科技英语翻译中modern与modernization关系之我见
科技英语翻译中modern与modernization关系分析
ｍｏ ｅ ｍｏ ｅｎｚｔ ｎ 关 系 ｄｒ ｎ ｄｒｉ ｉ ａｏ
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浅论科技英语中的名词化现象及翻译 文档
浅论科技英语中的名词化现象及翻译1 引言科技文体的特点是用词准确、语言简练、表达客观、条理清晰、内容确切，具有很强的专业性和实用性。
英汉两种语言属于不同的语系，在行文习惯、修辞方式、词语搭配、语法结构和表达习惯等方面都有很大的差异，因此在翻译时就要注意两种语言的特点，对待不同的语言文字根据语境等的不同采取不同的翻译方法。
在众多翻译方法中，名词化(Nominalization)就是翻译工作者应当注意的重要方法之一。
名词化现象是正式语体的最显著特征之一，名词化结构使用的频率越高，文体的正式程度就越高（肖建安，王志军，2001），这也成为许多科技类文章晦涩难懂难翻译的原因之一。
因此，要做好名词化的翻译可以体现科技文体严谨、准确的特点，好的名词化的翻译也有助于读者对文章的理解。
2 名词化的定义与分类根据《语言与语言学词典》（哈特曼等，1980）上的定义，名词化(Nominalization)是指：(1)用添加适当的派生词的办法把其他某词类的词构成名词的过程和结果，如happiness, permission; (2)用名词短语代替动词结构或从句的过程。
Halliday把名词化结构称为一种语法隐喻(grammatical，而把相对应的非隐喻性的表达形式，即相对的动词metaphor)．或形容词表达形式，称为“一致式”(congruent form)。
隐喻是指其本体(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)相互作用，把喻体的联想含义(associated implications)投射到本体上，产生出隐喻意义。
语法隐喻就指由一个常见的语法形式（即一致式）所表达的意义转换为另一种语法形式（即隐喻式）来表达。
名词化，作为一种语法隐喻，就是把过程和属性隐喻为事物，通过名词或名词词组的方式表现出来。
名词化在科技文体中是一种常见的现象，在科技文体的翻译中就应当根据两种语言（源语言和目标语）的特点做出适当的处理，使译文符合目标语的特点，在保证科技文本身的特点的同时，更为读者所理解和接受。
modernization英文作文
modernization英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Modernization is the process of adapting to the contemporary world. It involves embracing new technologies, ideas, and lifestyles. It's all about keeping up with the times and moving forward.People often associate modernization with technological advancements. From smartphones to self-driving cars, technology has changed the way we live and work. It has made our lives more convenient and connected.But modernization isn't just about gadgets and gizmos. It's also about evolving social norms and values. The way we communicate, interact, and form relationships has been transformed by the modern world.In the past, traditional customs and practices were the norm. But as society modernizes, these traditions are often replaced by new ways of thinking and behaving. This can lead to a clash of old and new, as people struggle to adaptto the changing world around them.The impact of modernization can be seen in every aspect of our lives. From the way we dress to the way we eat, modernization has influenced our daily habits and routines. It has also shaped our attitudes and beliefs, as we strive to keep pace with the ever-changing world.In conclusion, modernization is an ongoing process that affects every aspect of our lives. It's about embracing change and adapting to the contemporary world. As society continues to evolve, the impact of modernization will only become more pronounced.。
modernization英文作文
modernization英文作文Title: The Significance of Modernization in Contemporary Society。
In today's rapidly evolving world, the concept of modernization holds immense significance. It encompasses various aspects of societal, economic, technological, and cultural advancement, driving progress and shaping the course of human civilization. This essay explores the multifaceted dimensions of modernization and its profound impact on contemporary society.At its core, modernization represents the transition from traditional, agrarian-based societies to more advanced, industrialized ones. This transition is marked bysignificant changes in economic structure, production methods, social organization, and cultural values. Industrialization, urbanization, and technologicalinnovation are key catalysts driving this transformation.Economically, modernization fosters growth and development by promoting efficiency, productivity, and specialization. Industrial revolutions throughout history have spurred economic expansion, creating new opportunities for employment, investment, and trade. The shift from agrarian economies to industrial economies has led to higher living standards, increased wealth, and greater economic