TPO19托福听力词汇及背景知识解析

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托福TPO听力高频词(持续添加版)

新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1. 生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染/ 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus 病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology 昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater 水下的marine 海洋的scuba 水下呼吸器diving潜水/ 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care 产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimen物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe微生物yeast 酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering 遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2. 动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order 目suborder亚目family科genus属species 种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate 灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms（昆虫等）群flock （牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel 松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork 鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage 羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm 蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫3. 海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼4. 植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud花蕾petal 花瓣peel / skin果皮shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark 树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle 丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie 大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses 石松类植物herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds 种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant 绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree 针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper 刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron 杜鹃花rose 玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily 百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato 番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage 卷心菜wheat 小麦rye 黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5. 气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict 预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere 中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity 湿度moisture潮湿/ 水分saturate饱和dew 露frost 霜fog / mist 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet （水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze微风sandstorm 沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction 风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图6. 地质学crust地壳mantle 地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy 地层学fault 断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble 碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead 铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium 钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier 冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera （开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river 科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物7. 考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropolog人类学archaeologist人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins 遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique 古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age 青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8. 地理学hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线/ 经度elevation海拔altitude高度/ 海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole北极Antarctic / Antarctica南极the Antarctic Continent 南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent 次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial 地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss 深渊territory 版图；领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖9. 天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics 天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology 宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasar类星体constellation 星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn 土星Uranus天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet 彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman 宇航员space suit 宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula 星云space debris 太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres 色球；色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object 幻影体faint 微弱的image影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation 自传revolution公转black hole 黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10. 环保相关ecology 生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora 植物群rain forest雨林food chain 食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution 空气控制water pollution 水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste 废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater 污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable 不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy 潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage 水源缺乏offshore spillage 近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify 净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象12. 新技术发明相关13. 人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic 批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist 女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist 慈善家proprietor业主mortal 犯人precursor先驱figurehead 名誉领袖disciple 学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal 家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent 杰出的versatile （人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive 感人的prodigious巨大的classic 经典的posthumous死后的14. 发展史文学pose散文diary日记autobiography 传记editorial 社论narrative prose叙述性descriptive prose 描写性essay随笔poetry 诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb 谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue 尾声literary criticism文学批评literary studies文学研究schools of literature文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound dru 击鼓foot beat跺脚note 音符score乐谱movement 乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp 竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦harmony和声rest 休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude 序曲epilogue尾声政治经济subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan 银行贷款interest 利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing 辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator 电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building 写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔castle城堡美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush 画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original 原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture 雕塑sculptor 雕塑家figurine小雕像bust 半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。

TPO 19 听力解析

TPO 19 解析Conversation 1（场景分类——询问论文）Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and the professor.StudentHi, professor Handerson. （1）That was a really interesting lecture in class today.ProfessorThanks, Tom. Yeah, animals’ use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that’s a fascinating area. One we are really just starting to understand.StudentYeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing. Oh, like non-poisonous butterflies that have come to look like poisonous ones. （2）But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other, I have never heard that before.ProfessorRight, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.StudentSo they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory?ProfessorRight, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well...StudentYeah, I can see how that might do the trick. （3）But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.ProfessorYeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances. But for example, a business sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do?StudentWell, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.ProfessorRight, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs. There are risks with pricing too high, the company might get the sale, there is also the number and type of computers to consider. Each company has to find a balance between the cost and benefits. Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like this to predict outcomes.StudentOk, I get that. But how does it apply to animals?Professor（4）Well, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper. StudentThe literature review?ProfessorYeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them. If there is a conflict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.Student（5）Well, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can’t say I understand much of the statistics end.ProfessorWell, I can point you to some that presents fairly basic studies, that don’t assume much background knowledge. You’ll just need to answer a few specific questions: What was the researchers’ hypothesis? What did they want to find out? And how did they conduct their research? And then the conclusions they came to. Learning to interpret these statistics will come later.词汇：deception n. 欺骗selective adj. 选择性的deceive v. 欺骗invade v. 侵略territory n. 领土imitate v. 模仿bid v. 投标；出价hypothesis n. 假设题目：1. Why does the man go to see the professor?解析：主旨题，文中学生开头说教授今天课上的演讲很有趣，接着讨论了课上的内容。

TPO19-3 Discovering the ice age

TPO 19-3 Discovering the ice age1. In all these diverse regions, Agassiz saw signs of glacial erosion and sedimentation. In flat plains country, he saw moraines (accumulations of earth and loose rock that form at the edges of glaciers) that reminded him of the terminal moraines found at the end of valley glaciers in the Alps.解析：括号中的内容是对前面moraines的解释，阅读中遇到一般可以略过。

后面的that 引导定语从句修饰前面的moraines. 后半句中的moraines found at the end of...可看成moraines(that were) found...隐含的定语从句。

Remind sb of sth提醒某人某事，此处语义是令某人想到某事的意思。

翻译：在所有这些多元的地区，Agassiz看见冰川侵蚀和沉淀的迹象。

在平原国家，他看到冰碛石（在冰川边缘的泥土和松石的积累）。

这使他想起了在阿尔卑斯山谷末端发现的终碛。

2. The heterogeneous material of the drift (sand, clay, and rocks deposited there) convinced him of its glacial origin.解析：heterogeneous多样化的，异种的。

括号中内容是对前面的解释。

Convince sb of sth 使某人相信某事翻译：漂流物（沉淀的沙子、粘土和岩石）的混杂异质材料使他相信这是冰山起源。

托福TPO19口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO19口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO19口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. (female professor) Today, I want to talk about sea birds. Now, sea birds hunt and eat fish and, well, their food can be hard to find because their food source is spread out over a large expanse of water. So what sea birds have done is that, over time, they've made adaptations: they've developed special characteristics that help them find food.One adaptation involves the length of the bird's wings. Take albatross, for example, is a large sea bird that spends most of its life flying over ocean waters in search of food, fish to feed itself and to carry back to the nest for its chicks. Now, most birds flap their wings up and down when they fly, which uses up a lot of energy, but the albatross has these special long wings that it can hold perfectly still. It's able to fly without moving its wings up and down. These long wings allow it to glide or float on the wind, and this uses very little energy. This is important because as I said the albatross has to cover huge expanse of ocean to locate food, sometimes up to eleven hundred miles a day. Because of its long wings, it can glide along over the ocean using little energy as it searches for food. Another important adaptation of many sea birds is an acute, highly developed sense of smell. Take the fulmar, like the albatross, the fulmar needs to find foods that scatter far out over the ocean, but the fulmar has a rather unusual advantage: it has tiny tubes inside the nose holes in its beak, and these special tube-shaped nostrils help it to pick up scent of food. Now, this highly-developed sense of smell is especially important because the fulmar ’s main source of food, plankton, are tiny organisms that are hard to see, but they give off a very sharp, distinctive odor, so when fulmars are flying around looking for food, they may not be able to see them, but they can find the plankton by smelling them even from far away. 托福TPO19口语Task6题目： Using the examples of the albatross and the fulmar, explain two special adaptations that have developed to help sea birds find food. 托福TPO19口语Task6满分范文： In order to overcome the difficulties locating food in the vast ocean, some sea birds have developed some adaptations. The first one is the length of the wings. For example, the albatross is a sea bird that flies over the ocean waters looking for fish to feed itself and its kids. It has unusually long wings that can help it glide over the sea, so it can save a lot of energy while traveling a large distance for food. The second one is acute sense of smell. For example, fulmar has special tubein its nostril/nose hole to help it pick up the scent of its food, plankton. The plankton is very tiny so the fulmar cannot see it, but it gives out a special odor that fulmar's nose is sensitive to, and thus when the fulmar recognizes the smell of the plankton, it can locate and eat the plankton easily. (147 words）以上是给大家整理的托福TPO19口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

TPO19-2 Succesion,climax and ecosystems

TPO 19-2 S uccesion, climax, andecosystems1. Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated.解析：regularity 规律succession演变but that...其中的that指代前面的lawlike regularity。

substantiate证实,证明翻译：Clements和其他早期生态学家从演变的顺序中看到一个类似定律的规律性，但这个规律性并没有得到证实。

2. The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform composition.解析：主语是the final stage of succession, 谓语是is，两个逗号之间的部分是同位语，解释说明前文，likewise同样地，（说明本句逻辑和前句可能一致）翻译：演变的最后阶段被Clements和早期生态学家称为顶峰群落。

顶峰群落同样也不可预测，组成也不单一。

3.An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances.解析：legitimately 合理地，正当地so...that...太...以至于... 。

