强的邪气C.四时不正之气D.泛指一切致病因素E.情志失调 [单选]各热流的换热顺序安排与（）有关。A.换热温差B.流量C.温度D.温位和热容器 [单选]作为并购公司的企业集团暂不向目标公司支付购价款的方式属于（）。A.现金支付方式B.股票对价方式C.杠杆收购方式D.卖方融资方式 [单选]常规神经传导速度检查要求皮肤温度为（）A.26℃B.28℃C.34℃D.20℃E.无要求 [填空题]焦炉煤气中有毒的气体为（）（）。 [问答题]八宝珍珠散功效与作用 [单选]妊娠8周时的胎心率多在（）.A.100～110次/分B.120～130次/分C.130～135次／分D.150～160次／分E.160～180次／分 [多选]目前我国消防产品实行哪些市场准入制度？()A、强制性产品认证制度B、型式认可制度C、强制检验制度D、产品公告制度E、登记备案制度 [配伍题,B1型题]治疗月经先期肝郁血热证，应首选的方剂是（）。</br>治疗月经先期阴虚血热证，应首选的方剂是（）。A.清经散B.丹栀逍遥散C.固阴煎D.两地汤E.固经汤 [单选]监理合同的有效期是指（）。A.合同约定的开始曰至完成日B.合同签订日至合同约定的完成日C.合同签订日至监理人收到监理报酬尾款日D.合同约定的开始日至工程验收合格曰 [单选,A2型题,A1/A2型题]男性雄激素的作用不包括（）A.皮脂腺分泌多，有痤疮B.腋毛多C.阴毛呈菱形分布D.声音高调E.睾丸和阴茎的发育 [单选]《建设工程质量管理条例》第19条规定，“勘察、设计单位必须按照工程建设（）标准勘察、设计，并对其勘察、设计的质量负责”。A.推荐性B.适用性C.实用性D.强制性 [单选]()是利用油和水的密度差使油滴上浮进行分离的。按工作方式又可分为静置分离和机械分离。A.吸附分离B.自然分离C.重力分离D.化学分离 [单选]硬化性苔藓合并鳞状上皮增生者的治疗正确的是()A．氟氢松局部涂擦B．先用氟氢松局部涂擦，继用丙酸睾丸酮外用C．黄体酮局部涂擦D．丙酸睾丸酮外用E．先用黄体酮局部涂擦，继用丙酸睾丸酮外用 [单选]物业服务成本或者物业服务支出构成一般不包括（）。A.管理服务人员的工资、社会保险和按规定提取的福利费等B.物业共用部位、共用设施设备的日常运行、维护费用C.物业管理公司向社会捐款的费用D.物业管理区域清洁卫生费用 [判断题]炭疽芽孢菌苗、EDS油佐剂灭活苗均属于死菌苗。（）A.正确B.错误 [问答题,简答题]目前我国铁路货车车钩有哪些主要型号？
2021年8月21日雅思阅读考试真题回忆
2021年8月21日雅思阅读考试真题回忆对于刚刚完成的8月21日的雅思考试，很多学生对于它的真题回顾比较感兴趣。
那么这次的雅思考试都考了哪些方向的题目？随来看看2021年8月21日雅思的阅读考试真题回顾。
Passage1：泰晤士河隧道题型：判断+填空1-8 判断1. NOT GIVEN2. TRUE3. TURE4. FALSE5. TURE6. NOT GIVEN7. 待补充8. FALSE9-13 填空9. technique10. solidarity11. headaches12. accidents13. governmentPassage2：针对孩子的广告题型：匹配+填空+选择14-20 匹配待回忆21-23 填空21.role-play22.selling23.persuasive intend24-25 选择24.E25.BPassage3: 植物如何传播种子题型：待补充1、时间永远是您的敌人在IELTS阅读测试中，TIME对绝大部分学生，特别是英文阅读水平相对一般的学生来说，更尤为至关重要。
即使是英语为母语的人(NATIVE-ENGLISH SPEAKER)也无法在IELTS测试规定的时间内完全理解所有的词汇。
因此，一定控制好TIME。
2、所问所答IELTS测试的金玉良言就是："所问所答"。
首先，要完全了解问题的类型，及根据所提供的信息，再去回答问题。
有的学生在参加完IELTS测试后总感觉所得分数与自己估算的分数相差甚远，原因无它，就在于对问题理解不够彻底，因此，也就无法对所提问题做到精确回答。
3、系统地制定学习计划大部分参加(GENERAL MODULE)普通类测试的考生都已离开学校多年，甚至很长时间没有继续英文方面的学习。
因此，必须尽量每天安排一定的时间，比如说每天一小时，并根据自身英文情况制定一个学习计划，稳步、系统地学习。
阅读训练：争取每天阅读一定量的原版英文报刊、书籍，并非要读懂每一个字，或完全理解，只要能理解其中大至含义既可。
2025届浙江省镇海中学高考仿真卷英语试卷含解析
2025届浙江省镇海中学高考仿真卷英语试卷注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。
2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。
3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Hot the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.A．although B．while C．as D．however2．In spring, the scene on the top of the hill is so appealing that it is ________ my words.A．above B．overC．beyond D．off3．—Why does he wear a raincoat on sunny days?—Nor do I understand. He is ________.A．a wet blanket B．a lazy boneC．a black sheep D．an odd fish4．Their flight ______ due to bad weather. They would like to know when the flight will take off.A．had been delayed B．was delayedC．has been delayed D．will be delayed5．He was offered a position at the local church school, _____ he went to the Cambridge.A．after when B．since whichC．after which D．since when6．It’s _______ for people to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life.A．reasonable B．availableC．accurate D．cautious7．As a child, I was _________to keep quiet when my parents were discussing something, while parents nowadays often ask for their children’s opinions.A．demanded B．hoped C．forbidden D．required8．--I feel nervous when taking an exam.-- and you can do it well.A．Take it w easy B．Take your time C．Good luck D．It’s up to you9．Without our team’s great effort, the art exhibition last week ______ such a great success.A．wouldn’t be B．won’t be C．wouldn’t have been D．won’t have bee n10．Y ou should first explore your talents and get to know yourself so as to make a list of _________ you think your real interests lie.A．that B．whatC．where D．how11．The affairs of each country should be by its own people.A．elected B．settledC．developed D．contained12．It is not how much money you will give us but that you are present at the ceremony ______ really matters. A．which B．it C．what D．that13．He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing ______.A．had happened B．happenedC．would happen D．would have happened14．The Mid-Autumn Festival is ________ special holiday for most Chinese when ________ whole family will get together.A．the; the B．a; the C．a; a D．the; a15．It was so noisy that we hear ourselves speak.A．couldn’t B．shouldn’tC．mustn’t D．needn’t16．(2013·天津，9)No one________ be more generous；he has a heart of gold.A．could B．must C．dare D．need17．The use of computers has made ______ possible for more people to work at home.A．it B．that C．which D．what18．____ the player I came across in the stadium spoke, I hadn’t realized she was foreign.A．Until B．Unless C．Since D．Although19．It is widely acknowledged in foreign companies that employees should be ________ in terms of innovation capability. A．examined B．evolvedC．evaluated D．encouraged20．Soon after getting off his horse, the captain appeared at the second-floor windows, ______ he could see nothing but trees.A．where B．from whereC．which D．from which第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
2024年东三省三校三模英语试题+答案
哈师大附中2024年高三第三次模拟考试英语试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2．答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A．£ 19.15. B．£9.18. C．£9.15.答案是C。
1．What is Saratoga well known for?A．Its natural scenery. B．Its various races. C．Its fast horses.2．Where is the butter?A．In the bowl. B．In the fridge. C．In the cupboard.3．Which programme does the girl want to watch?A．Italian gardens. B．A dance competition. C．A history programme.4．What does the man mean?A．He got on the wrong bus.B．He has to wait for the bus.C．He will be late for his flight.5．What are the speakers discussing?A．A hotel room. B．The man’s family.C．A reasonable offer.第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
09年英语专业四级真题
QUESTION BOOKLETTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2009)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT: 135 MINPART I DICTATION [15 MIN]Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]In Sections A B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on Answer Sheet Two. SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.1. Mark is unhappy because ofA. his Chemistry homework.B. a girl in his class.C. Linda's words.D. Friday night's party.2. Which of the following is CORRECT?A. Linda is Jane's friend.B. Mark is Jane's boyfriend.C. John is Jane's boyfriend.D. Mark and John are good friends.3. Did Mark eventually take Linda's advice?A. No.B. Partly.C. Completely.D. Not mentioned.Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.4. About the scratch on the product, the shop assistant thinks thatA. the customer made it himself.B. there was definitely not one then.C. the customer should have checked.D. the customer was making trouble.5. The customer was ______ when told he might not have worn the headphones properly.A. annoyedB. surprisedC. indifferentD. worried6. How many complaints did the customer make about the product altogether?A. Five.B. Four.C. Three.D. Two.7. The shop could exchange the product if the customerA. makes no more complaints.B. can produce the receipt.C. is still unhappy with it.D. brings it back within a week.Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.8. Joe Smith telephoned Victoria forA. the menu.B. the place.C. the reception.D. the campaign.9. When will the lunch be held?A. Friday next week.B. Thursday next week.C. April 30th.D. This week.10. All the following information is new to Victoria EXCEPTA. how many people to attend it.B. why to hold it.C. where to hold it.D. what to cook.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and thenanswer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. ,4t the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.11. People choose London for post-Christmas shopping becauseA. shops open early in the morning.B. shops stay open for longer hours.C. they can buy really cheap things.D. they can shop with their friends.12. We learn from the passage thatA. people are very keen on sales.B. post-Christmas sales start at 3:30am.C. post-Christmas sales last for a day.D. sales include only a few items.13. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Some people buy Christmas presents in the sales.B. Some people shop online during the sales.C. Some people buy presents for next Christmas.D. Online retailers offer better post-Christmas sales.Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.14. Ballroom dancing used to be associated withA. TV shows.B. old people.C. celebrities.D. professional dancers.15. According to the passage, recent popularity of ballroom dancing is the result ofA. the participation of celebrities.B. the designing of colourful costumes.C. the benefits it brings.D. a TV programme.16. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the TV show?A. Performers have to be formally dressed on the show.B. Each professional dancer dances with a celebrity.C. People on the show perform a different dance every week.D. The show runs for about four months.17. According to the passage, the TV show has the greatest impact onA. old people.B. middle-aged people.C. kids and young people.D. all of the above.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.18. According to New Zealand's rules about naming children, which of the following names is NOT acceptable?A. Spiderman.B. Gandalf.C. 2win.D. Arsenal.19. According to the passage, unusual names come fromA. popular culture.B. parents' invention.C. sports.D. all of the above.20. All of the following countries have strict rules about naming children EXCEPTA. Algeria.B. Germany.C. Japan.D. Argentina.