interdependence on a global scale.Technological advancements play a pivotal role in the process of modernization, driving innovation across various sectors. The rapid pace of technological change has revolutionized communication, transportation, healthcare, and manufacturing, enhancing efficiency, convenience, and quality of life. From the advent of the internet to therise of artificial intelligence, technology continues to reshape the way we live, work, and interact with one another.Moreover, modernization brings about profound social transformations, reshaping the fabric of society and altering traditional norms and values. Urbanization, forinstance, leads to the concentration of population in cities, fostering diversity, mobility, and cosmopolitanism. This demographic shift brings people from diverse backgrounds together, fostering cultural exchange, social mobility, and the diffusion of ideas.Furthermore, modernization often accompanies changes in social institutions and governance structures. Democratic principles of governance gain prominence as societies modernize, promoting political participation, accountability, and the rule of law. Education, healthcare, and social welfare systems also undergo reforms to meet the evolving needs of modern societies, ensuring equitable access to essential services and opportunities.Culturally, modernization entails a complex interplay between tradition and innovation, as societies navigate between preserving cultural heritage and embracing new ideas and lifestyles. Globalization facilitates the exchange of cultural practices, beliefs, and values, leading to cultural hybridization and the emergence of multicultural identities. While some may perceivemodernization as a threat to cultural authenticity, others view it as an opportunity for cultural enrichment and creative expression.In conclusion, modernization is a dynamic and multifaceted process that shapes the trajectory of human progress in the contemporary world. It encompasses economic, technological, social, and cultural dimensions, driving innovation, growth, and societal transformation. While modernization brings about unprecedented opportunities and benefits, it also poses challenges and complexities that require thoughtful consideration and strategic planning. Embracing the forces of modernization while preserving essential values and principles is essential for building a sustainable and inclusive future for all.。
科技英语翻译技巧
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.
结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.
将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.
5、定语从句
During construction, problems often arisewhich require design changes.
在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other,which depend upon the distance between them.
现代科技与人类的关系The Relationship Between Modern Technology and Human
现代科技与人类的关系The Relationship Between Modern Technologyand HumanIn the modern time, the growth of technology is increasingly developed. More and more people don't use their brains when there is no need to use other instruments. Too much people use technology so that people are lazier and less healthy than before. They rely on technology too much. 在当今时代，技术发展得越来越发达了。
在没有必要使用其他工具时，越来越多的人不使用自己的大脑了。
太多的人使用技术使得他们比以前懒惰和不健康。
他们过分依赖技术。
Some believe that modern technology shorten the distance of human. For instance, people all use cellphone to call friends or family, or computer to search information, or use QQ, MSN, twitter, blog etc. These modern instruments shorten the distance between human.有些人认为，现代技术缩短了人与人之间的距离。
例如，人们都用手机打电话给朋友或家人，或用计算机检索信息，或用QQ，MSN，推特，博客等。
这些现代工具缩短了人与人之间的距离。
