campus_model
students' model
In the modern life, we can easily see students in college who always be late for class, leave class before class is over or even be absent.Revised: Nowadays, the phenomenon of students‟ arriving late and leaving early is very common at universities. What‟s worse, being late risers, some students are even absent from classes.It is said that keeping the students‟ rate of presence is necessary for the education of university. Revised: It is said that students‟ remaining presentHowever, it is lucky that there are some methods which may help us solve the problem. For example, “signing name” could be a good idea. (这个句子表达可能一般，但是句子间的联系很紧密，过渡较好)Attending class regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is beneficial to the whole life.Stand a chance of doing sth.miss the opportunity.他总是当机立断，决不错过机会。
最齐全的人力资源常用英语词汇
以章节为顺序一、人力资源管理:(Human Resource Management ,HRM)人力资源经理:( human resource manager)高级管理人员:(executive) / i`gzekjutiv职业:(profession)道德标准:(ethics)操作工:(operative employees)专家:(specialist)人力资源认证协会:(the Human Resource Certification Institute,HRCI)二、外部环境:(external environment)内部环境:(internal environment)政策:(policy)企业文化:(corporate culture)目标:(mission)股东:(shareholders)非正式组织:(informal organization)跨国公司:(multinational corporation,MNC)管理多样性:(managing diversity)三、工作:(job)职位:(posting)工作分析:(job analysis)工作说明:(job description)工作规范:(job specification)工作分析计划表:(job analysis schedule,JAS)职位分析问卷调查法:(Management Position Description Questionnaire,MPDQ) 行政秘书:(executive secretary)地区服务经理助理:(assistant district service manager)四、人力资源计划:(Human Resource Planning,HRP)战略规划:(strategic planning)长期趋势:(long term trend)要求预测:(requirement forecast)供给预测:(availability forecast)管理人力储备:(management inventory)裁减:(downsizing)人力资源信息系统:(Human Resource Information System,HRIS)五、招聘:(recruitment)员工申请表:(employee requisition)招聘方法:(recruitment methods)内部提升:(Promotion From Within ,PFW)工作公告:(job posting)广告:(advertising)职业介绍所:(employment agency)特殊事件:(special events)实习:(internship)六、选择:(selection)选择率:(selection rate)简历:(resume)标准化:(standardization)有效性:(validity)客观性:(objectivity)规范:(norm)录用分数线:(cutoff score)准确度:(aiming)业务知识测试:(job knowledge tests)求职面试:(employment interview)非结构化面试:(unstructured interview)结构化面试:(structured interview)小组面试:(group interview)职业兴趣测试:(vocational interest tests)会议型面试:(board interview)七、组织变化与人力资源开发人力资源开发:(Human Resource Development,HRD) 培训:(training)开发:(development)定位:(orientation)训练:(coaching)辅导:(mentoring)经营管理策略:(business games)案例研究:(case study)会议方法:(conference method)角色扮演:(role playing)工作轮换:(job rotating)在职培训:(on-the-job training ,OJT)媒介:(media)八、企业文化与组织发展企业文化:(corporate culture)组织发展:(organization development,OD)调查反馈:(survey feedback)质量圈:(quality circles)目标管理:(management by objective,MBO)全面质量管理:(Total Quality Management,TQM)团队建设:(team building)九、职业计划与发展职业:(career)职业计划:(career planning)职业道路:(career path)职业发展:(career development)自我评价:(self-assessment)职业动机:(career anchors)十、绩效评价绩效评价:(Performance Appraisal,PA)小组评价:(group appraisal)业绩评定表:(rating scales method)关键事件法:(critical incident method)排列法:(ranking method)平行比较法:(paired comparison)硬性分布法:(forced distribution method)晕圈错误:(halo error)宽松:(leniency)严格:(strictness)3600反馈:(360-degree feedback)叙述法:(essay method)集中趋势:(central tendency)十一、报酬与福利报酬:(compensation)直接经济报酬:(direct financial compensation)间接经济报酬:(indirect financial compensation)非经济报酬:(no financial compensation)公平:(equity)外部公平:(external equity)内部公平:(internal equity)员工公平:(employee equity)小组公平:(team equity)工资水平领先者:(pay leaders)现行工资率:(going rate)工资水平居后者:(pay followers)劳动力市场:(labor market)工作评价:(job evaluation)排列法:(ranking method)分类法:(classification method)因素比较法:(factor comparison method)评分法:(point method)海氏指示图表个人能力分析法:(Hay Guide Chart-profile Method) 工作定价:(job pricing)工资等级:(pay grade)工资曲线:(wage curve)工资幅度:(pay range)十二、福利和其它报酬问题福利(间接经济补偿)员工股权计划:(employee stock ownership plan,ESOP)值班津贴:(shift differential)奖金:(incentive compensation)分红制:(profit sharing)十三、安全与健康的工作环境安全:(safety)健康:(health)频率:(frequency rate)紧张:(stress)角色冲突:(role conflict)催眠法:(hypnosis)酗酒:(alcoholism)十四、员工和劳动关系工会:(union)地方工会:(local union)行业工会:(craft union)产业工会:(industrial union)全国工会:(national union)谈判组:(bargaining union)劳资谈判:(collective bargaining)仲裁:(arbitration)罢工:(strike)内部员工关系:(internal employee relations)纪律:(discipline)纪律处分:(disciplinary action)申诉:(grievance)降职:(demotion)调动:(transfer)晋升:(promotion)以开头字母为顺序16PF 卡特尔16 种人格因素测试360-degree appraisal 360 度评估360-degree feedback 360 度反馈7S 7S 原则/模型New 7S 新7S 原则/模型80/20 principle 80/20 法则AAR-After Action Review 行动后学习机制Ability Test 能力测试Ability of Manager 管理者的能力Absence Management 缺勤管理Absence rate 缺勤率Absent with leave 因故缺勤（被）许可缺勤Absent without Leave 无故缺勤擅离职守Absenteeism 缺勤Accelerating Premium 累进奖金制Accident Frequency 事故频率Accident Insurance 意外伤害保险Accident Investigation 事故调查Accident Loss 事故损失Accident Prevention 事故预防Accident Proneness 事故（频发）倾向Accident Severity 事故严重程度Accident Severity Rate 事故严重率Accident Work Injury 工伤事故Achievement Need 成就需求Achievement Test 成就测试Action Learning 行动（为）学习法Action Research 行动研究Active Practice 自动实习Adjourning 解散期解散阶段Administer 管理者Administrative Level 管理层次Administrative Line 直线式管理ADR-Alternative Dispute Resolution 建设性争议解决方法Adventure learning 探险学习法Adverse Impact 负面影响Advertisement Recruiting 广告招聘Affective Commitment 情感认同Affiliation Need 归属需求Affirmative Action 反优先雇佣行动Age Composition 年龄结构Age Discrimination 年龄歧视Age Retirement 因龄退休Agreement Content 协议内容ALIEDIM 费茨帕特里克出勤管理模型Allowance 津贴Alternative Ranking Method 交替排序法Amoeba Management 变形虫式管理Analytic Approach 分析法Annual Bonus 年终分红Annual Leave 年假Annuity/Pension 退休金Applicant-Initiated Recruitment 自荐式招聘Application Blank 申请表Appraisal Feedback 考评反馈Appraisal Interview 考评面谈Appraisal Standardization 考评标准化Appraiser Training 考评者培训Apprenticeship Training 学徒式培训Arbitration/Mediation 仲裁Assessment Center 评价中心ATS-Applicant Tracking System 求职跟踪系统Attendance 考勤Attendance Incentive Plan 参与式激励计划Attendance Rate 出勤率Attitude Survey 态度调查Attribution Theory 归因理论Audiovisual Instruction 视听教学Authority 职权Availability Analysis 可获性分析Availability Forecast 供给预测Background Investigation 背景调查Balance-Sheet Approach 决算表平衡法Bargaining Issue 谈判问题BARS-Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale Method 行为锚定等级法Basic Skill 基础技能Behavior Modeling 行为模拟Behavior Modification 行为矫正疗法Behavioral Description Interview 工作方式介绍面试Behavioral Rating 工作方式考核法BEI-behavior event interview 行为事件访谈法Benchmark Job 基准职位Benchmarking Management 标杆管理Benefit Plan 福利计划Benefit/Welfare 福利BFOQ-Bona Fide Occupational Qualification 实际职业资格Biological Approach 生物型工作设计法Board Interview 会议型面试BOS-Behavior Observation Scale 行为观察量表Borter-Lawler's theory of Expectency 波特—劳勒期望激励理论Bottom-Line Concept 底线概念Boundaryless Organizational Structure 无疆界组织结构Bounded Rationality 有限理性Brainstorm Ideas 头脑风暴法Broadbanding Pay Structure 扁平薪资结构BSC-balanced scorecard 平衡计分卡Burnout 精力耗尽Business Necessity 经营上的必要性Cafeteria-Style Benefit 自助式福利CAI-Computer-assisted Instruction 电脑辅助指导Campus Recruiting 校园招聘Candidate-Order Error 侯选人次序错误Career Anchors 职业锚/职业动机Career Counseling 职业咨询Career Curve 职业曲线Career Cycle 职业周期Career Development Method 职业发展方法Career Path 职业途径Career Path Information 职业途径信息Career Planning 职业规划career plateau 职业高原Career Stage 职业阶段Career Training 专业训练职业训练Career-Long Employment 终身雇佣制Case Studay Training Method 案例研究培训法CBT-Computer Based Training 以计算机为载体的培训Central Tendency 居中趋势CIPP-Context,Input,Process,Product CIPP 评估模型CIRO-Context Evaluation,Input Valuation,Reaction Evaluation,Output Evaluation CIRO 培训评估模式CIT-Critical Incident Technique 关键事件技术Classification Method 分类法Classroom Training 课堂培训Closed Shop 闭门企业CMI-Computer-managed Instruction 电脑管理指导Coaching 辅导教练Co-Determination 共同决策制Coercive Power 强制权力Cognitive Aptitude Test 认知能力测试Cohesiveness 凝聚力Colleague Appraisal 同事考评Collective Bargaining 劳资谈判Comparable Worth 可比价值Comparative Appraisal Method 比较评估法Compensable Factor 报酬要素Compensation & Benefit 薪酬福利Compensation Committee 报酬委员会Compensatory Time Off 补假Competence-Based Interview 基于能力的面试Competency Assessment 能力评估Competency 胜任特征Competency Model 胜任特征模型Competency-Based Education and Training 能力本位教育与训练Competency-Based Pay/Skill-Based Pay 技能工资Complex 情结Compressed Workweek 压缩工作周Compulsory Binding Arbitration 强制性仲裁Computerized Career Progression System 电脑化职业生涯行进系统Computerized Forecast 电脑化预测Conceptual Skill 概念性技能Conciliation 调解Concurrent Validity 同期正当性Conference Method 会议方法Conflict 冲突Conflict Management 冲突管理Construct Validity 结构效度Constructive Discharge 事实上的解雇Content Validity 内容效度Contractual Right 契约性权利Contrast Error 比较性错误Contributory Plan 须付费的退休金计划Coordination Training 合作培训Copayment 共同付费Core Competency 核心竞争力Core Value 核心价值观Core Worker 核心员工Core Workforce 核心工作团队Corporate Culture 企业文化Corporate Identity 企业识别Corporate Image 企业形象Correlation Analysis 相关分析Cost Per Hire 单位招聘成本Criterion-Related Validity 标准关联效度Critical Job Dimension 关键性工作因子Cross-Functional Training 跨功能训练Cross-Training 岗位轮换培训Culture Shock 文化冲突Cumulative Trauma Disorder 累积性工伤Cutoff Score 录用分数线Cyclical Variation 循环变动Decertification 取消认可Defined Benefit Plan 固定收益制Delphi Analysis 德尔菲分析Deutero Learning 再学习Differential Piece Rate 差额计件工资Dimission 离职Dimission Interview 离职面谈Dimission Rate 离职率Disciplinary Action 纪律处分Discriminant Analysis 判别分析dismissal reason 解雇理由disparate impact 差别性影响disparate treatment 差别性对待distribute bonus/profit sharing 分红distributive bargaining 分配式谈判distributive justice 分配公正diversity management 多样性管理diversity training 多样化培训division structure 事业部结构Double-Loop Learning 双环学习Downsizing 裁员DTL-Decision Tree Induction 决策树归纳法Dual Career Path 双重职业途径dust hazard 粉尘危害EAP-Employee Assistance Program 员工帮助计划Early Retirement 提前退休Early Retirement Factor 提前退休因素Early Retirement Window 提前退休窗口Earnings 薪资Economic Strike 经济罢工Education 学历Education Subsidy 教育津贴EEO-Equal Employment Opportunity 公平就业机会EEOC-Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 公平就业机会委员会Effect Factors of Career Planning 职业规划影响因素Effect Factors of Development 开发影响因素Effective Coaching Technique 有效的训练方法Effective Working Hour 有效工时Efficiency of Labor 劳动效率Efficiency Wage 效率工资Ego-Involvement 自我投入E-Learning 网络化学习Election Campaign 选举活动Electronic Meeting 电子会议Emotional Appeal 感召力Employee Attitude Surveys 员工态度调查Employee Career Management 员工职业生涯管理Employee Consultation Services 员工咨询服务Employee Equity 员工公平Employee Leasing 员工租借Employee Involvement 员工参与Employee Manual 员工手册Employee Orientation 员工向导Employee Ownership 员工所有制Employee Polygraph Protection Act 《雇员测谎保护法案》[美] Employee Potential 