TPO听力授课部分重点学科重点词汇

艺术类词汇合集01-3艺术---- 写实印象派 --- rose Frantzen gallery 画廊exhibit 展览looked at 阅读realistic写实的impressionism EII象派sum these up 总结impressionist印象派画家depict描绘apply painters 运用颜料canvas画布rough粗糙的subject 主体scenes景色IandSCaPeS地貌，风景bleak萧瑟的，荒凉的blurry模糊的pinkish带点粉色的fence栅栏Iowa艾奥瓦州barn谷仓，牛栏cattle 牛postures 姿态elements 因素depiction 描绘subject matter 主题pumpkins 南瓜brushstrokes 画笔ChaotiC混乱的vibrant震动的electric blue 电光蓝peaking out 漏出来accessible容易理解的appreciate 欣赏attend art school读艺术学校illustration绘画，图解，插图head头头agency机构portrait肖像画art fairs艺术展no matter what无论如何all over the country 全国keep at it坚持住03-4电影历史十九世纪二三十年代back then 当时category 分类standard 标准hybrids杂种，混合物mixture of styles风格的混合fit in匹配,适合in a way在一定意义上，以某种方式conform 遵从classify 分类fuse施合fiction虚构行为，虚构的东西fictional虚构的element 因素aquatic水生的display 展示ITlollIlSk软体动物set it to music配上音乐narration 叙述portray 描绘notions 概念at times 偶尔uncanny怪异的feature 特征suspicious令人怀疑的seahorse 海马that unusual那么奇特rare罕见talk the early 19th century 讨论19 世纪早期in that sense在那个意义上看similarities end相似处到此为止high-tech高科技的fancy花哨的patch the equipment together 把设备绑在——起open Sea广阔的海域ShaIIOW 浅的investigate 调查documentarist纪录片拍摄者catch on(caught On)流行go back to取决于，根源于what to make of his films如何定义他的电影straightforward 直接的buffs爱好者们3-5艺术的起源——法国的洞穴艺术【划线的是一篇】PreSerVed art受保护的艺术品CaVe PaintingS 洞穴画PiPed LIP尖声说Qreat QrandmOther 太婆Prim币Ve低级的Slide幻灯片anythin。

【TPO小站】TOEFL听力学科背景知识大全

TOEFL听力学科背景知识大全托福听力背景知识辅导：天文学从古至今，人们对宇宙的探索从未停止过。

在望远镜(telescope)发明前，人们对宇宙的了解都基于肉眼的观察。

我国古代有天圆地方之说，而西方则有古希腊天文学家托勒密(Ptolemy)提出的地心说。

在十六世纪，哥白尼(Kopernik)提出了日心说，颠覆了地球是宇宙中心的理论，而伽利略(Galileo)发明的望远镜为观测天体提供了更好的条件，也为哥白尼的学说找到了证据。

意大利哲学家布鲁诺(Bruno)为了维护日心说在罗马百花广场被教会处以火刑的故事广为人知。

考到有关于天文学的话题，astronomy和cosmology这两个单词。

天文学(astronomy)指的是研究宇宙空间天体、宇宙的结构和发展的学科，内容包括天体的构造、性质和运动规律。

而宇宙学(cosmology)指的是从整体的角度来研究宇宙的结构和演化的天文学分支学科。

因此，天文学的概念更加广泛，宇宙学是其分支学科。

天文学研究的天体(celestial body)包括恒星(star)、行星(planet)及其卫星(satellite)，小行星(asteroids)、彗星(comet)、流星(meteor)、陨石(meteorite)等。

这些天体又组成了星系(galaxy)、星团(star cluster)、星群(asterism)。

我们比较熟悉的是地球所处的太阳系(solar system)，这也是人类唯一能够直接观测的星系，而太阳系只是由无数恒星系组成的银河系(milky way galaxy)中的普通一员。