However, others think that it's just the reverse. Technology makes people use less face-to-face communication. The contact in real life is less and less. People do less interaction to each other. In the long term, people will get depressed without enough communication.然而，其他人则不这么认为。
科技的利弊英语作文范文(通用3篇)
科技的利弊英语作文范文(通用3篇)【xxxx--作文征文】作文是人们经过思维和语言组织，用文字表达主题的一种叙事方式。
作文分为小学作文、中学作文和大学作文论文。
写作风格包括：叙事性、说明文、实用性和议论文。
以下是为大家整理的关于科技的利弊英语作文的文章3篇,欢迎品鉴！科技的利弊英语作文篇1In recent years there has been a vast increase in the number of students choosing to study abroad. This is partly because people are more affluent and party due to the variety of grants and scholarships which are available for overseas students nowadays. Although foreign study is not something which every student would choose, it is an attractive option for many people.Studying overseas has a number of advantages. Firstly, it may give students access to knowledge and facilities such as laboratories and libraries which are not available in their home country. Furthermore, by looking abroad students may find a wider range of courses than those offered in their country’s universities, and therefore one which fits more closely to their particular requirements.On the other hand, studying abroad has a number of drawbacks. These may be divided into personal and professional. Firstly, students have to leave their family and friends for a long period. Furthermore, studying abroad is almost always more expensive than studying at one’s local university. Finally, students often have to study in a foreign language, which may limit their performance and mean they do not attain their true level.In my opinion, however, the disadvantages of studying abroad are usually temporary in nature. Students who study abroad generally become proficient in the language quite soon and they are only away from their family and friends for a year or two. Furthermore, many of the benefits last students all their lives and make them highly desirable to prospective employers.作文参考翻译近年来，出国留学的学生数量有了很大的增长。
中英近代化的差异英语作文
中英近代化的差异英语作文标题，The Differences between Modernization in China and Britain。
Modernization is a process that has transformed societies worldwide, but the paths taken by different countries can vary significantly. China and Britain, as two major players in the modern world, have undergone profound changes in recent centuries, yet their experiences of modernization have been distinct in many ways. This essay will explore the differences between modernization in China and Britain, focusing on key aspects such as industrialization, political development, and social transformation.First and foremost, the industrial revolution played a pivotal role in shaping the modernization of both China and Britain, albeit in contrasting ways. In Britain, the industrial revolution began in the late 18th century, marked by the mechanization of textile production and thesubsequent expansion of factory-based industries. This led to significant economic growth, urbanization, and technological advancement, laying the foundation forBritain's emergence as the world's first industrialized nation.In contrast, China's experience of industrialization occurred much later and followed a different trajectory. While China had a long history of technological innovation and economic prosperity, it did not undergoindustrialization on a large scale until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The process was further interrupted by periods of political instability, such as the Opium Wars and the subsequent Qing dynasty's decline. It was not until the mid-20th century, under the leadership of the Communist Party, that China embarked on a concerted effort to industrialize through centralized planning and state-led development strategies.Moreover, the political development of China andBritain during the modernization process