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机器人结构论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献FEM Optimization for Robot StructureAbstractIn optimal design for robot structures, design models need to he modified and computed repeatedly. Because modifying usually can not automatically be run, it consumes a lot of time. This paper gives a method that uses APDL language of ANSYS 5.5 software to generate an optimal control program, which mike optimal procedure run automatically and optimal efficiency be improved.1）IntroductionIndustrial robot is a kind of machine, which is controlled by computers. Because efficiency and maneuverability are higher than traditional machines, industrial robot is used extensively in industry. For the sake of efficiency and maneuverability, reducing mass and increasing stiffness is more important than traditional machines, in structure design of industrial robot.A lot of methods are used in optimization design of structure. Finite element method is a much effective method. In general, modeling and modifying are manual, which is feasible when model is simple. When model is complicated, optimization time is longer. In the longer optimization time, calculation time is usually very little, a majority of time is used for modeling and modifying. It is key of improving efficiency of structure optimization how to reduce modeling and modifying time.APDL language is an interactive development tool, which is based on ANSYS and is offered to program users. APDL language has typical function of some large computer languages. For example, parameter definition similar to constant and variable definition, branch and loop control, and macro call similar to function and subroutine call, etc. Besides these, it possesses powerful capability of mathematical calculation. The capability of mathematical calculation includes arithmetic calculation, comparison, rounding, and trigonometric function, exponential function and hyperbola function of standard FORTRAN language, etc. By means of APDL language, the data can be read and then calculated, which is in database of ANSYS program, and running process of ANSYS program can be controlled.Fig. 1 shows the main framework of a parallel robot with three bars. When the length of three bars are changed, conjunct end of three bars can follow a given track, where robot hand is installed. Core of top beam is triangle, owing to three bars used in the design, which is showed in Fig.2. Use of three bars makes top beam nonsymmetrical along the plane that is defined by two columns. According to a qualitative analysis from Fig.1, Stiffness values along z-axis are different at three joint locations on the top beam and stiffness at the location between bar 1 and top beam is lowest, which is confirmed by computing results of finite element, too. According to design goal, stiffness difference at three joint locations must he within a given tolerance. In consistent of stiffness will have influence on the motion accuracy of the manipulator under high load, so it is necessary to find the accurate location of top beam along x-axis.To the questions presented above, the general solution is to change the location of the top beam many times, compare the results and eventually find a proper position, The model will be modified according to the last calculating result each time. It is difficult to avoid mistakes if the iterative process is controlled manually and the iterative time is too long. The outer wall and inner rib shapes of the top beam will be changed after the model is modified. To find the appropriate location of top beam, the model needs to be modified repetitiously.Fig. 1 Solution of Original DesignThis paper gives an optimization solution to the position optimization question of the top beam by APDL language of ANSYS program. After the analysis model first founded, the optimization control program can be formed by means of modeling instruction in the log file. The later iterative optimization process can be finished by the optimization control program and do not need manual control. The time spent in modifying the model can be decreased to the ignorable extent. The efficiency of the optimization process is greatly improved.2）Construction of model for analysisThe structure shown in Fig. 1 consists of three parts: two columns, one beam and three driving bars. The columns and beam are joined by the bolts on the first horizontal rib located on top of the columns as shown in Fig.1. Because the driving bars are substituted by equivalentforces on the joint positions, their structure is ignored in the model.The core of the top beam is three joints and a hole with special purpose, which can not be changed. The other parts of the beam may be changed if needed. For the convenience of modeling, the core of the beam is formed into one component. In the process of optimization, only the core position of beam along x axis is changed, that is to say, shape of beam core is not changed. It should be noticed that, in the rest of beam, only shape is changed but the topology is not changed and which can automatically be performed by the control program.Fig.1, six bolts join the beam and two columns. The joint surface can not bear the pull stress in the non-bolt joint positions, in which it is better to set contact elements. When the model includes contact elements, nonlinear iterative calculation will be needed in the process of solution and the computing time will quickly increase. The trial computing result not including contact element shows that the outside of beam bears pulling stress and the inner of beam bears the press stress. Considering the primary analysis object is the joint position stiffness between the top beam and the three driving bars, contact elements may not used, hut constructs the geometry model of joint surface as Fig.2 showing. The upper surface and the undersurface share one key point in bolt-joint positions and the upper surface and the under surface separately possess own key points in no bolt positions. When meshed, one node will be created at shared key point, where columns and beam are joined, and two nodes will be created at non shared key point, where column and beam are separated. On right surface of left column and left surface of right column, according to trial computing result, the structure bears press stress. Therefore, the columns and beam will share all key points, not but at bolts. This can not only omit contact element but also show the characteristic of bolt joining. The joining between the bottoms of the columns and the base are treated as full constraint. Because the main aim of analysis is the stiffness of the top beam, it can be assumed that the joint positions hear the same as load between beam and the three driving bars. The structure is the thin wall cast and simulated by shell element . The thickness of the outside wall of the structure and the rib are not equal, so two groups of real constant should he set. For the convenience of modeling, the two columns are alsoset into another component. The components can create an assembly. In this way, the joint positions between the beam core and columns could he easily selected, in the modifying the model and modifying process can automatically be performed. Analysis model is showed Fig.1. Because model and load are symmetric, computing model is only half. So the total of elements is decreased to 8927 and the total of nodes is decreased to 4341. All elements are triangle.3.）Optimization solutionThe optimization process is essentially a computing and modifying process. The original design is used as initial condition of the iterative process. The ending condition of the process is that stiffness differences of the joint locations between three driving bars and top beam are less than given tolerance or iterative times exceed expected value. Considering the speciality of the question, it is foreseen that the location is existent where stiffness values are equal. If iterative is not convergent, the cause cannot be otherwise than inappropriate displacement increment or deficient iterative times. In order to make the iterative process convergent quickly and efficiently, this paper uses the bisection searching method changing step length to modify the top beam displacement. This method is a little complex but the requirement on the initial condition is relatively mild.The flow chart of optimization as follows:1. Read the beam model data in initial position from backup file;2. Modify the position of beam;3. Solve;4. Read the deform of nodes where beam and three bars are joined;5. Check whether the convergent conditions are satisfied, if not, then continue to modify the beam displacement and return to 3, otherwise, exit the iteration procedure.6. Save the results and then exit.The program's primary control codes and their function commentaries are given in it, of which the detailed modeling instructions are omitted. For the convenience of comparing with the control flow, the necessary notes are added.the flag of the batch file in ANSYSBATCH RESUME, robbak.db, 0read original data from the backupfile robbak,.db/PREP7 enter preprocessordelete the joint part between beam core and columnsmove the core of the beam by one :step lengthapply load and constraint on the geometry meshing thejoint position between beam core and columns FINISH exit the preprocessorISOLU enter solverSOLVE solveFINISH exit the solverPOST1 enter the postprocessor*GET ,front,NODE,2013,U,Z read the deformation of first joint node on beam*GET,back,NODE, 1441 ,U,Z read the deformation of second joint node on beam intoparameter hacklastdif-1 the absolute of initial difference between front and hacklast timeflag=- 1 the feasibility flag of the optimizationstep=0.05 the initial displacement from initial position to the currentposition*D0,1,1,10,1 the iteration procedure begin, the cycle variable is I andits value range is 1-10 and step length is 1dif=abs(front-back) the absolute of the difference between front and hack inthe current result*IF,dif,LE,l .OE-6,THEN check whether the absolute difference dif satisfies therequest or noflag=l yes, set flag equal to 1*EXIT exit the iterative calculation*ELSEIF,dif,GE,lastdif,THEN check whether the dif value becomes great or not flag=2yes, set flag 2 modify step length by bisection methodperform the next iterative calculation, use the lastposition as the current position and modified last steplength as the current step lengthELSE if the absolute of difference value is not less thanexpected value and become small gradually, continue tomove top beam read the initial condition from back upfile enter the preprocessorMEN, ,P51X, , , step,, , ,1 move the core of the beam by one step length modify thejoint positions between beam core and column applyload and constraint meshingFINISH exit preprocessorISOLU enter solverSOLVE solveFINISH exit the solver/POST1 exit the postprocessor*GET,front,NODE,201 3,U,Z read the deformation of first joint node to parameter front *GET,back,NODE, 144 1,U,Z read the deformation of second joint node to parameter back lastdif-dif update the value of last dif*ENDIF the end of the if-else*ENDDO the end of the DO cycleMost of the control program above is copied from log file, which is long. The total of lines is up to about 1000 lines. Many codes such as modeling and post-process codes are used repeatedly. To make the program construct clear, these instructions can he made into macros, which are called by main program. This can efficiently reduce the length of the main program. In addition, modeling instructions from log file includes lots of special instructions that are only used under graphic mode but useless under hatch mode. Deleting and modifying these instructions when under batch mode in ANSYS can reduce the length of the file, too.In the program above, the deformation at given position is read from node deformation. In meshing, in order to avoid generating had elements, triangle mesh is used. In optimization, the shape of joint position between columns and beam continually is changed. This makes total of elements different after meshing each time and then element numbering different, too. Data read from database according to node numbering might not he data to want. Therefore, beam core first needs to he meshed, then saved. When read next time, its numbering is the same as last time.Evaluating whether the final result is a feasible result or not needs to check the flag value. If only the flag value is I, the result is feasible, otherwise the most proper position is not found. The total displacement of top beam is saved in parameter step. If the result is feasible, the step value is the distance from initial position to the most proper position. The sum of iterative is saved in parameter 1. According to the final value of I, feasibility of analysis result and correctness of initial condition can he evaluated.4）Optimization resultsThe sum of iterative in optimization is seven, and it takes about 2 hour and 37 minutes to find optimal position. Fig.3 shows the deformation contour of the half-construct. In Fig.3, the deformations in three joints between beam and the three driving bars is the same as level, and the corresponding deformation range is between -0.133E-04 and -0.1 15E-O4m, the requirement of the same stiffness is reached. At this time, the position of beam core along x-axis as shown in Fig. 1 has moved -0.71E-01m compared with the original designed positionBecause the speed of computer reading instruction is much faster than modifying model manually, the time modifying model can be ignored. The time necessary foroptimization mostly depends on the time of solution. Compared with the optimization procedure manually modifying model, the efficiency is improved and mistake operating in modeling is avoided.5）ConclusionThe analyzing result reveals that the optimization method given in this paper is effective and reaches the expected goal. The first advantage of this method is that manual mistakes do not easily occur in optimization procedure. Secondly, it is pretty universal and the control codes given in this paper may he transplanted to use in similar structure optimization design without large modification. The disadvantage is that the topology structure of the optimization object can not be changed. The more the workload of modifying the model, the more the advantages of this method are shown. In addition, the topology optimization function provided in ANSYS is usedto solve the optimization problem that needs to change the topology structure.The better optimization results can he achieved if the method in this paper combined with it.中文译文：机器人机构优化设计有限元分析摘要机器人结构最优化设计，设计模型需要反复的修正和计算。