太阳系可以分成几个部分：(1) 太阳：包括了光球(photosphere)、色球层(chromosphere)和日冕(solar corona)。

光球即我们平时看到的太阳圆面;色球层指的是紧贴光球的大气;日冕是太阳大气的最外层。

在日全食(solar eclipse)中，我们可以看到色球层和日冕。

托福TPO听力单词总结

Saturn 土星 Uranus 天王星 Barn 谷仓 prism 棱镜，棱柱timberline ['tɪmbəlaɪn] 树带界限 smother 窒息，抑制champion 支持，拥护 meteoric water 大气水，天文水glacial outwash 冰水沉积Size up : evaluate （对于单词题中的短语，尤其要放到原文看意思，不能只从表面看意思）shunning 回避v jet lag时差 circadian [sɜː'keɪdɪən] 生理节奏的secular ['sekjʊlə] adj. 世俗的；长期的；现世的；不朽的 n. 牧师premiere ['premɪeə] adj. 首位的；初次的；女主角的culminate 到绝顶；达到高潮；达到顶点Geothermal 地热的 [,dʒi:əu'θə:məl] sulfide 硫化物 sulfide 硫酸盐 sulfur 硫磺Discern vt. 识别；领悟，认识 vi. 看清楚，辨别 propulsion 推进，推进力vernacular [və'nækjʊlə] 本国的，地方的；本地化，方言persecution [pɜːsɪ'kjuːʃn] 迫害 celluloid ['seljulɔid] 电影胶片restive ['restɪv] adj. 倔强的；难驾御的；不安宁的aria ['ɑːrɪə] n. 咏叹调，独唱曲 revenue 税收，国家收入gypsum 石膏 residue 残渣，剩余indigenous 本土的，土著的，国产的 clergy 神职人员，牧师deciduous [dɪ'sɪdjʊəs] 落叶性的，脱落性的；非永久性的 estuary 河口，江口perennial [pə'renɪəl] 多年生的，常年的，四季不断的 fringe 边缘smothering 令人窒息的 daguerreotype [də'gerətaɪp] 银板照相法calotype ['kælətaɪp] n. 光力摄影法；卡罗式照相法；碘化银纸照相法etching n. 蚀刻术；蚀刻版画 engraving 雕刻，雕刻术 tonal 色调的，音调的cheetah ['tʃiːtə] 猎豹 pivotal 关键的，中枢的 herbivore 食草动物counteract 抵消 glaze 釉；光滑面 motif 主题 warn 警告，提醒horticulture 园艺 hectare ['hekteə; -ɑː] 公顷 sewage ['suːɪdʒ] 污水，下水道asphalt ['æsfælt; -əlt] 沥青，柏油 choreography 编舞dredge vt. （用挖泥船等）疏浚；（用拖捞网等）捞取；（在食物上）撒（面粉等）vi. 疏浚，挖掘；采捞 n. 挖泥船，疏浚机；拖捞网echolocation 回波定位 nasal sac鼻囊instigate vt. 唆使；煽动；教唆；怂恿 (cause)desolate 荒凉的，无人烟的refractory [rɪ'frækt(ə)rɪ] adj. 难治的；难熔的；不听话的 n. 倔强的人；耐火物质inclusion 包含，内含物 nebula 星云 nebula 耗尽，用尽，使空虚obscura 暗箱 topographical 地志的，地形学的 prolific 多产的，丰富的paradox 悖论，反论algae ['ælɡədʒiː] 藻类，海藻 ammonia 氨radical 激进的 Pleistocene Epoch ['plaistəusi:n] 更新世（也就是Ice Age）emulsion 乳剂，乳液状，感光乳剂 coat 覆盖….的表面 assortment 分类，混合物volatile ['vɔlətail] 挥发性的，不稳定的 sludge 烂泥 ethanol ['eθənɒl] 乙醇retraction 撤销，收回editorial 编辑的；社论 demeaning 降低身份的，有损人格的satirical [sə'tɪrɪk(ə)l] 讽刺的，挖苦的 chiefdom酋邦chondrite ['kɒndraɪt] 球粒状陨石 allusion 暗示，提及（reference）chondrule 陨石球粒['kɒndruːl] silicate 硅酸盐 perplexing 复杂的，令人费解的cropping 裁剪，修剪 trimming 整理，装饰品，配料 plummet 铅垂，坠子，垂直落下obsolete adj. 废弃的；老式的 democratic 民主的，大众的（popular）stabilizer . [助剂] 稳定剂；稳定器；安定装置 mudflat 泥滩intertidal [ɪntə'taɪd(ə)l] adj. 潮间带的；高潮线与低潮线之间的 modify vt. 修改，修饰；更改fiddler crab 招潮蟹 feed on 喂养，供给 sparrow 麻雀 rodent 啮齿类的Scavenger n. 食腐动物；清道夫；[助剂] 清除剂；拾荒者 hamper 妨碍，束缚Invertebrate 无脊椎的，无骨气的 terrestrial 地球的，陆地的` meager 贫乏的，瘦的primordial [prai'mɔ:djəl] 原始的，根本的，原生的tutelage ['tjuːtɪlɪdʒ] 监护，指导under the tutelage of… repudiate 拒绝，否定osmosis n. [物] 渗透；[物] 渗透性；渗透作用snap 突然折断，拉断 arduous ['ɑːdjʊəs] adj. 努力的；费力的；险峻的cramped 狭窄的，难懂的，难辨的 subsist 维持生活，供养confined 狭窄的，幽禁的 excavation 挖掘 retreat 撤退，休息寓所in the wake of 紧紧跟随；随着…而来；作为…的结果；仿效 supersede 取代，代替afield 在战场上 garrison 要塞；驻防，守卫 uproot 根除，连根拔起temperate 温和的，适度的，有节制的 vicinity 临近，附近troop 军队 fortification [军] 设防；[军] 防御工事；加强；配方inveterately 根深蒂固的 daring 大胆的，勇气的（dare）alluvial [ə'l(j)uːvɪəl] 冲积的loam 壤土，肥土 tempt 诱惑，冒……的风险 sterile 不育的，贫瘠的receptive 善于接受的，能容纳的unconvincing 没有说服力的 shore vt. 支撑，使稳住；用支柱撑住 n. 海滨；支柱pantomime 哑剧 acrobatic 杂技的，特技的undue 过分的，过度的，不适当的 excruciating 折磨人的，使苦恼的plague 瘟疫，灾祸；折磨，使苦恼 turnpike 收费高速公路，收费关卡station 驻地，驻扎，安置 imposition n. 征收；强加；欺骗；不公平的负担excess 超过，额外的，过量的 entwine 盘旋，缠住 artisan 工匠，技工stunt 噱头，手腕，绝技；阻碍……生长 disaffection 不满，背叛 requisition 征用restaurant 餐馆 by no means 决不inflow 流入 outflow 流出auxiliary 辅助词，辅助者，辅助的 infrastructure ['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] 基础设施，公共建设hereditary [hɪ'redɪt(ə)rɪ] 遗传的 fort 堡垒，要塞regiment 团，大量；vt. 把…编成团；严格地管制Ecology 生态学，社会生态学 flora 植物区系 fauna 动物区系，动物群Understory 树下叶层，下层植被 browse 吃草 germinate 使发芽，生长Heterogeneous 多样的，异种的 moraine n. 冰碛石 temperate 温和的，适度的，有节奏的preen [priːn] thrush 画眉鸟 even 偶数的，平坦的，相等的congenital 先天的，天生的 incongruous 不协调的，不一致的，不和谐的vt. 打扮；用嘴整理；赞扬 subsidy 补贴，津贴 dwindle 减少，变小hysterical [hɪ'sterɪk(ə)l] 歇斯底里的，异常兴奋的 nomad 游牧民vi. 洋洋自得；把（自己）打扮漂亮 Boom and bust (bust, 破产)granary 谷仓，粮仓 monsoon [mɒn'suːn] 季风 Sahara [sə'hɑ:rə; -'heə-] 沙哈拉displacement activity【心理学】替换活动 impetus 动力turnpike 收费高速公路 presage 预感，前兆groom vt. 整饰；推荐；喂马 n. 新郎；马夫；男仆 vi. 打扮beak 鸟嘴 perch 栖木, 栖息 Netherland 荷兰carry-on baggage 登机行李 checked baggage 托运行李 compliment 恭维，称赞sewer 下水道，阴沟 meme [mi:m] n. 大脑模仿病毒；文化基因；弥母pinpoint v.查明；精确地找到；准确描述 mantle 地幔，斗篷，覆盖物（the layer beneath the crust） crude 粗糙的 primitive 原始的，远古的folktale 民间故事 fairy tale 童话故事 start out as 开始是huckleberry [植] 黑果木；越橘类植物 dogwood n. 山茱萸 backdrop背景hibernate 冬眠 in the same breath 于此同时 marked 显著的（considerable），有标记的indefinite [ɪn'defɪnɪt] 不确定的，无限的，模糊的fecundity [生物] 繁殖力；多产；肥沃fidelity [fi'deliti] 保真度，忠实replicator ['replikeitə] （遗传）复制基因 genetic mutation 基因突变compelling 引人注目的，强制的 compelling reason 有说服力的理由itinerary [aɪˈtɪnəˌreri:] 旅程，旅途 garment衣服，服装，外表，外观deprecate 反对，抨击，轻视 implicitly deprecate 含蓄地批评bedrock基岩 lubricant 润滑剂 brittle 易碎的，脆弱的 ooze 渗出，泄露；（地理）软泥crevasse [kri'væs] 裂缝 surge 大浪，汹涌澎湃scores of 许多，大量 invertebrate [in'və:tibrət, -breit] 无脊椎的 varied 多变的，各式各样的bombard 轰炸 stike 撞击 adorn装饰，使生色 relics ['rɛliks] 遗迹，遗骸，纪念物versatile 多才多艺的，兴趣广泛的 Iroquois ['irəkwɔiz] 易洛魁人（北美印第安人）birch tree 桦树utensil [ju:'tensəl] 用具，器皿 pliable ['plaiəbl] 柔韧的 cord 绳索sturdy 坚定的，强健的，健全的 portage 搬运，运输 alliance [ə'laiəns] 联盟，联合，联姻canny 精明的 premiere 首位的，初次的 savvy 悟性，理解能力detour ['di:,tuə, di'tuə] 绕道，迂回 ranch [rɑ:ntʃ, ræntʃ] 大农场，牧场enzyme ['enzaim] 酶 immortal 不朽的 peninsula 半岛 canal 运河resemble 类似，像 foggy 有雾的 aesthetic [i:s'θetik] 美的 Celsius ['selsiəs] 摄氏度的revealing [ri'vi:liŋ] adj. 透露真情的；有启迪作用的；袒胸露肩的 shrub 灌木 tundra 苔原monumental 不朽的 isle [ail] 岛 passage grave 通道坟墓resonance 共振 cello ['tʃeləu] 大提琴 opaque 不透明的sorority [sə'rɔ:riti, -'rɔ-] n. 妇女联谊会；女学生联谊会precipitation 沉淀，沉淀物，冰雹，降雨量 permafrost ['pə:məfrɔ:st] 永久冻土appalling 惊骇的 carton board container 纸盒子包装 impermeable 不渗透性的judicial system 司法系统 burrow vi. 寻找，探寻；n (兔) 洞穴，地道norwegian [nɔ:'wi:dʒən] 挪威人的 Norway 挪威 cloak斗篷 thaw 融化perspire [pəs'paiə] vi. 流汗；分泌；渗出 vt. 使流汗；分泌出 microbe 细菌，微生物be hooked 被吸引住了 supreme court 最高法院 seafarer 船员，航海家comical ['kɔmikəl] 滑稽的，可笑的 Viking 北欧海盗 zenith 高点，最高点Polynesian [,pɔli'ni:ziən; -ʒiən] 波西尼亚的 partitioned 分割的，分区的，分段的venomous ['venəməs] adj. 有毒的；恶毒的；分泌毒液的；怨恨的semiarid 半干旱的，雨量非常少的 prairie 大草原大牧场viper 毒蛇 cobra 眼镜蛇 constrictor 大蟒 python ['paiθən, -θɔn] 巨蟒resemble 像 prey 捕食，牺牲者，被捕食的动物apparatus [,æpə'reitəs] n. 装置，设备；仪器；器官prestigious [pre'stidʒəs, -'sti:-] adj. 有名望的；享有声望的photography [fə'tɔɡrəfi] n. 摄影；摄影术（注意发音，如果在听力中出现，要能够识别）alumni [ə'lʌmnai] n. 男校友；男毕业生（alumnus的复数） revolve 旋转 circuit 电路methane ['mi:θein] 甲烷 uncharted 未知的，图上未标明的 maxim ['mæksim] 格言Arctic Circle北极圈 pulse 脉冲，脉搏 thawing 融化，thaw ,v 融化distinctly[dis'tiŋktli] 明显的，无疑的，确实的geocentric [,dʒi(:)əu'sentrik] 以地球为中心的heliocentric [,hi:liəu'sentrik] 以太阳为中心的 be taken aback 吃惊 allude 暗指Sanskirt 梵文 fad 一时的时尚，流行 Milky Way galaxy 银河，银河系Puddle 水坑，泥浆 antifreeze 防冻剂 glucose 葡萄糖 aristocracy [,æri'stɔkrəsi] 贵族Horoscope 占星术，星象，十二宫图 blemish 瑕疵，污点Lopsided 倾向一方的 breakthrough 突破，突破性进展Geomagnetic 地磁的 portrait 肖像，描写，半身雕塑像Mediterranean [,meditə'reiniən] 地中海 historian [his'tɔ:riən] 历史学家emperor ['empərə] 皇帝，君主 empire ['empaiə] 帝国，帝王统治，军权plaster cast 石膏模型 bronze 青铜，古铜色aromatic plant 芳香植物，香料植物cinnamon 肉桂（就是一种树皮） cloves [kləuvs] 丁香 nutmeg肉豆蔻spices 香味料，调味料 bland 乏味的 radio astronomy 射电天文学optical astronomy 光学天文学 osmosis 渗透staging 表演，展现 oval ['əuvəl] 椭圆 elliptical [i'liptik,-kəl] 椭圆axial tilt 轴倾角 cyclical ['saiklikəl] adj. 周期的，循环的Archaeology 古生物学 intact 完整的 decay 腐烂，衰退 malaria [mə'lεəriə] [内科] 疟疾；瘴气charcoal ['tʃɑ:kəul] 木炭 dye颜料 chip off 切下，削下 primitive ['primitiv] 原始的analogy 类比 Paleolithic 旧石器时代的inundation 洪水，泛滥subsidence [səb'saidəns] 下沉，沉淀 prey 被捕食的动物coral ['kɔ:rəl] 珊瑚，珊瑚虫 mimic 模仿，模拟 squirt [skwə:t] 喷射，注射posture ['pɔstʃə] 姿势，态度，情形 jumbo 巨大的，庞大的nestle ['nesl] 舒适的坐定，偎依paradigmatic [,pærədiɡ'mætik] 范例的stained glass 彩色玻璃stained glass 重新组合 scarce 缺乏的，欠缺的lead strips 铅条 metallic compound 金属化合物lamp shade 灯罩 ash tree 白蜡树，灰树 predator 捕食者，食肉动物lug 用力拖拽 be anything but 一点也不 haul 拖，拉beaver 海狸 aspen 山杨树 pollinate 对…..授粉pros and cons 正反两方面 forage n.粮草 v.搜寻粮草virtuoso [,və:tju'əuzəu] 艺术品鉴赏家clarinet [,klæri'net] 单簧管 organ 风琴，管风琴 harpsichord 羽管键琴，大键琴pianoforte [,pjænəu'fɔ:ti] 钢琴（旧称） percussion instrument震动乐器string instrument 弦乐器 quill 大翎毛 pluck 拉，扯，拽 refinement 文雅transverse flute 横笛 flute 长笛 patron 赞助人 genre ['ʒɔŋrə] 风格，类型patronage ['pætrənidʒ] n. 赞助；光顾；任免权 sulfuric acid 硫酸 [sʌl'fjuərik]limestone石灰岩 hydrogen 氢 passageway 通道，走廊 ensemble [ɔŋ'sɔŋblə] 全体jazz ensemble 爵士乐队 acoustic [ə'ku:stik]听觉的，声音的choir ['kwaiə] 合唱队 construction site 施工场地bulldozer ['bul,dəuzə] 推土机 switch with 交换Mass extinction, Permian 二叠纪的cretaceous [kri'teiʃəs] adj. 白垩（饿）纪的；似白垩的Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n] 更新世的 Holocene ['hɔləsi:n] 全新世的 Anthropocene 人类世的Current Era （时代，年代）：西历中 AD (公元)的代用词 Anno Domini公元,纪元Damming筑坝 Carbon dioxide [dai'ɔksaid] 二氧化碳Epoch（地质）世，新纪元 Epic史诗，叙事诗 Exemplary 典范的，很好的cell division 细胞分裂I’m sort of blanked out. 心不在焉，走神parchment 羊皮纸 scribe 抄写员，作家 monk修道士，和尚 monastery 修道院，僧侣palimpsest ['pælimpsest] 重写本 Archimede 阿基米德theorem ['θiərəm, 'θi:ə-] 定理，原理 papyrus 纸莎草；纸莎草纸breakthrough 突破 medieval 中世纪的 durable 耐用的，持久的secrete 藏匿，分泌 hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢vent通风口 rule out排除，取消 dioxide [dai'ɔksaid]二氧化物 chemosynthetic 化学合成的approve 批准，赞成 depression 洼地 by and large 总的来说，大体上improve 改善，提高 more or less 差不多，几乎；大约prove 证明是 hereditary [hɪ'redɪt(ə)rɪ] 遗传的 pastoralism 田园主义 nomad 游牧的。