diverged significantly. Britain's modernization was accompanied bythe evolution of democratic institutions and the gradual expansion of political rights. The Magna Carta of 1215 laid the groundwork for constitutional governance, and subsequent reforms, such as the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Reform Acts of the 19th century, further extended political participation and representation.In contrast, China's modernization was characterized by a different political trajectory, marked by periods of authoritarian rule and revolutionary upheaval. The decline of the Qing dynasty in the 19th century was followed by the establishment of the Republic of China, but political instability persisted, culminating in the Chinese Civil War and the victory of the Communist Party in 1949. Under Communist rule, China underwent radical political transformation, with the establishment of a one-party state and the implementation of socialist policies aimed at restructuring society and the economy.Furthermore, the social transformation brought about by modernization differed significantly between China and Britain. In Britain, industrialization led to profoundchanges in social structure, with the emergence of a capitalist economy characterized by wage labor, urbanization, and class stratification. While this brought about economic opportunities for some, it also led tosocial inequality, labor exploitation, and urban squalor, sparking movements for social reform and workers' rights.In China, the impact of modernization on society was similarly profound but took on a different form. The Communist Party's revolutionary agenda aimed to eradicate traditional social hierarchies and create a classless society based on socialist principles. This involved the collectivization of agriculture, the nationalization of industry, and the promotion of gender equality and education. While these policies brought about significant social change and improved living standards for many, they also resulted in upheaval, political repression, and social engineering on a massive scale.In conclusion, the modernization experiences of China and Britain have been shaped by unique historical, political, and social factors, leading to distincttrajectories of development. While both countries have undergone profound transformations in recent centuries, the paths they have taken have been marked by significant differences in terms of industrialization, political development, and social transformation. By examining these differences, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of modernization and its impact on societies around the world.。
modernization 翻译
modernization 翻译
现代化。
modernization 中文解释为“现代化”。
它指的是社会、经济、政治和文化等多个方面的发展，即将一个社会由古老的制度和思维方式变革到与当代社会更加接近并融入其中。
现代化的一个重要特征是综合发展，以平衡和协调社会的经济、政治和社会效益，旨在为人民创造更良好的生活环境。
现代化的发展趋势有：一是发展科技，通过科技的发展和应用，提升国家的综合实力；二是改善人民的生活，使每个人都能享受到现代社会的便利；三是优化社会环境，努力创造一个良好的社会环境，让大家共同进步。
现代科技与人类亲密关系英文作文
现代科技与人类亲密关系英文作文Modern technology has become an integral part of human life, shaping the way we communicate, work, and live. With the rapid advancement of technology, it has greatly impacted the relationship between humans and the modern world. In this essay, I will discuss the close relationship between modern technology and humanity.Firstly, modern technology has revolutionized the way we communicate. With the invention of smartphones, social media, and messaging apps, people can easily connect with each other regardless of geographical boundaries. This has significantly enhanced our ability to stay in touch with friends and family, making the world a smaller and more connected place.In addition, modern technology has transformed the way we work. The advent of computers, the internet, and various software