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that followQuestions 21 to 23 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now. listen to the news.21. Why were the fishing crew stranded on Oct. 10th?A. They went to a remote area.B. Their fishing boats collided.C. They tried to repair their boats.D. They decided to stay in the boats.22. How did they survive during those three months?A. On supplies they brought with them.B. On supplies sent to them by rescue teams.C. On supplies left at the military base.D. Not mentioned in the passage.23. How were the crew rescued eventually?A. By helicopter.B. By boat.C. By radio contact.D. By a search team.Questions 24 and 25 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the news.24. Juan Carlos has been King of SpainA. since 1981.B. for 32 years.C. for 70 years.D. for 17 years.25. What is the news item mainly about?A. The King's birthday.B. The stability of the monarchy.C. Criticism from both the left and the right.D. The King's public defence of his reign. Questions 26 and27 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the news.26. The three suicide bombings occurred inA. November and December.B. October and November.C. November.D. December.27. Did people die in the bombings?A. No one died in the bombings.B. Yes. In one of the bombings.C. Yes. In two of the bombings.D. Yes. In all the bombings.Questions 28 to 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the news.28. What is the purpose of the national survey?A. To collect data on sources of pollution.B. To identify pollution in rivers and lakes.C. To help control environmental pollution.D. To help control industrial wastes.29. According to the news item, efforts of environmental protection are especially affected byA. lack of technology.B. rapid economic growth.C. unknown pollution sources.D. shortage of manpower.30. Which of the following details is CORRECT according to the news item?A. Census offices are set up by government departments.B. A main centre receives reports from provinces.C. A database is set up for each province.D. Data will be reviewed and analyzed in mid-2009.PART III CLOZE [15 MIN]Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.Scientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose, treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease. SARS -- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome --- was (31) ____ for the first time in February 2003 in Hanoi, (32) _____ since then has infected more than 1,600 people in 15 countries, killing 63. At this (33) _____, there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease.Symptoms start (34) _____ a fever over 100.4 degrees F, chills, headache or body (35)____. Within a week, the patient has a dry cough, which might (36) _____ to shortness of breath. In 10% to 20% of cases, patients require (37)_____ ventilation to breathe. About 3.5% die from the disease. Symptoms (38)____ begin in two to seven days, but some reports suggest it (39) ____ take as long as 10 days. Scientists are close to (40) ____ a lab test to diagnose SARS. In the meantime, it is diagnosed by its symptoms. There is no evidence (41)____ antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help, (42) _____ doctors can offer only supportive care. Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of(43) ____ Scientists aren't sure yet, but some researchers think it's a (44) ____ discovered coronavirus, the family of viruses that cause some common colds.Most cases appear to have been passed (45) ____ droplets expelled when infected patients coughor sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care (46) ____ them have been most likely to (47) ____ the illness. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the (48) ____ might spread through air, or that the virus might (49) ____ for two to three hours on doorknobs or other (50)____. Health experts say it is unlikely, though, that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected person would be enough to pass the virus.(31) A. detected B. caught C. disclosed D. revealed(32) A. but B. and C. or D. yet(33) A. time B. point C. aspect D. instance(34) A. from B. over C. upon D. with(35) A. hurt B. sore C. aches D. feelings(36) A. process B. advance C. progress D. convert(37) A. automatic B. artificial C. mechanical D. controlled(38) A. regularly B. ordinarily C. traditionally D. generally(39) A. will B. might C. should D. must(40) A. cultivating B. fostering C. developing D. designing(41) A. which B. that C. whether D. what(42) A. so B. but C. still D. yet(43) A. communication B. transportation C. transformation D. transmission(44) A. lately B. newborn C. newly D. renewed(45) A. under B. through C. beneath D. from(46) A. for B. over C. after D. about(47) A. acquire B. receive C. obtain D. contract(48) A. ailment B. ill-health C. disease D. infection(49) A. continue B. linger C. delay D. persist(50) A. exteriors B. outside C. surfaces D. coveringsPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 MIN]There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.51. What a nice day! How about the three of us _____ a walk in the park nearby?A. to takeB. takeC. takingD. to be taking52. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.A. could have beenB. would'beC. will beD. would have been53. She _____ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference.A. had beenB. must beC. has beenD. must have been54. _____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A. WhateverB. WheneverC. WhicheverD. However55. A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one.A. the price of three timesB. three times the priceC. as much as the three times priceD. three times more than the price56. I was very interested in _____ she told me.A. all thatB. all whichC. all whatD. that57. We consider ______ he should have left without telling anyone beforehand.A. strange whyB. it strange whatC. it strange thatD. that strange58. It is going to be fine tomorrow. _______.A. So is it.B. So it is.C. So it does.D. So does it.59. Little _____ about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger.A. she caredB. she may careC. may she careD. did she care60. The couple had no sooner got to the station _____ the coach left.A. whenB. asC. untilD. than61. Aren't you tired? I ____ you had done enough for today.A. should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC. might have thoughtD. could have thought62. "It seems that she was there at the conference." The sentence means thatA. she seems to be there at the conference.B. she seemed to be there at the conference.C. she seems to have been there at the conference.D. she seemed to being there at the conference.63. Which of the following adverbs can NOT be used to complete " _____ everybody came"?A. NearlyB. QuiteC. PracticallyD. Almost64. In "How much do you think he earns?" how much is ______ of the sentence.A. the subjectB. the adverbialC. the objectD. the complement65. "The man preparing the documents is the firm's lawyer" has all the following possible meanings EXCEPTA. the man who has prepared the documents...B. the man who has been preparing the documents...C. the man who is preparing the documents...D. the man who willprepare the documents...66. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____ his new album soon.A. releaseB. renewC. relieveD. rehearse67. Afterworking for the firm for ten years, he finally _____ the rank of deputy director.A. achievedB. approachedC. attainedD. acquired68. Winter is the _____ season at most hotels in this seaside town, because very few tourists come to stay.A. slowB. slackC. lowD. quiet69. Come on, Jack, tell me the story. Don't keep me in ______.A. suspenseB. suspendingC. suspensionD. suspender70. The football match was _____ because of the heavy rain.A. called overB. called upC. called outD. called off71. We had a good time there, and the food was plentiful and _____.A. conduciveB. wholesomeC. helpfulD. appreciative72. It was strange that she would _____ such an absurd idea.A. allowB. stickC. takeD. entertain73. The scientists have made an _____ study of the viruses that cause the disease.A. exhaustedB. exhaustingC. exhaustiveD. exhaustion74. Do you own your apartment or are you a ______ ?A. tenantB. customerC. clientD. proprietor75. Representatives from the companies indicated that they should go on working together in _____.A. unityB. entityC. partnersD. partnership76. We all know that Mary has had a strict _____.A. growthB. upbringingC. developmentD. cultivation77. The drink was packaged in champagne bottles and was being _____ as the real stuff.A. passed outB. passed byC. passed overD. passed off78. Last Sunday she came to visit us out of the blue. The italicized phrase meansA. unexpectedlyB. unhappilyC. untidilyD. unofficially79. The person he interviewed was _____ his former schoolmate.A. no other thanB. no more thanC. none other thanD. none the less80. The young employee has a(n)______ quality - he is totally honest.A. respectableB. admirableC. decentD. approachablePART V READING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.TEXT ADo you realize that every time you take a step, the bones in your hip are subjected to forces between four and five times your body weight? When you are running, this force is increased further still. What happens if through disease a hip-joint ceases to be able to resist such forces? For many years hip-joints and other body joints have been replaceable either partially or completely. It is after all a simple ball and socket joint; it has certain loads imposed on it; it needs reliability over a defined life; it must contain materials suitable for the working environment. Any engineer will recognize these as characteristic of a typical engineering problem, which doctors and engineers have worked together to solve, in order to bring a fresh lease of life to people who would otherwise be disabled.This typifies the way in which engineers work to help people and create a better quality of life. The fact that this country has the most efficient agricultural industry in the world is another good example. Mechanical engineers have worked with farmers and biologists to produce fertilizers, machinery and harvesting systems. This team effort has now produced crops uniformly waist high or less so that they are better suited to mechanical harvesting. Similar advances with other crops have released people from hard and boring jobs for more creative work, whilst machines harvest crops more efficiently with less waste. Providing more food for the rapidly increasing population is yet another role for the mechanical engineer.81. According to the passage, when would most weight be imposed on hip-joints?A. When one is walking.B. When one is running.C. When one is standing.D. When one is lying down.82. Engineers regard the replacement of hip-joints as a(n) ____ Problem.A. mechanicalB. medicalC. healthD. agricultural83. According to the passage, how do engineers contribute to increasing efficiency of the agricultural industry?A. By working with farmers.B. By working in teams.C. By growing crops of the same height.D. By making agricultural machinery.84. According to the context, "This team effort'" in Paragraph Two refers toA. mechanical engineers.B. doctors and engineers.C. biologists, doctors and farmers.D. farmers, biologists and engineers.TEXT BNowadays, a cellphone service is available to everyone, everywhere. Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so I'm going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning.The technology has been working well for me at the office, but there are infinite applications. Virtually in any public space.Say you work at a big university with lots of talky faculty members buzzing about. Now, say you need to use the restroom. The trip down the hall will take approximately one hour, because a person can't walk into those talky people without getting pulled aside for a question, a bit of gossip, a new read on a certain line of Paradise Lost.So, a cellphone. Any cellphone. Just pick it up. Don't dial. Just hold that phone to your face and start talking. Walk confidently down the hall engaged in fake conversation, making sure to tailor both the topic and content to the person standing before you whom you are trying to evade.For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business:"Yes, I'm glad you called, because we really need to hammer out the details. What's that? Y es, I read Page 12, but if you look at the bottom of 4, I think you can see the problem begins right there."Be animated. Be engaged in your fake fone conversation. Make eye contact with the people passing, nod to them, gesture keen interest in talking to them at a later time, point to your phone, shrug and move on.Shoppers should consider fake foning anytime they spot a talky neighbor in the produce department pinching (用手捏) unripe peaches. Without your phone at your face, you'd be in for a 20-minute speech on how terrible the world is.One important caution about fake foning. The other day I was fake foning my way past a colleague, and he was actually following me to get my attention. I knew he wanted to ask about a project I had not yet finished. I was trying to buy myself some time, so I continued fake foning with my doctor. "So I don't need the operation? Oh, doctor, that is the best news."And then: Brrrrrrng! Brrrrrmg! Brrrrrmg! My phone started ringing, right there while it was planted on my face. My colleague looked at me, and I at him, and naturally I gasped. "What is the matter with this thing?" I said, pulling the phone away to look at it, and then putting it back to my ear."Hello? Are you still there?"Oops.85. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Cellphone service is popular among people.B. Cellphone has much use in office.C. Fake foning is a new cellphone service.D. Fake foning is a new discovery.86. What is fake foning?A. A strategy to avoid people.B. A device newly produced.C. A service provided everywhere.D. A skill of communication.87. In the author's opinion, in order to make fake foning look real one has toA. talk about interesting matters.B. behave politely to people passing by.C. hold the phone while walking.D. appear absorbed in conversation.88. What does the last example show?A. One effective way is to fake fone one's doctor.B. One has to be careful while fake foning.C. Fake foning may not deceive people.D. Fake foning is always quite successful.89. After his phone suddenly began ringing, the authorA. immediately started talking to the caller.B. immediately started talking to his colleague.C. put the phone away and stopped talking.D. continued with his fake conversation.90. What is the tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D. Unclear.TEXT CIt was late in the afternoon, and I was putting the final touch on a piece of writing that I was feeling pretty good about. I wanted to save it, but my cursor had frozen. I tried to shut the computer down, and it seized up altogether. Unsure of what else todo, I yanked (用力猛拉) the battery out.Unfortunately, Windows had been in the midst of a delicate and crucial undertaking. The next morning, when I turned my computer back on, it informed me that a file had been corrupted and Windows would not load. Then, it offered to repair itself by using the Windows Setup CD.I opened the special drawer where I keep CDs. But no Windows CD in there. I was forced to call the computer company's Global Support Centre. My call was answered by a woman in some unnamed, far-off land. I find it annoying to make small talk with someone when I don't know what continent they're standing on. Suppose I were to comment on the beautiful weather we've been having when there was a monsoon at the other end of the phone? So I got right to the point."My computer is telling me a file is corrupted and it wants to fix itself, but I don't have the Windows Setup CD.""So you're having a problem with your Windows Setup CD." She has apparently been dozing and, having come to just as the sentence ended, was attempting to cover for her inattention.It quickly became clear that the woman was not a computer technician. Her job was to serve as a gatekeeper, a human shield for the technicians. Her sole duty, as far as I could tell, was to raise global stress levels.To make me disappear, the woman gave me the phone number for Windows' creator, Microsoft. This is like giving someone the phone number for, I don't know, North America. Besides, the CD worked; I just didn't have it. No matter how many times I repeated my story, we came back to the same place. She was calm and resolutely polite.When my voice hit a certain decibel (分贝), I was passed along, like a hot, irritable potato, to a technician."You don't have the Windows Setup CD, ma'am, because you don't need it," he explained cheerfully."Windows came preinstalled on your computer!""But I do need it.""Yes, but you don't have it." We went on like this for a while. Finally, he offered to walk me through the use of a different CD, one that would erase my entire system. "Of course, you'd lose all your e-mail, your documents, your photos." It was like offering to drop a safe on my head to cure my headache. "You might be able to recover them, but it would be expensive." He sounded delighted. "And it's not covered by the warranty (产品保证书)!" The safe began to seem like a good idea, provided it was full.I hung up the phone and drove my computer to a small, friendly repair place I'd heard about. A smart, helpful man dug out a Windows CD and told me it wouldn't be a problem. An hour later,he called to let me know it was ready. I thanked him, and we chatted about the weather, which was the same outside my window as it was outside his.91. Why did the author shut down her computer abruptly?A. She had saved what she had written.B. She couldn't move the cursor.C. The computer refused to work.D. The computer offered to repair itself.92. Which of the following is the author's opinion about the woman at the Global Support Centre?A. She sounded helpful and knowledgeable.B. She was there to make callers frustrated.C. She was able to solve her computer problem.D. She was quick to pass her along to a technician.93. According to the passage, the solution offered by the technician wasA. effective.B. economical.C. unpractical.D. unacceptable.94. "It was like offering to drop a safe on my head to cure my headache" in the last but one paragraph means thatA. the technician's proposal would make things even worse.B. the technician's proposal could eventually solve the problem.C. files stored on her computer were like a safe.D. erasing the entire system was like curing a headache.95. It can be inferred from the passage that the differences between the Global Support Centre and the local repair shop lie in all the following EXCEPTA. efficiency.B. location.C. setup CDs.D. attitude.TEXT DNot long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wasn't sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mail. When your services are rendered at 4 a.m., you can't simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct.So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks.With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a.m. wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite: I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past. I honestly。
Case_Study商务英语案例分析
Case StudyOf KimsoongIndex1.Background information of Kimsoong (2)2. Kimsoong customer profile (4)3.Problem (6)(1).Cutomer profiles (7)(2). The excellent office workers (7)(3).Improving skills (7)(4).Cooperation (7)4.Solutions (7)(1).Building up relationships (8)(2).Increasing customer loyalty (8)(3).Drawing up an accurate buyer profile (8)(4).Encouraging staffs (8)5.Conclusion (10)1.Background information of KimsoongKimsoong, a Korean car manufacturer, has its European headquarters near Paris. It has retail sales franchises in most European countries which not only sell cars and motor accessories but also have servicing facilities. The larger outlets also offer fast-fitting of tyres and exhausts, and deal in used cars.Over the last ten years Kimsoong, with its reputation for reliability at low prices, has build up market share at the lower end of the market. Their basic models include many”extras”which other manufacturers charge for. Kimsoong also makes large donations to environmental groups and is seen as an organization with a social conscience. Furthermore, its R&D Department is developing an “eco-car” which uses an alternative power source.Then set our focus on the whole car manufacturing market.For 2009, global vehicle sales remain in the midst of a precipitous fall-off, led by sharp declines in the mature markets of the United States, Western Europe and Japan. We project total cars produced at 51,971,328.In 2006 there were 49,886,549 passenger cars produced in the world, with an increase of 6.45% over the previous year. The increase for 2007 was more modest, and 2008 showed a decline. Analysts from various institutes had in fact pegged the year 2007 as the year which would end the 5-year cycle (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) of recordA third of all cars in the world is produced in the European Union (see chart below).Ch ina became the world’s third-largest car market in 2006, as car sales in China soared by nearly 40% to 4.1 million units. China should become the world’s second-largest car market by 2010, as low vehicle penetration, rising incomes, greater credit availability and falling carprices lift sales past those of Japan. Furthermore, vehicle penetration in China stands at only 24 vehicles per 1,000 people, compared with 749 vehicles per 1,000 people in the