机器人毕业设计--外文翻译

Biologically Inspired Locomotion Strategies: Novel GroundMobile Robots at RoMeLaAbstract-This paper presents some of the ground mobile robots under development at the Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory (RoMeLa) at Virginia Tech that use biologically inspired novel locomotion strategies. By studying nature's models and then imitating or taking inspiration from these designs and processes, we apply and implement new ways for mobile robots to move. Unlike most ground mobile robots that use conventional means of locomotion such as wheels or tracks, these robots display unique mobility characteristics that make them suitable for certain environments where conventional ground robots have difficulty moving. These novel ground robots include; the whole skin locomotion robot inspired by amoeboid motility mechanisms, the three-legged walking machine STriDER (Self-excited Tripedal Dynamic Experimental Robot) that utilizes the concept of actuated passive-dynamic locomotion, the hexapod robot MARS (Multi Appendage Robotic System) that uses dry-adhesive “gecko feet”for walking in zero-gravity environments, the humanoid robot DARwIn (Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence) that uses dynamic bipedal gaits, and the high mobility robot IMPASS (Intelligent Mobility Platform with Active Spoke System) that uses a novel wheel-leg hybrid locomotion strategy. Each robot and the novel locomotion strategies it uses are described, followed by a discussion of their capabilities and challenges.Keywords - Bio-inspiration, locomotion, mobile robots.1. IntroductionIn a report [1] prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense Joint Robotics- 1 -Program on the lessons learned from the robot assisted search and rescue efforts at Ground Zero following the 9/11 World Trade Center tragedy, robot mobility is noted as one of the major limitations of current robotic technology for such missions. The report further states that all the robots employed at the Ground Zero site used track drives which are generally superior to wheels on uneven ground; however, other alternative locomotion strategies which are more effective must be further investigated. Unlike aerial or marine vehicles which can reach almost any destination point in their travel domain, most ground vehicles used today have difficulty traversing overobstacles and climbing steep inclines due to their limited mobility, especially in unstructured environments.As the technology of robotics intelligence advances, and new application areas for mobile robots increase, the need for alternative fundamental locomotion mechanisms for robots that can enable them to maneuver into complex unstructured terrain becomes critical. Current methods of ground vehicle locomotion are based on wheels, tracks or legs, and each of these methods has its own strengths and weaknesses [2, 3]. In order to move a robot into an area of complex terrain a new method of locomotion is needed. For example, to be able to find people trapped in a collapsed building, a robot would need to be able to move over, under and between rubble, and maneuver itself into tight corners. Current methods of locomotion can do some part of this, but they have only had limited success in achieving all of these capabilities [4].By studying nature's models and then imitating or taking inspiration from these designs and processes, we apply and implement new ways for mobile robots to move. In this paper we present five of the ground mobile robots under development at the Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory (RoMeLa) at Virginia Tech that use biologically inspired novel locomotion strategies. Unlike most ground mobile robots that use conventional means of locomotion such as wheels or tracks, these robots display unique mobility characteristics- 2 -that make them suitable for certain environments whereconventional ground robots have difficulty moving.2. Biologically Inspired Novel Locomotion Strategies2.1 Locomotion inspired by amoeboid motility mechanismsWhole Skin Locomotion (WSL) [5, 6] is a biologically which has a body of a shape of an elongated torus, is used as a surface for traction and that the skin is used for the actuation by cycling through contraction and expansion.Fig. 1. Motility mechanism of a monopodial amoebaThe inspiration for this novel locomotion strategy comes from the way certain single celled organisms, such as the Amoeba proteus (giant amoeba) move. The motion of these organisms is caused by the process of cytoplasmic streaming (Fig. 1) where the liquid form endoplasm that flows inside the ectoplasmic tube transforms into the gel-like ectoplasm outer skin at the front, and the ectoplasm outer skin at the end transforms back into the liquid form endoplasm at the rear. The net effect of this continuous ectoplasm-endoplasm transformation is the forward motion of the amoeba [7, 8].Directly imitating this cytoplasmic streaming process with a robot is very difficult to do if not possiblee. Thus, instead of using the process of liquid to gel transformation of cytoplasm, the WSL is implemented by a flexible membrane skin in the shape of a long torus. The skin of this elongated torus can then rotate in a fashion of turning itself inside out in a single continuous motion, effectively generating the overall motion of the cytoplasmic streaming- 3 -ectoplasmic tube in amoebae (Fig. 2).Fig. 2. Everting motion generated by the contracting (1a, 2a, 3a) and expanding (1b, 2b, 3b) actuator rings for the concentric solid tube WSL model.Figures 3 and 4 show simple experiments using a long elastic silicone skin toroid filled with water to demonstrate the feasibility of the locomotionmechanism.(a) At 0.0 sec (b) At 0.30 sec (c) At 0.46 secFig. 3. Sequence of pictures of the locomotion of the pre tensioned elastic skin modelFig. 4. Sequence of pictures of the tension cord actuated model locomotionA robot that uses WSL can move as long as any surface of the robot is in contact with the environment, be it the ground, walls or obstacles on the- 4 -side, or the ceiling, since the entire skin is used for locomotion. With an elastic membrane or a mesh of links acting as its outer skin, the robot can easily squeeze between obstacles or under a collapsed ceiling, and move forward using all of its contact surfaces for traction, or even squeeze itself through holes with diameters smaller than its nominal width as demonstrated in [5].2.2 Tripedal locomotion utilizing the concept of actuated passive-dynamic locomotionFig. 5. STriDER: Self-excited Tripedal Dynamic Experimental RobotSTriDER (Self-excited Tripedal Dynamic Experimental Robot) is a novel three-legged walking machine (Fig. 5) that exploits the concept of actuated passive dynamic locomotion [9 to 11], to dynamically walk with high energy efficiency and minimal control using its unique tripedal gait (Fig.6). Unlike other passive dynamic walking machines, this unique tripedal locomotion robot is inherently stable with its tripod stance, can change directions, and is relatively easy to implement, making it practical to be used for real life applications.- 5 -Fig. 6. Single step tripedal gaitFig. 6 shows the concept of the single step tripedal gait. From its starting position (Fig. 6 (a)), as the robot shifts its center of gravity by aligning two of its pelvis links (Fig. 6 (b)), the body of the robot can fall over in the direction perpendicular to the stance triangle (Fig. 6 (c)), pivoting about the line defined by the two supporting legs. As the robot falls over, the leg in the middle (swing leg) naturally swings between the two stance legs (Fig. 6 (d))and catches the fall (Fig. 6 (e)). As all three legs contact the ground, the robot resets its posture by actuating its joint, storing potential energy for its next gait (Fig. 6 (f)). The key to this tripedal gait is the natural swinging motion of the swing leg, and the flipping of the body about the aligned pelvis joints connecting the two stance legs. With the appropriate mechanical design parameters (mass properties and dimension of the links), this motion is repeated with minimal control and power consumption exploiting the actuated passive dynamic locomotion concept utilizing its built in dynamics.Gaits for changing directions are implemented in a rather interesting way: by changing the sequence of choice of the swing leg, the tripedal gait can move the robot in 60°interval directions for each step (Fig. 7)- 6 -- 7 -Fig. 7. Gait strategies for changing directionsThe simple tripod configuration and tripedal gait of STriDER has manyadvantages over other legged robots; it has a simple kinematic structure (vs. bipeds, quadrupeds, or hexapods) that prevents conflicts among its legs andbetween a leg and the body; it is inherently stable (like a camera tripod); it is simpleto control (vs. bipeds) as the motion is a simple falling in apredetermined direction and catching its fall; it is energy efficient, exploiting the actuated passive dynamic locomotion concept utilizing its built in dynamics; it islightweight enabling it to be launched to difficult to access areas; andit is tall making it ideal for deploying and positioning sensors at high position forsurveillance, for example.Fig. 8. Experiment setup for a single step tripedal gait2.3 Dry-adhesive gecko feet for walking in zero gravity environmentsInspired by NASA JPL’s LEMUR class robots [12, 13] (Fig. 9), RoMeLa at Virginia Tech is developing a hexapod robotic platform for research in multi-limbed ocomotion and manipulation. Shown in figure 10, the Multi Appendage Robotic System (MARS) has six 4-degree-of-freedom (DOF) limbs arranged xi-symmetrically about the robot body with kinematically spherical joints at the shoulder for a large workspace. Interchangeable end-effector/feet allow it to be used for studying various research areas such as walking in unstructured environments, climbing, and for dexterous manipulation tasks.Fig. 9. NASA JPL’s LEMUR IIaMARS’s six axi-symmetrically arranged limbs are each connected to the body by a 3 DOF kinematically spherical joint which provides a wide range of motion similar to a shoulder of hip joint. Midway along each limb is a single DOF joint which provides a range of motion similar to an elbow or knee joint. This arrangement allows each limb to have a wide workspace. The entire platform is approximately 16 inches in diameter standing 10 inches tall with the appearance of an insect or spider. The carbon fiber composite body carries Li-Poly batteries, a PC104 single board computer, and interchangeable sensors including- 8 -stereovision Firewire cameras. The limbs are constructed with a lightweight aluminum frame and carbon fiber composite exoskeleton skin for stiffness. Each joint is actuated by Maxon’s RE-max coreless DC motors via distributed control withvariable compliance. At the end of each limb, interchangeable end-effector/feet allow it to be used for various experiments and applications.Fig. 10. MARS: Multi Appendage Robotic SystemUnlike other robot design approaches that seek to mimic biology and engineering together, LEMUR’s origins lack any necessary biological elements [12]; biological elements are used exclusively as a design tool. As the robot is intended to move along the surface of the structure, inspiration was taken from multi-limbed, dexterous sea creatures that tend to move along the bottom and among rocks. Immediately applicable examples are octopi and starfish which are notable for their axi-symmetry. The creatures’ limbs are long relative to body size. Being axi-symmetric, the robot is omni directional, saving operationally expensive movement to face a particular direction for mobility or manipulation. Also, the long limbs generate a generous workspace.One of the key application areas of MARS is autonomous in-space inspection and maintenance of space vehicles and structures- 9 -in zero gravity. Using limbed robots is the most promising technology for such EV A tasks; to crawl outside on the outer surface of space vehicles or structures using legs for inspection and maintenance operations. However using limbed robots in zero gravity environments creates a whole new set of problems and requirements. Locomotion in zero gravity environments requires using methods of securing its feet to the walking surface. This may be accomplished by grabbing certain features on the surface, using magnets, suction cups. Inspired by the ability of geckos to climb vertical walls and walk upside down on the ceiling, future version of MARS will be using dry adhesive feet to walk on surfaces in zero gravity environments as this is the most promising technology for stabilizing the robot on its walking surface for locomotion and for manipulation tasks.2.4 A novel wheel-leg hybrid locomotion strategyIMPASS (Intelligent Mobility Platform with Active Spoke System) is a novel high mobility locomotion platform for unmanned systems in unstructured environments [14 to 16] (Fig. 11). Utilizing rimless wheels with individually actuated spokes, it can followthe contour of uneven surfaces like tracks and step over large obstacles like legged vehicles while retaining the simplicity of wheels (Fig. 12). Since it lacks the complexity of legs and has a large effective (wheel) diameter, this highly adaptive system can move over extreme terrain with ease while maintaining respectable travel speeds, and thus has great potential for search-and-rescue missions, scientific exploration, and anti-terror response applications.Fig. 11. Rendered image of a version of IMPASS using two actuated spoke wheels and a- 10 -mock up of the systemFig. 12. Some examples of the mobility and terrain adaptability of IMPASS We have analyzed the kinematics and simulated the motion of a robot using two actuated spoke wheels on flat terrain using a one-, two-, and three-point contact per wheel scheme (Fig. 13). It is shown that the one-point contact mode has two degrees of freedom and that the motion output can be arbitrarily selected. This mode would allow for moving while maintaining a constant height for the center of mass, which we have demonstrated by simulation. Turning for this mode is shown to occur discretely by changing the heading angle for every step by taking steps of different lengths with the right and left wheels. The two-point contact mode is shown to have one degree of freedom, and that by choosing a step length, the path of the center of the axle in the sagittal plane is determined as a function of the wheel angle. This mode of locomotion allows for statically stable walking with only two wheels,- 11 -and could be used for carrying heavy payloads. The three-point contact scheme is shown to have zero degrees of freedom,but would allow for additional stability during stationary tasks by letting the robot assume a wide stance.Fig. 13. Kinematic diagram of a single actuated spoke wheel and its degrees of freedom for different modesThe concept for transient turning was then developed by having three contact points at the step transition, forcing the pivot line to be skew with the axle of the robot (Fig. 14). Insight into this configuration was gained by analyzing the robot in this configuration as an SPPS spatial mechanism. The insight gained from the spatial analysis is used to describe a more general kinematic model that could be used to analyze both cases of the coplanar pivot line and the skew pivot line, as well as allow analysis of the effects of differentially driving the two actuated spoke wheels.Fig. 14. Turning strategy for the actuated spoke wheel- 12 -To verify our analytical model and to evaluate the concept in the next phase of the project, we have designed and fabricated our first prototype of the actuated spoke wheel (Fig. 15) to be used for IMPASS.Fig. 15. Prototype of the actuated spoke wheel2.5 Bipedal locomotion for humanoid robotsDARwIn (Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence) is a humanoid robot capable of bipedal walking and performing human like motions, developed as a research platform for studying robot locomotion and also as the base platform for Virginia Tech’s first entry to the 2007 Robocup competition (Fig.s 16, 17). The 600 mm tall, 4 Kg robot has 21 degree-of-freedom (DOF) with each joint actuated by coreless DC motors via distributed control with controllable compliance. Using a computer vision system on the head, IMU in the torso, and multiple force sensors on the foot, DARwIn can implement human-like gaits while navigating obstacles and will be able to traverse uneven terrain while implementing complex behaviors such as playing soccer.- 13 -Fig. 16. Kinematic diagram and the CAD model of DARwInThe goal of this on going research project is to develop the robotic platform for, and study the issues related to participating in the 2007 Robocup competition (generating and implementing a dynamic walking gait using Zero Moment Point control, developing algorithms and strategies for intelligent motion planning and obstacle avoidance, vision based control, uneven terrain walking, complex behaviors for playing soccer, etc.)Fig. 17. DARwIn: Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence DARwIn has a lightweight aluminum skeletal structure with rapid prototyped plastic skin covers. The arms and legs are connected to the body by 3 DOF kinematically spherical joints which provide a wide range of motion similar to a shoulder and hip joint. Each joint is actuated by Maxon’s RE-max coreless DC motors via distributedcontrol with variable compliance. The robot carries two 2100- 14 -mAh/7.4V Li-Poly batteries as its power source, a PC104 single board computer for processing, three rate gyros to track orientation of the body, and various sensors including a Firewire camera for vision and eight force sensors on the foot. The new version of DARwIn currently under development for the 2007 Robocup is being designed through collaboration of graduate students and senior undergraduate students from both the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the School of Architecture + Design at Virginia Tech.3. ConclusionIn this paper, we have presented five of the unique ground mobile robots under development at the RoMeLa at Virginia Tech that use novel locomotion strategies for high mobility. As demonstrated, using bioinspiration was the key for the development of these robots. By studying nature's models and then imitating or taking inspiration from these designs and processes, we have successfully applied and implemented new ways for mobile robots to move in various environments with unique mobility.AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank the National Science Foundation (No. IIS-0535012), Office of Naval Research (No. N00014-05-1-0828), NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA Faculty Fellowship Program), and Virginia Tech’s Office of the Provost and the Office of the Vice Provost for Research (ASPIRES), Army’s Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RD ECOM) through Virginia Tech’s Joint Unmanned Systems Test, Experimentation, and Research (JOUSTER) for their continued support for this work, and the author’s graduate students Doug Laney, Mark Ingram, Mark Showalter, Jeremy Heaston, Karl Muecke for their work on these projects.- 15 -生物启发的运动策略：在机器人和机构实验室开发的新型地面移动机器人摘要-本文介绍了一些地面移动机器人，它们的发展是基于弗吉尼亚理工大学RoMeLa（机器人技术和机械实验室）使用生物启发的新型运动策略。