applications has made it possible for people to work remotely and collaborate with colleagues fromdifferent parts of the world. This has not only increased efficiency and productivity but has also created new opportunities for flexible work arrangements.Furthermore, modern technology has greatly improved our quality of life. From smart home devices to wearable technology, innovations in the field of technology have made our daily tasks more convenient and efficient. For example, smart home devices allow us to control our home appliances with a simple voice command, while wearable technology such as fitness trackers helps us monitor our health and fitness levels.However, the close relationship between modern technology and humanity also raises concerns about privacy and security. With the increasing amount of personal data being collected and shared online, there is a growing need to protect our privacy and ensure the security of our personal information. Additionally, the rise of artificial intelligence and automation has led to fears of job displacement and a loss of human touch in various industries.Despite these concerns, it is clear that modern technology has become an inseparable part of human life. It has brought about countless benefits and opportunities, from improving communication and work efficiency toenhancing our quality of life. As we continue to embraceand adapt to the advancements in technology, it isimportant to also address the ethical and societal implications that come with it.现代科技已经成为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分，塑造了我们交流、工作和生活的方式。
现代科技与人类的关系英语作文
现代科技与人类的关系英语作文In the age of remarkable Scientific and Technological Advancements, the relationship between modern technology and humanity has become increasingly intricate. This symbiosis, often described as a double-edged sword, cuts deeply into the fabric of our daily lives, shaping the way we work, communicate, learn, and娱乐. On one hand, modern technology has brought about remarkable conveniences and efficiencies, enhancing the quality of life for billions around the globe. On the other hand, it has also presented new challenges and ethical dilemmas that require careful consideration.**便捷与效率的提升**The most obvious benefit of modern technology is the便利 it has brought to our lives. The internet, for instance, has revolutionized the way we access information, communicate with others, and conduct business transactions. With just a few clicks, we can search for answers to any question, stay connected with friends and family across the globe, and purchase goods and services from anywhere in the world. Smartphones, laptops, and other digital devices havefurther empowered individuals, allowing them to accessthese services anytime, anywhere.Similarly, advancements in areas like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have led to remarkable efficiencies in various industries. Automation has reduced the need for manual labor in manufacturing, agriculture, and other sectors, increasing productivity and reducing costs. AI-powered tools are now used in areas like healthcare, finance, and education to analyze complex data, make informed decisions, and deliver personalized experiences.