mature markets of the G7.It is estimated that over 600,000,000passenger cars travel the streets and roads of the world today.In the United States alone, 247,421,120 "highway" registered vehicles were counted in 2005, of which 136,568,083 passenger cars. (Bureau of Transportation Statistics U.S. Department of Transportation)So with the high development of car manufacture, we may face many difficulties. There are so many cars produced in the world, the only thing we can do to keep our position is to become more competitive in this market, or we’ll drive out b y its high competition.2. Kimsoong customer profileCustomers are the god of our company, thus the survey of customers’ tastes and basic information is important for us to know better of our shortage, and we’ll also serve more people in the fu ture and gain more profits. The following forms are information we have got from our customers.We can see that the majority of the customers are men who are under 30, they are employed. However, women between 31 and 50 who are self-employed have potential to buy our cars.Our repeated customers only occupy 15% of the whole. People who buy our cars are mostly middle income group. This is a hint that if we want to hold on to existing customers, we must produce cars that are affordable by middle income group. But to attract new customers we should provide different kinds of cars for different income level.As the form shows, customers are not satisfied with our service. The competitor’s cars are better in performance and service. These are two main reasons that hinder us to maintain existing customers. The after-sale care is just fair. In a word, customers care more about their price, reliability, after-sales service, etc. We should improve our service and convince customers of the reliability of our cars at the same time.By collecting and analyzing customer profiles, we may conclude that we can make improvement by producing cars suit every age stage, providing reasonable price for middle income group, improving our after-sales service to hold on to existing customers. We should also create cars for women and for self-employed persons and even students. High level cars with high price will attract people of high income group. These may help gain more profits.3.ProblemFacing the intense competition, the company must remain unchanged with its reputation for reliability at low prices and has its excellent office workers and loyal customers, also the skill and cooperation are very important parts. The management should solve these problems.(1).Cutomer profilesThe company’s new strategy is to hold on to existing customers and increase customer loyalty. And the company also hope to develop a more accurate buyer profile. Customers are very important to a company. So the company should know about the customers well so that we can produce the products that fit the customers. Only in this way can our company make profits.(2). The excellent office workersThe excellent office workers in the company is also a big problem. For one hand, the younger office workers have much knowledge but a little experience; on the other hand ,the elder office workers don’t have as much knowledge as the young but they have enough experience. They are all excellent, but the company doesn’t have enough money to hire both the young and the elder ones. So the problem is that the company should choose what kind of the officers they need by using less money to make more money.(3).Improving skillsImproving skills is also a big problem to the company. Because of the ever-accelerated science and technology, having a superb skill can save cost and make profits.(4).CooperationLast but not the least, cooperation is very important to the company. But the company’s staffs are lack of the skills of grasping good communication. So if the company want to do better, they must promote social skills and competence.4.SolutionsAiming at the problems given above, we summarize some solutions to those problems:(1).Building up relationshipsTo builds up long-term customer relationships, thereby increasing profits.To establish long-term cooperation relations, the customer is one of the important fa ctors that assure our company’s long-term and stable development. In the long-term cooperation relations, the company can not only improve enterprise image, enterprise credibility still can bring stability of the interests of the enterprise income. Only in this way, can the enterprise form a security capital chain. Additionally, through this long-term cooperation, we can build trust with each other and win good enterprise image, thus our company will expand more customer groups and win more profits.(2).Increasing customer loyaltyIncreasing customer loyalty is to guarantee the premise of enterprise sales. First, our company shall keep good communication with customers. The price for the customers must be given favorable; we can also use the gifts method to increase satisfaction. Cheap and good things will receive the love of consumers, so we should be radically improve the competitiveness of our enterprise, by improving products’ performance in all aspects so as to reduce the cost. Once the cost reduced, we will not only attract more customers to buy our cars, but also enhance our profit space, that is kill two birds with one stone.(3).Drawing up an accurate buyer profileEnterprise’s accurate understanding of his client group is very important. The company should not only know the customer's age distribution, but have an understanding of what kind of car sales good. At the same time, we must pay attention to customers’ feedback, make market surveys, know what kind of car our customers really want to buy. F rom these information we will realize our company’s deficiencies, so as to further improve their product, as well as the enterprise’s all aspects of operation.(4).Encouraging staffsTo encourage staffs to be more active in building up good customer relations.It is not enough to just have a good car, a good people who can promote it is necessary. So encourage staffs to establish good relationship with customers is very important. Nowadays, the consumer not only pays attention to the quality of the product itself,but is very concern about enterprise service attitude. First, the company shall encourage the staffs to work hard to establish a good relationship with their clients. For those who have outstanding performance , the company sales should give them full praise and encouragement. For those who not work hard, and have poor work performance, our company shall take appropriate punishment. Everyone must have crisis consciousness. Second, team spirit is very important. The common saying says more people, more powerful. Only we work together can we create more profits for our company.5.ConclusionFrom the report above, we can see that good customer relationships are very important for our further development. Only when we win our customers’ loyalty, can we gain more profits and make a good reputation. Thus, improvement of all aspects, including staff training, survey of customers and potential ones, change of disciplines and politics in our company and so on is of importance. We should also appreciate other competitors strengths and learn to use them for ourselves. I believe that our company will develop well in the future and attract more customers to buy our cars.。
2021北京高三一模英语汇编：阅读理解CD篇(word版含答案)
2021北京高三一模英语汇编：阅读理解CD篇2021东城高三一模阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
CVaccines(疫苗) may soon make their first film appearance. Led by expert Maria A. Croyle, researchers have developed a thin sheet that preserves vaccines for long periods without refrigeration. This means the carefully cooled small bottles now used to ship vaccines could potentially be replaced by lightweight films that can be mailed in an envelope and stored on a shelf.Croyle’s laboratory began developing the technology in 2007. Inspired by amber’s ability to preserve the DNA of insects, the researchers set out to create their own version of the substance by mixing “a lot of sugar and a little bit of s alt, much like hard candy,” Croyle explains. The vaccine-containing film is administered by mouth—sweet news for many who dislike needles.The film is tailored to suit each specific vaccine candidate and provide a protective coating. “We’ve learned over time that the key to really stabilizing whatever the film holds is to hav e it intermixed with all the components,” Croyle says, adding that the process is quick and uses affordable, standard equipment. “We really wanted to come up with something that would be transferable to developing countries.”Immunization(免疫) programs depend heavily on keeping vaccines cold(2℃-8℃) as they are transported, sometimes over thousands of kilometers to far-away locations. Delivery can be difficult and costly, and transport disruptions can cause the vaccines to be ineffective.But this new product can store live viruses, bacteria and antibodies for several months at 20℃. In a paper published in Science Advances, the scientists show that the live viruses in one vaccine were preserved in the film even after 36 months. They also find that a flu vaccine suspended in their film compares favourably with a traditional flu shot(流感预防针). “The study demonstrates early proof of concept for an exciting platform for vaccine product development,” says Lisa Rohan, a pharmacologist, who was not involved in the study. She also notes that each vaccine type would need a custom formulation(配方) for future stages of development.Finding partners to mass-produce for clinical trials is the researchers’ most pressing problem, Croyle says. They are also exploring packaging methods to keep their films stable up to 40℃.Size is a major advantage—a letter-sized sheet of the film can carry more than 500 doses(剂) of vaccine, about 1⁄900 the weight of the same amount of traditional doses. By making it easier and cheaper to ship and preserve vaccines efficiently, Croyle says, the technology could vastly improve immunization rates the world over, particularly in middle- to low- income countries.27. What can we learn about the film?A. It contains animal’s DNA.B. It will replace vaccines.C. It comes in different flavours.D. It can hold bio-products.28. According to Paragraph 3, we can learn about the film’s ______.A. key componentB. development scheduleC. possible advantagesD. transportation requirements29.The author mentions Lisa Rohan’s words to ______.A. advise personalizing vaccinesB. suggest the product is promisingC. prove the study is supported widelyD. stress the functions of a new platform30. What will be the next urgent task for Croyle’s team?A. Advertising the film worldwide.B. Improving the film’s capacity.C. Reducing the shipping cost.D. Seeking ideal manufacturers.DAlbert Einstein’s 1915 masterpiece “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity” is the first and still the best introduction to the subject, and I recommend it as such to students. But it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.Why not? After all, it would pass with flying colours the tests of correctness and significance. And while popular belief holds that the paper was incomprehensible to its first readers, in fact many papers in theoretical physics are much more difficult.As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity. I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12.”No, the problem is its style. It starts with a leisurely philosophical discussion of space and time and then continues with an exposition of known mathematics. Those two sections, which would be considered extraneous today, take up half the paper. Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphics. Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors.A similar process of professionalization has transformed other parts of the scientific landscape. Requests for research time at major observatories or national laboratories are more rigidly structured. And anything involving work with human subjects, or putting instruments in space, involves piles of paperwork.We see it also in the Regeneron Science Talent Search, the Nobel Prize of high school science competitions. In the early decades of its 78-year history, the winning projects were usually the sort of clever but naive, amateurish efforts one might expect of talented beginners working on their own. Today, polished work coming out of internships(实习) at established laboratories is the norm.These professionalizing tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science. Standardization and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers, applications and people. But there are serious downsides. A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops(繁文缛节), and outsiders face entry barriers at every turn.Of course, Einstein would have found his way to meeting modern standards and publishing his results. Its scientific core wouldn’t have changed, but the paper might not be the same taste to read.31. According to Richard Feynman, Einstein’s 1915 paper ______.A. was a classic in theoretical physicsB. turned out to be comprehensibleC. needed further improvementD. attracted few professionals32. What does the underlined word “extraneous” in Paragraph 4 mean?A. Unrealistic.B. Irrelevant.C. Unattractive.D. Imprecise.33. According to the author, what is affected as modern science develops?A. The application of research findings.B. The principle of scientific research.C. The selection of young talents.D. The evaluation of laboratories.34. Which would be the best title for this passage?A. What makes Einstein great?B. Will science be professionalized?C. Could Einstein get published today?D. How will modern science make advances?2021西城高三一模阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
商务英语case study4单元
Focus Advertising
09国贸03 田琳 王栋 魏露 尤敏 陈曦 周群 宗训朋
2021/6/21
1
Background
company name
Focus
line of business characteristic
problem clients' product
object
add charm for your life.
• Special features:
A perfume,with biodegradabale packaging, is more environmental .Let your charm into natural and keep relaxed and clean.
2021/6/21
7
Advertising team
Case 2
• USPs(Unique Selling Points):
Low price,Brand awareness,Scent of light and pleasant, suitable for year round use.
• Target audience:
Ordinary workers,The middle and high income group ,College student.
• USPs(Unique Selling Points):
A unisex perfume,Produced by a well known up-market mamnufacturer.The quality is guaranteed.
2021/6/21
4
雅思大作文2021.9.4
雅思大作文2021.9.4英文回答：In today's globalized world, the ability to speak multiple languages has become increasingly important. Learning a second language, such as English, not only provides individuals with better job opportunities and cultural understanding, but it also enhances cognitive abilities and promotes personal growth. In my opinion, learning a second language is a valuable endeavor that brings numerous benefits.Firstly, learning a second language opens up a world of opportunities. English, for instance, is widely regarded as the global language of business, science, and technology. Proficiency in English can significantly increase one's chances of securing a well-paying job or pursuing higher education abroad. Moreover, being able to communicate with people from different cultures and backgrounds fosters cross-cultural understanding and promotes tolerance andempathy. For example, I have a friend who learned English and was able to secure a job in an international company, where he interacts with colleagues from various countrieson a daily basis. This experience has broadened hishorizons and allowed him to develop a global perspective.Secondly, learning a second language has been shown to have cognitive benefits. Studies have indicated that bilingual individuals possess better problem-solving skills, enhanced memory, and improved multitasking abilities. The process of learning a new language requires mentalflexibility and adaptability, which can transfer to other areas of life. For instance, I personally found thatlearning English improved my ability to think creativelyand approach challenges from different angles. Additionally, being bilingual can delay the onset of cognitive declineand reduce the risk of developing age-related diseases,such as dementia.Furthermore, learning a second language can lead to personal growth and self-improvement. It allows individuals to step out of their comfort zones and overcome languagebarriers, which builds confidence and resilience. Learninga new language also exposes individuals to different cultures, traditions, and perspectives, fostering a senseof appreciation and respect for diversity. For example, I have a cousin who decided to learn Mandarin, and throughthis journey, she not only gained fluency in the language but also developed a deep understanding and appreciationfor Chinese culture. This experience has enriched her life and broadened her perspective.中文回答：在当今全球化的世界中，掌握多种语言的能力变得越来越重要。
2009-2014年安徽高考英语任务型阅读真题(word-含答案)
Many people need guidance in choosing a career (职业). Fortunately, there is much information on the Web about job opportunities (机会). With all the information available, it's not surprising that people can feel confused. So if you're ready to start your first job or change careers, where do you begin?The Occupation Handbook is a good resource. Regularly updated, the Handbook is available as a book and on-line. Not only is information provided about the United States as a whole, but readers can easily search for information about their particular state. You can read about the fastest-growing occupations in the area where you live and find out what they are like. You can also learn how to apply for.Take, for example, Nadia's situation. Nadia was a doctor's assistant in Iran, and her goal in the United States is to become a nurse. However, she needs to work while she is studying nursing. She is interested in becoming a medical assistant to help work her way through college. When going on-line to the Handbook and searching under "medical assistant", Nadia is happy to read that this is expected to be one of the fastest-growing careers through 2010. Besides, job opportunities are even better for people with experience. She discovers that medical assistants not only have to do some office work, but have medical responsibilities as well. Nadia decides this job will be interesting and will also provide excellent experience for her nursing career.The Occupation Handbook is just an example of websites that can help you plan a new career. When you have found information about some different careers, you will be ready to talk to career advisers. Choosing your future career is an extremely important decision. It's worth taking the time and finding as much information as you can.2010When difficult people express themselves orally, they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understand. As a good communicator should be a good listener, five steps are advocated toward good listening.The first step is cooperating（合作）. How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding? In fact, it’s through the way you look an d should while he is talking. You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings. You do this by nodding your head in agreement, making certain sounds of understanding.When the person begins to repeat what’s been said, it’s signal of step two: turning back. It means that you repeat back some words he is using, sending a clear signal that you’re listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important.Having heard what he has to say, the next step is clarifying. At this point, you start to gather information about what is being communicated. Ask some open-ended questions, which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.The fourth step is to summarize（概括）what you’ve heard. This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person are on the same page. When you do this, two things happen. Firs t, if you’ve shown that you’re making an effort to understand completely. This increases the possibility of gaining cooperation from him.Having listened carefully, you’ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels that his thoughts have been fully voiced. Ask if he feels understood.When enough sincere listening, questioning, and remembering are brought together, understanding isTopic (76) to understandReason Difficult people hope they have been heard and(77) when theyexpress themselves.(78) on listening◆(79) in agreement and make some sounds of understanding while a difficult person is speaking.◆Repeat some(80) that you have heard.◆Collect information about the person’s expressions and find his(81) .