员工潜能Employee Referral 在职员工推荐Employee Retirement Income Security Act 《职工退休收入保障法》[美] Employee Safety and Health 员工安全和健康Employee Security 员工安全Employee Security Measures 员工安全措施Employee Self-Service 员工自助服务Employee Services Benefits 员工服务福利Employee Skill 员工技能Employee Stock Ownership Trust 企业员工持股信托Employee Surplus 员工过剩Employee Survey 员工测评Employee Training Method 员工培训方法Employee Turnover 员工流动Employee Turnover Rate 员工流动率Employee Under Training 受训员工Employee-Centered Job Redesign 以员工为中心的工作再设计Employees Bonus 雇员红利Employer Unfair Labor Practices 雇主不当劳动行为Employment 雇用Employment Agency 职业介绍所Employment Application Form 应聘申请表Employment at will 自由就业Employment Consultant 招聘顾问Employment Contract Renewal 雇用合同续签Employment Diseases 职业病Employment History 工作经历Employment Objective 应聘职位Employment Offer/Enrollment 录用Employment Relationship 员工关系Employment Separation Certificate 离职证明书Empowerment 激励自主Entitlement 授权法EQ-Emotional Quotient 情感智商EPA-Equal Pay Act 《平等工资法案》Equal Pay For Equal Work 同工同酬Equity Theory 公平理论E-Recruit 网络招聘ERG theory ERG 理论ERM-Employee Relationship Management 员工关系管理ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划ESOP-Employee Stock Ownership Plan 员工持股计划Essay Method 叙述法ETS-Environmental Tobacco Smoke 工作场所吸烟问题E-Survey 电子调查Evaluation Criterion 评价标准Excellent Leader 优秀领导Executive Ability 执行力Executive Compensation 管理层薪资水平Executive Development Program 主管发展计划Executive Director 执行董事Executive Management 行政管理Executive Marketing Director 市场执行总监Executive Recruiters 高级猎头公司Executive Salaries 管理层工资Exempt Employee 豁免员工Exit Interview 离职面谈Expectancy Theory 期望理论Expectation 期望值Expected Salary 期望薪水Experimental Method 实验法Experimental Research 试验调查Expiry of Employment 雇用期满Exploit of HR 人力资源开发External Costs 外部成本External Employment 外部招聘External Environment of HR 人力资源外部环境External Equity 外部公平External Labor Supply 外部劳力供应External Recruiting Sources 外部招聘来源External Recruitment Environment 外部招聘环境Extra Work 加班Extrinsic Rewards 外部奖励Face Validity 表面效度Factor Comparison Method 因素比较法Fair Labor Standards Act 《公平劳动标准法案》Family and Medical Leave Act 《家庭和医疗假期条例》[美] Fiedler Contingency Model 费德勒的权变模型First Impression Effect 初次印象效应Five-Day Workweek 每周五天工作制Fixed Term Appointment 固定期聘用Fixed Term Contract 固定任期合同Fixed Term Staff 固定期合同工FJA-Functional Job Analysis 功能性工作分析法Flat Organizational Structure 扁平化组织结构Flex Place 弹性工作地点Flex Plan 弹性工作计划flex time 弹性工作时间Flexible Benefits Program 弹性福利计划Forced Distribution Method 强制分配法Forced-Choice Method 强迫性选择法Formal Organization 正式组织Front-Line Manager 基层管理人员Full-Time 全职Function 职能Function of HRM 人力资源管理职能Functional Conflict Theory 冲突功能理论Functional Department 职能部门Funeral Leave 丧假Fundamental Attribution Error 基本归因误差Gain-Sharing Plan 收益分享计划Gang Boss 领班/小组长Gantt Charts 甘特图GATB-General Aptitude Test Battery 普通能力倾向成套测验General Union 总工会Given Role Playing 角色定位演示法Glass Ceiling 玻璃天花板Goal Conflict 目标冲突GOJA-Guidelines Oriented Job Analysis 指导性工作分析Golden Handshake 黄金握别Golden Parachute 黄金降落伞Graphic Rating Scale 图尺度评价法Grievance Mediation 抱怨调解Grievance Procedure 抱怨程序Gross Pay/Total Payroll 工资总额Group Appraisal 小组评价Group/Team Bonus 团体/小组奖金Group Congeniality/Cohesiveness 群体凝集力Group Life Insurance 团体人寿保险Group Pension Plan 团体退休金计划Group Piece Work 集体计件制Guaranteed Employment Offer 雇用信H．C．Gantt Premium System 甘特奖励工资制H．Emerson Premium System 艾末生奖励工资制Halo Effect 晕轮效应Halseys Premium System 哈尔赛奖励工资制Handwriting Analysis 笔迹分析法Headhunting 猎头Health Insurance 健康保险H-Form/Holding Company H 型结构Hierarchy of Needs Theory 需要层次理论High Performance Organization 高绩效组织High-Performance Work System 高绩效工作系统HMO-Health Maintenance Organization 健康维护组织Holiday Pay 假日薪水Home/Family Leave 探亲假Horizontal Career Path 横向职业途径Hot Stove Rule 热炉规则Housing/Rental Allowance 住房补贴HR Generalist 人力资源通才HR Information System 人力资源信息系统HR Manager 人力资源经理HR Officer 人力资源主任HR Policy 人力资源政策HRCI-Human Resource Certification Institute 人力资源认证机构HRD Appraisal 人力资源开发评价HRD Intermediary 人力资源开发媒介HRD Process 人力资源开发过程HRD-Human Resource Development 人力资源开发HRM-Human Resource Management 人力资源管理HRP-Human Resource Planning 人力资源规划Human Relations Movement 人际关系运动Hygiene Factor 保健因素Hypnosis 催眠Ill-Health Retirement 病退In-Basket Training 篮中训练Incentive Compensation/Reward Payment/Premium 奖金Incentive Plan 激励计划Incentive-Suggestion System 奖励建议制度Incident Process 事件处理法Independent Contractor 合同工Indirect Financial Compensation 间接经济报酬Individual Incentive Plan 个人奖金方案Individual Income Tax 个人所得税Individual Interview 个别谈话Individual Retirement Account 个人退休账户Industrial Injury Compensation 工伤补偿Industrial Union 产业工会Informal Communication 非正式沟通Informal Organization 非正式组织In-House Training 在公司内的培训Initial Interview 初试Insurance Benefit 保险福利Internal Environment of HR 人力资源内部环境Internal Equity 内部公平Internal Growth Strategy 内部成长战略Internal Job Posting 内部职位公开招聘Internal Recruitment 内部招聘Internal Recruitment Environment 内部招聘环境Interpersonal Skill 人际交往能力Interview Appraisal 面谈考评Interview Content 面试内容Interview Method 访谈法Interview Objective 面试目标Interview Planning List 面试计划表Intrinsic Reward 内在奖励Jack Welch's Management 韦尔奇式管理JAS-Job Analysis Schedule 工作分析计划表Job 工作、职业Job Account 工作统计Job Action 变相罢工(如怠工、放慢速度等) Job Aid 工作辅助Job Assignment 工作分配Job Analysis 工作分析Job Analysis Formula 工作分析公式Job Analysis Methods 工作分析方法Job Analysis Information 工作分析信息Job Analysis Process 工作分析流程JAP-Job Analysis Program 工作分析程序法Job Attitude 工作态度Job Bidding 竞争上岗Job Card 工作单Job Characteristic 工作因素Job Characteristics Model 工作特性模式Job Classification 职位分类Job Clinic 职业问题咨询所Job Code 工作编号，职位编号Job Context 工作背景Job Description 职位描述，工作说明Job Design 工作设计Job Enlargement 工作扩大化Job Enrichment 工作丰富化Job Evaluation 工作评估Job-Family 工作群Job Identification 工作识别Job Involvement 工作投入Job Inventory 工作测量表Job Knowledge Test 业务知识测试Job Morale 工作情绪Job Performance 工作表现Job Plan 工作计划Job Posting 公开招聘Job Pricing 工作定价Job Qualification and Restriction 工作任职条件和资格Job Redesign 工作再设计Job Rotation 工作轮换Job Satisfaction 工作满意度Job Security 工作安全感Job Scope 工作范围Job Sharing 临时性工作分担Job Specialization 工作专业化Job Specification 工作要求细则Job Standard 工作标准Job Stress 工作压力Job Surrounding 工作环境Job Time Card 工作时间卡Job Vacancy 职业空缺，岗位空缺Job-hop 跳槽频繁者Job-posting system 工作告示系统JTPA-Job Training Partnership Act 《职业培训协作法》J．S．Adams Equity Theory 亚当斯的公平理论Junior Board 初级董事会Johari Window 约哈瑞窗户Just Cause 正当理由Karoshi 过劳死Keogh Plan 基欧计划KPI-key Process Indication 企业关键业绩指标Kirkpatrick's Four-level Model of Evaluation 四阶层评估模型Knowledge Database 知识数据库Knowledge Management 知识管理KSA－knowledge ,skill, attitude 知识，技能，态度Labor Clause 劳工协议条款Labor Condition 劳动条件Labor Contract 劳动合同，雇佣合同Labor Contract Renewal 劳动合同续签Labor Cost 劳动成本Labor Demand Forecast 劳动力需求预测Labor Discipline 劳动纪律Labor Dispute 劳动纠纷Labor Exchange/Employment Agency 职业介绍所Labor Handbook 劳动手册Labor Insurance 劳保Labor Laws 劳动法Labor Management Relations Act 《劳动关系法》Labor Market 劳动力市场Labor Protection 劳动保护Labor Rate Variance 工资率差异Labor Redundance 劳动力过剩Labor Relation 劳动关系Labor Relation Consultant 劳工关系顾问Labor Relations Process 劳工关系进程Labor Reserve 劳动力储备Labor Shortage 劳动力短缺Labor Stability Index 人力稳定指数Labor Wastage Index 人力耗损指数Labor/Trade Union 工会Labor/Working Hour 人工工时Labor-Management 劳动管理Lateral Communication 横向沟通Lateral Thinking 横向思维Layoff 临时解雇Layoff Process 临时解雇程序Leader Attach Training 领导者匹配训练Leaderless Group Discussion 无领导小组讨论法Leader-Member Exchange Theory 领导者-成员交换理论Leader-Member Relation 上下级关系Leader-Participation Model 领导参与模式Leadership 领导能力Learning Curve 学习曲线Learning Organization 学习型组织Learning Performance Test 学习绩效测试Legitimate Power 合法权力Level-to-Level Administration 分级管理Life Cycle Theory of Leadership 领导生命周期理论Life Insurance 人寿保险Likes and Dislikes Survey 好恶调查表Limitation Factors of PA 考评的限制因素Line Manager 直线经理Line Authority 直线职权Line-Staff Relationship 直线参谋关系Line Structure 直线结构Loaned Personnel 借调人员Lockout 停工闭厂Locus of Control 内外控倾向Long Term Trend 长期趋势Long-Distance Education 远程教育Long-Range Strategy 长期策略Long-Term Contract 长期合同Lower Management 基层管理Lower-Order Need 低层次需求Lump Sum Bonus/Pay Incentive 绩效奖金Lump-Sum Merit Program 一次性总付绩效报酬计划Managed Care 有控制的医疗保健Management As Porpoise 海豚式管理Management Assessment Center 管理评价中心Management by Walking About 走动管理Management Development 管理层开发Management Development of IBM IBM 的管理层开发Management of Human Resource Development 人力资源开发管理Management Psychology 管理心理学Management Right 管理权Management Risk 管理风险Management Tool 管理工具Management Training 管理培训Managerial Art 管理艺术Managerial Authority 管理权威Managerial Function 管理职能Managerial Grid Theory 管理方格理论Mandated Benefit 强制性福利Mandatory Bargaining Issue 强制性谈判项目Marital Status 婚姻状况Market Price 市场工资Markov Analysis 马尔可夫分析过程Marriage Leave 婚假Massed Practice 集中练习集中学习Matrix Structure 矩阵结构MBO-Management By Objective 目标管理MBTI-Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 迈尔斯—布里格个性类型测量表Mc-Clelland's Theory of Needs 麦克里兰需要理论McDonnell-Douglas Test 麦当纳道格拉斯法Mechanistic Approach 机械型工作设计法Mediator/Negotiator 调解人Medical Insurance 医疗保险Medical/Physical Ability Inspection/Physical Ability Test 体检Membership Group 实属群体Mental Ability Test 逻辑思维测试Mentor 指导者Mentoring 辅导制Mentoring Function 指导功能Merit Pay 绩效工资Merit Raise 绩效加薪Metrics-Driven Staffing Model 标准驱动招聘模式Mid-Career Crisis Sub Stage 中期职业危机阶段Minimum Wage 最低工资Mission Installation Allowance 出差津贴Mixed-Standard Scale Method 多重标准尺度法Motivation 激励Motivational Approach 激励型工作设计法Motivational Factor 激励因素Motivational Pattern 激励方式Motivation-hygiene Theory 激励保健论MPS-Motivating Potential Score 激励潜能分数Multidivisional Structure M 型结构Multimedia Technology 多媒体技术Multiple Cutoff Model 多切点模式Multiple Hurdle Model 跨栏模式National Culture 民族文化National Union ( 国家)总工会Needs Assessment 需求评估Negligent Hiring 随意雇佣Nepotism 裙带关系Network Career Path 网状职业途径Networking 网络化（组织）NGT-Nominal Group Technique 群体决策法No Financial Compensation 非经济报酬Noncontributory Plan 非付费退休金计划Nondirective Interview 非定向面试Nondiscrimination Rule 非歧视性原则Nonexempt Employee 非豁免的员工Nonverbal Communication 非言语沟通No-Pay Study Leave 无薪进修假期Normal Retirement 正常退休Normative Analysis 规范分析法No-Smoking Rule 禁烟规定object teaching 实物教学,直观教学observation method 观察法occupational choice 职业选择occupational disease 职业病occupational environment 职业环境occupational guidance 职业指导,就业指导Occupational Health &Safety Training 职业安全与卫生培训occupational market condition 职业市场状况occupational mobility 职业流动性occupational outlook handbook 职业展望手册offer letter 录用通知书off-the-job training 脱产培训Ombudsperson 督察专员OMS-Occupational Measurement System 职业测定系统on boarding training 入职培训on-the-job training 在职培训open-door policy 门户开放政策opinion survey 意见调查organization 组织organization change and development 组织变革与发展organization character 组织特征organization