**挑战与伦理困境**However, the rise of modern technology has also presented new challenges and ethical dilemmas. One of the most significant concerns is the impact of technology on privacy. With so much of our personal information stored on digital devices and shared online, the risk of data breaches and privacy violations has increased significantly. Hackers and other malicious actors can steal sensitive information, leading to identity theft, financial loss, and other serious consequences.Another challenge is the rise of technology addiction. With so many digital devices and online services available, it's easy to become overly reliant on technology and neglect other important aspects of life. This can lead to problems like social isolation, lack of physical activity, and even mental health issues like anxiety and depression. Finally, the ethical implications of modern technology are also becoming increasingly apparent. Issues like automation displacing human workers, AI-powered decision-making potentially leading to unfair outcomes, and the use of technology for harmful purposes like cyberbullying and cyberwarfare require careful consideration and responsible action.**未来展望**Despite these challenges, the future of modern technology and its relationship with humanity remains bright. New advancements in areas like quantum computing, biotechnology, and nanotechnology promise to further revolutionize our lives, leading to even greater conveniences and efficiencies. However, it's crucial thatwe approach these technologies with caution and wisdom, ensuring that their benefits outweigh their potential costs. To achieve this, it's essential that we prioritize ethical considerations in the development and deployment of new technologies. We must also work to ensure that all individuals have access to these technologies, reducing the risk of digital divides and ensuring that the benefits of technology are shared equitably.In conclusion, the relationship between modern technology and humanity is a complex and multifaceted one. While it has brought remarkable conveniences andefficiencies to our lives, it has also presented new challenges and ethical dilemmas that require careful consideration. By approaching this relationship withcaution and wisdom, we can harness the power of technologyto create a better, more equitable world for all.**现代科技与人类：共生共荣的纽带**在现代科技飞速发展的时代，现代科技与人类之间的关系变得越来越密切。
现代化的理解和认识
现代化的理解和认识中国科学院中国现代化研究中心主任何传启20世纪，现代化大潮席卷全球，人类新文明走向辉煌。
在许多国家和地区，现代化不仅家喻户晓，而且成为奋斗目标。
特别是50年代以来，随着现代化理论的传播，现代化成为一个大众化词语。
然而，关于什么是现代化，迄今没有统一的定义。
不同人对现代化的理解不尽相同，有些人甚至不理解现代化的真实涵义。
正本清源，已成当务之急。
一、现代化的基本词义在20世纪30年代，“现代化”一词开始出现在我国报刊上。
现代化一词的英文翻译是modernization。
英语单词modernization是从英语单词modernize和modern衍生出来的。
根据韦氏辞典，英语单词modern是形容词，产生于1585年，有两层含义：(1)表示性质：现代的，新近的，时髦的；(2)表示时间：现代的，指从大约公元1500年到当前这段历史时间。
modern的两层含义有不同特点：(1)性质只有时间限制(新近的)，没有领域限制，所以，它可以指人类活动各个方面的特点；(2)时间只有时间上限(大约公元1500年)，没有时间下限，所以，“现代”是可以无限延长的。
英语单词modernize是动词，产生于1748年，含义是：使现代化(成为具有现代特点的、成为现代的)，使适合现代需要。
英语单词modernization 是modernize的名词形式，产生于1770年。
由此推论，“现代化”具有两个基本词义：成为现代的、适合现代需要；大约公元1500年以来出现的新特点、新变化。
人们在日常生活中使用“现代化”，一般都遵守它的两个基本词义，但是，在不同情况下，描述的对象不同，“现代化”的具体内涵也有所不同。
例如，管理现代化指采用现代管理理论和方法；教育现代化指建立现代教育体系，采用现代教育理论和方法；企业现代化指建立现代企业制度，采用先进科学技术和现代经营管理方法；现代化城市指具有现代基础设施、现代城市管理系统、采用现代生活方式等的城市；现代化农村指具有现代基础设施、现代行政管理系统、采用现代生活方式等的农村；现代化学校指具有现代基础设施、采用现代教育理论、教材和方法等的学校等。
关于现代化科技的英语作文
The Transformative Power of ModernTechnologyIn today's fast-paced world, the impact of modern technology is undeniable, shaping every aspect of our lives from communication to transportation, healthcare, and entertainment. The advent of smartphones, the internet, and other cutting-edge technologies has revolutionized the way we interact with the world, making information more accessible and communication effortless.The rise of smartphones, in particular, has had a profound impact on our daily lives. These handheld devices have become all-in-one tools, serving as phones, cameras, computers, and much more. With the help of apps, we can order food, book travel, manage finances, and stay connected with friends and family across the globe. The internet, another cornerstone of modern technology, has opened up a vast world of information and resources, enabling us to learn, work, and entertain ourselves from anywhere in the world.Moreover, modern technology has