工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译

工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译外文原文：RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics, electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunctionmanipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency and quality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robot has been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, reach, and twist. This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself: rather, they areattachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which, in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot’s physical size increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between therobot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. Thevariable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intellingent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluidsystems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulicpower at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of powerproduced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level isdetermined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power outputat the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control aswell as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of thesystem.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide powerconductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return totank(reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality andquantity as well as cooling of the fluid..Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology, deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the powerlimit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons,the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slowdown, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower withtolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig. shows a fluidpower system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landinggear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil underpressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retractthe landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction,allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersomegears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from afraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providingconstant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplishedwhether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inchesper minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewermoving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, theyare simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety,compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering controldesigned has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on manyoff-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operateddirectional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unitis fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reductiongears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. Inapplications. This is important where limitations of control space require asmall steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas ) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressors are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source similar to an electrical system where you merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear andcorrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust ports of air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton’s law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases. This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在，经过了40多年的发展，已被广泛应用于各个工业领域，已成为工业现代化的重要标志。

多自由度步行机器人外文文献翻译

本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题Multi-degree of freedom walking robot up 译文标题多自由度步行机器人作者所在系别作者所在专业作者所在班级作者姓名作者学号指导教师姓名指导教师职称完成时间2017 年 3 月北华航天工业学院教务处制图1 远程脑系统的硬件配置图2 两组机器人的身体结构图3 传感器的两个水银定位开关图5 步行步态该输入处理器是作为参考程序块和一个图像搜索窗口形象该大小的搜索窗口取决于参考块的大小通常高达16 * 16且匹配。

该处理器计算价值块在搜索窗口，还找到最佳匹配块，这就是其中的最低当目标平移时块匹配是非常有力的。

然而，普通的块匹配方法当它旋转时无法跟踪目标。

为了克服这一困难，我们开发了一种新方法，跟随真正旋转目标的候选模板。

旋转模板法首先生成所有目标图像旋转，并且几个足够的候选参考模图6 双足步行图6 双足步行图7 双足步行实验个坐的运动要求有手臂来推动运动。

站立运动是被控制的，以保持平衡。

图8 一系列滚动和站立运动：具有起身能力的双足步行机器人的状态转换通过集成传感器网络转型的综合2 The Remote-Brained SystemThe remote-brained robot does not bring its own brain within the body. It leaves mother environment and communicates with4 Vision-Based BalancingThe robot can stand up on two legs. As it can change the gravity center of its5 Biped Walkingrobot can control the center of gravity freely, itwalk. As the robot shown in Figure 2 has the degrees to left and right directions at the ankle position, it can perform bipedal walking in static way.sequence of one cycle in biped walking consists of eightshown in Figure 6. One step consists offourphases; move-gravity-center-on-foot,lift-leg, place-leg. As the body is described in solidconfiguration for move-gravity-center-on-foot7 Integration through Building Sensor-Based Transition Net注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。

机器人类外文文献翻译穿越深渊的机器人中英文翻译、外文翻译

英文原文The Abyss Transit System- James Cameron commissions the making of robots for a return to theTitanicBy Gary StixAt the beginning of the movie that made Leonardo DiCaprio a megastar, a camera-toting unmanned robot ventured into a cavernous hole in the wreck that sits on the bottom of the Atlantic, 12,640 feet from the surface. The 500-pound vehicle, christened Snoop Dog, could move only about 30 feet along a lower deck, hampered by its bulky two-inch-diameter tether hitched to a submarine that waited above. The amount of thrust needed to move its chunky frame stirred up a thick cloud. “The vehicle very quickly silted out the entire place and made imaging impossible,” director James Cameron recalls.But the eerie vista revealed by Snoop Dog on that 1995 expedition made Cameron hunger for more. He vowed to return one day with technology that could negotiate anyplace within the Titanic's interior.In the past six months two documentaries—one for IMAX movie theaters called Ghosts of the Abyss, the other, Expedition: Bismarck, for the DiscoveryChannel—demonstrated the fruits of a three-year effort that Cameron financed with $1.8 million of his own money to make this vision materialize. The payoff was two 70-pound robots, named after Blues Brothers Jake and Elwood, that had the full run of two of the world's most famous wrecks, the Titanic and the Bismarck, which they visited on separate expeditions.The person who took Jake and Elwood from dream to robot is Mike Cameron, James's brother, an aerospace engineer who once designed missiles and who also possesses a diverse background as a helicopter pilot, stunt photographer and stuntman. (Remember the corpse in the movie The Abyss, from whose mouth a crab emerges?) Giving the remotely operated vehicles freedom of movement required that they be much smaller than Snoop Dog and that the tether's width be tapered dramatically so as not to catch on vertical ship beams.Mike Cameron took inspiration from the wire-guided torpedoes used by the military that can travel for many miles. His team created vehicles operable to more than 20,000 feet (enough to reach as much as 85 percent of the ocean floor). The dimensions of the front of the robot are 16 inches high by 17 inches across, small enough to fit in a B deck window of the Titanic. The bots have an internal battery so that they do not need to be powered through a tether. Instead the tether—fifty-thousandths of an inch in diameter—contains optical fibers that relaycontrol signals from a manned submersible vehicle hovering outside and that also send video images in the other direction. The tether pays out from the robot, a design that prevents it from snagging on objects in the wreck.James Cameron thought the project would be a straightforward engineering task, not much harder than designing a new camera system. “This turned out to be a whole different order of magnitude,” he says. “There was no commercial off-the-shelf hardware that wo uld work in the vehicles. Everything had to be built from scratch.” If the team had known this early on, he added, “we wouldn't have bothered.” Water pressure on the cable that carried the optical fibers could create microscopic bends in the data pipe, completely cutting off the control signals from the submersibles. Dark Matter in Valencia, Calif. (Mike Cameron's company), had to devise a fluid-filled sheath around the fiber to displace the minuscule air pockets in the cable that could lead to the microbending.To save weight, the frame—similar to a monocoque body of a race car—was made up of small glass hollow spheres contained in an epoxy matrix. The thruster contained a large-diameter, slowly rotating blade with nozzles that diffused the propulsive flow, minimizing the churning that would otherwise disturb the caked silt.A high-resolution video camera, along with an infrared camera for navigation, was placed in the front of the craft along with three light-emitting-diode arrays for fill lighting and two quartz halogen lamps for spotlighting.The winter of 2001 marked a critical juncture. It was six months before dives to the Titanic could be safely attempted, and James had to determine whether to proceed or wait another year. “Mike was really, really negative on the idea, but I decided to go for it,” the director says. He felt he couldn't afford to wait longer and thought that a fixed deadline would focus the engineering staff at Dark Matter. Forhis part, Mike was contending with an unending series of design challenges. “It was such an overwhelming set of problems that I had very little confidence that certain parts would be solvable in the time we had,” Mike says.A few weeks before the dives commenced in the summer of 2001, the robots' lithium sulfur dioxode-based batteries caught fire while being tested in a pressure tank, destroying what was to have been a third robot. Mike wanted to delay the dives, but James found a supplier of another type of lithium battery and pressed ahead.At the dive site, Jake and Elwood took starring roles with their 2,000-foot tethers, exploring for the first time in about 90 years remote parts of the ships, including the engine room, the firemen's mess hall and the cabins of first-class passengers—even focusing in on a bowler hat, a brass headboard and an intact, upright glass decanter. The images lack the resolution and novel quality of the high-definition, three-dimensional IMAX images, the other major technological innovation of Ghostsof the Abyss. Jake and Elwood's discoveries, however, draw the viewers' interest because of what they convey of the Titanic's mystique. “You actually feel like you're out there in the wreck,” Mike says. He remembers his brother piloting the robots with the helicopter stick that had been installed in the Russian submersible from which the robots were launched. “Jim ended up being a cowboy pilot,” Mike says. “He was far more aggressive with the system than I was.”One scene in Ghosts of the Abyss reveals the tension that sometimes erupted between the brothers. James contemplates moving one of the robots through a cabin window that is still partially occluded by a shard of glass that could damage the vehicle or cut the data tether. When James declares that he is going to take Jake in, moviegoers can hear Mike pleading with his brother not to do it, ultimately relenting once the bot has negotiated the opening.The decision to install a new type of battery at the last minute came to haunt the expedition; Elwood's lithium-polymer battery ignited while in the bowels of the ship. James manipulated the remaining robot into the Titanic to perform a rescue operation by hooking a cord to the grill of the dead bot and towing it out. At the surface—on the deck of the Russian scientific vessel the Keldysh, from which the two submarines carrying Jake and Elwood to the Titanic were launched—Mike rebuilt Elwood with a backup battery. During the next dive, the robot caught fire again while it was still mounted on the submarine, endangering the crew. Finally, Mike worked for an 18-hour stretch to adapt a lead-acid gel battery used for devices onboard the mother ship into a power source for Elwood, enabling the expedition to continue.The bots, now fitted with a new, nonflammable battery that Mike designed, may find service beyond motion pictures. The U.S. Navy has funded Dark Matter to help it assess the technology for underwater recovery operations of ships or aircraft. The bots also have potential for scientific exploration of deep-sea trenches. After traveling to the Titanic and the Bismarck, the team went on to probe mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents, discovering mollusks in a place where scientists had never encountered them before. As adventure aficionados, the brothers speculate that a descendant of Jake and Elwood might even be toted on a mission to Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, to investigate the waters that are suspected to exist below its icy shell. The Cameron siblings, who tinkered with home-built rafts and rockets as children in Ontario near Niagara Falls, hope to be around long enough to witness their robotic twins go from the bottom of the ocean to the depths of space.中文译文穿越深渊的机器--新型的机器人可在数百公尺深的水底残骸间自由穿梭游览作者╱斯蒂克斯( Gary Stix )曾一举捧红超级巨星李奥纳多狄卡皮欧的电影「铁达尼号」中，片头是一台无人驾驶的遥控装置，携带着摄影机深入大西洋，在3852公尺深的铁达尼号残骸里冒险的画面。

机器人外文翻译文献翻译中英文翻译

外文翻译外文资料：RobotsFirst, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, forinstance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wristposture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, peoplewould not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文资料：机器人首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译173工业机器人