design 组织设计organization development appraisal 组织发展评价organization development method 组织发展方法organization environment 组织环境organization goal 组织目标organization renewal 组织革新organization size 组织规模organization structure 组织结构organizational analysis 组织分析organizational authority 组织职权organizational career planning 组织职业规划organizational citizenship behavior 组织公民行为organizational climate 组织气候organizational commitment 组织认同感organizational diagnosis 组织诊断organizational function 组织职能organizational level 组织层次organizational merger 组织合并organizational orientation 组织定位organizational/job stress 组织/工作压力organization-centered career planning 以企业为中心的职业计划organized administration 组织管理orientation 岗前培训orientation objective 岗前培训目标orientation period 岗前培训阶段OSHA standard 美国职业安全与健康局/职业安全与健康法案标准out placement 岗外安置oversea assignment 海外工作overtime hour 加班工时overtime wage 加班工资overtime work 加班paired comparison method 配对比较法panel/group interview 小组面试PA-Performance Analysis 绩效分析Parkinson's Law 帕金森定律participant diary 现场工人日记participative management 参与式管理part-time job 兼职PAS-Performance Appraisal 绩效评估体系pattern bargaining 模式谈判patterned behavior description interview 模式化行为描述面试pay calculation 工资结算pay card 工资卡pay cheque/employee paycheck 工资支票pay compression 压缩工资Pay day 发薪日pay equity 报酬公平pay freeze 工资冻结pay grade 工资等级pay period 工资结算周期pay range 工资幅度pay rate 工资率pay rate adjustment 工资率调整pay secrecy 工资保密pay slip/envelop 工资单pay survey 薪酬调查pay/salary rate standard 工资率标准payroll system 工资管理系统Payroll tax 工资所得税payroll/wage analysis 工资分析payroll/wage form 工资形式payroll/wage fund 工资基金pension plan 退休金计划pension/retirement benefit 退休福利people-first value " 以人为本"的价值观perceptual-motor approach 知觉运动型工作设计法performance appraisal 绩效评估performance appraisal interview 绩效评估面谈performance appraisal objective 绩效评估目标performance appraisal period 考评期performance appraisal principle 绩效评估原则performance feedback 绩效反馈performance management system 绩效管理制度performance standard 绩效标准performance-reward relationship 绩效与报酬关系periodic salary adjustment 定期薪资调整permissive management 放任式管理personal character 个人性格,个性personal grievance 个人抱怨personal information record 人事档案personal leave 事假personality test 个性测试Personality-Job Fit Theory 性格与工作搭配理论personnel selection 选拔personnel test 人格测验品格测验Peter M. Senge's Theory of Learning Organization 彼德．圣吉的学习型组织理论physiological need 生理需要piece-rate system 计件工资制pink slip 解雇通知point method 因素计点法polygraph test 测谎测试position analysis questionnaire 职位分析问卷法position description 职位描述position vacant 招聘职位positional level 职位层次positional title 职称post wage system 岗位工资制power distance 权力距离practice 实习predictive validity 预测效度premium plan/incentive system/reward system 奖金制pre-natal/maternity leave 产假prescribed group 正式群体primary welfare 基本福利privacy right 隐私权prize contest 奖励竞争probationary term/probation period 试用期problem-solving team 问题解决团队procedural justice 过程正义process benchmarking 流程标杆管理professional certificate 职业资格证书professional competence/capacity 专业能力professional ethics 职业道德professional examination 专业考试professional liability insurance 职业责任保险professional manager 职业经理人profit-sharing plan 利润分享计划programmed instruction 程序教学projective personality test 人格投射测试promote/demote 晋升/降职protected group 受保护群体psychic reward 精神奖励psychoanalysis 心理分析psychological characteristic/feature 心理特征psychological contract 心理/精神契约psychological factor 心理因素psychological goal 心理目标psychological phenomenon 心理现象psychological test/psychometry 心理测验心理测试psychomotor abilities test 运动神经能力测试quality circles 质量圈quantity of applicant 侯选人数量questionnaire method 问卷调查法quit rate 离职率Race Discrimination 种族歧视Ranking Method 排序法Rater Bias 评估偏差Rating Certificate 等级证书Ratio Analysis 比率分析法Realistic Job Preview 实际岗位演习Reality Shock 现实冲击Reallocate 重新安排重新分配Recommend 员工推荐Recreation Leave Allowance 休假津贴Recreation/Sabbatical Leave 休假Recruiter 招聘人员Recruitment 招聘Recruitment Ditch 招聘渠道Recruitment Examination 招聘考试Recruitment Method 招聘方法Recruitment Optional Program 招聘备择方案Recruitment Task Guide 招募工作指导Red-Circled Employee 红圈员工Reducing Accident 减少事故Reducing Burnout 减少衰竭Reengineering the Corporation 企业再造Reference Check 个人证明材料检查Refusing Applicant 拒绝求职者Regency Effect 近因性错误Regression Analysis 回归分析Regular Earning/Pay/Wage 固定工资Regular Incentive 常规奖励Rehiring 回聘Reinforcement Theory 强化理论Reliability Evaluation 信度评估Renege 违约Replacement Cost 重置成本Requirement Identification 需求识别Requisite Task Attributes Theory 必要任务属性理论Resignation 辞职Resume 简历Resume Inventory 简历数据库Resumption from Leave 销假Retiree System 退休制度Retirement 退休Retirement Age 退休年龄Retirement Fund 退休基金Return of Talent 人才回流Rewarding by Merit/Pay According to Work 业绩报酬Right to Rest and Leisure 休息权Risk Pay Planning 风险工资计划Rokeach Values Survey 罗克奇价值观调查表Role Ambiguity 角色模糊Role Behavior 角色行为Role Conflict 角色冲突Role Playing 角色扮演Roles of HRM 人力资源管理角色Roll-Down Training 自上而下分级培训法Safety Director 安全负责人Safety Inspection 安全检验Safety Measure 安全措施Safety Program 安全方案Safety Training 安全培训Salary Administration 薪水管理Salary Band/Range 薪水范围Salary Survey 薪资调查。
上海青浦平和双语学校的校园空间新模式探索
中图分类号 TU244 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1003-739X （2023）04-0056-05 收稿日期 2022-04-25摘 要 该文通过对上海青浦平和双语校园的案例分析，并结合对现状的反思，为既有中小学校园空间模式变革提供了一种新的设计方法参考。
在校园功能上，提出拆解教学空间与外部场地和复合化生活功能；在校园空间形式上，提出形象差异化和空间多元化；在校园空间规划上，提出分散空间布局和模糊功能分区；并以此指出一种人与自然、社会融合的校园理想愿景。
关键词 青浦平和双语学校 校园空间模式 功能拆解 形式差异化 分散布局Abstract Through the case study of Qingpu Pinghe Bilingual campus in Shanghai and the reflection on the current situation, we provide a new design method for the transformation of the existing primary and secondary school campus space mode. In terms of campus function, we propose to disassemble teaching space and external site and compound living function. In the form of campus space, image differentiation and spatial diversification are put forward. In the campus space planning, decentralized space layout and fuzzy functional zoning are proposed. And we point out a kind of campus ideal vision of human, nature and society integration.Keywords Qingpu Pinghe Bilingual School, Campus space model, Function disassemble, Form differentiation, Decentralized layout上海青浦平和双语学校的校园空间新模式探索A New Model of Campus Space in Shanghai Qingpu Pinghe Bilingual School校园空间模式是一种满足某一阶段内特定教育需求的标准化空间操作，在一定范围内具有普遍的指导意义。
描述校园环境英语作文带翻译
描述校园环境英语作文带翻译当我第一天走入我们的校园，我就发现校园到处可见“爱护环境、人人有责”，我们要怎么写一篇保护校园环境的英语呢?下面是小编给大家整理的描述校园环境英语作文带翻译，供你参考!描述校园环境英语作文带翻译篇1Every one of us can feel that the school has been greening, beautifying and purifying the campus environment. When we study in the classroom and clean our comfortable environment, we feel the importance of a clean campus for all the students and students.Students grow up on campus, live and grow up, the campus is actually our second home. Every day, we can see the students cleaning in every corner of the campus, picking up scraps of paper and using their own hands to maintain and create a beautiful campus environment.Each of us is a member of the campus and has the duty and responsibility to maintain the campus. Campus environment is good, we need to jointly build the habit of civilization also depend on our usual formed little by little, in the final analysis our life learning environment to maintain by each student.To further create a good campus environment, we should set up campus awareness and take care of the campus environment. Conscientiously maintain the clean sanitation of campus, do well on duty day work, form good hygiene habit. No spitting, no littering, no snacks on campus. Take good care of the campus environment, not the wall, the desktop mess, the graffiti, the scribble. Don't climb trees and plant trees, love one flower.我们每一个人能感受着学校一直都在绿化，美化，净化校园环境。
城市智能模型(CIM)的概念及发展
城市智能模型(CIM)的概念及发展* CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY INTELLIGENT MODEL (CIM)吴志强甘惟臧伟马春庆周竣何珍周新刚WU Zhiqiang;GAN Wei;ZANG Wei;M A Chunqing;ZHOU Jun;HE Zhen;ZHOU Xingang106m 〇!〇厂〇〇!§$ >to【摘要】2005年在上海世博会的规划设计过程中就曾研制并应用了上海世博园区智能模型(cam pus intelligent m o d e丨)，这一模型后被扩展应用到城市与城区范围，与城市的规划、建设、管理结合，衍生出城市智能模型(city intelligent model,C IM)的概 念。
CIM自提出以来，已逐步成为国内智慧城市研究的热点。
本文以CIM概念的缘起及发展作为出发点，对CIM及其相关概念进行理论阐述；通 过对CIM的批判性分析，系统地提出CIM的特征及其与其他技术之间的关联；在笔者团队历时14年 开展的CIM研发与实践的基础上，梳理并凝练出四代CIM技术发展演变的过程，即从针对城市园区管理的中枢系统发展成为融合城市大脑、小脑 及迷走神经系统的综合智能系统；进而结合我国当前发展的热点问题及宏观趋势，展望CIM发展 的四个重点领域，探讨了未来技术的发展路径。
【关键词】城市智能模型；CIM;城市中抠；城 市大脑；智能化；城市治理ABSTRACT: The“Campus Intelligent Model”was initiated and developed in2005 during the planning【文章编号】1002-1329 (2021)04-0106-08【中图分类号】TU984;TP311.1【文献标识码】A【doi】1〇 • 11819/cpr20210406a 【修改日期】2021-03-11*国家重点研发计划(2018Y F C0704600) “城市新区规划设计优化技术”。
毕业设计可行性分析
毕业设计可行性分析【篇一：毕业论文-可行性分析报告】毕业论文-可行性分析报告校园信息化管理已经成为评测校园教学质量的一个重要手段。
在校园信息化管理中，学校的教材管理已是首要解决的问题。
学校每学期开学都需要购买大量的教材。
教材管理仓库需要处理大量的教材书籍、教材信息以及订购信息，学生信息、发放书等信息。
现有的人工记录方法既效率低又错误过多，大大影响了教材仓库的正常管理工作。
因此需要对教材资源、学生信息、订购信息、发放书等进行管理，及时了解各个环节中信息的变更，有利用管理效率的提高。
在当前信息化大潮的今天，效率成为一个很关键的问题，尤其是对于一个几万人的学校来说，学校不能安排太多的人力资源来负责教材管理的工作。
针对上面的问题，教材管理系统应运而生。
在系统调查的基础上，针对新系统的开发是否具备必要性和可能性，对新系统的开发从技术、经济、社会的方面进行分析和研究，以避免投资失误，保证新系统的开发成功。
可行性研究的目的就是用最小的代价在尽可能短的时间内确定问题是否能够解决。
该系统的可行性分析包括以下几个方面的内容。
(1 ) 经济可行性：主要是对项目的经济效益进行评价，本系统作为一个毕业设计，不需要任何经费，对于我们学校在经济上完全没有问题的。
而且本系统正式使用后，将会大大的提高教材科管理教材的效率。
(2) 技术上的可行性：技术上的可行性分析主要分析技术条件能否顺利完成开发工作，硬、软件能否满足开发者的需要等。
本系统主要采用了delphi7. 0 和ms sql server2000进行相关的开发，而del phi 是面向对象的可视化软件开发工具，其对编程平台对数据库的访问做了很好的封装，数据库接口的转换只需动态更改控件的相关属性即可；另考虑到sql se rve r数据库服务器用户，亦提供s ql server 数据库接口，微软公司的sql server数据库，它能够处理大量数据，同时保持数据的完整性并提供许多高级管理功能。
model