◆Give a(82) of what the person has said.◆Confirm that the person gains(83) from speaking his thoughts.Result A difficult person will be(84) to cooperate with if understanding is achieved.Comment You may unlock the doors to difficult people’s(85)after you listen and understand2011安徽省高考英语任务型读写If we agree that the function of education is to prepare us for life, then there is very little time to waste. So, while we can, we ought to concentrate on teaching children something really useful. Here is what our school should teach.Politeness is a mark of civilization. The sooner children learn this, the better. In any case, a lot can be accomplished by a smile and good manners.Like it or not, our adult lives will be consumed by the struggle for money, but we don’t make an effort to teach children how to manage it. So our schools have a duty to teach them this ability from the beginning.We’re likely no accept something we are told, but that’s not what educated people do. Educated people are reasonable and they look at facts. If our schools teach nothing else, they should at least teach critical（批判性的）thinking.Children should learn to take care of their health. They should know that if they eat junk food（垃圾食品）, they will become fat and unhealthy. They should be very clear about what happens to their bodies when they drink or smoke.All of us are part of society. We have rights and responsibilities. We ought to understand what they are. We have to know a little bit of history and geography, because we need to have an environment in which to relate to the people around us.How will we test students on these? We can’t. But that’s not a reason to avoi d teaching what is important. Our schools should spend every moment they have telling this to our children: ”This is life, this is what you are going to face, and this is how you deal with it.”2012安徽省高考英语任务型读写Traveling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but this doesn’t mean that we all behave in the same way.How should we behave when you meet someone for the first time? An American shakes your hand firmly while looking you straight in the eye. In many part of Asia, there is no physical contact (接触)at all. In Japan, you should bow, and the more respect you want to show, The deeper you should bow. In Thailand, people greet each other by pressing both hands together at the chest, In both countries, eye contact is avoided as a sign of respect.Many country have rules about what you sho uld and shouldn’t wear. In Muslim countries, you shouldn’t reveal (显露)the body, especially women, who Should wear long blouses and skirts .In Korea ,you should take off your shoes when entering a house Remember to place then neatly together where you came in.In Spain, lunch is often the biggest meal of the day, and can last two or three hours. For this reason many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner. In Mexico, Lunch is the time to relax ,and many people prefer not to discuss business as they ea t ,In Britain ,it’s not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.In most countries, an exchange of business cards is necessary for all introductions. You should include your company name and your position. If you are going to a country where your language is not widely spoken, you can get the back side of your card printed in the local language. In China ,you may present your card with the writing facing the person you are giving it to.2013安徽省高考英语任务型读写Aristotle once wrote that “happiness is a state of activity”. In other words, whether you’reseeking life-long satisfaction or a few moments of good cheer, you’ve got to move forward. We’ve interviewedOver a 30-year period, University of Illinois researchers asked nearly 120,000 people how income, education, political participation, volunteer activities and close relationships affected their happiness. Reported Newsweek’s Sharon Begley on the findings, “The highest levels of happiness are found with the most stable and satisfying relationships.”Singing aloud, talking to a stranger, raising your hand: all may increase a feeling of happiness, according to a study from Wake Forest University. Participants（参与者）followed the development of their moods for two weeks and reported feeling happier when they were more outgoing and less happy when reserved or withdrawn.The editors of forbes. com gave $5 or $20 to 46 strangers by chance. Half the group was told to spend the money on themselves, while the other half was told to spend it on others. Those who’d shared the wealth felt much happier at the end of the day than those who’d spent it on themselves. There was no difference in happiness between those who spent $5 or $20, suggesting that it’s not how much money you spend, but how you spend it, that inspires the spirit.Studies from the Positive Psychology Center showed that discouraged people who wrote down three good things that happened to them each day for six months reported an improved attitude.Drinking water really can help keep you cheerful. A small 2012 study from the University of Connecticut suggested that even slight dehydration（脱水）affected the moods of its female participants.2014Many people believe that classical music is not relevant music is not relevant to young people today . However, this issue (问题) frequently causes heated debate.Some people say that classical music is associated only with old people .For example, if you look at the audience at a classical concert , the majority is over the age of fifty.Others say it is more popular than we first imagine . Many young people listen to classical music without realizing.It is often used in films and advertisements. For example,a famous piece of classical music was used as the theme music for the 1990 World Cup. Not many people could have given its name, but millions enjoyed it .is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912, but it is now used by young people in pop music.However, young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越) by technology. To play a classical instrument, su ch as a violin, you need to study hard and practise for hours. Nowadays, you don’t need to get aching arms from practising. A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.A final point to bear in mind is that the term "classical music" is used to refer to a great variety of music, from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队).This makes it even more difficult to say whether classical music is relevant to young people.So, it may be only a minority of young people who play classical instruments , but when it comes to enjoying classical music, it depends on the piece of music. It may be more relevant to young people in the modern world than they realize!参考答案：200976. Web/Website/Net/Internet 77. confusing 78. regular 79. application 80. Situation81. money 82. experience 83. responsibilities 84. consulting/asking 85. worthwhile2010【文章大意】怎样才能成为一个好的倾听者？本文做了一些总结。
case-study-(unit-1-4)
Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard’s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are i n.”In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard’s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, “Help yourself”; for the English counterpart, “Be my guest.” American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,” even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude. Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that’s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to manyKoreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the studenthas not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner---not because you don’t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this---see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don’t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Case 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth. However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just tryingto behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a cr isis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby”Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner .She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites? From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.Case 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements. In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideasabout how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather’s dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elde rs’ opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That’s why the young chairman didn’t say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely-knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand’s decision made Mr. Tan aka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called “polite”behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior. People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, for instance, the attitude of the Australian student’s parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds. Case12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to thehierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, inChina, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians’ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.Case 13This example vividly illustrates that failures in intercultural translation may probably lead to very serious consequence, or even disasters to human beings. Definitely, translation is not such a simple process as rendering a word, a sentence or a text literally, but rather a far more complex one than most people assumed. For example, once a Chinese cosmetic manufacturer wanted to promote their products into the international market. The slogan of the advertisement was: “sweet as Jade”, since in Chinese “jade” was always employed to compliment woman’s beauty; but unfortunately, it was not an appropriate word to describe the beauty of a lady in Weste rn cultures. In English, “jade” in its use of referring a woman had the connotations such as vulgar, rude, immoral, or skittish. Undoubtedly, the sales in European countries were not satisfying. The seeming equivalents between languages may have very different connotations in different cultures, thus the translator should be cautious in the process of doing the translation so as to avoid misunderstandings.Case 14“杨”refers to Yang Kaihui who was Mao