附录2英文文献Industrial RobotsThere are a variety of definitions of the term robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely .Numerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots. These machines are hardwired to perform a single function and cannot be reprogrammed to perform a different function. Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted. This definition was developed by the Robot Institute of America:A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunctional. It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the carious single-machines used in modern manufacturing firms. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks.The term “multifunctional” means that th e robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different end-effectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks. Definitions written around these two critical characteristics are becoming the accepted definitions among manufacturing professionals.The components of a robot system could be discussed either from a physical point of view or from a systems point of view. Physically, we would divide the system into the robot, power system, and controller (computer).Likewise; the robot itself could be partitioned anthropomorphically into base, shoulder, elbow, wrist, gripper, and tool. Most of these terms require little explanation.Consequently, we will describe the components of a robot system from the point of view of information transfer. That is, what information or signal enters the component; what logical or arithmetic operation does the component perform; and what information or signal does the component produce? It is important to note that the same physical component may perform many different information processing operations (e.g., a central computer performs many different calculations on different data). Likewise, two physically separate components may perform identical information operations (e.g., the shoulder and elbow actuators both convert signals to motion in vary similar ways).Associated with each joint on the robot is an actuator which causes that joint to move. Typical actuators are electric motors and hydraulic cylinders. Typically, a robot system will contain six actuators, since six are required for full control of position and orientation. Many robot applications do not require this full flexibility, and consequently, robots are often built with five or fewer actuators.The first articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. In 1954, the first programmable robot was designed by George Devil. It was based on two important technologies:Numerical control (NC) technology.Remote manipulator technology.Numerical control technology provided a form of machine control ideally suited to robots. It allowed for the control of motion by stored programs. These programs contain data points to which the robot sequentially moves, timing signals to initiate action and to stop movement, and logic statements to allow for decision marking.Remote manipulator technology allowed a machine to be more than just another NC machine. It allowed such machines to become robots that can perform a variety of manufacturing tasks in both inaccessible and unsafe environments. By merging these two technologies, Devil developed the first industrial robot, an unsophisticated programmable materials handling machine.The first commercially produced robot was developed in 1959. In 1962, the first industrial robot to be used on a produced robot was installed by General Motors Corporation. This robot was produced by Unimation. A major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the T³industrial robot by Cincinnati Milacron. The T³robot was the first commercially produced industrial robot controlled by a minicomputer. Figure 53. I shows a T³ robot with all the motions indicated, it is also called jointed-spherical robot.Numerical control and remote manipulator technology prompted the wide-scale development and use of industrial robots. But major technological developments do not take place simply because of such new capabilities. Something must provide the impetus for taking advantage of these capabilities. In the case of industrial robots, the impetus was economics.The rapid inflation of wages experienced in the 1970s tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firms. At the same time, foreign competition became a serious problem for U.S. manufacturers. Foreign manufacturers who had undertaken automation on a wide-scale basis, such as those in Japan, began to gain an increasingly large share of the U.S. and world market for manufactured goods, particularly automobiles.Through a variety of automation techniques, including robots, Japanese manufacturers, beginning in the 1970s, were able to produce better automobiles, more cheaply than no automated U.S. manufacturers. Consequently, in order to survive, U.S. manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve productivity.It became imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive with foreign manufacturers. Other factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks centralized to the development of industrial robots. However, the principal rationale has always been, and is still, improved productivity.One of the principal advantages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans. Welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than human. Even though robots are closely associated with safety in the workplace, they can, in themselves, be dangerous.Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines. Robot work envelopes should be accurately calculated and a danger zone surrounding the envelope clearly marked off. Red flooring strips and barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robot’s w ork envelope.Even with such precautions it is still a good idea to have an automatic shutdown system in situations where robots are used. Such a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic shutdown of operations. Fault-tolerant computers and redundant systems can be installed to ensure proper shutdown of robotics systems to ensure a safe environment.中文翻译工业机器人有许多关于机器人这个术语的定义。

机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料robotThe industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs，or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example ，one of the first industrial robot was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation. The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line，putting together small components，such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus，the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs，to serve the handicapped，and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society.The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-tool ，sensor ，and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location，it will perform some sort of task .This task could be welding，sealing，machine loading ，machine unloading，or a host of assembly jobs. Generally，this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being，except for programming and for turning the system on and off.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:1. A robot is a reprogrammable ，multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts，material，tool，or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions，presented in the following paragraphs，that give acomplete picture of a robotic system.2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work，At some of these locations，the robot will stop and perform some operation ，such as assembly of parts，spray painting ，or welding .These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuousoperation.Furthermore，these preprogrammed locations，as well as other program data，can be changed later as the work requirements change.Thus，with regard to this programming feature，an industrial robot is very much like a computer ，where data can be stoned and later recalled and edited.3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot .It allows the robot to bend，reach，and twist.This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes，also called the degrees of freedom of the robot .A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes.The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.4. The tooling and frippers are not part the robotic system itself;rather，they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts，spot-weld ，paint，arc-weld，drill，deburr，and do a variety of tasks，depending on what is required of the robot.5. The robotic system can control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform itstask.Included within this cell may be the controller ，the robot manipulator ，a work table ，safety features，or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell .In addition，signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot to tell the robot when it should parts，pick up parts，or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator，the controller，and the power source.A.ManipulatorThe manipulator ，which does the physical work of the robotic system，consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.Fig.1 illustrates the connectionof the base and the appendage of a robot.图1.Basic components of a robot’s manipulatorThe base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes，though，the base may be movable. In this case，the base is attached to either a rail or a track，allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously ，the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight ，movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base ，which，in turn，is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will in one location.At the end of the arm ，a wrist（see Fig 2）is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.图2.Elements of a work cell from the topThe manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. The area is called the work cell of the robot ，and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.（Fid2）illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly ro bot.As the robot’s physical size increases，the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuator，or drive systems.The actuator，or drive systems，allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric，hydraulic，or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical power systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These linkages，in turn，drive the different axes of the robot.The mechanical linkages may be composed of chain，gear，and ball screws.B.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall，controls peripheral devices，and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hard-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall.The controller stores all program data for the robotic system.It can store several differentprograms，and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example，the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.When the machine cycle is completed，the input line turn on telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ，a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next，the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art eletronoics.That is，they are microprocessor-operated.these microprocessors are either 8-bit，16-bit，or 32-bit processors.this power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the end the operation of the system.The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part a computer-assisted manufacturing （CAM）system.As the basic definition stated，the robot is a reprogrammable，multifunctional manipulator.Therefore，the controller must contain some of memory stage. The microprocessor-based systems operates in conjunction with solid-state devices.These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles，random-access memory，floppy disks，or magnetic tape.Each memory storage device stores program information fir or for editing.C.power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. The type of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power isused for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example，if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives，control signals are sent to these devices causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system，power is required to operate the manipulator .This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source，a pneumatic power source，or an electric power source.There power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.中文翻译机器人工业机器人是在生产环境中用以提高生产效率的工具，它能做常规乏味的装配线工作，或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作，例如，第一代工业机器人是用来在核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果人去做这项工作，将会遭受有害放射线的辐射。

机器人相关外文翻译---机器人技术发展趋势

Robotics technology trendsBy : Jim Pinto, San Diego, CA. USAWhen it comes to robots, reality still lags science fiction. But, just because robots have not lived up to their promise in past decades does not mean that they will not arrive sooner or later. Indeed, the confluence of several advanced technologies is bringing the age of robotics ever nearer - smaller, cheaper, more practical and cost-effectiveBrawn, Bone & BrainThere are 3 aspects of any robot:∙Brawn – strength relating to physical payload that a robot can move.∙Bone – the physical structure of a robot relative to the work it does; this determines the size and weight of the robot in relation to its physical payload.∙Brain – robotic intelligence; what it can think and do independently; how much manual interaction is required.Because of the way robots have been pictured in science fiction, many people expect robots to be human-like in appearance. But in fact what a robot looks like is more related to the tasks or functions it performs. A lot of machines that look nothing like humans can clearly be classified as robots. And similarly, some human-looking robots are not much beyond mechanical mechanisms, or toys.Many early robots were big machines, with significant brawn and little else. Old hydraulically powered robots were relegated to tasks in the 3-D category – dull, dirty and dangerous. The technological advances since the first industry implementation have completely revised the capability, performance and strategic benefits of robots. For example, by the 1980s robots transitioned from being hydraulically powered to become electrically driven units. Accuracy and performance improved.Industrial robots already at workThe number of robots in the world today is approaching 1,000,000, with almost half that number in Japan and just 15% in the US. A couple of decades ago, 90% of robots were used in car manufacturing, typically on assembly lines doing a variety of repetitive tasks. Today only 50% are in automobile plants, with the other half spread out among other factories, laboratories, warehouses, energy plants, hospitals, and many other industries.Robots are used for assembling products, handling dangerous materials,spray-painting, cutting and polishing, inspection of products. The number of robots used in tasks as diverse as cleaning sewers, detecting bombs and performing intricate surgery is increasing steadily, and will continue to grow in coming years.Robot intelligenceEven with primitive intelligence, robots have demonstrated ability to generate good gains in factory productivity, efficiency and quality. Beyond that, some of the "smartest" robots are not in manufacturing; they are used as space explorers, remotely operated surgeons and even pets – like Sony's AIBO mechanical dog. In some ways, some of these other applications show what might be possible on production floors if manufacturers realize that industrial robots don't have to be bolted to the floor, or constrained by the limitations of yesterday's machinery concepts.With the rapidly increasing power of the microprocessor and artificial intelligence techniques, robots have dramatically increased their potential as flexible automation tools. The new surge of robotics is in applications demanding advanced intelligence. Robotic technology is converging with a wide variety of complementary technologies – machine vision, force sensing (touch), speech recognition and advanced mechanics. This results in exciting new levels of functionality for jobs that were never before considered practical for robots.The introduction of robots with integrated vision and touch dramatically changes the speed and efficiency of new production and delivery systems. Robots have become so accurate that they can be applied where manual operations are no longer a viable option. Semiconductor manufacturing is one example, where a consistent high levelof throughput and quality cannot be achieved with humans and simple mechanization. In addition, significant gains are achieved through enabling rapid product changeover and evolution that can't be matched with conventional hard tooling.Boosting CompetitivenessAs mentioned, robotic applications originated in the automotive industry. General Motors, with some 40-50,000 robots, continues to utilize and develop new approaches. The ability to bring more intelligence to robots is now providing significant new strategic options. Automobile prices have actually declined over the last two to three years, so the only way that manufacturers can continue to generate profits is to cut structural and production costs.When plants are converted to new automobile models, hundreds of millions of dollars are typically put into the facility. The focus of robotic manufacturing technology is to minimize the capital investment by increasing flexibility. New robot applications are being found for operations that are already automated with dedicated equipment. Robot flexibility allows those same automated operations to be performed more consistently, with inexpensive equipment and with significant cost advantages.Robotic AssistanceA key robotics growth arena is Intelligent Assist Devices (IAD) – operators manipulate a robot as though it were a bionic extension of their own limbs with increased reach and strength. This is robotics technology – not replacements for humans or robots, but rather a new class of ergonomic assist products that helpshuman partners in a wide variety of ways, including power assist, motion guidance, line tracking and process automation.IAD’s use robotics t echnology to help production people to handle parts and payloads – more, heavier, better, faster, with less strain. Using a human-machine interface, the operator and IAD work in tandem to optimize lifting, guiding and positioning movements. Sensors, computer power and control algorithms translate the operator's hand movements into super human lifting power.New robot configurationsAs the technology and economic implications of Moore's law continue to shift computing power and price, we should expect more innovations, more cost-effective robot configurations, more applications beyond the traditional “dumb-waiter” service emphasis.The biggest change in industrial robots is that they will evolve into a broader variety of structures and mechanisms. In many cases, configurations that evolve into new automation systems won't be immediately recognizable as robots. For example, robots that automate semiconductor manufacturing already look quite different from those used in automotive plants.We will see the day when there are more of these programmable tooling kinds of robots than all of the traditional robots that exist in the world today. There is an enormous sea change coming; the potential is significant because soon robots will offer not only improved cost-effectiveness, but also advantages and operations that have never been possible before.Envisioning VisionDespite the wishes of robot researchers to emulate human appearance and intelligence, that simply hasn't happened. Most robots still can't see – versatile and rapid objectrecognition is still not quite attainable. And there are very few examples of bipedal, upright walking robots such as Honda’s P3, mostly used for research or sample demonstrations.A relatively small number of industrial robots are integrated with machine vision systems – which is why it's called machine vision rather than robot vision. The early machine vision adopters paid very high prices, because of the technical expertise needed to “tweak” such systems. For example, in the mid-1980s, a flexible manufacturing system from Cincinnati Milacron included a $900,000 vision guidance system. By 1998 average prices had fallen to $40,000, and prices continued to decline.Today, simple pattern matching vision sensors can be purchased for under $2,000 from Cognex, Omron and others. The price reductions reflect today's reduced computing costs, and the focused development of vision systems for specific jobs such as inspection.Robots already in use everywhereSales of industrial robots have risen to record levels and they have huge, untapped potential for domestic chores like mowing the lawn and vacuuming the carpet. Last year 3,000 underwater robots, 2,300 demolition robots and 1,600 surgical robots were in operation. A big increase is predicted for domestic robots for vacuum cleaning and lawn mowing, increasing from 12,500 in 2000 to almost 500,000 by the end of 2004. IBot’s Roomba floor cleaning robot is now available at under $200.00.In the wake of recent anthrax scares, robots are increasingly used in postal sorting applications. Indeed, there is huge potential to mechanize the US postal service. Some 1,000 robots were installed last year to sort parcels and the US postal service has estimated that it has the potential to use up to 80,000 robots for sorting.Look around at the “robots” around us today: automated gas pumps, bank ATMs,self-service checkout lanes – machines that are already replacing many service jobs.Fast-forward another few decades. It doesn't require a great leap of faith to envision how advances in image processing, microprocessor speed and human-simulation could lead to the automation of most boring, low-intelligence, low-paying jobs.Marshall Brain (yes, that's his name) founder of has written a couple of interesting essays about robotics in the future, well worth reading. He feels that it is quite plausible that over the next 40 years robots will displace most human jobs. According to Brain's projections, in his essay "Robotic Nation", humanoid robots will be widely available by 2030. They will replace jobs currently filled by people for work such as fast-food service, housecleaning and retail sales. Unless ways are found to compensate for these lost jobs, Brain estimates that more than 50% of Americans could be unemployed by 2055 – replaced by robots.New robot applications aboundAs robot intelligence increases, and as sensors, actuators and operating mechanisms become more sophisticated, other applications are now multiplying. There are now thousands of underwater robots, demolition robots and even robots used inlong-distance surgery.Dozens of experimental search-and-rescue robots scoured the wreckage of the World Trade Center's collapsed twin towers. Teams of robotics experts were at Ground Zero operating experimental robots to probe the rubble and locate bodies. During the war in Afghanistan, robots were being used by the US military as tools for combat. They were sent into caves, buildings or other dark areas ahead of troops to help prevent casualties.A giant walking robot is used to harvests forests, moving on six articulated legs, advancing forward and backward, sideways and diagonally. It can also turn in place and step over obstacles.At UC Berkeley, a tiny robot called Micromechanical Flying Insect has wings that flap with a rhythm and precision matched only by natural equivalents. The goal is to develop tiny, nimble devices that can, for example, surreptitiously spy on enemy troops, explore the surface of Mars or safely monitor dangerous chemical spills.Robotics – an exciting new development arenaThe typical Automation techie has knowledge and experience in instruments, PLCs, computers, displays, controls, sensors, valves, actuators, data-transmission, wireless, networking, etc. These are exactly the key requirements for development of robots and robotic systems. During this time of economic recession, Robotics can surely be a new arena of exciting and rewarding business development.机器人技术发展趋势作者：Jim Pinto，加利福利亚州圣迭亚哥·美国谈到机器人，现实仍落后于科幻小说。