modelModelIntroduction:In today's fast-paced world, models play a crucial role in various industries. From fashion and advertising to manufacturing and technology, models are used to represent a concept, design, or product. This document aims to provide an in-depth understanding of what a model is, its significance, and different types of models in different industries.Overview:A model can be defined as a representation or a replica of a specific entity. It helps in visualizing concepts, predicting outcomes, facilitating decision-making, and communicating ideas effectively. Models can be physical, mathematical, or virtual. They serve as tools that simplify complex systems or designs, making them easier to understand and work with.Significance of Models:Models are essential in many industries because they provide a simplified representation of complex entities. For example, in the fashion industry, models are used to showcase clothingdesigns and help potential customers visualize how the outfits will look on them. Similarly, in the manufacturing industry, models are used in prototyping and product development to test the functionality and design before mass production.Types of Models:1. Physical Models:Physical models are tangible representations of objects or ideas. They can be made from materials like clay, wood, or plastic. Physical models are commonly used in architecture and engineering to help architects and engineers visualize and evaluate the design of buildings, bridges, or any physical structure. These models can also be used for presentations and client approval before starting the actual construction.2. Mathematical Models:Mathematical models are created using mathematical equations and formulas. These models are used extensively in fields like physics, economics, and engineering to predict and analyze complex systems. For example, mathematical models can be used to forecast market trends, simulate climate change, or determine the optimal route for supply chain logistics.3. Virtual Models:Virtual models are computer-generated and provide a digital representation of an object or concept. Virtual models are widely used in industries such as gaming, animation, and virtual reality. For instance, in the gaming industry, virtual models are used to create realistic 3D characters, environments, and interactive simulations. In the medical field, virtual models are used for surgeries and training, allowing doctors to practice procedures without the need for a live patient.4. Conceptual Models:Conceptual models are abstract representations that are used to visually communicate ideas or concepts. These models help in brainstorming, problem-solving, and decision-making processes. Conceptual models are widely used in marketing and advertising to develop advertising campaigns, brand identities, or product packaging. They assist in generating creative ideas and communicating them to clients or stakeholders.Conclusion:Models are indispensable tools in various industries, enabling professionals to visualize, analyze, and communicate complexideas effectively. Whether it is a physical model used in architecture, a mathematical model used in forecasting, a virtual model used in gaming, or a conceptual model used in advertising, each type holds its own significance. Understanding and effectively using models can enhance productivity, innovation, and decision-making processes in any field.。
高职院校新校区建设流程
高职院校新校区建设流程1.确定新校区的选址是新校区建设的第一步。
The first step in the construction of a new campus is to determine the location for the new campus.2.确定选址后，需要进行土地规划和土地购买工作。
After determining the location, land planning and acquisition need to be conducted.3.开展勘察和测绘工作，确保土地的合理利用和建设的准确性。
Carry out surveying and mapping work to ensure the rational use of land and the accuracy of construction.4.制定建设方案，包括校舍建筑、设施布局和绿化设计等。
Develop a construction plan, including school buildings, facility layout, and landscaping design.5.向相关部门提出建设申请，获得审批文件。
Submit a construction application to relevant departments and obtain approval documents.6.进行招标工作，确定建设单位和主要承包商。
Conduct bidding to determine the construction unit and main contractors.7.确定建设单位和主要承包商后，签订建设合同。
After determining the construction unit and main contractors, sign the construction contract.8.确定资金来源，筹措建设资金。
smart campus英语作文大学
smart campus英语作文大学全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Smart Campus: Enhancing the University ExperienceIntroductionIn the digital age, technology has revolutionized every aspect of our lives, including education. Universities around the world are embracing the concept of a smart campus to enhance the overall learning experience for students and streamline administrative processes. A smart campus utilizes the latest technology to create a more efficient, sustainable, and connected environment for students, faculty, and staff.Enhancing LearningOne of the main advantages of a smart campus is its ability to enhance the learning experience for students. With the integration of technology into classrooms, students are able to access a wealth of information at their fingertips. Smart classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards,high-speed internet, and projectors, allowing for a more engaging and interactive learning environment. Additionally,students can access course materials, submit assignments, and communicate with professors online through the university'se-learning platform.In addition to technology in the classroom, smart campuses also provide students with access to advanced research facilities and laboratories. These state-of-the-art facilities allow students to conduct cutting-edge research and experiments, preparing them for careers in the rapidly evolving fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.Improving Campus LifeBeyond academics, a smart campus also aims to improve the overall quality of campus life for students. Smart dormitories equipped with IoT devices allow students to control lighting, temperature, and security systems from their smartphones. Additionally, campus-wide Wi-Fi coverage ensures that students can stay connected at all times, whether they are in the classroom, library, or student center.Moreover, smart campuses prioritize sustainability by implementing energy-efficient technologies and waste management systems. Solar panels, motion-sensor lighting, and smart thermostats help reduce energy consumption and lower the university's carbon footprint. Recycling programs andcompost bins also encourage students and staff to adopt more eco-friendly practices.Streamlining Administrative ProcessesIn addition to enhancing learning and campus life, a smart campus also streamlines administrative processes to improve efficiency and productivity. Online registration, academic advising, and course scheduling systems simplify the enrollment process for students and eliminate the need for paper forms and long wait times. Virtual library resources and online databases make it easier for students to access research materials and academic journals from anywhere, reducing the time spent searching for physical copies.Furthermore, smart campuses utilize data analytics to track student performance and engagement, allowing for more personalized and targeted interventions to support students' academic success. By analyzing student data, universities can identify at-risk students early on and provide them with the necessary resources and support to help them succeed.Challenges and Future DirectionsWhile the concept of a smart campus offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that universities mustaddress. Data security and privacy concerns are a major issue, as universities need to safeguard sensitive student information and prevent cyberattacks on their systems. Additionally, the initial investment required to implement smart technologies on campus can be a barrier, especially for smaller institutions with limited budgets.Despite these challenges, the future of smart campuses looks promising. As technology continues to evolve, universities will have access to even more innovative solutions to enhance the learning experience for students and streamline administrative processes. By embracing the concept of a smart campus, universities can adapt to the changing needs of students and prepare them for success in a rapidly changing world.ConclusionIn conclusion, the concept of a smart campus is transforming the traditional university experience by leveraging technology to enhance learning, improve campus life, and streamline administrative processes. Through the integration of smart technologies, universities are creating a more connected, sustainable, and efficient environment for students, faculty, and staff. As we continue to embrace the digital age, smart campuseswill play a critical role in preparing students for success in a rapidly evolving global economy.篇2Title: The Smart Campus of the FutureIn recent years, the concept of a "smart campus" has been gaining popularity among universities and colleges around the world. A smart campus is a technologically advanced and interconnected space that uses innovative solutions to improve the learning environment, enhance campus safety, and streamline administrative processes. In this essay, we will explore the potential benefits and challenges of implementing a smart campus at universities, as well as the key components that make up a smart campus.First and foremost, a smart campus offers a wide range of benefits for students, faculty, and staff. By leveraging technology such as IoT devices, artificial intelligence, and data analytics, universities can create a more personalized and efficient learning experience for students. For example, smart classrooms equipped with smart boards, interactive displays, and virtual reality tools can enhance student engagement and facilitate collaborative learning. Moreover, smart campus infrastructurecan help optimize energy consumption, reduce operational costs, and minimize environmental impact.In addition to improving the educational experience, a smart campus can also enhance campus safety and security. By integrating surveillance cameras, access control systems, and emergency response protocols, universities can create a safer and more secure environment for students and staff. For instance, smart campus solutions can automatically alert authorities in case of a security breach or medical emergency, enabling faster response times and better coordination of resources.Furthermore, a smart campus can streamline administrative processes and improve operational efficiency. By implementing digital platforms for student registration, course enrollment, and academic advising, universities can reduce paperwork, eliminate manual errors, and enhance transparency. Additionally, smart campus solutions can help optimize facility management, parking allocation, and transportation services, leading to better resource utilization and cost savings.Despite the many benefits of a smart campus, there are several challenges that universities may face in the implementation process. One of the main challenges is the highupfront cost of deploying smart technologies and infrastructure. Universities will need to invest in hardware, software, and training programs to ensure a successful transition to a smart campus. Additionally, universities will need to address concerns related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical implications of using advanced technologies in the educational setting.To overcome these challenges, universities can develop a strategic roadmap for integrating smart technologies into their campuses. This roadmap should involve conducting a thorough needs assessment, setting clear goals and objectives, and establishing partnerships with industry experts and technology providers. Moreover, universities should involve key stakeholders, including students, faculty, staff, and community members, in the decision-making process to ensure that the smart campus solutions meet their needs and expectations.In conclusion, the concept of a smart campus holds great potential for transforming the higher education landscape and improving the overall learning experience for students. By leveraging technology and innovation, universities can create a more engaging, efficient, and secure environment that benefits everyone in the campus community. While there are challenges involved in implementing a smart campus, the rewards of asmarter, more connected campus are well worth the effort. With careful planning and collaboration, universities can pave the way for a brighter future where technology enhances education in meaningful ways.