Zedong’s deceased wife and “柳”refers to Liu zhixun who was Li shuyi’s deceased husband. They can be translated in different ways, but it seems to be very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve equivalence in translating from Chinese into English.Adopting the literal translation strategy, version 1 appears to be faithful to the original but may easily confuse the readers in the target language. Version 2 employs the liberal translation strategy with an attempt to convey the original meaning as precisely as possible. However, the original poetic flavor is lost as the rhetoric device—pun—is not reproduced.Case 15The translation seems to be faithful to the original, but it may not be really good for the purpose of intercultural communication. Foreign readers of the translation may find it strange and inappropriate. The following is what a friendly American journalist has commented on the translation: My first reaction was unfortunately laughter because it is so full of mistakes. It omits some necessary information about the Dragon-Boat Festival, including its historical origins and when it actually takes place. These things are important…The copy seems to try to “snow” the reader with fanciful, overblown assertions about how terrific it all is, but in unintentionally hilarious language that leaves the reader laughing out uninformed…The brochure also suffers from lack of background material, the taking-if-for-granted that the reader already is familiar with many aspects ofChinese history and culture…It doesn’t tell you where to go, how to get there, when things are open and closed, how much they cost, and so forth. All these are things people visiting an areawant to know. Why is it that many Chinese travel guides read basically the same, no matter what region is being written about, and are so packed with indiscriminate hyperbole? Less exaggeration would actually be more convincing.Case 16Comparing the two English versions, we can see that in Yang’s version more culturally-loaded meanings are conveyed from the original while Hawkes’ version may be easier for English-speaking readers to comprehend.Look at some of the differences between the two versions of this extract:贾母The Lady Dowager/ Grandmother Jia 老祖宗Old Ancestress/ Granny dear凤辣子Fiery Phoenix/Peppercorn Feng 二舅母王氏Lady Wang, her second uncle’s wife/ her Uncle Zheng’s wife, Lady Wang学名叫做王熙凤the school-room name His-feng/ the somewhat boyish-sounding name of Wang Xi-feng黛玉忙赔笑见礼，以“嫂”呼之Tai-yu lost no time in greeting her with a smile as “cousin.”/ Dai-yu accordingly smiled and curt-eyed, greeting her by her correct name as she did so.竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿She doesn’t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress/ She doesn’t take after your side of the family, Ganny.怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn’t put you out of her mind and was fo r ever talking and thinking about you. / I don’t blame you for having gone on so about her during the past few days现吃什么药？What medicine are you taking?/ Not translatedAnd there are some culturally-loaded expressions in the text that seem to defy translation:琏二嫂子内侄女以“嫂”呼之外孙女儿嫡亲的孙女儿妹妹By comparing different translations of the same text, we can achieve a better understanding of cultural gaps and differences and then learn to employ proper strategies to bridge those gaps in translating across languages for intercultural communication.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
case of study
Finance 240Yihua FeiCase of StudyPrediction for Housing Price in 2014The housing price is an important index to measure a maturity of an economic. If we look back each countries’ economic history, we can find that the developed countries normally have relatively stable housing price, but the developing countries always have a period the housing price keep on very increasing, and they also often suffer the property-value bubble, just like Japan, Hong Kong and Brazil. So if we are going to make a prediction for worldwide housing price, it’s difficult because each country faces different situations. But in overall we can roughly measure that there are so much more of developing countries in the world than developed country. And the developed country, such as UK and US, are trying to outsource more of the low-end manufacturing to the third world country to lower the cost, it very stimulates the employment in the third world country and directly stimulates the housing price. Also as the US is getting better from the economic crisis little by little, the whole world interest rate level will increase. So I think the housing price for worldwide will absolutely increase in 2014. And then turn back to my hometown, Heilongjiang in Ch ina. It’s in the most northern part of China. Because of the Chinese government strategies to locate RMB as ground standard, the whole Chinese housing price is increasing. Although my city has less economic connections with the country heart and take a very slow reaction on economics fields, the housing price for it is alsokeeping on increasing the decades. However, as the citizens huge complain, government has realized the bad effect for housing price increase and only on economic fields but also influenc e the people’s confidence for government. They have issued the most strict policies to control the housing price increase. So I think for my home town, even for whole China, the housing price will increasing but the growing range will be less than before.。
Case Study 1 Age andStatus
Case Study 1 Age and Status两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。
一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴…..Case description:A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm.When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks.The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem”got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache.Questions:1．What do you think caused the conflict?2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager?Case Study 2 Praising Japanese in Public Workplaces （在工作场所当众表扬日本人）琼斯先生（美国经理）当众表扬苏琦木拓（日本员工）工作做得很棒，本以为苏琦木拓会高兴的接受，却不料…..Case description:American: Mr. Sugimoto, I have noticed that you are doing an excellent job on the assembly line. I hope that the other workers notice how it should be done.Japanese: (He is uneasy). Praise is not necessary. I am only doing my job. (He hopes other Japanese workers do not hear.)American: You are the finesse, most excellent, dedicated worker we have ever had at the Jones Corporation. Japanese: (He blushed and nods his head several times, and keeps working.)American: Well, are you going to say “thank you,” Mr. Sugimoto, or just remain silent?Japanese: Excuse me, Mr. Jones … May I take leave for five minutes?American: Sure. (He is annoyed and watched Sugimoto exit). I can’t believe how rude some Japanese workers are.They seem to be disturbed by praise and don’t answer you … just silent.Questions:1.Why was the conversation between Mr. Jones and Mr. Sugimoto not so pleasant?2.Why did they have such different reactions towards praising in public workplaces?3.If you were Mr. Sugimoto, would you accept praise from Mr. Jones in public workplaces?4.If were Mr. Jones, how would you deal with the situation more appropriately?Case 3 A British General Manager in Thailand 英国总经理在泰国一位英国总经理来到泰国上任，到任之初，没想到使用什么样的车上班这个小问题给他带来了不小的烦恼…….Case description:A British general manager upon arrival in Thailand refused to take his predecessor’s car. The Thai finance manager asked the new GM what type of Mercedes he would like, then, The GM asked for a Suzuki or a Mini, anything that could be handled easily in the congested traffic in Bangkok.Three weeks later the GM called the finance manger and asked about prospects for the delivery of his car. The Thai lost his reserve for a moment and exclaimed: “we can get you a new Mercedes by tomorrow, but Suzuki take much, much longer.” The GM asked him to see what he could do to speed up the process. After four weeks the GM asked to see the purchase order for the car. The purchasing department replied that, because it would take so long to get a small car, they had decided to order a Mercedes.The GM’s patience had run out. At the first management meeting he brought the issue up and asked for an explanation. Somewhat shyly, the predominantly Thai management team explained that they could hardly come to work on bicycle.Questions:1.Why did the GM have difficulties in getting a Suzuki or Mini?2. Why did the management team say they could hardly come to work on bicycle?。
全国卷2021届高三英语下学期模拟试题08含解析
（全国卷）2021届高三英语下学期模拟试题08（含解析）第一部分语言运用（共80分）一、阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
ALOI English --- English Conversation ClassesTake English conversation classes with native English-speaking teachers from the United States, Ireland and Australia, live, 1-on-1.This is by far the best way to improve your real spoken English and listening abilities and get to a level where you can use it in real-life situations. Our teachers mainly carry on conversations about work in different fields, such as business, finance, politics and travel. However, if you like, you can have normal day-to-day conversations about events weather, etc. If you would like to learn some grammar during conversation, we can do that too!Our English Conversation classes:●Your conversations will always be with a native English speaker.●You can choose the time, day and teacher for each class.●The classes are made for each student individually. They will be at your level, studying what you need and what interests youPackages1. What do the classes mainly focus on?A. Area-based accents.B. Work-related topics.C. Grammar rules.D. Daily conversations.2. What are offered to the students?A. Appointed teachers.B. Personalized courses.C. Chances to travel with the teachers.D. Online and offline learning materials.3. What should a student do first if he decides on the 10 Classes Package?A. Arrange a free class with LOI English.B. Bargain with LOI English for lower feesC. Choose an experienced LOI English teacher.D. Make a promise to sit through each class.【答案】1-3 BBA【语篇解读】本文是应用文。
剑桥雅思听力材料6手打可打印