机器人外文翻译(中英文翻译)

机器人外文翻译(中英文翻译)机器人外文翻译(中英文翻译)With the rapid development of technology, the use of robots has become increasingly prevalent in various industries. Robots are now commonly employed to perform tasks that are dangerous, repetitive, or require a high level of precision. However, in order for robots to effectively communicate with humans and fulfill their intended functions, accurate translation between different languages is crucial. In this article, we will explore the importance of machine translation in enabling robots to perform translation tasks, as well as discuss current advancements and challenges in this field.1. IntroductionMachine translation refers to the use of computer algorithms to automatically translate text or speech from one language to another. The ultimate goal of machine translation is to produce translations that are as accurate and natural as those generated by human translators. In the context of robots, machine translation plays a vital role in allowing them to understand and respond to human commands, as well as facilitating communication between robots of different origins.2. Advancements in Machine TranslationThe field of machine translation has experienced significant advancements in recent years, thanks to breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and deep learning. These advancements have led to the development of neural machine translation (NMT) systems, which have greatly improved translation quality. NMT models operate by analyzinglarge amounts of bilingual data, allowing them to learn the syntactic and semantic structures of different languages. As a result, NMT systems are capable of providing more accurate translations compared to traditional rule-based or statistical machine translation approaches.3. Challenges in Machine Translation for RobotsAlthough the advancements in machine translation have greatly improved translation quality, there are still challenges that need to be addressed when applying machine translation to robots. One prominent challenge is the variability of language use, including slang, idioms, and cultural references. These nuances can pose difficulties for machine translation systems, as they often require a deep understanding of the context and cultural background. Researchers are currently working on developing techniques to enhance the ability of machine translation systems to handle such linguistic variations.Another challenge is the real-time requirement of translation in a robotic setting. Robots often need to process and translate information on the fly, and any delay in translation can affect the overall performance and efficiency of the robot. Optimizing translation speed without sacrificing translation quality is an ongoing challenge for researchers in the field.4. Applications of Robot TranslationThe ability for robots to translate languages opens up a wide range of applications in various industries. One application is in the field of customer service, where robots can assist customers in multiple languages, providing support and information. Another application is in healthcare settings, where robots can act as interpreters between healthcare professionals and patientswho may speak different languages. Moreover, in international business and diplomacy, robots equipped with translation capabilities can bridge language barriers and facilitate effective communication between parties.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, machine translation plays a crucial role in enabling robots to effectively communicate with humans and fulfill their intended functions. The advancements in neural machine translation have greatly improved translation quality, but challenges such as language variability and real-time translation requirements still exist. With continuous research and innovation, the future of machine translation for robots holds great potential in various industries, revolutionizing the way we communicate and interact with technology.。

外文翻译--机器人技术简介

Introduction to robotics technologyIn the manufacturing field, robot development has focused on engineering robotic arms that perform manufacturing processes. In the space industry, robotics focuses on highly specialized, one-of-kind planetary rovers. Unlike a highly automated manufacturing plant, a planetary rover operating on the dark side of the moon -- without radio communication -- might run into unexpected situations. At a minimum, a planetary rover must have some source of sensory input, some way of interpreting that input, and a way of modifying its actions to respond to a changing world. Furthermore, the need to sense and adapt to a partially unknown environment requires intelligence (in other words, artificial intelligence).Mechanical platforms -- the hardware baseA robot consists of two main parts: the robot body and some form of artificial intelligence (AI) system. Many different body parts can be called a robot. Articulated arms are used in welding and painting; gantry and conveyor systems move parts in factories; and giant robotic machines move earth deep inside mines. One of the most interesting aspects of robots in general is their behavior, which requires a form of intelligence. The simplest behavior of a robot is locomotion. Typically, wheels are used as the underlying mechanism to make a robot move from one point to the next. And some force such as electricity is required to make the wheels turn under command.MotorsA variety of electric motors provide power to robots, allowing them to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices with variousprogrammed motions. The efficiency rating of a motor describes how much of the electricity consumed is converted to mechanical energy. Let's take a look at some of the mechanical devices that are currently being used in modern robotics technology.Driving mechanismsGears and chains:Gears and chains are mechanical platforms that provide a strong and accurate way to transmit rotary motion from one place to another, possibly changing it along the way. The speed change between two gears depends upon the number of teeth on each gear. When a powered gear goes through a full rotation, it pulls the chain by the number of teeth on that gear.Pulleys and belts:Pulleys and belts, two other types of mechanical platforms used in robots, work the same way as gears and chains. Pulleys are wheels with a groove around the edge, and belts are the rubber loops that fit in that groove.Gearboxes:A gearbox operates on the same principles as the gear and chain, without the chain. Gearboxes require closer tolerances, since instead of using a large loose chain to transfer force and adjust for misalignments, the gears mesh directly with each other. Examples of gearboxes can be found on the transmission in a car, the timing mechanism in a grandfather clock, and the paper-feed of your printer.Power suppliesPower supplies are generally provided by two types of battery. Primary batteries are used once and then discarded; secondary batteries operate from a (mostly) reversible chemical reaction and can be recharged several times. Primary batteries have higher density and a lower self-dischargerate. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries have less energy than primary batteries, but can be recharged up to a thousand times depending on their chemistry and environment. Typically the first use of a rechargeable battery gives 4 hours of continuous operation in an application or robot.SensorsRobots react according to a basic temporal measurement, requiring different kinds of sensors.In most systems a sense of time is built-in through the circuits and programming. For this to be productive in practice, a robot has to have perceptual hardware and software, which updates quickly. Regardless of sensor hardware or software, sensing and sensors can be thought of as interacting with external events (in other words, the outside world). The sensor measures some attribute of the world. The term transducer is often used interchangeably with sensor. A transducer is the mechanism, or element, of the sensor that transforms the energy associated with what is being measured into another form of energy. A sensor receives energy and transmits a signal to a display or computer. Sensors use transducers to change the input signal (sound, light, pressure, temperature, etc.) into an analog or digital form capable of being used by a robot.Microcontroller systemsMicrocontrollers (MCUs) are intelligent electronic devices used inside robots. They deliver functions similar to those performed by a microprocessor (central processing unit, or CPU) inside a personal computer. MCUs are slower and can address less memory than CPUs, but are designed for real-world control problems. One of the major differences between CPUs and MCUs is the number of external components needed tooperate them. MCUs can often run with zero external parts, and typically need only an external crystal or oscillator.Utilities and toolsROBOOP (A robotics object oriented package in C++):This package is an object-oriented toolbox in C++ for robotics simulation. Technical references and downloads are provided in the Resources.CORBA: A real-time communications and object request broker software package for embedding distributed software agents. Each independent piece of software registers itself and its capabilities to the ORB, by means of an IDL (Interface Definition Language). Visit their Web site (see Resources) for technical information, downloads, and documentation for CORBA.TANGO/TACO:This software might be useful for controlling a robotics system with multiple devices and tools. TANGO is an object oriented control system based on CORBA. Device servers can be written in C++ or Java. TACO is object oriented because it treats all(physical and logical) control points in a control system as objects in a distributed environment. All actions are implemented in classes. New classes can be constructed out of existing classes in a hierarchical manner, thereby ensuring a high level of software reuse. Classes can be written in C++, in C (using a methodology called Objects in C), in Python or in LabView (using the G programming language).ControllersTask Control Architecture: The Task Control Architecture (TCA) simplifies building task-level control systems for mobile robots. "Task-level" refers to the integration and coordination of perception, planning, andreal time control to achieve a given set of goals (tasks). TCA provides a general control framework, and is intended to control a wide variety of robots. TCA provides a high-level machine-independent method for passing messages between distributed machines (including between Lisp and C processes). TCA provides control functions, such as task decomposition, monitoring, and resource management, that are common to many mobile robot applications. The Resources section provides technical references and download information for Task Control Architecture.EMC (Enhanced Machine Controller): The EMC software is based on the NIST Real time Control System (RCS) methodology, and is programmed using the NIST RCS Library. The RCS Library eases the porting of controller code to a variety of UNIX and Microsoft platforms, providing a neutral application programming interface (API) to operating system resources such as shared memory, semaphores and timers. The EMC software is written in C and C++, and has been ported to the PC Linux, Windows NT, and Sun Solaris operating systems.Darwin2K: Darwin2K is a free, open source toolkit for robot simulation and automated design. It features numerous simulation capabilities and an evolutionary algorithm capable of automatically synthesizing and optimizing robot designs to meet task-specific performance objectives.LanguagesRoboML (Robotic Markup Language): RoboML is used for standardized representation of robotics-related data. It is designed to support communication language between human-robot interface agents, as well as between robot-hosted processes and between interface processes, and to provide a format for archived data used by human-robot interface agents.ROSSUM: A programming and simulation environment for mobile robots. The Rossum Project is an attempt to help collect, develop, and distribute software for robotics applications. The Rossum Project hopes to extend the same kind of collaboration to the development of robotic software.XRCL (Extensible Robot Control Language): XRCL (pronounced zircle) is a relatively simple, modern language and environment designed to allow robotics researchers to share ideas by sharing code. It is an open source project, protected by the GNU Copyleft.SummaryThe field of robotics has created a large class of robots with basic physical and navigational competencies. At the same time, society has begun to move towards incorporating robots into everyday life, from entertainment to health care. Moreover, robots could free a large number of people from hazardous situations, essentially allowing them to be used as replacements for human beings. Many of the applications being pursued by AI robotics researchers are already fulfilling that potential. In addition, robots can be used for more commonplace tasks such as janitorial work. Whereas robots were initially developed for dirty, dull, and dangerous applications, they are now being considered as personal assistants. Regardless of application, robots will require more rather than less intelligence, and will thereby have a significant impact on our society in the future as technology expands to new horizons.外文出处:Robotic technology / edited by A. Pugh./P. Peregrinus, c1993.附件1：外文资料翻译译文机器人技术简介在制造业领域，机器人的开发集中在执行制造过程的工程机器人手臂上。