托福听力TPO19原文 Lecture3

托福听力TPO19原文Lecture3下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO19原文中Lecture3的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。

TPO19Lecture3Marine BiologyProfessor：Ok,today we are going to continue our discussion of plant life in coastal salt marshes5of North America.Salt marshes are among the least inviting environments for plants.The water is salty,there is little shade and the ocean tide comes in and out, constantly flooding the marsh,so the variety of plants found in salt marshes is limited, but there is a plant genus that thrives there,the Spartina.In fact,the Spartina genus is the dominant plant found in salt marshes.You can find one type of the Spartina,Saltmarsh Cordgrass,growing in low marsh areas.In higher marsh areas,you are likely to find a Spartina commonly called Salt-meadow Hay.So how is the Spartina able to survive in an envrionment that would kill most plants?well,it is because salt marsh grasses have found ways to adapt to the conditions there.First of all,they are able to withstand highly saline conditions.One really interesting adaptation is the ability to reverse the process of osmosis6Typically,the process of osmosis works...Well,when water moves through the wall of a plant cell,it will move from the side containing water with the lowest amount of salt into the side containing the highest amount of salt.so imagine what would happen if a typical plant suddenly found itself in salt water,the water contained in the plant cells,that is water with very little salt would be drawn out toward the seawater,water with a lot of salt.So you can see the fresh water contained in the plant will be removed and the plant will quickly lose all its water and dehydrate.But what about the Spartinas,well,they allow a certain amount of salt to enter their cells,bringing the salt content of the water within the plant,to a slightly higher concentration than that of the surrounding seawater. So instead of fresh water moving out of the plant cells,salt from the seawater enters, reverse osmosis,and this actually strengthens the cells.Another adaptation to the salty environment is the ability to excrete excess salt back to the environment.That’s why you might see a Spartina shimmering in the sunlight.What’s reflecting the light is not salt from seawater that has evaporated,although that’s agood guess.But it is actually the salt that came from within the plant.Pretty cool,eh? You can really impress your friends and family with that little?the next time you are in a salt marsh.But coping with salt is not the only challenge for plants in the salt marsh. Soil there is dense and very low in oxygen,so Spartinas have air tubes,air enters through tiny openings on the leaves,the tubes provide direct pipe line for oxygen,carrying it down the leaves through the stems and into the roots,where it is needed.If you pull up a Spartina,you might even notice some reddish mud on some of the roots,this is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the soil,and it produces iron oxide or rust.Now, although the Spartinas have adapted several chemical and physical mechanisms that allow them to thrive in salt water and to feed oxygen to their roots.There is yet another aspect of the harsh environment that they have to adapt to,the force of tides and occasional violent storms.Wind and water are constantly crashing into these plants.So as you might have guessed,they have developed a means of solidly anchoring themselves into the soil.How? They have tough sort of underground stems called rhizome,rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants,the plants form a kind of colony,a community that will thrive and perish together.Because alone as single plants,they cannot survive.Of course the plants in these colonies also need tough resilient stems above the soil, stems that can bent a lot but not break as water constantly crashes into them.So in addtion to the interlocking underground rhizomes,they have yet another adaptation,and it is... well,we are back to reverse osmosis again,by adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated,the plant is able to withstand great pressure befor snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass,but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an evironment in which most plants will wilt7and die within hours.教授：好的，今天我们继续前面关于北美地区海碱沼泽地带的植物的讨论。

托福TPO听力高频词(持续添加版)

