研究生专业英语课程考试(含参考答案)

因为波函数与原子核外电子出现在原子周围某位置的概率有关,所以又被形象地称为“原子轨道”,使人感觉原子核外电子好像就在这种“原子周围的轨道”上围绕原子核运动似的。将一束很弱的电子束投射到极薄的金属箔上，但电子穿透金属箔，在箔后的照相底片上记录下分散的感光斑点，这表明电子显示出微粒的性质。

Due to the relation between wave function and probability in certain (specific, definite,) position where the electrons outside atomic nucleus emerge (appear, occur) around (about) the atom, it is also called visually as atomic orbital.（3分） It seems that the electron outside the atomic nucleus moves in an orbital around (about) atomic nucleus.（2分） After an electronic stream incidenced onto (on) a very thin metal film (foil), the stream went through the film, and some dispersive photo-sensing speckles were presented (shown) on the photonegative behind the film. （4分）It suggests that these electrons appear to have a particle-like character. （2分）(总11分)

在用量子力学描述原子核外电子的运动规律时，也不可能像牛顿力学描述的宏观物体那样，明确指出物体某瞬间存在于什么位置，而只能描述某瞬间电子在某位置上出现的概率为多大。

As mechanical law illuminated by quantum mechanism for outmost electrons of atom, it can't seem as description for macro-body by means of Newton mechanism. （4分）It distinctly indicates the body's position at a time, and it just describes the possibility of the position where electrons occurs at the time.（4分）（8分）当两个氢原子相互靠近, 且两个1s电子处于自旋状态反平行时,电子不再固定于各自原先的1s轨道,还可以出现于对方氢原子的1s轨道中。这样，相互配对的电子就为两个原子轨道所共用。同时，两个原子轨道发生重叠，使两核间电子出现的概率密度增大，更增加了两核对电子的吸引，导致系统能量降低而形成稳定分子。

As two hydrogen atoms move closer and two 1s electrons lies in anti-parallel in spin state, the bonding electrons is not positioned at original 1s orbitals, and they are found in 1s orbitals of opposite hydrogen atom.（4分） Thus, the electrons paired share each other between two atomic orbitals.（1分） At the same time, the overlap between the two atomic orbitals occurs, and the probability density of electron between two atoms appeared will increase. （3分）Further, the attraction for electron between two atoms also increases, and finally, it induces that the energy of system lowers and a stable molecule forms.（3分）（11分）