transformed the healthcare industry. From telemedicine to wearable healthtrackers, technology is enabling more convenient and personalized healthcare experiences. Patients can nowconsult doctors remotely, monitor their health in real-time, and access medical information easily. This not only improves patient outcomes but also reduces the burden on healthcare systems.In the realm of transportation, modern technology is making our commutes safer and more efficient. Autonomous vehicles, electric cars, and advanced traffic management systems are revolutionizing the way we move around cities and towns. These technologies are reducing accidents,cutting down on traffic congestion, and reducing our carbon footprint.Entertainment has also been revolutionized by modern technology. Streaming services have replaced traditional cable TV, offering a vast library of movies, TV shows, and music that can be accessed anytime, anywhere. Gaming hasalso evolved, with virtual reality and augmented reality technologies providing immersive experiences that blur the lines between the real and the digital world.However, while the benefits of modern technology are numerous, it's important to recognize the challenges that accompany it. Issues such as privacy concerns, cybersecurity threats, and digital addiction have become increasingly prominent in recent years. It's crucial that we strike a balance between leveraging the power of technology and safeguarding our privacy and well-being.In conclusion, modern technology has transformed our lives in ways that are both profound and widespread. It has made our world more connected, convenient, and efficient. As we continue to embrace new technologies, it's important to stay vigilant and responsible, ensuring that we harness their power while safeguarding our values and well-being. **现代化科技的变革力量**在当今快节奏的世界中，现代化科技的影响不容忽视，它从沟通、交通、医疗到娱乐等方面，塑造着我们生活的方方面面。
modern的近义词辨析
modern的近义词辨析modern有现代的; 近代的; 新式的等意思，那么你知道modern 的近义词有哪些吗?下面店铺为大家带来modern的近义词及辨析，欢迎大家阅读学习!modern近义词：modern, contemporary, current, recent, present, up-to-date modern近义词辨析：这些形容词均有"现代的，当代的"之意。
modern 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。
也可指新颖、时髦的。
contemporary 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。
但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current 指目前存在和发生的。
recent 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
present 是这些词中语气最强的一个。
指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
modern的英语例句：1. We are in one of the most severe recessions in modern times.我们正在经历现代最严重的一段经济衰退。
2. In many ways, it was a very modern school for its time.从很多方面来说，这所学校在当时是非常先进的。
3. This boxed collection captures 64 of the greatest modern love songs.这套盒装专辑收录了64首最好听的当代爱情歌曲。
4. Most modern housing estates are terrible and inevitably done on the cheap.现在的房子大多质量差劲透顶，肯定都是偷工减料盖起来的。
5. The telephone is one of the great tyrannies of modern life.电话是现代生活中让人最反感的必需品之一。
现代生活之我见（MyViewonModernLife）
现代生活之我见（MyViewonModernLife）some people think that life at present is better than life in the past. they think that now we are living a life that our ancestors could never have dreamed of. for instance, convenient foods from markets have simplified cooking. electric appliances at home have taken the drudgery out of housework. new inventions have helped to make our work more sufficient and less tiring. development in medicine has helped to make people live longer and healthier. it seems as if we were living in paradise.other people, however, believe that life in the past is better than life at present. they argue that in this highly competitive society people have to work even harder and learn much more in order to adapt to the fast pace of modern life. moreover, people have to be sophisticated to deal with the many complicated matters in life and work. development in industry has caused lots of pollution. new inventions have put many people out of work.in my opinion, life always has its problems. there are problems now which people didn't have to face in the past, and there were also problems in the past which people don't have to confront today. life is full of happiness if we should be optimistic. we should smile through everything whether it is happiness or misery. this is the right attitude towards life.。