托福TPO听力高频词（持续添加版）新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1.生物学antibody抗体to某in毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungu真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection 传染/感染microorganim/microbe微生物viru病毒difection消毒terilization灭菌biology生物学marinebiology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetic 遗传学peciology物种学paraitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologit古生物学家dinoaur恐龙dieout/e某tinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的cuba水下呼吸器diving潜水/跳水one-celledorganim单细胞有机体tiue（动植物细胞的）组织protectivecamouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanicnail蜗牛animaladaptation动物适应性urvivalofthefittet适者生存originofpecie物种起源wildenvironment野生环境inecticide杀虫剂prenatalcare 产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tinyreceptor接收器nerve/pecimen物种amphibian两栖类动物declineinthenumber数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangeredpecie濒危动物urvival活着的tranition转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeat酵母（菌）bacteria细菌ingle-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化net巢offpring子孙chewup咀嚼unfertilizedegg未受精卵nutrient营养品nourihment营养品/食物feed喂养cannibalim同类相食repiration呼吸ingetion摄食digetion消化digetiveenzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleu细胞核cytoplam细胞质plamalemma/cellmembrane细胞膜cellwall细胞壁protein蛋白质aminoacid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutationofpecie物种变异chromoome染色体geneticengineering遗传工程olitary独居ocial群居bio-diverity生物多样性metamorphoi变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2.动物学消化管eophagu食管tomach胃mallintetine小肠largeintetine大肠anu肛门digetivegland消化腺alivarygland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancrea胰quirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠queak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗mooe驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinocero犀牛hippo河马loth树懒lothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪alamander蝾螈corpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen/crocodile鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤tork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴inect昆虫wap黄蜂hornet大黄蜂pider蜘蛛pet害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉manti螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna/tentacle触须larva幼虫3.海洋生物学jellyfih水母nettlefih海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼hrimp小虾prawn对虾lobter龙虾crab螃蟹muel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyter牡蛎ponge海绵tarfih海星quid鱿鱼；乌贼burro/octopu章鱼ole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼4.植物学botany植物学botanical/botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquaticplant水生植物paraiteplant寄生植物root根canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage/leaf叶leaflet小叶roette（叶的）丛生tem茎talk杆leaftalk叶柄hoot/prout嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel/kin果皮hell（硬）果壳huk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原moe苔藓hrub/buh灌木cluter一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horetail木贼类植物clubmoe石松类植物herb草photoynthei光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素ymbioi共生ymbiotic共生的wither/hrivel/fade凋谢bloom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tiue组织organ器官ytem 系统eed种子everlating永久的crobreed杂交rootpreure根压bore腔/肠coheion-tenion凝聚压力column花柱necroi坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate(tarch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucoe葡萄糖tarch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin维他命malnourihed营养不良的nutrition营养perennial多年一生的annual 一年一生的verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifertree针叶树larch落叶松pine松树pruce云杉juniper刺柏；杜松equoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树plumbloom梅花orchid兰花chryanthemum菊花waterlily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花roe玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily百合jamine茉莉花helianthu/heliotrope/unflower向日葵camellia茶花corn/maize/mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage 卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oat燕麦5.气象学meteorology气象meteorologit气象学家meteorologicaltation气象站forecat/predict预报climate气候atmophere大气层tropophere 对流层tratophere平流层meophere中间层ionophere电离层e某ophere逸散层coldfront冷锋warmairma热气团current（气）流moiture潮湿，水气pell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp/moit/humid潮湿humidity湿度moiture潮湿/水分aturate饱和dew露frot霜fog/mit雾mog烟雾droplet小水condene浓缩crytal水晶体heet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour/torrentialrain大雨tempet(torm)/torrentialrain暴风雨drizzle细雨hower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard/nowtorm暴风雪avalanche/nowlide雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水thunder雷breeze微风andtorm沙暴monoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado/twiter/cyclone龙卷风windcale风级tunami/eimiceawave海啸tidalwave潮汐；浪潮upperatmophere上层大气funnel漏斗云diater/calamity/catatrophe灾难devatation破坏ubmerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流windvelocity风速winddirection风向long-rangeforecat长期预报numericalweatherprediction数值天气预报nephanalyi云层分析；卫星云图6.地质学7.考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropolog人类学archaeologit人类学家pale-anthropologit古人类学家ecologicalanthropologit生态人类学家pychologicalanthropologit心理人类学家originate起源于ancetor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneou 同以种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族e某cavation挖掘e某cavate/unearth挖掘ruin遗迹/废墟remain遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老StoneAge石器时代BronzeAge青铜器时代IronAge铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Meolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学kull颅骨cranial颅骨的foil化石ancientcivilization古代文明caveman山顶洞人culturalrelic文物rockpainting岩画8.地理学沙丘Lagoon咸水湖9.天文学真空infraredray红外线abolutemagnitude绝对量级emiion发射/散发high-reolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪，干涉仪illuiveobject幻影体faint微弱的image影像gravitationalforce吸引力molten融化的leapyear闰年rotation自传revolution公转blackhole黑洞ultravioletray紫外线luminoity光度lightyear光年10.环保相关ecology生态学ecoytem生态系统balanceofnature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rainforet雨林foodchain食物链acidrain 酸雨greenhoue温室效应infraredradiation红外线辐射ozonelayer/ozonophere臭氧层ultravioletradiation紫外辐射pollutioncontrol污染控制airpollution空气控制waterpollution 水污染no某iou/to某ic有毒的fume（有毒的）废气wate废物olidwate固体废物ewage/watewater污水ewagepurification污水净化wagedipoal污水处理decibel （噪音）分贝11.能源相关foilfuel矿物燃料proceofphotoynthei光合作用olarenergy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energyconervation保护能源reource资源energyource能源资源tidalenergy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的ruhhour高峰期zeroemiion零辐射wildne野生/天然preervation保护atmophere大气carbon碳dio某ide二氧化物burningofcoalandoil煤油燃烧globalwarming全球变暖greenhoueeffect温室效应rieinealevel海平面上升long-termclimaticchange长期的气候变化environmentalrecyclingcenter再循环利用中心litter/trahgarbage垃圾pollutant污染物deertification沙漠化deforet滥伐森林drought 干旱waterhortage水源缺乏offhorepillage近海岸溢出carbondio某idereleae二氧化碳排放indutrialewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate恶化acidrain酸雨ewagedipoal污水处理environmentprotection环境保护ozonelayer臭氧层watedipoal废物处理emiion（汽车废气的）排放oot烟尘ElNio厄尔尼诺现象12.新技术发明相关13.人类学经典的pothumou死后的14.发展史文学muicalintrument乐器orchetra（管弦）乐队hookrattle摇拨浪鼓pounddru击鼓序曲epilogue尾声建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家contruct结构wing辐楼/侧楼deign设计elevator电梯kycraper摩天大楼deignelement设计元素logtructure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型buildingtechnique建筑工艺newmaterial新材料metal-frame金属结构repairperon修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archive档案馆officebuilding写字楼cathedral大教堂moque清真寺thetatueofliberty自由女神像thetriumphalarch凯旋门phin某狮身人面像pyramid金字塔catle城堡美术fineart美术oilpainting油画watercolor水彩画tempera蛋彩画ketch速写/素描patel彩色蜡笔画poter海报/招贴画charcoaldrawing木炭画muralpainting/freco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landcapepainting风景画tilllife静物画portrait肖像画caricature 漫画pigment颜色，色素canva油画布bruh画笔drawingboard画板perpective透视画法original原作copy临本reproduction/replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法pate裱糊impreionitictyle印象派风格framing 装框culpture雕塑culptor雕塑家figurine小雕像but半身雕塑像tatue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家a某ophonit萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。

托福阅读笔记TPO19：罗马军队对不列颠的影响

托福阅读笔记TPO19：罗马军队对不列颠的影响TPO19 The Roman Army's Impact On Britain文章题材：社会学科——罗马军队对不列颠的影响常见词汇：social ['səuʃəl] adj. 社会的，社交的n. 社交聚会stimulating adj. 刺激的，令人兴奋的indicate ['indikeit] v. 显示，象征，指示v. 指明，表明proficient [prə'fiʃənt] adj. 熟练的，精通的participation [pɑ:.tisi'peiʃən] n. 参加，参与impact ['impækt,im'pækt] n. 冲击(力), 冲突，影响(力)transfer [træns'fə:] n. 迁移，移动，换车v. 转移，调转，调任inevitably [in'evitəbli] adv. 不可避免地discontent [diskən'tent] n. 不满adj. 不满的content n 内容;满足adj 满意的vt 使满足entitle [in'taitl] vt. 取名为，使有权利易错题解析：Paragraph 1: In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in localgovernment, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.○The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D as the local economy improved.○Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.○With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.题型：句子简化题。

【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析

【托福写作备考】TPO19综合写作文本与解析TPO 19首先来看综合写作的阅读材料：Many consumers ignore commercial advertisements. In response, advertisingcompanies have started using a new tactic, calling “buzzing.” The advertisershire people - buzzers - who personally promote (buzz) products to people theyknow or meet. The key part is that the buzzers do not reveal that they are beingpaid to promote anything. They behave as though they were just spontaneouslypraising a product during normal conversation. Buzzing has generated a lot ofcontroversy, and many critics would like to see it banned.中文：很多消费者都无视商业广告。

为了应对这种情况，广告公司开始采取一种名为”托儿”的新策略。

广告公司雇佣托儿，让他们向他们认识的或者遇见的人推荐产品。

这种策略的关键是托儿是会隐藏他们受雇佣来推荐产品这一事实的。

他们表现出他们只是在日常的交流中无意地推荐某种产品。

这种营销方式引来了很多争议，而许多批评家希望能够禁止这种方式。

First, the critics complain that consumers should know whether a personpraising a product is being paid to praise the product. Knowing this makes a bigdifference: we expect the truth from people who we believe do not have anymotive for misleading us. But with buzzing what you hear is just paidadvertising, which may well give a person incorrect information about the buzzedproduct.中文：首先，批评家认为消费者有权利知道向他推荐产品的人是否是有报酬的。