篇3Smart Campus: Revolutionizing the University ExperienceIntroductionIn the era of digital transformation, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, reshaping the way we work, communicate, and learn. One of the sectors that has seen significant advancement in technology is education, with the concept of the smart campus becoming increasingly popular among universities worldwide. A smart campus leverages cutting-edge technology to enhance the overall university experience for students, faculty, and staff. In this essay, we will discuss the various components of a smart campus, its benefits, challenges, and the future outlook of smart campuses in universities.Components of a Smart CampusA smart campus is designed to leverage innovative technologies to create a more connected, efficient, andsustainable learning environment. Some of the key components of a smart campus include:1. IoT (Internet of Things): IoT devices such as smart sensors, beacons, and wearables are deployed across the campus to collect data and monitor various aspects like energy consumption, air quality, and occupancy levels.2. Cloud Computing: Smart campuses utilize cloud computing to store and manage data, enabling real-time access to information from any location.3. AI (Artificial Intelligence): AI-powered technologies are used to automate routine tasks, analyze data, and provide personalized learning experiences for students.4. Smart Buildings: Buildings on a smart campus are equipped with smart lighting, HVAC systems, and security solutions to optimize energy usage and create a safe and comfortable environment.5. Mobile Applications: Universities develop custom mobile applications that provide students with access to campus resources, course materials, schedules, and notifications.Benefits of a Smart CampusThe implementation of a smart campus brings a plethora of benefits to the university community. Some of the key advantages include:1. Improved Efficiency: Automation of routine tasks and data-driven decision-making processes help in streamlining operations, reducing costs, and increasing productivity.2. Enhanced Learning Experience: Personalized learning experiences, access to digital resources, and interactive tools improve student engagement and academic performance.3. Sustainability: Smart campuses promote sustainability by optimizing energy consumption, reducing carbon footprint, and fostering a culture of environmental awareness among students and staff.4. Safety and Security: Advanced security systems, real-time monitoring, and emergency response mechanisms ensure the safety and well-being of everyone on campus.Challenges of Implementing a Smart CampusDespite the numerous benefits of a smart campus, there are several challenges that universities may face during implementation. Some of the common challenges include:1. Cost: The initial investment required for deploying smart technologies and infrastructure can be significant, posing a financial challenge for universities with limited budgets.2. Data Privacy: Collecting and storing vast amounts of data on students and faculty raises concerns about data privacy and security, requiring universities to implement robust data protection measures.3. Infrastructure Compatibility: Integrating different systems, devices, and technologies on a smart campus can be complex, requiring careful planning and coordination to ensure seamless operation.4. Resistance to Change: Some students, faculty, and staff may be resistant to adopting new technologies and changing traditional teaching methods, leading to reluctance in embracing a smart campus.Future Outlook of Smart CampusesThe concept of smart campuses is expected to continue evolving in the coming years, driven by advancements in technology and the growing demand for innovative learning environments. Some of the key trends that will shape the future of smart campuses include:1. Integration of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies to create immersive learning experiences and simulations.2. Expansion of online learning platforms and hybrid teaching models to cater to the diverse needs of students and enable lifelong learning opportunities.3. Adoption of predictive analytics and machine learning algorithms to personalize education, track student performance, and improve outcomes.4. Emphasis on sustainability and green initiatives, with smart campuses serving as models of environmental consciousness and energy efficiency.ConclusionIn conclusion, smart campuses represent the future of higher education, revolutionizing the way universities operate, students learn, and faculty teach. By leveraging innovative technologies and creating connected, efficient, and sustainable learning environments, smart campuses have the potential to transform the university experience for generations to come. While challenges in implementation exist, the benefits of a smart campus far outweigh the obstacles, making it a worthwhileinvestment for universities looking to stay ahead in the digital age. As we continue to witness the rapid evolution of technology, the journey towards smarter, more innovative campuses is only just beginning.。
复杂地形下无人机倾斜摄影技术的校园三维实景建模
复杂地形下无人机倾斜摄影技术的校园三维实景建模①亓信玖1, 黄风华2, 李传林1, 林国滨2, 曹 俊21(福州大学 数字中国研究院(福建) 空间数据挖掘与信息共享教育部重点实验室, 福州 350108)2(阳光学院 空间数据挖掘与应用福建省高校工程研究中心, 福州 350015)通讯作者: 黄风华摘 要: 针对无人机倾斜摄影技术在复杂地形条件下三维实景建模的可行性及其精度是否满足实际大比例尺测量要求的问题, 本文以福州市马尾区阳光学院校园为例, 采用大疆经纬系列无人机搭载云眼系列五镜头相机的方式完成测区倾斜影像数据的采集. 采用实时动态(Real-Time Kinematic, RTK)连接千寻CORS 账号的量测方式完成测区控制点的采集. 利用Bentley 公司的实景建模软件ContextCapture 对外业采集的数据进行内业处理, 得到了该校园的高分辨率的三维实景模型、数字表面模型(DSM)和真正射影像(TDOM), 并对三维模型进行精度分析. 为了保证模型的精度, 实验过程中通过布设较多控制点, 分块航测, 提高航向和旁向重叠度来提高模型精度. 实验结果表明, 与地面实测数据相比, 采用上述技术所建立的校园三维实景模型的平面位置中误差和高程中误差均小于5 cm,满足实际大比例尺测量的要求, 可为后期校园三维实景模型的二次开发提供重要的数据支持.关键词: 无人机倾斜摄影技术; CORS; 三维实景模型; DSM; TDOM引用格式: 亓信玖,黄风华,李传林,林国滨,曹俊.复杂地形下无人机倾斜摄影技术的校园三维实景建模.计算机系统应用,2021,30(2):110–116./1003-3254/7633.html3D Campus Scene Modeling Based on UAV Tilt Photography in Complex TerrainQI Xin-Jiu 1, HUANG Feng-Hua 2, LI Chuan-Lin 1, LIN Guo-Bin 2, CAO Jun 21(Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining & Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, Digital China Research Institute (Fujian),Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China)2(Fujian Provincial Universities Engineering Research Center of Spatial Data Mining and Application, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China)Abstract : This study takes the campus of Yango University in Mawei District, Fuzhou City as an example to study the feasibility and accuracy of 3D modeling of UAV tilt photography in complex terrain. It adopts DJI Matrice series of UAVs carrying cloud eye series of five-lens cameras to collect tilt image data in the survey area. A real-time kinematic instrument connects Qianxun CORS account to complete the acquisition of control points in the survey area. With ContextCapture, a real-world modeling software of Bentley company, the data collected from the external operation is processed for internal operation. Consequently, the high-resolution 3D scene model, Digital Surface Model (DSM) and True Digital Orthophoto Map (TDOM) of the campus are obtained, and the accuracy of the 3D model is analyzed. In order to ensure the accuracy of the model, the experiment improves the accuracy of the model by setting more control points, making sub-regional aerial survey, and improving the overlap of heading and the side direction. Experimental results reveal that the mean square error of the plane position and the mean square error of the elevation of the 3D real scene model are less than 5 cm, which can meet the requirements of large-scale measurement and provide important data计算机系统应用 ISSN 1003-3254, CODEN CSAOBNE-mail: Computer Systems & Applications,2021,30(2):110−116 [doi: 10.15888/ki.csa.007633] ©中国科学院软件研究所版权所有.Tel: +86-10-62661041① 收稿时间: 2019-12-17; 修改时间: 2020-01-14; 采用时间: 2020-04-17; csa 在线出版时间: 2021-01-27110support for the secondary development of the 3D real scene model of the campus in the later stage.Key words: tilt photogrammetry technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS); 3D real scene model; Digital Surface Model (DSM); True Digital Orthophoto Map (TDOM)近些年, 无人机倾斜摄影测量技术是国内外测量领域中发展应用起来的一项高新技术, 已成为摄影测量领域中一个新的研究热点[1]. 该技术主要用于三维实景模型的生产. 随着“数字校园”、“智慧校园”的出现,各大高校争相开展相应课题, 其中三维实景模型是校园智慧建设的亮点之一[2].传统的三维模型构建主要是利用影像或规划图作为底图, 利用三维建模软件结合人工收集到的二维平面和高程数据完成三维模型的构建. 常见的三维建模软件有3DMAX、AutoCAD、SketchUp、CityEngine 等. 通过传统方法生成的三维模型不仅需要耗费大量的人力与财力, 而且由于缺少必要的纹理等信息, 从而导致质量和真实感较差, 不能真实反映复杂地物形状,与现实世界反差较大, 难以满足大区域三维城市的应用[3]. 相对于传统的三维模型来说, 三维实景模型具有不受模型形状的限制、模型真实、生成速度快、应用领域广泛等特点.目前该技术在大比例尺地形图测绘、三维建模、城市规划、国土管理、文物遗产保护等多个领域都得到了广泛应用[4–6]. 本研究以阳光学院马尾校区为例, 研究无人机倾斜摄影测量在复杂地形条件下三维实景模型的方法, 并且检验其精度是否满足实际测量需求的问题.1 无人机倾斜摄影测量技术与空中三角测量1.1 无人机倾斜摄影测量技术无人机倾斜摄影测量技术是指在无人机这一飞行平台上面搭载一台或多台传感器同时从多个角度采集影像, 从而获取地物信息的技术. 与传统的摄影测量相比, 它突破了传 统的垂直拍摄获取正射影像的束缚, 可对同一地物同时从多个倾斜角度摄影, 从而能够快速、高效、大视角地获取更加客观丰富的侧面纹理等信息用于三维实景建模. 近年来, 众多学者对无人机倾斜摄影技术进行了研究. 