机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

AxeBot机器人：全方位自主移动机器人的机械设计毕业论文外文翻译

AxeBot Robot: The Mechanical Design for an Autonomous Omni directional Mobile RobotTiago P. do Nascimento, Augusto Loureiro da Costa, Cristiane Correa Paim Post-graduation Program in Electrical EngineeringUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvador, Bahia, Brasiltiagopn@, augusto.loureiro@ufba.br, cpaim@ufba.brAbstractThe AxeBot robot‟s mechanical design, a fully autonomous mobile robot, for the RoboCup Small Size League, is presented in this paper. The AxeBot robot uses three omnidirectional wheels for movement and is equipped by a shooting device for shooting the ball in different directions. Once the AxeBot robot is a fully autonomous mobile robot all the sensors, engines, servos, batteries, and the computer system, must be embedded on. The project can be separated in four different parts: the chassis design, the wheel design, the shooting device design and the overall assembly which makes a shell design possible to cover the whole robot. The AxeBot mechanical design brings up a new chassis concept for three wheels omnidirectional robot, also present a new shooting device, and finally present AxeBots prototype assembly.1. IntroductionThe RoboCup Initiative is an international research group whose aims are to promote the fields of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. A standard challenge, a soccer match performed by autonomous robot teams, was proposed in 1996 [1]. Initially with three different leagues 2D: Robot Soccer Simulation league, Small Size Robot league, and Middle Size Robot league. Nowadays these leagues have been increased up to: Four-Legged League, Humanoid League, Middle Size League, RoboCup Junior Soccer, Small Size League, Soccer Simulation, Standard Robot League. Also, another challenge, the RoboCup Rescue was proposed in 1999 to show that the result from the robot soccer research could be directly applied on a real world problem like a disaster rescue made by robots. Through the integration of technology and advanced computer algorithms, the goal of RoboCup is to build a team of humanoid robots that can beat the current World Cup champions by the year 2050. The AxeBot uses three omnidirectional wheels, positioned on a circle with an angle of 120o among each wheel, to move in different directions. Three Maxxon A-22 motors are used to drive the omnidirectional wheels, one motor per wheel. These motors are controlled by two Brainstem Moto 1.0 and a cascade controller made to control the robot trajectory [2] [3]. The AxeBot also holds a shooting device to kick the ball in different directions, a Vision System with a CMUCam Plus and GP202 Infra-red sensor [4], a embedded Computer System based on StrongArm, called StarGate Kit and a IEEE 802.11 wireless network card. This work presents the mechanical project to enclose these equipments into an fully autonomous omnidirectional robot calledAxeBot. The complete AxeBot dynamics and kinematics model can be found in [5], this model was used to specify some mechanical parameter, like the wheel diameter.2. The ChassisThe chassis of the robot is the frame to which all other components can be attached, directly or indirectly. Therefore the chassis must be strong enough to carry the weight of all parts when the robot is in rest o in movement. The chassis has to withstand the forces on it, caused by the acceleration of the robot as well. Another important requirement of the chassis is that it fixes all components in a stiff way, so that there will be small relative displacements of the components within the robot, during acceleration and deceleration. This is particular important for the three driving motors, which are positioned on the ground plane with an angle of 120o between each motor. The performance of the control of the robot is dependent on a precise and stiff placement of the motors [6]. The chassis has to be strong enough also to withstand a collision of the robotagainst the wall or against another robot, with the highest possible impact velocity that can occur. Finally the chassis has to be built with the smallest amount of material. At first to reduce the costs, and to minimize the total weight of the robot. Less weight requires less power to accelerate. So with the same motors, less weight gives you more acceleration. This is of course only true, when all the power generated by the motors can be transferred, via the wheels, to the ground. In other words, the wheels must have enough traction that there will be no slip between the wheels and the ground [7].2.1. MaterialFiberglass was used to build the chassis. This choice is purely financial, because the material is not expensive (although it is strong) and there is no need to hire a professional constructor. The building of all the chassis (six in total) can be done by the team members themselves. Only the moulds have to be built by a professional. The upper and lower chassis can be made using one mould that can be adjusted to produce the different chassis.2.2. DesignThe primary goal of the design is the fixation of the motors in the desired positions. Therefore a ground plate with 3 slots for the motors is modeled. At the front side each motor can be attached to the chassis. At the rim of the ground plate an edge is attached to give the chassis more torsion stiffness. This edge can also be used for attaching other components of the robot, like the covering shell. Also there is a cutout to create space for the shooting device of the robot. In section 5 the design of this device will be discussed. However no final design will be presented and therefore we stick with this assumption that the shooting device needs these cutouts. All edges are rounded, because this will make the construction of the easier part. The final part, the lower chassis, is shown in the figure below. This part is modeled in Solid Edge. To get a stiffer and stronger chassis, a second chassis part, the upper chassis, is modeled. This is almost an exact copy of the first part, only now there are 3 cutouts that provide more space for placing the components of the robot. These cutouts also save some material and therefore weight. The both parts are This sandwich construction gives thewhole chassis more stiffness, and so the total thickness of both the chassis can probably be lower than using one chassis part.Figure 1: Lower chassisFigure 2: Upper and lower chassis attached to each other2.3. Chassis mouldTo build these parts, a mould was made. This is just a negative of the actual robot parts. In figure 3 the mould of the upper chassis. To change this mould in the mould for the lower chassis, where the ground plate does not have holes, the indicated pieces (with white stripes) and the not indicated left piece (symmetric to the most right part) should be lowered 4 mm. For the upper and lower chassis, the basis mould is exactly the same. Only piece one and two are different for the two chassis, the motor piece and the shooting system piece are the same.Figure 3: Chassis mould3. WheelsThe AxeBot robot is equipped with three wheels positioned on a circle with an angle of 120°among attached to each other as shown in the picture below.each wheel. These wheels have to enable the omnidirectionality of the AxeBot robot. This means that the wheels have to be able to let the robot make two translational movements (in x and y-direction, see figure 4) without rotating the robot around its z-axis (the axis perpendicular to the y and x-axis, that is rotation in figure 4). The wheels have also to enable a rotation of the total robot around the z-axis.Figure 4: AxeBot wheels positionsNevertheless, the wheels have to be as small and light as possible to minimize weight and moment of inertia but still remain usable and manageable. The wheels are based on an existing design of an omnidirectional wheel from the Cornell Robot 2003 [8]. Figure 5 shows an exploded view the final version of a wheel. The two shells are connected to each other by screws and hold every part on the right place. The hub is also attached to the shells by screws. The hub is mounted on the output axle of a motor by a screw to transfer the rotational output of a motor to the wheel. The rings of the rollers are in contact with the floor. A roller can rotate around its roller axle.As mentioned above, the wheel has to enable two translations (x and y, see figure 4) without rotating around its z-axis. The whole wheel ensures one translation by rotating around the output shaft of the motors while the rollers ensure the other translation. Combining these translations on a proper way a robot can move anywhere in a plane or make a rotation.3.1. RingThe ring is the only part of the wheel that is in contact with the floor. Note that a wheel can also be in contact with the floor by two rings. To obtain maximum grip (no slip) the Cornell Robot 2003 team first developed rollers without rings. The rollers had sharp edges to cut into the carpet of the football fieldfor maximum grip. This however ruined the carpet and rubber rings were added in the design to obtain maximum grip without ruining the carpet. The rings are circular with a circular profile.Figure 5: Exploded view of the wheelTherefore the rubber rings are also used for the AxeBot 2006. Rubber rings can be bought in several sizes and since they are highly elastic it wasn‟t difficult to find a ring of a right size. Since there are more than one …right sizes‟ and the geometry of the ring is that simple, no technical drawing of the ring was made.3.2. RollerThe geometry of the rollers may not restrict the rotation of the roller and should enable the placement of the rubber ring, without the ring falling off. This can be easily obtained (see drawings). The only problem is friction with their axles and with the shells.The geometry of the rollers can influence the friction with the shells and the friction with its roller axle. To minimize the possibility of wear on the contact area between the roller and the roller axle, this contact area should be as big as possible.When the torque of the motor is transferred through a roller to the ground (driving the robot), the roller that is on the ground is pressed against the shells. It will occur often that, in this situation, the desired driving direction also requires a rotation of the roller (then the summation of the two translational movements will results in the desired driving direction). The rotating roller is, in this situation, pressed against the shells which, in some cases, can result in wear of the roller and or the shells. This depends on the material of the roller, the material of the shell, the magnitude of the force which presses the surfaces on each other (in this case it is the torque of the motor) and the geometry of both contact surfaces. Only the materials and geometry can be chosen in the design process of the wheels.A small contact area results in low friction but possible wear of one of the two surfaces and though materials have to be used to avoid wear. A large contact area will not cause wear but will result in a large friction force. An optimum for the contact area and the materials has to be found. The geometry has to be machinable also. Problems that are mentioned above did not occur with the design of the rollers of the Cornell Robot 2003. Therefore the same geometry for the rollers is used for the AxeBot.The Cornell Robot 2003 team designed a wheel with 15 rollers that worked very well. Therefore also 15 rollers are used in each wheel of the AxeBot 2006.The prototypes of the wheels of the Cornell Robot 2003 first had Delrin rollers to minimize friction and weight. Delrin is a kind of plastic which is used with moving contact surfaces because of its low friction coefficients with other materials. After a few test with the prototype robot it became clear that the Delrin-rollers easily broke with a collision. Therefore the Cornell Robot 2003 was equipped with aluminum rollers. These were strong enough to withstand collisions and aluminum has a low density (compared to other metals).However, during other prototype tests of the Cornell Robot 2003 team some aluminum residue built up on the steel rollers axles. The Cornell Robot 2003 did not encounter problems due to the wearing of the aluminum rollers, but to optimize the design of the AxeBot wheels this problem was solved.To avoid wearing of the aluminum rollers other material for the axles can be used or the rollers can be made of a tougher material. After a few calculations it became clear that roller axles of Delrin (to reduce the friction) are strong enough (see the section about the axles), but it is not possible to produce thin bars of Delrin. Therefore steel axles are used, the same material as the roller axles of the Cornell Robot 2003.So to avoid wear of the rollers a more though material than aluminum has to be used for the rollers. Steel is more though and an easily obtainable and cheap material. Adisadvantage of steel compared to aluminum is its higher density. This will increase the moment of the inertia which …costs‟ more torque of the motor. The total moment of inertia of a wheel with steel rollers is 1.39×10−4kgm2 and the moment of inertia of a wheel with aluminum rollers is 1.30×10−4kgm2. Using steel rollers instead of aluminum rollers would increase the moment of inertia by 7 this increase is neglectable small and steel rollers can be used.Concerning friction, using steel rollers and steel axles is also better than using aluminum rollers and steel axles since the friction-coefficient between steel and steel is lower than that between steel and aluminum. A lubricant can also be used to even more reduce friction.3.3. Roller axleAs mentioned above, the use of Delrin for the roller axles was investigated since it would reduce the wear of the aluminum rollers. In a static situation was calculated whether Delrin axles of 2.4 mm diameter would be strong enough. This was also done in a dynamical situation (dropping the robot on the floor and landing on one roller), but without using a Finite Element Method this did not result in realistic results. When the total weight of 3.5 kg of one AxeBot 2006 would completely be on one roller axle this would result in a shear stress in the axle.In this situation the shear stress can be calculated by dividing the force on the axle (due to the weight of the AxeBot) by the area of the shear plane. The area of the shear plane is of course the area of a circle with a radius similar to the radius of the axles. Note that the weight of the AxeBot has to be divided by two since there are two shear planes in one axle.The magnitude of the shear stress would be 3.8 MPa. Delrin starts to plastically deform in due to shear at around 44 MPa. Statically, Delrin axles would be strong enough.However, this calculation was not necessary it became clear that it is not possible to produce Delrin bars of 2.5 mm (diameter). Therefore steel axles will be used (aluminum axles would result in more friction). To reduce friction, the axles were coated with a lubricant like carbon. Lubricants like carbon are easily available.The Cornell robot team 2003 documentation does not mention problems of wear of their polycarbonate shells due to their steel roller axles. As one can be read further down this section, the shells of the AxeBot wheels will be made of aluminum or polycarbonate. The coefficient of friction between aluminum (shells) and steel (axles) and between polycarbonate (shells) and steel (axles) are of equal sizes (about 0.45 [-]). Also, the geometry of the wheels of the Cornell robot and the AxeBot are almost the same. Therefore it is most likely that wearing due to friction will not be a problem with steel roller axles and polycarbonate or aluminum shells.Production the axles can easily be made out of a steel bar. Depending on the available diameters of steel bars, the diameter of the axles could be adjusted. The edges of the axles are rounded to avoid sharp corners.3.4. HubThe hub connects the wheel to the axle of the motor. A M2-bolt can be used for this purpose, the hole in the hub where this bolt will be placed is dimensioned 1.5 mm indiameter so screw thread can be made to fit in the M2-bolt. The hub is connected to the shells by three M3-screws. Corresponding holes of 2.5 mm will be made in the hub and the shells. The geometry of the hub can be changed to facilitate the production process. The hub can be made out of aluminum or polycarbonate, both light materials. To investigate the option (and price) of injection moulding the hub out of polycarbonate a sketch of a design for a mould has been made.3.5. ShellsAlmost the all geometry of the shells of the Cornell Robot 2003 is used. Only little changes in the slots for the rollers of the axles have been made to facilitate the production process of the shells. In the section about the production of the shells a different design for the slots of the axles is presented to make the production of the shells easily.The shells can be made out of aluminum or a though, light plastic like polycarbonate. The Cornell Robot had shells of polycarbonate. The best machinable material is preferred, and the one used on the AxeBot‟s shell. Wh en using a plastic that can be injection molded, molds have been designed to check the prices of injection moulding.4. Shooting DeviceThis design consists of a vertical arm (the kick arm), that can swing around an axle which is fixed to the robot. This movement will be actuated by one of the two servos, the kicking servo, that is also fixed to the robot. The other servo, the directional servo, is attached to the bottom of the kick arm (the servosocket). A pendulum-like system is formed, so a large mass is concentrated in the lower part of a rotating arm. The kicking servo has a kicking plate attached to it which can rotate and thereby makes it possible to shoot in different directions. The kicking plate can be positioned very accurately since servos are designed for these kinds of tasks. The kicking plate is also connected to the servosocket. Therefore the collision force between the ball and the kicking plate will be guided to and divided by these two connection points. There will be less bending in the kicking platethen with one connection point and smaller reaction forces will act on the connection points.Figure 6: The AxeBot shooting device5. Shell and AxeBot AssemblyThe shell is the cover of the total robot. It will be made from fiberglass as well, for the same reasons as stated in the section about the chassis. In the figure below the design of the shell is shown. There are cutouts to make room for the wheels as well as for the shooting device. The diameter of the shell is 178 mm. Because the maximum allowable diameter is 180 mm, a margin of 2 mm is created.On top of the shell a vision system will be mounted. For the sake of compactness of the robot the height should be as small as possible, with all the parts fitting in. Thismould can be built with the simple milling machine that is available.To assemble the robot the most important demand is to obtain a total centre of gravity that has the lowest possible position in the robot. This will give the robot positive driving abilities. Another demand is of course that all the parts fit in the maximum height of 150 mm.To check this, all the parts of the robot have been modeled in Solid Edge. In figure 7 an exploded view of the total robot assembly is shown.The robot consists of an upper and lower chassis. Three motors with three omnidirectional wheels are attached to it. On the bottom of the robot, the two battery packs are placed, because these parts have the largest mass. The three motor processors are attached to two general processors. Also the overall processor with the data-transfer-unit is assembled. The latter parts are assembled in a way that is most compact. With this assembly it is possible for all parts to fit in a shell with height of 100 mm.A model for the shell of the robot is designed. Also a molt to produce these parts is modeled. It is possible to produce this model by using the milling machine that is available at the university. The assembly of all the parts, except the shooting device, shows that a shell height of 100 mm is possible.Figure 7: Exploded view of the total robot assemblyFigure 8: Total robot assembly6. ConclusionThe AxeBot mechanical design, a fully autonomous mobile robot, for the RoboCup Small Size League, was presented in this paper. This mechanical design brings up a new concept of chassis for three wheels omnidirectional mobile for RoboCup F-180 league, that can be built easily and cheap. Also a new effectuator mobile robot design for RoboCup F-180 league is presented here. This new effectuator allows the mobile robot to shoot the ball in different directions, instead of just shoot a head like the othershooting devices. Finally the mechanical project presented here encloses all part, sensor, actuators, effectuator, computer systems, wheels, chassis and cover shell into the AxeBot prototype. The AxeBot robot was concept for academical proposes, using the robot soccer as a laboratory to research in Autonomous Mobile Robots, Artificial Intelligence and related areas. Looking forward, in a few months, four more AxeBots are expected to be built like the two in figure 9. These robots will form the MecaTeam F-180, and height of 100 mm is possible.will support our research in to multi-robot systems, as it can be seen in figure 9 below.Figure 9: AxeBot photo7. References[1] Kitano, H. “Robocup: The robot world cup initiative”. In: Proc. of The First International Conference on Autonomous Agent (Agents-97)). Marina del Ray, The ACM Press. 1997.[2] Franco, A. C. “Geração e controle de tra jetória de robôs móveis omni-direcionais”, Master‟s thesis, Programa de Pós-Graduação Mecatrônica, UFBA. 2007.[3] PIRES, E. J. S.; MACHADO, J. A. T.; OLIVEIRA, P. B. de M. “Robot trajectory planning using multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization”. In: DEB, K. et al. (Ed.). GECCO (1). [S.l.]: Springer, 2004. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 3102), p.615-626. ISBN 3-540-22344-4.[4] Oliveira, L. R., Costa, A. L., Schnitman, L. and Souza, J. “An architecture of sensor fusion for spatial locat ion of objects in mobile robotics”, in B. H. Spring-Verlag (ed.), Encontro Português de Inteligência Artificial, EPIA‟2005, Covilhã, 2005. pp. 462–473.[5] Nascimento, T. P., Costa, A. L., Paim, C. C. “Uma abordagem multivariável para modelagem de robôs móveis omnidirecionais”, XVI CBA - Congresso Brasileiro de Automação. 2008.[6] ANGELES, J. “Fundamentals of Robotic Mechanical Systems: Theory, Methods, and Algorithms”. 2. ed. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2003. [7] B. Carter, M. Good, M. Dorohoff, J. Lew, R. L. W. II, and P. Gallina, “Mechanical design and modeling of an omni-directional robocup player,” in Proceedings RoboCup 2001 International Symposium, (Athens, Ohio), pp. 1–10, 2001.[8] Anderson, G., Chang, C., Chung, D., Evansic, L., Law, H., Richardson, S., Robers, J., Sterk, K. and Yim, J. 2003 cornell robocup, mechanical group final documentation, Technical report, /. 2003.翻译：AxeBot机器人：全方位自主移动机器人的机械设计摘要:这篇文章中介绍了一个用来参与机器人世界杯小尺寸等级比赛的完全自主移动AxeBot机器人的机械设计。