TPO19听力文本

Conversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and the professor.StudentHi, professor Handerson. That was a really interesting lecture in class today.ProfessorThanks, Tom. Yeah, animals’ use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that’s a fascinating area. One we are really just starting to understand.StudentYeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing. Oh, like, non-poisonous butterflies, that have come to look like poisonous ones. But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other, I have never heard that before.ProfessorRight, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are. StudentSo they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory ?ProfessorRight, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well ...StudentYeah, I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.Professor3Yeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances. But for example, a buisness sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do?StudentWell, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.ProfessorRight, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs. There are risks with pricing too high, the other company might get the sale, there is also the number and types of computers to consider. Each company has to find a balance between the cost and benefits. Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like this to predict outcomes.StudentOk, I get that. But how does it apply to animals ?ProfessorWell, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper.StudentThe literature review ?ProfessorYeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them. If there is a confict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.Well, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can’t say I understand much of the statistics end. ProfessorWell, I can point you to some that presents fairly basic studies, that don’t assume much background knowledge.You’ll just need to answer a few specific questions: What was the researchers’ hypothesis? What did they want to find out? And how did they conduct their research? An then the conclusions they came to. Learning tointerpret these statistics will come later.Lecture 1-Linguistics(Proto-Indo-European)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class.ProfessorAll right, so far we have been looking at some of the core areas of linguistics, like syntax, phonology, semantics,and these are things that we can study by looking at one language at a time, how sounds, and words, andsentences work in a given language. But the branch of historical linguistics, involves the comparison of several different languages, or the comparison of different stages of a single language.Now, if you are comparing different languages, and you notice that they have a lot in common. Maybe they have similar sounds and words that correspond to one another that have the same meaning and that sound similar.Let’s use a real-world example. In the 18thcentury, scholars who have studied the ancient languages, Sanskrit,Latin and Greek, noticed that these three languages had many similarities. And there might be several reasonswhy languages such as these had so much in common. Maybe it happened by chance, maybe one language washeavily influenced by borrowed words from the other. Or maybe, maybe the languages developed from the same source language long ago, that is, maybe they are genetically related, that was what happened with Sanskrit,Latin and Greek. These languages had so many similarities that it was concluded that they must have all comefrom the same source. And talk about important discoveries in linguistics, this was certainly one of them.The scholars referred to that source language as Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-European is a reconstructed language. Meaning, it is what linguists concluded a parent language of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek would have tobe like. And Proto-Indo-European branched out into other languages, which evolved into others, so in the end,many languages spoken all over the world today can trace their ancestry back to one language,Proto-Indo-European, which was spoken several thousand years ago.Now, one way of representing the evolution of languages, showing the way languages are related to each other,is with the family tree model. Like a family tree that you might use to trace back through generations of ancestors, only it’s showing a family of geneticall related languages instead of people. A tree model for a language family starts with one language, which we call a mother language, for example, Proto-Indo-European.The mother language, is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughterlanguages, which branch into daughter languages of their own, and languages that have the same source, thesame mother, are called sisters, they share a lot of characteristics, and this went on until we are looking at a bigupside down tree languages like this. It is incomplete of course, just to give you an idea. So that’s the family tree model, basically.Now, the tree model is a convenient way of representing the development of a language family and of showing how closely related two of more languages are. But it is obviously very simplified, having a whole language represented by just one branch on a tree doesn’t really do justice to all the variations within that language. You know, Spanish that spoken in Spain isn’t exactly the same as Spanish that is spoken in Mexico, for example. Another issue is that languages evolve very gradually, but the tree model makes it look like they evolve over night, like there was a distinct moment in time when a mother language clearly broke off into daughter languages. Butit seems to me it probably wasn’t quite like that.7Lecture 2-Astronomy(Radio Astronomy & Optical Astronomy)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.ProfessorSo how many of you have seen the Milky Way, the Milky Galaxy in the sky? You, you have?StudentYeah, I was camping, and there was no moon that night, it was super dark.ProfessorAnybody else? Not too many. Isn’t that strange that the Milky Way is the galaxy that the planet earth is in, and most of us have never seen it? Now, what’s the problem here?StudentLight pollution, right? From street lights and stuff ...ProfessorYes, Especially unshielded street light, you know, ones that aren’t pointed downward. Now, here’s an irony, the buiding we are in now, the astronomy building not far from our observatory, has unshielded lights.StudentSo the problem is pretty widespread.ProfessorIt is basically beyond control, as far as expecting to view the night sky anywhere near city, I mean. I have lived around here my whole life. And I have never seen the Milky Way within city limits, and I probably never will. There is a price for progress, eh?But let’s think beyond light pullution, that’s only one kind of a technological advance that has interfered with astronomical research.Can anyone think of another? No?Ok, let’s look at it this way, we don’t only gain information by looking at the stars, for the past 70 years or so, we have also used radio astronomy1, which lets us study radio waves from the sky.StudentHow can you observe radio waves? I mean, tell anything about the stars from that.ProfessorWell, in optical astronomy, using a telescope and observing the stars that way, we rely on visible light waves.What we are seeing from earth is actually electromagnetic radiation that’s coming from stars. And just one partof it is visible light. But there are problems with that.When photons2and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets, oxygen and nitrogen molecules,dust particles and so on. These objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the moon, all these ambient light. And on top of that, when that visible radiation bounces off those molecules, it scatters in all directions. And well, light from stars, even nearby in our own galax y, doesn’t stand a chance against that. Basically the light bouncing off all these objects close to earth is brighter than what’s coming from the stars.Now, radiowaves are electromagnetic radiation that we can’t see. Nearly all astronomical objects i n space emit radio waves, whether nearby stars, objects in far away galaxies, they all give off radio waves. And unlike visible light waves, these radio waves can get through the various gases and dusts in space, and through our own earth’s atmosphere comparatively easily.StudentOk, then we might as well give up on optical astronomy and go with radio astronomy.ProfessorWell, the thing is, with the radio astronomy, you can’t just set up a telescope in you backyard and observe stars. One problem is that radio waves from these far away objects, even though they can get through, are extremely faint. So we need to use radio telescopes, specially designed to receive these waves and then, well, we can use computers to create pictures based on the information we receive.StudentThat sounds cool. So, how do they do that?ProfessorWell, it is kind of like the same way a satellite dish3receives its signal, if you are familiar with that. But radiotelescopes are sometimes grouped together, is the same effect as having one big telescope to increase radiowave gathering power. And they use electronics, quite sophisticated. Yeah, it is neat how they do it, but for now why don’t we just stick with what we can learn from it. Some very impor tant discoveries have been made by this technology, especially you consider that some objects in space give off radio waves but don’t emit any light. We have trouble discovering those sorts of bodies, much less studying them using just optical telescopes.StudentWell, If the radio waves are so good at getting throught the universe, what’s the problem?ProfessorWell, answer this. How come people have to turn off their cell phones and all our electronic devices when an airplane is about to take off?StudentThe phones interfere with the radio communication at the airport, right?StudentOh, so our radio waves here on earth interfere with the waves from space?ProfessorYes, signal from radios, cell phones, TV stations, remote controls, you name it. All these things cause interference. We don’t think about that as often as we think about light pollution. But all those electrical gauges pollute the skies, just in a differen way.Conversation 2NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and the director of the student cafeteria.StudentHi, I... I am sorry to interrupt, could I ask you a few questions?DirectorSure, but if it is about you meal plan, you’ll need to go to Room 45, just down the hall.StudentEh, no, I am OK with my meal plan. I am actually here about the food in the student cafeteria.DirectorOh, we do feed a lot of students, so we can’t always honor individual requests. I am sure you understand.StudentOf course. It is just that I am a little concerned, I mean, a lot of us are, that a lot of the food you serve isn’t really that healthy. Like there are so many deep-fried foods.DirectorAs a matter of fact, we recently changed the type of oil we use in our fryer . It is the healthiest available. And would you believe that at least ten students have already complaint that their french fries and fried chicken don’t taste as good since we switched?StudentOh, I try not to eat too many fried foods anyway. I am just aware that, eh...You see, I used to work in a natural food store. They had all these literature4advising people to eat fresh organic growing food. Working there reallyopen my eyes.DirectorDid you come to the organic food festival we had to celebrate Earth Day?StudentOh, sorry, I must have missed that.DirectorWe served only certified organic food, most of which was from local farms. It is not something we can afford todo on a daily basis, and there aren’t too many organic farms around h ere. But sometime the produce we offer is organically grown. It depends on the season and the prices of course.StudentThat’s good to know. I like the fact that organic farms don’t use chemical pesticides or anything that can pollutethe soil or the water.DirectorI do too. But let me ask you this. Is it better to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand mile away. What about fossile fuels burned by the trucks’ engine. Plus the expense of shipping food across long distances. And nutritionally speaking, an apple is an apple however it is grown.StudentI see your point. It is not so clear-cut.DirectorWhy don’t you visit our cafeteria’s website? We list all our food suppliers. You know, where we buy the food that we serve. And the site also suggests ways to make your overall diet a healthy one. You can also find some charts listing fat and calorie content for different types of seafood, meat and the other major food groups.StudentI didn’t realize you thought about all these things so carefully, I just noticed the high-calorie food in the cafeteria. DirectorWell, we have to give choices so everyone is satisfied. But if you wish to pursue this further, I suggest that you talk to my boss.StudentThat’s OK, seems like you are doing what you can.Lecture 3-Marine Biology(Plant Life in Salt Marshes)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.ProfessorOk, today we are going to continue our discussion of plant life in coastal salt marshes5of North America. Saltmarshes are among the least inviting environments for plants. The water is salty, there is little shade and the ocean tide comes in and out, constantly flooding the marsh, so the variety of plants found in salt marshes is limited, but there is a plant genus that thrives there, the Spartina.In fact, the Spartina genus is the dominant plant found in salt marshes. You can find one type of the Spartina, Saltmarsh Cordgrass, growing in low marsh areas. In higher marsh areas, you are likely to find a Spartina commonly called Salt-meadow Hay. So how is the Spartina able to survive in an envrionment that would kill most plants? well, it is because salt marsh grasses have found ways to adapt to the conditions there.First of all, they are able to withstand highly saline conditions. One really interesting adaptation is the ability to reverse the process of osmosis6. Typically, the process of osmosis works... Well, when water moves through thewall of a plant cell, it will move from the side containing water with the lowest amount of salt into the side containing the highest amount of salt. so imagine what would happen if a typical plant suddenly found itself in salt water, the water contained in the plant cells, that is water with very little salt would be drawn out toward the seawater, water with a lot of salt. So you can see the fresh water contained in the plant will be removed and the plant will quickly lose all its water and dehydrate. But what about the Spartinas, well, they allow a certain amount of salt to enter their cells, bringing the salt content of the water within the plant, to a slightly higher concentration than that of the surrounding seawater. So instead of fresh water moving out of the plant cells, salt from the seawater enters, reverse osmosis, and this actually strengthens the cells.Another adaptation to the salty environment is the ability to excrete excess salt back to the environment. That’swhy you might see a Spartina shimmering in the sunlight. What’s reflecting the light is not salt from seawaterthat has evaporated, altho ugh that’s a good guess. But it is actually the salt that came from within the plant.Pretty cool, eh? You can really impress your friends and family with that little ? the next time you are in a salt marsh.But coping with salt is not the only challenge for plants in the salt marsh. Soil there is dense and very low inoxygen, so Spartinas have air tubes, air enters through tiny openings on the leaves, the tubes provide direct pipeline for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves through the stems and into the roots, where it is needed. If you pullup a Spartina, you might even notice some reddish mud on some of the roots, this is caused by oxygen reactingwith iron sulfide in the soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust.Now, although the Spartinas have adapted several chemical and physical mechanisms that allow them to thrivein salt water and to feed oxygen to their roots. There is yet another aspect of the harsh environment that theyhave to adapt to, the force of tides and occasional violent storms. Wind and water are constantly crashing into these plants. So as you might have guessed, they have developed a means of solidly anchoring themselves intothe soil. How? They have tough sort of underground stems called rhizome, rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, acommunity that will thrive and perish together. Because alone as single plants, they cannot survive. Of coursethe plants in these colonies also need tough resilient stems above the soil, stems that can bent a lot but notbreak as water constantly crashes into them.So in addtion to the interlocking underground rhizomes, they have yet another adaptation, and it is ... well, weare back to reverse osmosis again, by adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated,the plant is able to withstand great pressure befor snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, butthey are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and eventhrive in an evironment in which most plants will wilt7and die within hours.Recommended Reading:Salt Marsh LifeLife in New Hampshire Salt MarshesDynamics of the Salt MarshLecture 4-Art History(Cecilia Beaux)NarratorListen to part of a discussion in an art history class.ProfessorAll right, let’s continue our discussion of portrait artists(portraitist) and portraiture. Who remembers any of the important points we made last time? Sandra?StudentWell, artists have done portraits of people for centuries, of famous people and regular people, and most portraits convey the artists’ personal vision, like their feelings and insights abo ut a person.ProfessorGreat, that’s a crucial point, and I’d like to explore that a little today. A great example of that, that vision in portraiture, is Cecilia Beaux. Cecilia Beaux was born in 1854, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States. Shewas very successful. She even had portraits of the wife and children of Theodore Roosevelt, while he was president. Some did not get much more prestige than that.Now, those portraits also reflect the kind of subjects that Beaux tended to use, which were mostly women and children. For example, in her first major work, her subjects were ..., the painting featured her sister and her nephew. Yes, Mark?StudentYeah, it just seems interesting. I was wondering if that was unusual to have a portrait artist who is a woman become so well-known and successful in the 19thcentury.ProfessorGreat question. Yeah, she really stood out back in the 1800s. And today, she is still considered one of the greatest portrait painters of her time, male or female. In fact, she was the first full-time female instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and she was a full member of the National Academy of Design. These are pretty important institutions, so, yeah, she definitely made headway for women artists.Ok, so let’s look at one of her portraits now, this painting is called The Dreamer. It is one of my favori tes. And I think it is especially characteristic of Beaux’s work. So what you see here is a portrait of a close friend of Cecilia Beaux. So tell me what’s the first thing that draws you to this painting? What catches your eye first.StudentWell, for me, it is her face and hands, I think they are really expressive, and also, they make the woman seem very comtemplative, seems like she is thinking pretty seriously about something.StudentYeah, her eyes kind of draw you in. But what strikes me is the contrasting colors, the white dress and the dark background. It kind of reminds me of that painting we discussed a few weeks ago, by ...eh... John Singer Sargent.I think it was called MadameX?ProfessorI agree, good point. Yes, Beaux had high regard for Sargent’s work. And this is something, a technique you will find in both of their work.Ok, but the painting is called The Dreamer. What do you see is dreamlike about it?StudentWell, the background behind the woman is pretty vague. Like, maybe there is no real context, like no definite surroundings, expecially compared to the woman herself, since she is so clear and well-defined.ProfessorYes, the unclear background definitely contributes to that dreaminess. It is meant to show a sense of isolation I think. With the woman is deep in a daydream and not really aware of anything eale. This painting shows how insightful Cecilia Beaux was as a portrait artist. Besides her excellent technical skills, like her use of brush strokes and color to make an impression, both respectives come through. Her portraits reveal her own interpretation of her subject’s state of mind. This is what it is all about, not just likenesses8.Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter. Beaux used some impressionist techniques and share much of their phylosophy, but her style, it was all her own.。