倾斜摄影测量的发展, 国外比国内早了很多, 国外已经经历了十几年的发展历程[7,8],应用比较广泛, 甚至发展到了室内三维建模. 国内倾斜摄影发展也就8年左右的历史, 2010年在中国测绘科学院刘先林院士的带领下研制出了第一台倾斜相机SWDC-5[9]. 中海达公司自主研发并生产了一款八旋翼的无人机测量系统OS-M8[10]. 上海航测和中测新图推出了AMC580和TOPDC-5倾斜相机, 国产倾斜相机航摄仪得到了一次快速发展[11]. 总之不管硬件还是软件目前国内与国外都有一定差距, 特别是软件. 当前倾斜摄影相机主流为5镜头(其中包括4个倾斜镜头和1个垂直镜头). 本文采用的就是基于五镜头的无人机航空摄影来完成三维实景模型的构建.简而言之, 无人机倾斜摄影测量技术就是无人机技术与倾斜摄影技术的完美结合. 该技术主要包括飞行平台、多镜头倾斜传感器、地面操作控制系统3个部分. 无人机倾斜摄影技术还可以与其他技术相结合来完成人们更高的需求,应用前景广泛. Stöcker等[12]以西班牙安达卢西亚的案例研究了无人机航测在沟渠测量中的应用. Sun等[13]利用无人机倾斜摄影技术与BIM技术及VR技术相结合, 通过虚拟体验来模拟看房系统. 孙少楠等利用无人机倾斜摄影技术与BIM技术相结合实现了在水利工程地形中的应用[14].1.2 空中三角测量摄影测量的主要任务是最大限度地减少外业工作,因此提出解析空中三角测量这一概念. 空中三角测量俗称空三平差, 根据平差中采用的数学模型, 空中三角测量可分为航带法、独立模型法、光束法三种方法.空三平差是数字摄影测量中通过少量野外控制点对测区内的控制点加密从而获取影像加密点平面位置和高程的重要方法[15]. 该方法同样也适合倾斜摄影测量. 相对于传统摄影测量, 多镜头倾斜摄影计算量较大, 计算过程比较复杂. 无人机倾斜摄影测量系统获取的影像空三平差以原始POS数据和野外测定的控制点为基础, 采用严密的数学公式, 按照最小二乘法原理, 平差计算出摄影测量中所需加密点的三维坐标及其定向参数, 同时建立控制点、连接点以及POS辅助数据的多视角影像的联合结算, 进一步保障平差结果的精度. 因2021 年 第 30 卷 第 2 期计算机系统应用111此空三平差在摄影测量中占有十分重要的位置.常见的空三软件很多, 如Inpho、Smart3D PhotoScan、Altizure等. Bentley ContextCapture(原Smart3D, 以下简称CC)是一套实景三维自动建模系统. 它可以自动创建真实的三维模型, 自动化程度非常高, 是目前市场上用的比较多的软件. 此外它还具备高兼容性, 能对各种对象各种数据源进行精确无缝重建. CC有两个版本, 一个普通版ContextCapture, 一个中心版Context-Capture Center, 后者可以进行集群处理, 也就是在主机上能够同时分配多个任务节点给副机同时并行计算,因此计算效率大大提高. 本研究采用的就是中心版本.通过多台计算机建立集群的方式, 同时高效地处理数据量较大的倾斜影像数据.2 无人机倾斜摄影三维实景建模流程2.1 技术流程本文具体的校园三维实景建模的技术流程如图1.图1 校园三维实景建模的技术流程整个三维实景建模的流程主要分为外业数据采集和内业数据处理两个部分. 主要的设计思路: 外业数据采集主要是根据航测区域概况制定航测技术方案来完成. 采集的外业数据包括影像数据、POS数据、控制点数据. 通过该技术采集带的外业数据也称倾斜数据.倾斜数据是带有空间位置信息的可量测影像数据, 通过内业处理软件处理能同时输出DSM、TDOM、DOM、DLG等多种成果[16]. 内业数据处理主要是利用CC对外业采集到的数据进行处理. 主要步骤包括数据预处理、空中三角测量、多视影像密集匹配、构建TIN三角网、自动纹理映射、生产三维实景模型等. 然后对生产的三维实景模型进行精度分析, 满足精度要求的就是所需要的三维实景模型, 否则的话继续数据预处理, 再提交空中三角测量直到满足所需要的精度为止.为了达到精度要求, 实验过程中通过布设较多控制点,分区航测, 使用较高的航向和旁向重叠度来提高模型精度.2.2 航测区域概况阳光学院马尾校区坐落于福建省福州市马尾区卧龙山上, 位于东经119°37′, 北纬25°29′, 学校占地面积约为1 km2, 建筑面积37万平方米. 测区以校园建筑为主, 由于校园坐落于山上地形起伏较大, 最高点与最低点的落差在180 m左右. 对于地形起伏较大的地貌, 如用传统的人工测图, 外业的工作量相当大,并且有好多地段存在安全隐患, 人员和仪器根本无法到达; 然而普通航测法又很难达到大比例尺地形图精度要求, 因此考虑采用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术.2.3 外业数据的采集本次选取的测区范围约为1 km2, 地形起伏较大.针对航测区域的大小、地形等特点, 本文采用多旋翼大疆经纬系列无人机M600Pro (一台六旋翼的无人机)为飞行平台, 云眼系列APS-130五拼相机(半画幅)为多镜头倾斜传感器. 表1为相关具体参数.为了提高模型的精度且不影响成果的质量, 本研究对区域进行分块, 分成南北两块. 航测规划软件此次我采用大疆自主开发的DJI GS Pro. 具体无人机航线规划如图2所示.通过航测规划软件DJI GS Pro连接无人机M600Pro,在软件里面添加一个五镜头APS-130相机并设置对应参数. 根据研究区域的环境等情况, 此次航线规划设计的航带为S形线路. 主要参数设置: 航高130 m, 旁向重叠度80%, 航向重叠度80%, 拍照模式等距间隔拍照, 拍照间隔2 s, 相机朝向平行于主航线, 主航线角度0°, 边距0 m. 由软件计算得知飞行速度8 m/s, 分辨率2 cm. 此次航测南测区获得航片4910张(每个镜头982张), 北测区获得航片5555张(每个镜头1111张),共航片10 465张.计算机系统应用2021 年 第 30 卷 第 2 期112表1 飞行平台和倾斜传感器的详细参数飞行平台(六旋翼)飞行速度: 最大飞行速度65 km/h(无风环境)正射镜头焦距: 25 mm (1个)飞行高度: 最大飞行海拔高度2500 m倾斜镜头焦距: 35 mm (4个)最大升降速度: 上升5 m/s, 下降3 m/s传感器长/短边: 23.5 mm/15.6 mmGPS模块: 3套IMU和GNSS模块像片长/短边: 6000 pix/4000 pix工作环境: −10 ℃至40 ℃主距: 25 mm(a) 北部测区(b) 南部测区图2 无人机航线规划本文POS数据是通过大疆M600Pro飞控导出来的, 由于大疆飞控自身的局限性, 需要我们对导出来的POS数据进行筛选. 剔除多余的POS. 最终得到南测区982个POS数据,北测区共1111个POS, 共2093个POS数据.本文控制点数据是采用G P S-R T K连接千寻CORS账号的量测方式完成采集. 首先在奥威互动地图APP中提前划分好测区范围, 并在其中布设控制点,然后到实地寻找合适位置布设控制点. 根据测区的大小、地理位置、精度等因素, 共布设61个控制点(38个像控点, 23个检查点). 坐标系采用CGCS2000,中央经度120°, 3°分带, 高斯-克吕格投影. 像控点之间的布设间隔在200 m左右, 均匀分布于整个测区. 航测开始前,通过铺设红白或红黄相间的标靶, 通过中海达RTK连接千寻定位系统完成像控点、检查点的采集.控制点的测量方式如图3所示.(a) 控制点测量分布(b) 实际测量图3 控制点的测量方式2.4 内业数据处理外业数据采集获取后, 首先需要对获取的数据进行预处理, 主要包括POS数据的筛选、照片的匀光匀色处理等. 然后再导入到CC进行内业数据处理.通过CC软件对采集到的影像数据、POS数据、控制点数据进行内业处理, 主要的处理流程包括添加影像照片、导入POS数据、刺像控点、空中三角测2021 年 第 30 卷 第 2 期计算机系统应用113量、多视影像密集匹配、构建TIN 三角网、自动纹理映射、提交生产三维实景模型项目、提交生产TDOM 及DSM 项目等; 像控点的选刺需要手动选择并输入实测坐标, 像控点的残差越小, 正射影像的精度越高, 建立出来的三维实景模型质量越高. 分成南北两个区域的空三结果如图4所示, 合并后整个测区空三加密计算结果如图5所示.(a) 北部区域(b) 南部区域图4 南北两个区域的空三结果图5 合并后整个测区的空三结果2.5 项目成果通过CC 软件对采集到的数据完成处理之后, 最终生成了三维实景模型. 校园的部分三维实景模型如图6所示.在生成三维实景模型后, 对空三后的数据重新提交新的项目, 生成许多格式为TIFF/GeoTIFF 的文件,将生成的文件导入ARCGIS 中, 此处使用ArcGIS10.5中的“镶嵌至栅格”功能进行拼接. 生成的TDOM 和DSM 如图7、图8所示.图6 校园的部分三维实景模型图7 测区的部分TDOM图层yg_dsm 值高：213.063低：27.5341图8 测区的部分DSM2.6 三维模型精度分析为了检验无人机倾斜摄影测量的三维模型成果精度, 利用航测之前采集到布设在测区分布均匀检查点,与生成三维模型中相对应位置的点进行对比, 从而完成该模型的精度评定. 表2是同位置三维模型采集点与检查点的对比.利用外业采集的检查点坐标(作为真值)与三维模型中对应位置的坐标(作为观测值)通过下列中误差计算公式得到坐标中误差如下:计算机系统应用2021 年 第 30 卷 第 2 期114式中Dx、Dy表示X、Y方向的中误差; Dxy表示平面位置中误差; Dz表示高程中误差.通过表2对三维实景模型上采集的23个检查点进行统计, 经计算可知X方向、Y方向的中误差分别约为3.03 cm, 3.06 cm. 平面位置中误差约为4.31 cm. 高程中误差约为2.88 cm. 满足实际大比例尺1:500测量的需求.表2 同位置三维数字地面模型采集点与检查点对比表点号检查点的实测值模型中检查点的坐标真误差x y z x y z|△x||△y||△z|0444 661.4562 877 543.031102.063444 661.482 877 543.07102.060.0240.0390.003 1444 728.8712 877 580.62198.124444 728.862 877 580.6198.150.0110.0110.026 2444 477.7472 877 651.694101.693444 477.722 877 651.67101.700.0270.0240.007 3444 310.2752 877 726.975102.757444 310.272 877 726.94102.730.0050.0350.027 4444 280.3912 877 641.032104.749444 280.352 877 641.01104.750.0410.0220.001 5444 297.8962 877 531.17587.253444 297.872 877 531.1987.250.0260.0150.003 6444 163.3592 877 486.97692.877444 163.392 877 486.9592.900.0310.0260.023 7444 105.6572 877 556.87292.823444 105.692 877 556.8792.850.0330.0020.022 8444 173.3992 877 650.809113.921444 173.382 877 650.83113.930.0190.0210.009 9444 092.4622 877 754.423115.276444 092.422 877 754.42115.340.0420.0030.064 10444 143.5472 877 849.877139.499444 143.522 877 849.79139.460.0270.0870.039 11444 237.0152 877 908.872140.591444 237.032 877 908.83140.520.0150.0420.071 12444 385.8532 877 921.056131.162444 385.872 877 921.03131.170.0170.0260.008 13444 345.8432 877 817.76109.838444 345.832 877 817.73109.860.0130.0300.022 14444 621.2432 877 559.579102.491444 621.272 877 559.61102.490.0270.0310.001 15444 603.8112 877 637.762117.179444 603.772 877 637.76117.170.0410.0020.009 16444 489.4402 877 759.452122.839444 489.382 877 759.42122.810.0600.0320.029 17444 586.7562 877 759.336138.408444 586.792 877 759.31138.410.0340.0260.002 18444 697.2782 877 866.878150.606444 697.252 877 866.85150.580.0280.0280.026 19444 512.6072 877 894.48158.585444 512.632 877 894.47158.610.0230.0100.025 20444 590.2052 877 950.634163.776444 590.222 877 950.61163.770.0150.0240.006 21444 686.2512 877 759.005138.521444 686.302 877 759.02138.530.0490.0150.009 22444 209.9162 877 578.57196.315444 209.892 877 578.5496.370.0260.0310.0553 结论与展望该研究首先利用大疆M600Pro搭载五镜头相机采集获取了阳光学院校区的影像数据, 通过GPS-RTK连接CORS账号的量测方式完成了像控点和检查点的采集, 再结合M600Pro飞控导出的POS数据. 利用这些数据经过CC软件处理之后, 获得了该区域高分辨率的三维实景模型、TDOM、DSM. 表明了无人机倾斜摄影技术在复杂地形条件下构建三维实景模型具有可行性, 此外通过模型的精度分析, 得到了三维实景模型的平面位置和高程中误差均小于5 cm, 满足大比例尺1:500的实际测量需求. 为后续三维模型的二次开发提供了数据支持. 但是该研究通过增加像控点来提高三维模型的精度, 还存在相当的局限性. 控制点多的话误差也会积累, 不一定能提高模型精度. 在实际的生产处理过程中, 受无人机等设备、大气环境及软件算法等因素, 无人机的飞行姿态, 照片的质量等都会影响模型的精度. 此外得到的三维实景模型还比较粗糙, 对于遮挡比较严重的地方没有进一步精细化. 希望在以后的学习过程中, 可以进一步对模型的精细化、单体化、多元数据融合及三维模型的二次开发进行更深层次的研究.参考文献丁志广, 严新生, 陈辉光. 无人机倾斜摄影用于江门市快速三维建模的探讨. 城市勘测, 2016, (4): 72–78. [doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8262.2016.04.016]1陈优良, 周亦明, 兰小机, 等. 基于无人机倾斜摄影的校园三维模型构建. 江西理工大学学报, 2019, 40(3): 14–21.2谭仁春, 姚岚. 城市三维快速建模方法探讨. 测绘科学, 2015, 40(5): 136–138.3田野, 向宇, 高峰, 等. 利用Pictometry倾斜摄影技术进行全自动快速三维实景城市生产——以常州市三维实景城市生产为例. 测绘通报, 2013, (2): 59–62, 66.4徐思奇, 黄先锋, 张帆, 等. 倾斜摄影测量技术在大比例尺地形图测绘中的应用. 测绘通报, 2018, (2): 111–115.5杨国东, 王民水. 倾斜摄影测量技术应用及展望. 测绘与空62021 年 第 30 卷 第 2 期计算机系统应用115间地理信息, 2016, 39(1): 13–15, 18. [doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5867.2016.01.004]Rau JY, Chu CY. Photo-realistic 3D mapping from aerialoblique imagery. International Archives of thePhotogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science-ISPRS Arvchives, 2010, 38(2): 110–115.7Nils K. Oblique aerial photograph: A status review.Photogrammetric Week, 2009, 20(5): 119–125.8闫利, 费亮, 叶志云, 等. 大范围倾斜多视影像连接点自动提取的区域网平差法. 测绘学报, 2016, 45(3): 310–317,338. [doi: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20140673]9马晨, 杨辽, 池梦群, 等. 非量测相机倾斜航空影像空三加密精度评价. 遥感信息, 2015, 30(6): 71–75. [doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3177.2015.06.014]10孙宏伟. 基于倾斜摄影测量技术的三维数字城市建模. 现代测绘, 2014, 37(1): 18–21. [doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4097.112014.01.006]Stöcker C, Eltner A, Karrasch P. Measuring gullies bysynergetic application of UAV and close range photo-grammetry—A case study from Andalusia, Spain. CATENA,2015, 132: 1–11. [doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2015.04.004]12Sun TW, Xu ZH, Yuan JY, et al . Virtual experiencing andpricing of room views based on BIM and oblique photogrammetry. Procedia Engineering, 2017, 196: 1122–1129. [doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.071]13孙少楠, 张瑞, 于景波, 等. 倾斜摄影技术与BIM 技术结合在水利工程地形处理中的研究. 中州大学学报, 2018,35(6): 100–105, 127.14姚国标. 倾斜影像匹配关键算法及应用研究. 测绘学报,2015, 44(3): 354. [doi: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140548]15顾广杰, 张坤鹏, 刘志超, 等. 浅谈无人机倾斜摄影测量技术标准. 测绘通报, 2017, (S1): 210–213.16计算机系统应用2021 年 第 30 卷 第 2 期116。
基于3DS MAX的校园三维模型室内外一体化制作
基于3DS MAX的校园三维模型室内外一体化制作刘虎;陈汉文【摘要】研究了基于3DS MAX软件的校园三维模型的制作步骤和方法,讨论了校区建模的数据采集、纹理生成、模型修改等关键技术;特别阐述了室内建模的制作方法和技巧,弥补了三维室内建模的空白.%The steps and methods of producing the campus 3D model based on 3DS MAX software were discussed in this paper. We specially discussed the methods and techniques of producing interior room configuration, which has make up the blank of the 3D indoor modeling. We also discussed the creation methods of campus modeling processes and 3D structure models using 3DS MAX software.【期刊名称】《地理空间信息》【年(卷),期】2013(011)002【总页数】3页(P53-54,58)【关键词】3DS MAX;三维模型;室内外一体化【作者】刘虎;陈汉文【作者单位】湖北省水利水电规划勘测设计院,湖北武汉430022【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P208在科技日益发达的今天，随着信息技术和网络技术的不断发展，人们已经可以直观、清楚地描述地理空间物体。
虚拟现实技术为人类观察自然环境和景观建筑、了解实体提供了身临其境的感觉[1]，可以通过电脑和网络浏览城市地理三维实体模型，可视化效果刻画得更加形象生动。
为了更好地展示南京师范大学的风貌，本文运用3DS MAX软件制作了校园三维图。
校园三维图的制作流程如图1所示。
校园榜样英文作文高中
校园榜样英文作文高中英文：As a high school student, I have always looked up to certain individuals as role models. These individuals, whoI consider to be campus models, have inspired me to becomea better person and strive for success. In my opinion, a campus model is someone who not only excels academically, but also demonstrates outstanding character and leadership qualities.One of the campus models that I admire is my English teacher, Ms. Smith. She is not only knowledgeable and passionate about teaching, but also caring and supportive towards her students. She always goes above and beyond to ensure that her students understand the material and feel confident in their abilities. Ms. Smith also serves as a mentor to many students and encourages them to pursue their passions and dreams.Another campus model that I look up to is my classmate, John. He is not only a top student in our class, but also a talented athlete and musician. Despite his busy schedule,he always makes time to help his peers and volunteer in the community. John is also a natural leader and has theability to inspire and motivate others to achieve their goals.中文：作为一名高中生，我一直将某些人视为榜样。