智能机器人外文翻译

RobotRobot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmissionratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. 'The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. on this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control. The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive sp ace in position and speed. The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method. The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system. The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control. in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of the cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting.Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle. With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a. tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on. A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed. Hardware is the matter foundation of the control. System and the software is the spirit of the control system. The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system. The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such assystem initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on. PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system.The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency. In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration. The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational method. This can be implemented either by hardware or by software. A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward. The motor' s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method. And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed. The method is tested by experiment.At last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed. The development and application of robot in the future is expected.机器人机器人是典型的机电一体化装置，它综合运用了机械与精密机械、微电子与计算机、自动控制与驱动、传感器与信息处理以及人工智能等多学科的最新研究成果，随着经济的发展和各行各业对自动化程度要求的提高，机器人技术得到了迅速发展，出现了各种各样的机器人产品。

机器人英文翻译原文

南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：机械工程系专业：机械工程与自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Robot Journal of Manufacturing(用外文写)Science and Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文附件2：外文原文RobotJournal of ManufacturingScience and EngineeringRobot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the lastresearch achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronicsand computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message disposeand artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economicand the demand for automation control, robot technology is developedquickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. Thepracticality use of robot products not only solves the problems which aredifficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrialautomation program. Modern industrial robots are true marvels ofengineering. A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load overone hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of+/-0.006 inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24 hours a day foryears on end with no failures whatsoever. Though they are reprogrammable,in many applications (particularly those in the auto industry) they areprogrammed once and then repeat that exact same task for years.At present, the research and development of robot involves severalkinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex thatthe cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroaduse. To development economic practicality and high reliability robotsystem will be value to robot social application and economy development.With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of themodern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With thedevelopment of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousnessabout environment reserve, more and more people realized the importanceand urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effectivetechnique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effectivebasement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundancerequirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. ''''The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis，the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given. The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control. The positive and reverseanalysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed. The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method. The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system. The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control. in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of the cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting. Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle. With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a. tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on. A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed. Hardware is the matter foundation of the control. System and the software is the spirit of the control system. The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system. The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on. PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signalto the control system. The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency. In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acc eleration. The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse freque ncy sent to the step motor drive with a rational method. This can be implemented either by hardware or by software. A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward. The motor'''' s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method. And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed. The method is tested by experiment. A t last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed. The development and application of robot in the future is expected.The purpose of manipulator control is to maintain the dynamic response of a computer-based manipulator in accordance with some prespecified system performance and desired goals. In general, the dynamic performance of a manipulator directly depends on the efficiency of the control algorithms and the dynamic model of the manipulator. The control problem consists of obtaining dynamic models of the physical robot arm system and then specifying corresponding control laws or strategies to achieve the desired system response and performance.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed anddamping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effector and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so forth at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes. The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out. The robot arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified. It applies to medium and small-scale automated production in which production varieties can be switched. And it is widely used on soft automatic line. The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment. So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and raised work efficiency. The robot arm is an important component of industrial robots, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions. Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of multidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment. Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs.There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, an air control mechanical hand and so on in the design. A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct current motors, sensor, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection. The programmable controller output two lines pulses to stepping motors drives to drive the two stepping motors drives on beam and verticalaxis; direct current motors drive the rotation of the base and the hand; sensors send signals of location to the mainframe, and the mainframe sends directive to control the extension and contraction, up and down, moves location; the mainframe send signals to control the opening and closing of the hand to carry objects. Related parameters can be changed according to request of the changes of the objects and movement flow at any time change the relevant parameters in the design, so it has great flexibility and operability.。

机器人外文翻译(文献翻译_中英文翻译)

工业机器人的介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

外文原文Introduction to Industrial RobotsIndustrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”. Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922.In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot.Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what theyhave created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as w than nature, you might as well shut up shop.” ell shut up shop.”The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.”A half century later, engi neers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world.The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint.A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs.A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines.DEFINITION OF A ROBOTThe Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows:“A robot is a reprogrammabl reprogrammable e multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do ma and unload machines, weld, and do many other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a ny other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a“manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.The definition goes on to say that a ro The definition goes on to say that a robot is “designed to move material, parts, bot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe. In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured.The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer. JOBS FOR ROBOTSJobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs. Hazardous JobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doingextremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human.The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is donehundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill.This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simplyto point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete themanufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs thathumans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills.POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYIn addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in,robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. Whenrobots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pacewithout fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from thejob. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts beingproduced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company'sprofits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations.ROBOT SPEEDAlthough robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are notexceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. Fora robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may requireten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the samejob in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of theconsistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and overduring the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday.Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do.An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the timerequired by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day.Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a companyknows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine isstill a good choice.Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand.Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures.A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that thecompany builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on aperson working in the booth.FLEXIBLE AUTOMATIONRobots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment.ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITYOne very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in.In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s s repeatability. The In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in.THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOTThe major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller.The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task.外文翻译工业机器人的介绍工业机器人的介绍20世纪60年代当约瑟夫和乔治合作创立了名为Unimation 的机器公司，工业机器人便成为了一个事实。