托福TPO19听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO19听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO19听力Conversation2文本 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and the director of the student cafeteria. Student: Hi, I... I am sorry to interrupt, could I ask you a few questions? Director: Sure, but if it is about you meal plan, you’ll need to go to Room 45, just down the hall. Student: Eh, no, I am OK with my meal plan. I am actually here about the food in the student cafeteria. Director: Oh, we do feed a lot of students, so we can’t always honor individual requests. I am sure you understand. Student: Of course. It is just that I am a little concerned, I mean, a lot of us are, that a lot of the food you serve isn’t really that healthy. Like there are so many deep-fried foods. Director: As a matter of fact, we recently changed the type of oil we use in our fryer. It is the healthiest available. And would you believe that at least ten students have already complaint that their French fries and fried chicken don’t taste as good since we switched? Student: Oh, I try not to eat too many fried foods anyway. I am just aware that, eh...You see, I used to work in a natural food store. They had all these literature advising people to eat fresh organic growing food. Working there really open my eyes. Director: Did you come to the organic food festival we had last year to celebrate Earth Day? Student: Oh, sorry, I must have missed that. Director: We served only certified organic food, most of which was from local farms. It is not something we can afford to do on a daily basis, and there aren’t too many organic farms around here. But sometime the produce we offer is organically grown. It depends on the season and the prices of course. Student: That’s good to know. I like the fact that organic farms don’t use chemical pesticides or anything that can pollute the soil or the water. Director: I do too. But let me ask you this. Is it better to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand mile away? What about fossil fuels burned by the trucks’ engine. Plus the expense of shipping food across long distances.And nutritionally speaking, an apple is an apple however it is grown. Student: I see your point. It is not so clear-cut. Director: Why don’t you visit our cafeteria’s website? We list all our food suppliers. You know, where we buy the food that we serve. And the site also suggests ways to make your overall diet a healthy one. You can also find some charts listing fat and calorie content for different types of seafood, meat and the other major food groups. Student: I didn’t realize you thought about all these things so carefully, I just noticed the high-calorie food in the cafeteria. Director: Well, we have to give choices so everyone is satisfied. But if you wish to pursue this further, I suggest that you talk to my boss. Student: That’s OK, seems like you are doing what you can. 托福TPO19听力Conversation2题目 1.What is the conversation mainly about? A. Changes that will be made in food choices offered to students. B. Food-safety procedures followed by the cafeteria staff. C. Issues related to the cafeteria's food policy. D. Common complaints about the food served in the cafeteria 2.According to the woman,how did some students react to the change in frying oil used in the cafeteria? A. They said the change made the food less tasty. B. They said the change made the food less oily. C. They asked for information about the new oil.。