剑桥雅思听⼒材料6⼿打可打印Text1:Section: 11-4 complete, no more than three words9-10 write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer9 To join the centre, you need to book an instructor’s10 To book a trial session, speak to David (0458 95311) Section: 2 11-16 choose, What change has been made to each part of the theatre?Part of the theatre11 box office12 shop13 ordinary seats14 seats for wheelchair users15 lifts16 dressing rooms17-20 complete, no more than two words and/or a number21 choose21 What is Brian going to do before the course starts?A attend a classB write a reportC read a book22-25 complete, no more than two words26-30 complete, no more than two wordsThe Business Resource Centre contains materials such as books and manuals to be used for training. It is possible to hire26and27. There are materials for working on study skills (e.g.28) and other subjects include finance and 29.30membership costs ￡50 per year.31-37 complete, no more than two wordsSocial history of the East End of London38-40 choose THREE of the following problems are mentioned in connection with 20th century housing in the East End?A unsympathetic landlordsB unclean waterC heating problemsD high rentsE overcrowdingF poor standards of buildingG houses catching fireText2:Section: 11-5 complete, no more than two words and/or a numberCHILDREN ’S ART AND CRAFT WORKSHOPS● Adults must accompany children under 1 ● Cost: ￡2.50● Workshops held in: Winter House, 2 Street ● Security device: must push the 3 to open door ● Should leave car behind the 4● Book workshops by phoning the 5 (on 200765)6-10 complete, no more than two wordsSection: 211-14 complete, no more than two words and/or a numberTRAIN INFORMATION11 Local services depart from railway station.12 National services depart from the railway station.13 Trains for London depart every each day during the week. 14 The price of a first class ticket includes .15-17 complete, no more than two words and/or a number18-20 choose THREE attractions can you visit at present by trainfrom Trebirch?21-30 complete no more than three words and/or a numberDissertation Tutorial Record (Education) Name: Sandy Gibbons31-37 choose31 Some photographs of a horse running showedA all feet off groundB at least one foot on the groundC two feet off the ground32 The Scotsman employed by EdisonA designed a system to use the technology Edison had inventedB used available technology to make a new systemC was already an expert in motion picture technology33 One major problem with the first system was thatA only one person could be filmedB people could only see very short filmsC the camera was very heavy34 Rival systems started to appear in Europe after people hadA been told about the American systemB seen the American systemC used the American system35 In 1895, a famous new system was developed byA a French team working aloneB a French and German team working togetherC a German team who invented the word ‘cinema’36 Longer films were not made at the time because of problems involvingA the subject matterB the cameraC the film projector37 The ‘Lantham Loop’ invention relied onA removing tension between the film reelsB adding three more film reels to the systemC making one of the film reels more effective38-40 complete, no more than three words38 The first motion picture was called The. 39were used for first time on film in 1926.40 Subtitles were added to The Lights of New York because of itsText3:Section: 11-10 complete, no more one word and/or a number11-13 chooseTHE HISTORY OF ROSEWOOD HOUSE11 When the writer Sebastian George first saw Rosewood House, heA thought he might rent itB felt it was too expensive for himC was unsure whether to buy it 12 Before buying the house, George hadA experienced severe family problemsB struggled to become a successful authorC suffered a serious illness13 According to the speaker, George viewed Rosewood House asA a rich source of material for his booksB a way to escape from his workC a typical building of the region14-17 write the correct letter, A-J14 Pear Alley 15 Mulberry Garden 16 Shop 17 Tea Room18-20 complete, ONE WORD ONLYRIVER WALK18 Yon can walk through the that goes along the river bank. 19 You can go over the and then into a wooded area. 21-24 complete, no more than 3 words and/or a number MARKETING ASSIGNMENT21 For their assignment, the students must investigate one part of the .22 The method the students must use to collect data is .23 In total, the students must interview people.24 Jack thinks the music preference of listeners are similar.25-30 complete, no more than two words31-34 chooseIRELAND IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD31 According to the speaker, it is not clearA when the farming economy was introduced to IrelandB why people began to farm in IrelandC where the early Irish farmers came from32 What point does the speaker make about breeding animals in Neolithic Ireland?A Their number must have been above a certain levelB They were under threat from wild animalsC Some species died out during this period33 What does the speaker say about the transportation of animals?A Livestock would have limited the distance the farmers could sailB Neolithic boats were too primitive to have been usedC Probably only a few breeding animals were imported34 What is the main evidence for cereal crops in Neolithic Ireland?A the remains of burnt grain in potsB the marks left on posts by grainsC the patterns painted on the surface of pots35-40 write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDSSTONE TOOLS35 Ploughs could either have been pulled by or by cattle.●T he farmers needed homes which were permanent dwellings.36 In the final stages of axe-making, and were necessaryfor grinding and polishing.37 Irish axes were exported from Ireland to and England.POTTERY MAKING●T he colonisers used clay to make pots.38 The of the pots was often polished to make them watertight.39 Clay from areas was generally used.40 Decoration was only put around the of the earliest pots.Text4:Section: 11-10 complete, no more than two words and/or a numberThree day cost: 1￡Payment by 2or on arrivalAccommodation:Conference Centre●3￡per night●near to conference roomsGuest House●4￡per night●approximately 5walk from Conference CentreFurther documents to be sent:●6●an application formLocation:Conference Centre is on 7Park Road, next to the 8Taxi costs 9￡or take bus number 10from staton. Section: 211-13 choose THREE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-D11 checking entrance tickets12 preparing refreshments13 directing car-park traffic14-20 complete, no more than three words and/or a numberSection: 321-25 complete, ONE WORD ONLY26-27 answer the questions, no more than two and/or a number26 Which books cannot be renewed by telephone or email?27 How much time is allowed to return recalled books?28-30 Which THREE topics do this term’s study skills workshops cover?A An introduction to the InternetB How to carry out research for a dissertationC Making good use of the whole range of library servicesD Planning a dissertationE Standard requirements when writing a dissertationF Using the Internet when doing researchG What books and technical resources are available in the library Section: 431-34 choose31 When did Asiatic lions develop as a separate sub-species?A about 10,000 years agoB about 100,000 years agoC about 1,000,000 years ago32 Pictures of Asiatic lions can be seen on ancient coins from?A GreeceB The Middle EastC India33 Asiatic lions disappeared from EuropeA 2,500 years agoB 2,000 years agoC 1,900 years ago34 Very few African lions haveA a long maneB a coat with carried coloursC a fold of skin on their stomach31-34 complete, no more than TWO words and/or a numberTHE GIR SANCTUARY35 The sanctuary has an area of approximately square kilometres.36 One threat to the lions in the sanctuary is .37 The ancestors of the Gir Sanctuary lions were protected by a .38 A large part of the lion’s consists of animals belonging to local farmers.39 The lions sometimes , especially when water is short.40 In the India a man would fight a lion as a test of .。
高三英语上学期unit-14-word-study
11. as a matter of fact in fact
in reality
12. disgusting
disgusting personal habit
dis13. changeable
changeable weather. 易变的天气 changeable behavior. 可改变的行为
I threw the rope and he got hold of it. I managed to get hold of the jar before it fell. 3. tell ….apart to be able to recognize the difference between two or more tings or people The twins are so much alike that we can hardly tell them apart. ….，我们几乎分不出谁是谁。
4. surrounding surroundings
Qinhuangdao and the surrounding countryside
They are living in pleasant surroundings.
Animals in zoos are not in their natural surroundings.
6. sideways adv. 侧面朝前地 She walked sideways through a narrow opening 她侧着身子走过狭窄的通道。
侧向一边地 We turned the table sideways to get it into the room. 我们把桌子斜向一边以便把它搬进房间里。
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Private Equity Interview Case Study – Part 1
In this case study, you’ll analyze the recent $3.0 billion buyout of J. Crew by TPG and Leonard Green.
Announced on November 23, 2010, the deal represented a rebound in the LBO and debt markets and was one of the larger deals since the start of the credit crunch in mid-2007.
J. Crew is a specialty retailer with over 300 retail stores in the US. It sells higher-end clothing and accessories via its stores and directly via mail order and its website.
In part 1 of this case study, you’ll use t he historical income statement and balance sheet in the attached Excel file to create a 5-year projection model for J. Crew. In part 2, you’ll modify it to create an LBO model instead.
Part 1 – Assumptions
Please use the following assumptions for part 1 of this case study:
∙Assume that revenue growth is 12% in 2012, falling to 11% in 2013, 10% in 2014, 9% in 2015, and 8% in 2016.
∙Assume that gross margins, operating margins, and tax rates stay in-line with historical averages.
∙Assume no interest income or interest expense in this first part of the case study.
∙J. Crew’s existing debt should remain the same each year. There will be no financing activities such as dividends, stock issuances or repurchases, additional debt, and so on.
∙Capital expenditures and working capital items as percentages of income statement line items should also remain in-line with historical averages.
∙Assume that Other Assets under Long-Term Assets and Other Long-Term Liabilities under Long-Term Liabilities stay constant each year.
Complete the 3-statement model of J. Crew using these assumptions, and then check your work against the “Completed” Excel file.。