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科技英语翻译中modern与modernization关系之我见
荆州理工职业学院人文与社会科学系钟丽琼湖北荆州 434000
摘要：现代与现代化这两个词出现的频率非常高，两个词的意义有紧密的联系，但内涵意义不同。
本文从定义与区别两个方面阐述其不同，以方面大家更好地理解。
关键词：现代现代化
在科技英语翻译中经常会出现以“化”结尾的名词，如“多元化”、“信息化”、“数字化”、“无核化”、“智能化”等，这些“化”在英语的翻译中都是将原有名词词尾加上动词后缀-ize或者-ify等，然后再将动词加上名词后缀-tion变为名词。
Modern与modernization就是一个很好的例子，modern—modernize--modernization。
现代（modern）与现代化(modernization) 在英语的构词中就是很简单的一个后缀变化就可以完成，并且这种构词法在其它的单词上也同样适用。
但是，现代（modern）与现代化(modernization)在内涵上是有很大的差异的，不是简单的一个构词过程就可以区别开的。
一、现代（modern）与现代化(modernization)的定义
根据韦氏辞典，英语单词modern是形容词，产生于1585年，有两层含义：(1)表示性质：现代的，新近的，时髦的；(2)表示时间：现代的，指从大约公元1500年到当前这段历史时间。
modern的两层含义有不同特点：(1)性质只有时间限制(新近的)，没有领域限制，所以，它可以指人类活动各个方面的特点；(2)时间只有时间上限(大约公元1500年)，没有时间下限，所以，“现代”是可以无限延长的。
从性质来讲，西方“现代”一词是同文艺复兴相联系的。
最早文艺复兴时期的人文主义者在其著作中使用该词，以作为区别于中世纪的一个“崭新时代”。
在这个新时代，市民意识兴起，人们要求不受基督教和中世纪任何传统支配的世俗化，因而可以说该词的内容是西方尤其欧洲社会特有的用之以区别于中世纪的一个新时代。
那么，其他国家在运用这一概念时，恐怕是指本国社会发生巨大变化的时代。
如苏俄发生了社会主义革命，日本则意味着二战后在美国支持下实行了所谓民主化改革，中国则是在中国共产党领导下由旧民主主义革命向新民主主义革命和社会主义革命过渡直至胜利，大多数发展中国家则是指摆脱了殖民统治获得了民族的独立。
从时间概念来讲，世界各国所指范围并不一样。
西方的“现代”一般指1500 年左右直到今天的历史时期，时间跨度达500多年；前苏联则把1860 年俄国农奴制改革到1917年作为近代，而把1917年俄国“十月革命”以后称为现代；日本将明治维新到1945年战败投降作为其近代，而把二战后到现在作为其现代；中国一般把1860年鸦片战争开始到“五四”、“新文化运动”作为近代，而把“五四”、“新文化运动”到中华人民共和国成立及以后称为现代；广大发展中国家则多把获得民族独立作为其现代的开始。
显然，“现代”一词具体运用于某一国家时，其确切的时间概念是有差别的，因而我们应该将它严格区分清楚。
现代化（Modernization）是个外来词，在英文中是modernize的名词形式，产生于1770年，意为to make modern，即“使成为现代化的”之意。
现代化作为一个时间概念，它是指从公元1500年以后至今很长历史时期。
“现代化”同时还是一个价值概念，它是指区别medieval （中世纪的）新时代精神与特征，即把文艺复兴看成是一个否定中世纪的神学权威，崇尚古典文化，开拓出近代新文化的新时代。
由此推论，“现代化”具有两个基本词义：成为现代的、适合现代需要；大约公元1500年以来出现的新特点、新变化。
二、现代（modern）与现代化(modernization)的区别
1.出现的时间不同
在韦氏辞典中“现代”(modern) 产生于1585年，而“现代化”的动词形式（modernize）
和名词形式（modernization）分别产生于1748年和1770年。
不管中文如何翻译，modern是个时间概念，modernization是指一个历史过程。
2.内涵不同
现代，按照国外社会学家的说法，它是与传统相比较而言。
传统是前现代社会的特征。
何谓传统社会？1893年，法国社会学家迪尔凯姆在其著作《社会的劳动分工》中指出：在传统社会里，人们承担着简单农业社区既定任务，这种农业社区以乡村居民点的家庭群体或宗族集团为基础形成“机械的团结”的结合形式。
安德鲁·韦伯斯特将传统社会的特征概括为三个方面：其一传统社会价值观占据统治地位；其二世袭门第制度是决定一切社会实践的依据，个人在社会中的地位反映了他所属的家庭、家族乃至部落的地位；其三传统社会的成员用一种带有感情色彩的、迷信的和宿命论的眼光看待世界，认为一切都听天由命，事物发展注定如此。
而现代社会随着社会劳动分工日臻完善，社会整合程度比传统社会高，迪尔凯姆称之为“有机的团结”。
现代社会也有三个方面的特征：一是人们可以保留传统的东西，但却不做传统的奴隶，并且敢于摈弃一切不必要的或阻碍文明继续进步的东西；二是门第关系在社会一切领域中都是无足轻重的；三是现代社会成员不听天由命，而是勇往直前和富有革新精神，随时准备克服障碍，表现出强烈的企业家精神和对世界的理性与科学态度。
现代化是指人类社会从工业革命以来所经历的一场急剧变革，这一变革以工业化为推动力，是传统农业社会现代工业社会的全球性的大转变过程，它使工业主义渗透到经济、政治、文化、思想各个领域，引起深刻的相应变化（罗荣渠，1993）。
现代化的核心是工业化，但它绝不仅仅是工业化，它至少包括十个方面的内容：即劳动社会化、国家工业化、生产机械化、经济商品化、政治民主化、文化多元化、乡村城市化、大众知识化和思想自由化（高放：254）。
也就是说，现代化是科技、经济、政治、文化、人际关系、国际关系等方面的全方位、多层次、宽领域的巨变。
美国学者Alex Inkeles认为，现代化是以人为中心的社会现代化，他提出了量化现代化的标准：（1）人均国民生产总值在3000美元以上；（2）农业产值占国民生产总值比例低于12%-15%；（3）服务业产值占国民生产总值的比例在45%以上；（4）非农业劳动力占劳动力的比重在70%以上；（5）识字人口的比例在80%以上；（6）大学入学率在10%-15%以上；（7）每名医生服务人数在1000人以下；（8）平均寿命在70岁以上；（9）城市人口占总人口的比例在50%以上；（10）人口自然增长率在1%以下。
（英格尔斯：1985）这个指标是动态的、非绝对的，但是它是衡量一个社会现代化水平的基本标准。
一个社会如果达到了这些标准，就意味着它基本实现了现代化。
现代（modern），不是一个绝对的词语，而是相对于传统而言。
现代化(modernization)为一个世界历史进程，是反映人类社会从建立在自给自足的自然经济基础上的传统农业社会向建立在发达的市场经济基础上的现代工业社会发展的历史巨变。
它是一种全球性的时代发展趋势，也是世界各国、各地区发展的必经之路。
我们就弄清楚它们之间的区别与联系才能更好地在科技英语翻译中加以利用。
参考文献：
[1]罗荣渠：《现代化新论》，北京大学出版社，1993 。
[2]高放：《从全球化浪潮看新世纪、新千年、新世界》，[J] 当代世界与社会主义，
2001（1）。
[3]R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World, (New York, 1971).
[4]英格尔斯：《人的现代化》，四川人民出版社，1985。
[5]孙立平：《社会现代化》，华夏出版社，1988。