modelstudent英语作文
modelstudent英语作文English: As a model student, I strive to exemplify characteristics of responsibility, dedication, and integrity in all aspects of my academic and personal life. I consistently meet deadlines for assignments, actively participate in class discussions, and demonstrate a strong work ethic. Additionally, I am always eager to help my peers understand difficult concepts, contributing to a positive and collaborative learning environment. I understand the importance of maintaining academic honesty and ethical behavior, and I approach all tasks with a sense of integrity and diligence. Overall, my goal as a model student is to inspire and motivate my classmates to also strive for excellence in all that they do.中文翻译: 作为一个模范学生，我努力在学术和个人生活的各个方面体现责任感、奉献精神和诚信。
我始终按时完成作业，积极参与课堂讨论，并展现出强烈的职业道德。
此外，我总是乐于帮助同学们理解困难的概念，为积极和协作的学习环境做出贡献。
modelstudent英语作文
modelstudent英语作文英文回答：The Model Student: A Blueprint for Academic Excellence.The archetypal model student is a multifaceted individual who embodies the pinnacle of academic achievement. They possess an unyielding pursuit of knowledge, an unwavering determination, and an insatiable thirst for intellectual exploration. Their exceptional qualities extend beyond academic prowess, encompassing leadership, integrity, and a commitment to serving their community.Academic Proficiency:Model students demonstrate an extraordinary command of their subjects, consistently earning top grades and excelling in even the most challenging coursework. They possess a deep understanding of fundamental concepts,coupled with the ability to apply their knowledgecreatively and critically. Their intellectual curiosityfuels their relentless pursuit of academic excellence.Unwavering Determination:Driven by an unwavering determination to succeed, model students overcome obstacles and setbacks with resilienceand perseverance. They dedicate countless hours to studying, seeking out additional resources, and actively engaging in class discussions. Their determination is not merely a product of ambition but a manifestation of their belief in the transformative power of education.Leadership and Service:Beyond their academic pursuits, model students areoften leaders in extracurricular activities, clubs, and organizations. They inspire their peers, motivate others to reach their full potential, and contribute positively to their school and community. Their leadership skills stem from a genuine desire to make a difference and leave alasting impact.Integrity and Character:Model students are individuals of impeccable character and integrity. They adhere to the highest ethical standards, valuing honesty, fairness, and respect. Their actions are guided by a moral compass and a deep sense ofresponsibility. They are role models for their peers and earn the admiration and trust of faculty and staff.Intellectual Curiosity:Model students are driven by an insatiable thirst for knowledge that extends beyond the classroom walls. They actively seek out opportunities to expand their horizons, engaging in independent research, attending lectures, and immersing themselves in books and articles. Theirintellectual curiosity fuels their passion for lifelong learning.中文回答：模范学生，学术卓越的蓝图。
campus英文作文
campus英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
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英语作文你对未来校园的展望
英语作文你对未来校园的展望As we look forward to the future, I envision a campus that is not only technologically advanced, but also sustainable and inclusive. With the rapid development of technology, I believe that our future campus will be fully equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and smart systems that enhance the learning experience for students.In terms of sustainability, I hope to see our future campus become a model of environmental stewardship. This means implementing energy-efficient systems, promoting recycling and waste reduction, and incorporating green spaces into the campus design. I believe that a sustainable campus is not only beneficial for the environment, but also for the well-being of the students and staff.Furthermore, I envision a future campus that isinclusive and diverse. This means creating a welcoming and supportive environment for students from all backgrounds. I hope to see more programs and initiatives that promote diversity and inclusion, as well as resources for students of different abilities and needs.In addition to these physical aspects, I also hope to see a shift in the way we approach education on campus. I believe that the future of education lies in personalized learning and a focus on holistic development. This means providing students with opportunities to pursue their interests and passions, as well as nurturing their social and emotional well-being.Overall, my vision for the future campus is one that is technologically advanced, sustainable, inclusive, and focused on holistic development. I believe that by working towards these goals, we can create a campus that not only meets the needs of current students, but also prepares them for the challenges of the future.对于未来校园的展望，我希望看到一个不仅在技术上领先，而且可持续发展、包容的校园。
校园榜样英语作文
校园榜样英语作文On campus, there are always some outstanding students who set a good example for others. They are not only good at studying, but also active in various extracurricular activities. They are the role models of the whole school.One of the most important qualities of a campus role model is their academic excellence. They always get good grades and are willing to help others with their studies. They are not only diligent in their own studies, but also actively participate in various academic competitions, which has won them many honors.In addition to their outstanding academic performance, campus role models are also active in extracurricular activities. They are often the backbone of various school clubs and organizations, and they actively organize and participate in various activities. They not only enrich their own campus life, but also contribute to the construction of campus culture.Another important quality of a campus role model is their good character. They are polite and modest, always willing to help others. They are also enthusiastic about public welfare activities, actively participating in various volunteer service activities, and making positive contributions to the society.In short, campus role models are not only outstanding in their studies, but also active in extracurricular activities, and have good character. They set a good example for other students and have a positive impact on the whole school.。
Campus Star英语作文
Campus Star英语作文Campus Star。
In today's society, the competition is fierce, and everyone is striving to become a star in their respective fields. The same goes for the campus, where students are constantly trying to stand out and become the campus star. But what does it take to be a campus star? Is it just about good grades, or is there more to it than that?To be a campus star, one must excel not only academically, but also in other areas such as sports, arts, leadership, and community service. It's about being well-rounded and having a positive impact on the campus and the people around you.Academically, a campus star is someone who consistently performs well in their studies. They are diligent, hardworking, and always strive for excellence. They are not only good at memorizing facts and figures, but also atcritical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. Theyare the ones who are not afraid to ask questions, seek help, and push themselves to do better.In addition to academics, a campus star is alsoinvolved in extracurricular activities. They may be a star athlete, musician, artist, or leader of a student organization. They are passionate about what they do andare dedicated to honing their skills and talents. They are the ones who inspire others to pursue their interests and passions.Furthermore, a campus star is someone who takes on leadership roles and actively contributes to the campus community. They may be a student council member, avolunteer at a local charity, or a mentor to their peers. They are the ones who are always willing to lend a helping hand and make a difference in the lives of others.But being a campus star is not just about personal achievements. It's also about being a role model and positively influencing others. A campus star is someone whois kind, respectful, and empathetic. They treat everyone with dignity and respect, regardless of their background or differences. They are the ones who promote diversity, inclusion, and unity on campus.In conclusion, being a campus star is not just about being the best at something, but also about being a well-rounded, compassionate, and influential individual. It's about making a positive impact on the campus and the people around you. So, if you want to be a campus star, strive for excellence in all areas of your life, and be a positiverole model for others to follow.。
有关校园发展历史的英文作文