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外文翻译资料原文学院专业班级学生姓名指导教师RobotDarrick Addison (dtadd95@), Senior SoftwareEngineer/Consultant, ASC Technologies Inc. 01 Sep 2001 "A re-programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks."-- From the Robot Institute of America, 1979Darrick Addison, an experienced developer in databases, networks, user interfaces, and embedded systems, introduces the field of robotics and the issues surrounding robotic systems. He covers mechanical design, sensory systems, electronic control, and software. He also discusses microcontroller systems, including serial and memory-mapped interfacing, and talks about some of the available open source software options.The word "robot" originates from the Czech word for forced labor, or serf. It was introduced by playwright Karel Capek, whose fictional robotic inventions were much like Dr. Frankenstein's monster -- creatures created by chemical and biological, rather than mechanical, methods. But the current mechanical robots of popular culture are not much different from these fictional biological creations. Basically a robots consists of:∙ A mechanical device, such as a wheeled platform, arm, or other construction, capable of interacting with its environment∙Sensors on or around the device that are able to sense the environment and give useful feedback to the device∙Systems that process sensory input in the context of the device's current situation and instruct the device to perform actions in response to the situationIn the manufacturing field, robot development has focused on engineering robotic arms that perform manufacturing processes. In the space industry, robotics focuses on highly specialized, one-of-kind planetary rovers. Unlike a highly automated manufacturing plant, a planetary rover operating on the dark side of the moon -- without radio communication -- might run into unexpected situations. At a minimum, a planetary rover must have some source of sensory input, some way of interpreting that input, and a way of modifying its actions to respond to a changing world. Furthermore, the need to sense and adapt to a partially unknown environment requires intelligence (in other words, artificial intelligence).From military technology and space exploration to the health industry and commerce, the advantages of using robots have been realized to the point that they are becoming a part of our collective experience and every day lives.They function to relieve us from danger and tedium:∙Safety:Robotics have been developed to handle nuclear and radioactive chemicals for many different uses including nuclear weapons, power plants, environmental cleanup, and the processing of certain drugs.∙Unpleasantness:Robots perform many tasks that are tedious and unpleasant, but necessary, such as welding or janitorial work.∙Repetition and precision: Assembly line work has been one of the mainstays of the robotics industry. Robots are used extensively in manufacturing and, more glamorously, in space exploration, where minimum maintenance requirements are emphasized.Mechanical platforms -- the hardware baseA robot consists of two main parts: the robot body and some form of artificial intelligence (AI) system. Many different body parts can be called a robot. Articulated arms are used in welding and painting; gantry and conveyor systems move parts in factories; and giant robotic machines move earth deep inside mines. One of the most interesting aspects of robots in general is their behavior, which requires a form of intelligence. The simplest behavior of a robot is locomotion. Typically, wheels are used as the underlying mechanism to make a robot move from one point to the next. And some force such as electricity is required to make the wheels turn under command.MotorsA variety of electric motors provide power to robots, allowing them to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices with various programmed motions. The efficiency rating of a motor describes how much of the electricity consumed is converted to mechanical energy. Let's take a look at some of the mechanical devices that are currently being used in modern robotics technology.DC motor:Permanent-magnet, direct-current (PMDC) motors require only two leads, and use an arrangement of fixed- and electro-magnets (stator and rotor) and switches. These form a commutator to create motion through a spinning magnetic field.AC motor:AC motors cycle the power at the input-leads, to continuously move the field. Given a signal, AC and DC motors perform their action to the best of their ability.Stepper motor:Stepper motors are like a brushless DC or AC motor. They move the rotor by applying power to different magnets in the motor in sequence (stepped). Steppers are designed for fine control and will not only spin on command, but can spin at any number of steps-per-second (up to their maximum speed).Servomotors:Servomotors are closed-loop devices. Given a signal, they adjust themselves until they match the signal. Servos are used in radio control airplanes and cars. They are simple DC motors with gearing and a feedback control system.Driving mechanismsGears and chains:Gears and chains are mechanical platforms that provide a strong and accurate way to transmit rotary motion from one place to another, possibly changing it along the way. The speed change between two gears depends upon the number of teeth on each gear. When a powered gear goes through a full rotation, it pulls the chain by the number of teeth on that gear.Pulleys and belts:Pulleys and belts, two other types of mechanical platforms used in robots, work the same way as gears and chains. Pulleys are wheels with a groove around the edge, and belts are the rubber loops that fit in that groove.Gearboxes:A gearbox operates on the same principles as the gear and chain, without the chain. Gearboxes require closer tolerances, since instead of using a large loose chain to transfer force and adjust for misalignments, the gears mesh directly with each other. Examples of gearboxes can be found on the transmission in a car, the timing mechanism in a grandfather clock, and the paper-feed of your printer.Power suppliesPower supplies are generally provided by two types of battery. Primary batteries are used once and then discarded; secondary batteries operate from a (mostly) reversible chemical reaction and can be recharged several times. Primary batteries have higher density and a lower self-discharge rate. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries have less energy than primary batteries, but can be recharged up to a thousand times depending on their chemistry and environment. Typically the first use of a rechargeable battery gives 4 hours of continuous operation in an application or robot.There are literally hundreds of types and styles of batteries available for use in robots. Batteries are categorized by their chemistry and size, and rated by their voltage and capacity. The voltage of a battery is determined by the chemistry of the cell, and the capacity by both the chemistry and size. See Table 1 for battery sizes.ground. This way, the motor may dirty up one power source while the electronics can run off of the other. The electronics and the motors can also operate from different voltages.Electronic controlThere are two major hardware platforms in a robot. The mechanical platform of unregulated voltages, power and back-EMF spikes, and the electronic platform of clean power and 5-volt signals. These two platforms need to be bridged in order for digital logic to control mechanical systems. The classic component for this is a bridge relay. A control signal generates a magnetic field in the relay's coil that physically closes a switch. MOSFETs, for example, are highly efficient silicon switches, available in many sizes like the transistor that can operate as a solid state relay to control the mechanical systems.On the other hand, larger sized robots may require a PMDC motor in which the value of the MOSFET's "on" resistance Rds(on) results in great increases in the heat dissipation of the chip, thereby significantly reducing the chip's heat temperature. Junction temperatures within the MOSFET and the coefficients of conduction of the MOSFET package and heat sink are other important characteristics of PMDC motors.There are two broad families of transistor: bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and field-effect transistors (FET). In BJT devices, a small current flow at the base moderates a much larger current between the emitter and collector. In FET devices, the presence of an electrical field at the gate moderates the flow between the source and drain.SensorsRobots react according to a basic temporal measurement, requiring different kinds of sensors.In most systems a sense of time is built-in through the circuits and programming. For this to be productive in practice, a robot has to have perceptual hardware and software, which updates quickly. Regardless of sensor hardware or software, sensing and sensors can be thought of as interacting with external events (in other words, the outside world). The sensor measures some attribute of the world. The term transducer is often used interchangeably with sensor. A transducer is the mechanism, or element, of the sensor that transforms the energy associated with what is being measured into another form of energy. A sensor receives energy and transmits a signal to a display or computer. Sensors use transducers to change the input signal (sound, light, pressure, temperature, etc.) into an analog or digital form capable of being used by a robot.Logical sensors:One powerful abstraction of a sensor is a logical sensor, which is a unit of sensing or module that supplies a particular percept. It consists of the signal processing, from the physical sensor, and the software processing needed to extract the percept.Proprioceptive sensors:Proprioception is dead reckoning, where the robot measures a signal originating within itself.Proximity sensors:A proximity sensor measures the relative distance between the sensor and objects in the environment.Infrared (IR) sensors:Another type of active proximity sensor is an infrared sensor. It emits near-infrared energy and measures whether any significant amount of the IR light is returned.Bump and feeler sensors:Another popular class of robotic sensing is tactile, or touch-based, done with a bump and feeler sensor. Feelers or whiskers are constructed from sturdy wires. A bump sensor is usually a protruding ring around the robot consisting of two layers.Microcontroller systemsMicrocontrollers (MCUs) are intelligent electronic devices used inside robots. They deliver functions similar to those performed by a microprocessor (central processing unit, or CPU) inside a personal computer. MCUs are slower and can address less memory than CPUs, but are designed for real-world control problems. One of the major differences between CPUs and MCUs is the number of external components needed to operate them. MCUs can often run with zero external parts, and typically need only an external crystal or oscillator.There are four basic aspects of a microcontroller: speed, size, memory, and other. Speed is designated in clock cycles, and is usually measured in millions of cycles per second (Megahertz, MHz). The use of the cycles varies in different MCUs, affecting the usable speed of the processor. Size specifies the number of bits of information the MCU can process in one step -- the size of its natural cluster of information. MCUs come in 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-bits, with 8-bit MCUs being the most common size. MCUs count most of their ROM in thousands of bytes (KB) and RAM in single bytes. Many MCUs use the Harvard architecture, in which the program is kept in one section of memory (usually the internal or external SRAM). This in turn allows the processor to access the separate memories more efficiently.The fourth aspect of microcontrollers, referred to as "other", includes features such as a dedicated input device that often (but not always) has a small LED or LCD display for output. A microcontroller also takes input from the device and controls it by sending signals to different components in the device. Also the program counter keeps track of which command is to be executed by the microcontroller.R/C Servos:Servomotors, used in radio-controlled models (cars, planes, etc.) are useful in many kinds of smaller robots, because they are compact and quite inexpensive. The servomotors themselves have built-in motor, gearbox, position-feedback mechanisms and controlling electronics. Standard radio control servomotors which are used in model airplanes, cars and boats are useful for making arms, legs and other mechanical appendages which move back and forth rather than rotating in circles.Animatronic systemsAnimatronic systems are robotic systems which mimic and look like humans. An android is an anthropomorphic robot -- in other words, a robot that looks like a human.Pneumatics:Pneumatics is the name for fluid power used in a large number of commercial robots. Pneumatics are also used in a variety of animatronic systems that fall under the category of fluid power. A more well known branch of fluid power is hydraulics.source robot control softwareOROCOS (Open RObot COntrol Software) is an effort to start up an open sourcerobot control software project. Broad discussions are being held about what experiences, code and tools can be re-used from other projects, what open standards should be integrated into the project and what organizational structure is most appropriate for the project. Goals of the project are to develop robot control software as follows:∙Under open source and/or free software license(s)∙As modular as possible∙Of the highest quality (from both technical and software engineering perspectives)∙Independent of (but compatible with) commercial robot manufacturers∙For all sorts of robotic devices and computer platforms∙Localized for all programming languages∙Featuring configurable software components for kinematics, dynamics, planning, sensing, control, hardware interfacing, etc.The project aims to become more than just a copy of existing commercial robot controllers or robot simulation/programming packages. The OROCOS project wants to develop shareable libraries, stand-alone components (sometimes referred to as software agents), and a configurable run-time environment from which to eliminate and control all distributed robotics systems. These types of projects are useful in several ways:∙For re-using code∙For use as an independent sub-system∙For copying their organizational structure∙For learning from the experience of managing an open source project∙For designing and developing extensible and reusable software Open source matrix librariesThe following are open source matrix libraries that satisfy the above-mentioned requirements. Octave is recommended, since it is GPL-licensed and delivers all required functionality.GNU Octave: GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides a convenient command line interface for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with Matlab. It is easily extensible and customizable via user-defined functions written in Octave's own language, or using dynamically loaded modules written in C++, C, Fortran, or other languages.GNU Octave is freely distributed software. You may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software Foundation. GSL (GNU Scientific Library)GSL is an ongoingeffort to develop a modern extensive and ANSI C library for numerical computing. The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is a collection of routines for numerical computing. The routines are written from scratch by the GSL team in ANSI C, and are meant to present a modern Applications Programming Interface (API) for C programmers, while allowing wrappers to be written for very high level languages.GSL is free software. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Real time kernelsReal-Time Linux (RTLinux)RTLinux(TM) is a hard real-time operating system that handles time-critical tasks and runs Linux as its lowest priority execution thread. In RTLinux, the kernel shares one or more processors with standard Linux. This allows the system to run accurately timed applications performing data acquisition, systems control and robotics, while still serving as a standard Linux workstation. is the non-commercial RTLinux site for the open source user and developer community. eCos (embedded Configurable operating system): eCos is an open source real-time operating system for deeply embedded applications. It meets the requirements of the embedded space that Linux cannot yet reach. Linux currently scales upwards from a minimal size of around 500 kilobytes of kernel and 1.5MB of RAM, before taking into consideration application and service requirements. RTEMS (GPL License): RTEMS is an open source real-time operating system and environment for C, C++ and Ada95. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.Utilities and toolsROBOOP (A robotics object oriented package in C++):This package is an object-oriented toolbox in C++ for robotics simulation. CORBA: A real-time communications and object request broker software package for embedding distributed software agents. Each independent piece of software registers itself and its capabilities to the ORB, by means of an IDL (Interface Definition Language).TANGO/TACO:This software might be useful for controlling a robotics system with multiple devices and tools. TANGO is an object oriented control system based on CORBA. Device servers can be written in C++ or Java. TACO is object oriented because it treats all(physical and logical) control points in a control system as objects in a distributed environment. All actions are implemented in classes. New classes can be constructed out of existing classes in a hierarchical manner, thereby ensuring a high level of software reuse. Classes can be written in C++, in C (using a methodology called Objects in C), in Python or in LabView (using the G programming language).TACO was designed to be portable and runs on a large number of platforms (for example, Linux, Solaris, HP-UX, Windows/NT, Windows/95, and OS9).ControllersTask Control Architecture: The Task Control Architecture (TCA) simplifies building task-level control systems for mobile robots. "Task-level" refers to the integration and coordination of perception, planning, and real time control to achieve a given set of goals (tasks). TCA provides a general control framework, and is intended to control a wide variety of robots. TCA provides a high-level machine-independent method forpassing messages between distributed machines (including between Lisp and C processes). TCA provides control functions, such as task decomposition, monitoring, and resource management, that are common to many mobile robot applications.EMC (Enhanced Machine Controller): The EMC software is based on the NIST Real time Control System (RCS) methodology, and is programmed using the NIST RCS Library. The RCS Library eases the porting of controller code to a variety of UNIX and Microsoft platforms, providing a neutral application programming interface (API) to operating system resources such as shared memory, semaphores and timers. The EMC software is written in C and C++, and has been ported to the PC Linux, Windows NT, and Sun Solaris operating systems.Darwin2K: Darwin2K is a free, open source toolkit for robot simulation and automated design. It features numerous simulation capabilities and an evolutionary algorithm capable of automatically synthesizing and optimizing robot designs to meet task-specific performance objectives.LanguagesRoboML (Robotic Markup Language): RoboML is used for standardized representation of robotics-related data. It is designed to support communication language between human-robot interface agents, as well as between robot-hosted processes and between interface processes, and to provide a format for archived data used by human-robot interface agents.ROSSUM: A programming and simulation environment for mobile robots. The Rossum Project is an attempt to help collect, develop, and distribute software for robotics applications. The Rossum Project hopes to extend the same kind of collaboration to the development of robotic software.XRCL (Extensible Robot Control Language): XRCL (pronounced zircle) is a relatively simple, modern language and environment designed to allow robotics researchers to share ideas by sharing code. It is an open source project, protected by the GNU Copyleft.Open System Architecture for Controls within Automation Systems (OSACA): OSACA is a joint European project that aims to improve the competitiveness of the manufacturers of machine tools and control systems in the world market. The main goal of the project is to specify system architecture for open control systems, which is manufacturer independent.SummaryThe field of robotics has created a large class of robots with basic physical and navigational competencies. At the same time, society has begun to move towards incorporating robots into everyday life, from entertainment to health care. Moreover, robots could free a large number of people from hazardous situations, essentially allowing them to be used as replacements for human beings. Many of the applications being pursued by AI robotics researchers are already fulfilling that potential. In addition, robots can be used for more commonplace tasks such as janitorial work. Whereas robots were initially developed for dirty, dull, and dangerous applications, they are now being considered as personal assistants. Regardless of application, robots will require more rather than less intelligence, and will thereby have a significant impact on our society in the future as technology expands to new horizons.。

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