托福36套词表汇总TPO (19)

whence
adv.从何处，从那里;（到）……的地方;出于什么原因;
likewise
adv.同样地;也，而
hence
adv.因此，所以;从此;从此处;
regiment
n.（军队的）团;大量的人或物;vt.严格地管制
flora
n.（某地区或某时期的）植物群;植物志;植物区系
moose
n. [动]大角麋，驼鹿
precipitation
n.匆促;沉淀;（雨等）降落;某地区降雨等的量
fauna
n.动物群;动物志
glaciation
n.冻结成冰，冰河作用
turnover
n.翻滚，翻倒，弄翻，逆转，转向adj.或折转的
paradigm
n.范例，样式，模范;词形变化表
infrastructure
n.基础设施;基础建设
troop
n.军队;一群;[军]骑兵连;vi.成群结队地走;群集;
territory
n.领土，版图;领地;领域，范围;[商]势力范围
clay
n.黏土，泥土;
imposition
n.强加;被迫接受;过分的要求;税收
authority
n.权威;权力;学术权威;[复数]当权者
shrinkage
n.收缩，皱缩，缩水;跌价;抽缩
garrison
n.守备部队，卫戍部队vt.守卫;驻防
pool
n.水池;石油层;淤积;合伙经营;采（煤等）
characterization
n.特性描述;（对书或戏剧中人物的）刻画，塑造
network
n.网;vt.& vi.将……连接成网络;vi.沟通，互助
locality

TPO19：

TPO19： THE ROMAN ARMYS IMPACT ON BRITAINThe Roman Army’s Impact on Britain1.遗漏精华信息。

改变重要含义或者遗漏精华信息以下哪⼀项能表达出⾼亮句⼦的精华核⼼精华核⼼含义？错误选项改变重要含义In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.罗马帝国在公元⼀世纪征服了⼤不列颠后，有⼤量的驻军留在的新的省份，这些驻军的营地、城防以及对当地经济的参与对⼤不列颠有很⼤的影响。

a)许多罗马⼠兵在征服了⼤不列颠之后留在了那⾥，他们留在那⼉有很强的影响⼒。

b)新的罗马⼤不列颠省份随着经济的改善，在公元⼀世纪苏醒。

c)营地、城防和经济变化帮助罗马征服了⼤不列颠。

d)随着罗马军队征服⼤不列颠，罗马帝国也获得⼤量的经济增长。

2.根据第⼀段，罗马军队对⼤不列颠哪些地⽅影响最⼤？（Factual Information Question）a)最先被征服的地区b)⼈⼝中⼼附近地区c)⽤作军事基地地区d)迅速并⼊帝国的地区解析：段落第四句“Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential.”意思是：在军队驻扎的地⽅，军队对当地的影响更⼤。

第五句“The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise he soldiers’ animals.”意思是：军事基地强迫征收当地⼟地⽤来建造城堡以及喂养训练⼠兵的动物。

TPO19-1TheRomanarmysimpactonBritain

TPO19-1TheRomanarmysimpactonBritainTPO 19-1 The Roman army’s impact onBritain1. In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.解析：in the wake of作为...的结果，随着...而来。

have impact on对...有影响，该句难点在于生词多troop 军队fortification防御工事participation 参与翻译：在公元一世纪罗马帝国征服大不列颠之后，有大量军队驻留在新的省份，这些军队的军营和城堡以及它们对当地经济的参与都对英国造成了很大的影响。

2. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.解析：imposition征收征税主语为the imposition of military rule 谓语为robbed。

participate in 参与加入. stunt 阻碍..的发展，因此原文中的was stunted就是被阻碍的意思，disaffection不满。

单词TPO19

TPO 19 Conversation 1deception [dɪ'sɛpʃən] n. 欺骗trick [trɪk] n. 诡计fascinating ['fæsɪnetɪŋ] adj. 有吸引力的selective [sɪ'lɛktɪv] adj. 选择的poisonous ['pɔɪzənəs] adj. 有毒的invade [ɪn'ved] v. 侵袭territory ['tɛrətɔri] n. 领土，领域imitate ['ɪmɪtet] v. 模仿bidding ['bɪdɪŋ] n. 投标，出价balance ['bæləns] n. 平衡journal ['dʒɝnl] n. 杂志discuss [dɪ'skʌs] v. 讨论conclusion [kən'kluʒn] n. 结论statistics [stə'tɪstɪks] n. 统计学conduct [kən'dʌkt] v. 进行interpret [ɪn'tɝprɪt] v. 解释deceptive [dɪ'septɪv] adj. 骗人的Lecture 1linguistics [lɪŋ'ɡwɪstɪks] n. 语言学core [kɔr] n. 核心branch [bræntʃ] n. 分支involve [ɪn'vɑlv] v. 包含correspond [ˌkɔrə'spɑnd] v. 相一致similarity [ˌsɪmə'lærəti] n. 相似reconstructed [ˌri:kən'strʌktid] adj. 重建的trace [tres] v. 追溯ancestry ['ænsɛstri] n. 祖先genetical [dʒi'netikəl] adj. 遗传的convenient [kən'vinɪənt] adj. 方便的simplify ['sɪmplɪfaɪ] v. 简化justice ['dʒʌstɪs] n. 公正variation [ˌvɛrɪ'eʃən] n. 变化genetically [dʒə'netɪkli] adv. 遗传（基因）方面similarity [ˌsɪmə'lærəti] n. 相似ancestor ['ænsestər] n. 祖先Lecture 2irony ['aɪrəni] n. 反语observatory [əb'zɝvətɔri] n. 气象台widespread ['waɪdsprɛd] adj. 普遍的technological [tɛknə'lɑdʒɪkl] adj. 技术上的advance [əd'væns] n. 提高telescope ['tɛlɪskop] n. 望远镜visible ['vɪzəbl] adj. 明显的electromagnetic [ɪ,lɛktromæɡ'nɛtɪk] adj. 电磁的droplet ['drɑplət] n. 小滴dust [dʌst] n. 尘埃ambient ['æmbɪənt] adj. 周围的radiation [ˌredɪ'eʃən] n. 放射scatter ['skætɚ] v. 分散，散开direction [daɪ'rɛkʃən] n. 方向faint [fent] adj. 微弱的sophisticated [sə'fɪstɪketɪd] adj. 精密的universe ['junɪvɝs] n. 宇宙device [dɪ'vaɪs] n. 装置interfere [ˌɪntɚ'fɪr] v. 干预remote [rɪ'mot] adj. 遥远的gauge [ɡeidʒ] n. 计量表astronomical [ˌæstrə'nɑːmɪkl]adj. 天文学的emit [i'mɪt] v. 发出get through 通过particle ['pɑːrtɪkl]n. 颗粒Conversation 2interrupt ['ɪntə'rʌpt] v. 打断available [ə'veləbl] adj. 可用的at least 至少switch [swɪtʃ] v. 转换organic [ɔr'gænɪk] adj. 有机的certify ['sɝtə'fai] v. 证明pesticide ['pɛstɪsaɪd] n. 杀虫剂truck [trʌk] v. 用卡车运输engine ['ɛndʒɪn] n. 发动机chart [tʃɑrt] n. 图表calorie ['kæləri] n. 卡路里satisfied ['sætɪs'faɪd] adj. 满意的pursue [pə'sʊ] v. 从事tasty ['teɪsti] adj. 好吃的nutritional [nju'trɪʃənl] adj. 营养的specific [spə'sɪfɪk] adj. 特殊的Lecture 3marine [mə'rin] adj. 海的coastal ['kostl] adj. 沿海的marsh [mɑrʃ] n. 湿地shade [ʃed] n. 阴影tide [taɪd] n. 潮汐dominant ['dɑmɪnənt] adj. 占优势的withstand [wɪð'stænd] v. 经受，承受saline ['selin] adj. 含盐分的osmosis [ɑzˈmosɪs] n. 渗透作用drawn [drɔn] adj. 疲惫的dehydrate [di'haɪdret] v. 使脱水strengthen ['strɛŋθn] v. 加强excrete [ɪk'skrit] v. 排出shimmer ['ʃɪmɚ] v. 闪闪发光evaporate [ɪ'væpəret] v. 蒸发dense [dɛns] adj. 浓厚的reddish ['rɛdɪʃ] adj. 微红的mud [mʌd] n. 泥oxide ['ɑksaɪd] n. 氧化物mechanism ['mɛkənɪzəm] n. 机械装置occasional [ə'keʒənl] adj. 偶尔的violent ['vaɪələnt] adj. 强烈的storm [stɔrm] n. 暴风雪anchor ['æŋkɚ] n. 锚muddy ['mʌdi] adj. 泥泞的colony ['kɑləni] n. 殖民地perish ['pɛrɪʃ] v. 死亡rhizome ['raɪzom] n. 根茎inflate [ɪn'flet] v. 膨胀thrive [θraɪv] v. 茁壮成长Lecture 4portrait ['pɔrtrət] n. 肖像insight ['ɪn'saɪt] n. 洞察力crucial ['krʊʃəl] adj. 决定性的president ['prɛzɪdənt] n. 校长prestige [prɛ'stidʒ] n. 威望feature ['fitʃɚ] v. 特写institution [ˌɪnstɪ'tuʃən] n. 惯例headway ['hɛd,we] n. 前进，进步contrast ['kɑntræst] n. 对比vague [veɡ] adj. 模糊的organization [ˌɔːrɡənə'zeɪʃn]n. 组织dreaminess ['drɪərinəs] n. 沉寂，凄凉clarity ['klærəti] n. 清楚impressionist [ɪm'preʃənɪst] n. 印象主义者。