有关校园发展历史的英文作文The Evolving Legacy of Our Campus: A Journey Through TimeThe story of our university's campus is one of constant transformation, a tapestry woven with the threads of past experiences and the aspirations of future generations. From its humble beginnings to the vibrant, diverse community it has become, the history of this institution is a testament to the resilience, vision, and dedication of those who have walked these hallways before us.The campus itself has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis over the years, mirroring the changing needs and priorities of the academic community. In the early days, the grounds were a mere collection of modest buildings, each serving a specific purpose and catering to a relatively small student population. The campus was a reflection of the institution's modest beginnings, a testament to the determination and resourcefulness of its founders.As the years passed, the campus began to expand, both in size and in scope. New academic buildings, housing facilities, and support structures were erected to accommodate the growing number of students and faculty. The addition of state-of-the-art researchlaboratories, cutting-edge technology hubs, and modern learning spaces transformed the campus into a hub of intellectual dynamism, where the pursuit of knowledge and the fostering of innovation became the driving forces behind its development.One of the most remarkable aspects of the campus's evolution has been its ability to preserve its historical roots while seamlessly integrating modern amenities and facilities. The preservation of iconic landmarks, such as the grand, neo-Gothic-style administration building or the majestic library with its towering spires, has created a sense of continuity and heritage that is palpable throughout the campus. These structures serve as a constant reminder of the institution's rich history, a tangible link to the past that inspires and motivates current and future generations.Alongside the preservation of historical structures, the campus has also undergone a significant transformation in terms of its landscape and infrastructure. The once-barren expanses have given way to lush, meticulously landscaped gardens, providing a serene and inviting atmosphere for students, faculty, and visitors alike. The construction of state-of-the-art athletic facilities, performance arts centers, and student life hubs has further enriched the campus experience, enabling a well-rounded and holistic approach to education.The diversity of the campus community has also been a definingaspect of its evolution. Over the years, the institution has welcomed students and faculty from all corners of the globe, creating a vibrant and multicultural environment that fosters cross-cultural exchange, mutual understanding, and the celebration of diverse perspectives. This diversity has not only enriched the academic discourse but has also contributed to the campus's reputation as a hub of global engagement and intercultural dialogue.As the campus continues to evolve, it has also become a beacon of sustainability and environmental stewardship. The implementation of green initiatives, such as the use of renewable energy sources, the promotion of sustainable practices, and the integration of eco-friendly design principles, has transformed the campus into a model of environmental responsibility. This commitment to sustainability not only aligns with the institution's values but also serves as a testament to its role as a leader in addressing global challenges.The history of the campus is a testament to the resilience, adaptability, and visionary thinking of the institution's community. Each generation of students, faculty, and staff has left an indelible mark, shaping the campus into the dynamic and multifaceted environment it is today. The campus's evolution is a powerful metaphor for the university's unwavering commitment to the pursuit of knowledge, the cultivation of critical thinking, and the fostering of a vibrant and inclusive community.As we look to the future, the campus's legacy continues to inspire and guide us. The lessons of the past inform our decisions, and the aspirations of the present drive us forward. The campus, in all its evolving grandeur, stands as a testament to the transformative power of education, the enduring value of tradition, and the steadfast determination to shape a better tomorrow.。
共建绿色校园英语作文高中
共建绿色校园英语作文高中Building a Green CampusIn today's world, environmental sustainability has become a pressing concern for educational institutions worldwide. As the future leaders and decision-makers of tomorrow, it is crucial that students are equipped with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary to create a more sustainable future. One of the ways in which schools can contribute to this goal is by building a green campus that promotes eco-friendly practices and fosters environmental awareness among the student community.The concept of a green campus encompasses a wide range of initiatives and strategies aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the school's operations and infrastructure. This can include the implementation of energy-efficient technologies, the use of renewable energy sources, the adoption of sustainable waste management practices, and the integration of environmentally-conscious design principles in the construction and renovation of campus buildings.One of the key aspects of a green campus is the efficient management of energy resources. This can involve the installation of solar panels, the use of LED lighting, and the implementation of smart building technologies that optimize energy consumption based on occupancy and usage patterns. By reducing the school's reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing energy waste, these measures can significantly lower the institution's carbon footprint and contribute to the fight against climate change.Another important component of a green campus is the promotion of sustainable transportation options. This can include the provision of bike-sharing programs, the establishment of electric vehicle charging stations, and the encouragement of carpooling or the use of public transportation among students and staff. By reducing the number of single-occupancy vehicles on campus, schools can not only lower their greenhouse gas emissions but also promote a healthier and more active lifestyle among the campus community.In addition to energy and transportation, the management of waste on a green campus is also a crucial consideration. Schools can implement comprehensive recycling and composting programs, encourage the use of reusable water bottles and containers, and minimize the use of single-use plastics. By diverting waste from landfills and promoting a circular economy, schools can contribute tothe conservation of natural resources and the reduction of environmental pollution.Beyond the physical infrastructure and operational practices, a green campus also emphasizes the importance of environmental education and awareness. This can involve the integration of sustainability-related topics into the curriculum, the organization of campus-wide events and initiatives that promote environmental stewardship, and the creation of student-led sustainability clubs or organizations. By empowering students to become active participants in the greening of their campus, schools can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among the next generation of environmental leaders.The benefits of building a green campus extend far beyond the immediate environmental impact. By demonstrating a commitment to sustainability, schools can also enhance their reputation and attract students and faculty who share a passion for environmental preservation. Moreover, the implementation of green practices can result in long-term cost savings through reduced energy and resource consumption, ultimately freeing up funds that can be reinvested in other areas of the educational experience.However, the transition to a green campus is not without its challenges. Schools may face budgetary constraints, logistical hurdles, and resistance to change from various stakeholders.Overcoming these obstacles requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach, involving the participation of administrators, faculty, staff, and students.Successful green campus initiatives often rely on the establishment of a dedicated sustainability office or task force, responsible for coordinating and implementing the various sustainability-related projects and initiatives. This team can work closely with campus facilities, procurement, and operations departments to ensure that sustainable practices are integrated into the day-to-day operations of the school.Furthermore, the engagement and buy-in of the entire campus community are crucial for the long-term success of a green campus. By fostering a culture of environmental stewardship and empowering students to become active agents of change, schools can ensure that the commitment to sustainability is deeply rooted within the institution and continues to thrive long after the initial implementation phase.In conclusion, the concept of a green campus represents a holistic approach to environmental sustainability in the educational setting. By addressing a wide range of areas, from energy and transportation to waste management and environmental education, schools can not only reduce their ecological footprint but also cultivate a generationof environmentally-conscious individuals who are equipped to tackle the pressing challenges of our time. As we strive to build a more sustainable future, the green campus model serves as a powerful example of how educational institutions can lead the way in creating a more sustainable world.。
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校园市场专题分析模型设计概要
1.1 编写目的
细化片区化校园市场项目设计细节
为后续项目的设计和开发提供指导依据
1.2 参考文献
（略）
1.3 术语定义
首基站：以通话详单的基站信息为基础，对移动用户的通话次数和时长进行统计，以通话次数和时长最多的基站是校园基站的时候，该基站称为首基站。
次基站：以通话详单的基站信息为基础，排除首基站，剩余的基站信息为次基站。
2.1 系统功能架构
2.1.1 本网学生用户
校园市场学生识别模型包括两部分：本网学生用户识别模型和竞争对手学生用户识别模型。
其中本网学生用户识别模型由4个子模型构成，如下：
数据模型1 校园套餐+校园虚拟网+首基站
数据模型2 校园套餐+校园虚拟网+次基站（排除数据模型1的用户）
数据模型3校园套餐+校园虚拟网+数据模型1的短信交往圈和语音交往圈（排除数据模型1，数据模型2）
数据模型4 数据模型1语音交往圈按通话人次，通话时长排名第一的移动用户（非校园套餐和校园虚拟网）
关于校园归属问题：首先通过交往圈人数判定是否为学生，然后再判断所属地市是否一致，交往人数最多的校园便为校园归属
第3章系统功能设计
3.1 本网学生用户识别模型
3.1.1 数据模型1
校园套餐+校园虚拟网+首基站模型规则：
选取指定校园套餐与指定校园虚拟网集团的参考客户群。
汇总客户群相关的通话详单。
对用户的通话次数和时长进行统计,得到首基站信息。
首基站在校园基站维表存在的客户群为数据模型1。
3.1.2 数据模型2
校园套餐+校园虚拟网+次基站模型规则：
选取指定校园套餐与指定校园虚拟网集团的参考客户群。
在已经汇总客户群相关的通话详单选取次基站。
次基站在校园基站维表存在的客户群为数据模型2（排除模型1的用户）。
3.1.3 数据模型3
由以下2部分组成：短信交往圈+语音交往圈模型规则：
短信交往圈：校园套餐+校园虚拟网+模型1一个月短信交往圈交往人次大于等于2或者短信次数>=15的作为学生用户，同时交往人次最多的学校作为该学生的校园
语音交往圈：校园套餐+校园虚拟网+模型1三个月语音交往圈交往人次大于等于2，同时交往人次最多的学校作为该学生的校园
3.1.4 数据模型4
规则如下：
选取数据模型1中用户的三个月语音交往圈，过滤指定套餐和虚拟网作为参考客户群。
交往人次>=2的作为学生用户，交往人次最多的学校作为该学生的校园
3.2 竞争对手学生用户识别模型
汇总本网学生用户识别模型中数据模型1，数据模型2，数据模型3和数据模型4的用户三个月语音交往圈为参考客户群。
选取参考客户群中竞争对手与校园用户的通话人数大于等于10的客户群为竞争对手学生用户。
3.3 各模型关系
3.3.2 模型1的准确率最高：大部分通话都通过校园基站
3.3.3 模型2的最多通话不在校园基站内，但在校园基站内通过话
3.3.4 交往圈确定校园
假设模型1中有甲、乙、丙、丁4名成员，他们都跟卯（不在模型1内）交往过，这时我们取交往人数最多（如果是语音交往的话，还可按时长作为第二排序）的学校A 作为卯的归属校园，但同时归属校园的地市必须和交往人员所属地市一致。
3.3.5 模型3由模型
1的短信和语音交往圈二部分组成
3.3.6 模型4由模型1的语音交往圈（非指定校园套餐和虚拟网）组成
3.3.7 竞争对手
3.4 数据流程图。